Unit-4

Event Handling

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Java.awt package
• Java.awt is a package it will provide very good
environment to develop graphical user interface
applications.

• The java.awt provides classes for creating a variety of

components such as windows, buttons, text fields, and
event handling mechanisms.

• AWT means Abstract Window Toolkit

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Java.awt package
 GUI(graphical user interface):-

• 1. It is a mediator between end

user and the program.

• 2. AWT is a package it will

provide very good predefined
support to design GUI
applications.

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Terminology
• Component : - Component is an object which is
displayed pictorially on the screen.

Button b=new Button(); Ex: submit

Ex:- Button,Label,TextField......etc

• Container:- Container is a GUI component, it is

able to accommodate all other GUI components.
Ex:- Frame, window, Applet.
Terminology contd…

• Event:- The event is nothing but a action

generated on the component or the change is
made on the state of the object.

Ex:- Button clicked, Checkbox checked, Item

selected in the list, Scrollbar scrolled
horizontal/vertically.
AWT Class hierarchy
Frame
• 1) Frame is a class which is present in java.awt
package.

• 2) Frame is a Basic component in AWT, because

all the components displayed in a Frame.

• 3) We are displaying pictures on the Frame.

• 4) It is possible to display some text on the

Frame. Based on the above reasons the frame
will become basic component in AWT.
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Characteristics of the Frame
• create a Frame class object. Frame f=new Frame();

• 1) When we create a Frame class object the Frame will

be created automatically with the invisible mode. To
provide visible mode use SetVisible method.

• public void setVisible(boolean b)

• where b==true means visible mode. where b==false

means invisible mode.

• Ex: f.setVisible(true);

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Characteristics of the Frame Contd…

• 2) When we created a Frame the initial size of

the Frame is : 0 pixel height, 0 pixel width So it is
not visible to use.

• To provide particular size to the Frame we have

to use setSize( ) method.

• public void setSize(int width, int height)

• Ex: f.setSize(400,500);

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Characteristics of the Frame Contd…

• 3) To provide title to the Frame explicitly we have to use the

setTitle( ) method. public void setTitle(String Title)

• Ex: f.setTitle("MyFrame");

• 4) When we create a Frame, the default background color of

the Frame is white. If you want to provide particular color to
the Frame we have to use the setBackground method.

• public void setBackground(color_Name)

• Ex: f.setBackground(Color.red);

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Example Program to create Frame

import java.awt.*;
class FrameCreation
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//frame creation
Frame f=new Frame(); Output

//set visibility
f.setVisible(true);

//set the size of the frame

f.setSize(400,400);

//set the background

f.setBackground(Color.red);

//set the title of the frame

f.setTitle("myframe");
}
}
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Why Event Delegation Model?
• The frame can be minimized, maximized but cannot
be closed even if we click on the close button of the
frame it will not perform any closing action now the
question is how to close the frame.

• Closing a frame means attaching action to the

component.

• To attach actions to the components we need event

delegation model.

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What is Event Delegation Model?
• 1. When we create a component the components visible on
the screen but it is not possible to perform any action.

• 2. The Frame is a static component so it is not possible to

perform actions on the Frame.

• 3. To make static component into dynamic component we

have to add some actions to the Frame.

• 4. To attach actions to the Frame component we need

event delegation model.

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What is Event Delegation Model? Cont..
• Event: - Event is nothing but a particular action
generated on the particular component.

• 1. When an event generates on the component

the component is unable to respond because
component can't listen the event.

• 2. To make the component listen the event we

have to add listeners to the component.

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What is Event Delegation Model? Cont..
• 3. Wherever we are adding listeners to the
component the component is able to respond
based on the generated event.

• 4. A listener is a interface which contain abstract

methods and it is present in java.awt.event
package

• 5. The listeners are different from component to

component.

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What is Event Delegation Model? Cont..
• A component delegate (Sends) event to the listener and
listener is designates (handover) the event to appropriate
method by executing that method only the event is
handled. This is called Event Delegation Model.

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Key Components of the Event Delegation Model

• Event Source: The object that generates an event.

Examples include buttons, text fields, and other GUI
components.

• Event Listener: An interface that receives and

processes events. Listeners must implement specific
methods to handle the events.

• Event Object: An object that encapsulates

information about the event, such as the source of the
event and additional data.
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How It Works?
• Event Registration: The event listener is registered with
the event source. This is done using the addListener
method. For example, a button can register an
ActionListener to handle button clicks.

• Event Generation: When an event occurs (e.g., a button

is clicked), the event source creates an event object and
passes it to the registered listener.

• Event Handling: The event listener processes the event

using the methods defined in the listener interface.

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How It Works? Contd…
• Note: - To attach a appropriate listener to the Frame we have to
use following method

• Public void addxxxListener(xxxListener e)

• Where xxx may be ActionListener, windowListener etc

• The Appropriate Listener for the Frame is “WindowListener”

• Note: This addxxxListener method has a parameter that is

expecting object of WindowListner. Since it is not possible to
create an object for interface, we should create object for the
implementation class.

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Event Handling
• Any action that user performs on a GUI component must
be listened and necessary action should to be taken.

• For example, if a user clicks on a Exit button, then we

need to write code to exit the program. So for this, we
need to know that the user has clicked the button. This
process of knowing is called as listening and the action
done by the user is called an event. Writing the
corresponding code for a user action is called as Event
handling.

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Event Handling
• An event listener in Java is an interface that
contains methods called handlers in which
corresponding action code is to be written.

• An event class contains the information about

an event.

• Event source is the GUI component or model on

which an event is generated or in other words an
action is done.

