Module -2 VTU QP and solution

1. What is the difference between copy.copy() and copy.deepcopy() function applicable to a list or
dictionary in python? Give suitable examples for each. (July/August 2022 – 6M)

The copy Module’s copy() and deepcopy() Functions

Python provides a module named copy that provides both the copy() and deepcopy() functions.
The first of these, copy.copy(), can be used to make a duplicate copy of a mutable value like a list or
dictionary, not just a copy of a reference.
If the list you need to copy contains lists, then use the copy.deepcopy() function instead of copy.copy().
The deepcopy() function will copy these inner lists as well.

1.Copy()
>>>import copy
>>> spam = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
>>> cheese = copy.copy(spam)
>>> cheese[1] = 42
>>> spam
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
>>> cheese
['A', 42, 'C', 'D']

2.deepcopy()
>>> import