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Dispatching of events
• For every action user performs, a corresponding
event object (component) is generated. This
generated event object should be sent to the
corresponding listener so that we can handle that
event and write the code accordingly.

• The process of sending of event object to its

corresponding listener is called as event
dispatching.

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import java.awt.*;
Example Program to create Frame
class FrameClosing2 extends Frame then close it by clicking the close
{ button
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//frame creation
FrameClosing2 f=new FrameClosing2();

//set the title

f.setTitle(“myframe");

//set visibility
f.setVisible(true);

//set the size of the frame

f.setSize(400,400);

//set the background

f.setBackground(Color.red);

//Close the frame

f.addWindowListener(new MyClass());
}}
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Class MyClass implements WindowListener
{
public void windowActivated(WindowEvent e){ }
public void windowClosed(WindowEvent e){ }
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
System.exit(0);
}
public void windowDeactivated (WindowEvent e){ }
public void windowDeiconified (WindowEvent e){ }
public void windowIconified (WindowEvent e){ }
public void windowOpened (WindowEvent e){ }
} Output

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Adapter Class in java
• An adapter class is an abstract class
implementing a listener interface. This is essential
when we don't want to write all the handlers.

• For example, MouseListener interface contains a

lot of methods such
as mousePressed(), mouseReleased().. and we
want to write only one of them, we use adapter
class.

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import java.awt.*;
class FrameClosing
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public static void main(String[] args)
class MyFrame extends Frame
{
{
MyFrame f=new MyFrame();
}
MyFrame()
} Example Program to create Frame
{
this.setVisible(true); then close it by clicking the close
this.setSize(500,500); button using adapter class
this.setBackground(Color.red);
this.setTitle(" myframe ");
this.addWindowListener(new MyListener());
} Output
}

class MyListener extends WindowAdapter

{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
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Java AWT Button
• A button is basically a control component with a label that
generates an event when pushed. The Button class is used
to create a labeled button that has platform independent
implementation. The application result in some action when
the button is pushed.

• To perform an action on a button being pressed and

released, the ActionListener interface needs to be
implemented. The registered new listener can receive
events from the button by
calling addActionListener method of the button.
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Program to work with button component

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class ButtonExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Frame frame = new Frame("Button Example");

// Create a button
Button button = new Button("Click Me");

// Set button's position and size

button.setBounds(50, 100, 80, 30);

// Add action listener to the button

button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});

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 Program to work with button component
// Add button to the frame
frame.add(button);

// Set frame properties

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setLayout(null);
frame.setVisible(true);

// Close the frame when the user clicks the close button
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent windowEvent) {
System.exit(0);
}
});
}
}

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Java AWT Label
• The object of the Label class is a component for placing
text in a container.

• It is used to display a single line of read only text.

• The text can be changed by a programmer but a user

cannot edit it directly.

• It is called a passive control as it does not create any

event when it is accessed.

• To create a label, we need to create the object

of Label class.
Java AWT TextField
• The object of a TextField class is a text component that
allows a user to enter a single line text and edit it.

• When we enter a key in the text field (like key pressed,

key released or key typed), the event is sent
to TextField.

• Then the KeyEvent is passed to the

registered KeyListener.

• It can also be done using ActionEvent;

• The event is handled by the ActionListener interface.

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Java AWT TextArea
• The object of a TextArea class is a multiline region that
displays text. It allows the editing of multiple line text. It
inherits TextComponent class it means that TextField is a
subclass of TextComponent.

• The text area allows us to type as much text as we want.

• When the text in the text area becomes larger than the
viewable area, the scroll bar appears automatically
which helps us to scroll the text up and down, or right and
left.

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Java AWT Checkbox
• The Checkbox class is used to create a
checkbox.

• It is used to turn an option on (true) or off (false).

Clicking on a Checkbox changes its state from
"on" to "off" or from "off" to "on".

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Java AWT CheckboxGroup
• The object of CheckboxGroup class is used to group
together a set of Checkbox.

• At a time only one check box button is allowed to be in "on"

state and remaining check box button in "off" state. It inherits
the object class

• Note: CheckboxGroup enables you to create radio buttons in

AWT. There is no special control for creating radio buttons in
AWT.
public class CheckboxGroup extends Object implements
Serializable .
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 Layout Managers
• The class that is responsible for determining the size
and position of each component within a container
based on a set of rules or algorithms is called a layout
manager in java

• The layout manager in java takes into account the size

of the container and the preferred size of the
components, as well as any constraints that have been
set for the layout.
 Types of the Layout Manager in
Java
1. Border Layout:

• The layout manager BorderLayout divides the

container’s five regions into the north, south, east,
west, and center.

• When a component is added to the container, it is put

in one of these regions and fills the entire region.

• The old component is replaced by the new one if a

component is added to a region that already has one.
Note that the CENTER component takes up all the
remaining space in the container after the other
components have been placed.
 Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..
2. Flow Layout:

• A layout manager called FlowLayout arranges

components in a row, adding additional rows as
needed when the width of the container is exceeded.

• From left to right, the components are added, with the

next component being added directly to the right of the
one before it.
Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..
 Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..
3. Grid Layout:

• The layout manager GridLayout arranges

elements in a grid of rows and columns.

• The layout manager is created with a specified

number of rows and columns, and components
are added one at a time, filling each grid cell from
left to right and from top to bottom.
Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..
 Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..
4. Card Layout:

• The Java CardLayout class manages the components

in such a manner that only one component is visible
at a time. It treats each component as a card that is
why it is known as CardLayout.

• CardLayout is a layout manager that enables switching

between multiple components while keeping them in
the same container by using functions like next() and
previous ( ).
Types of the Layout Manager in
Java Contd..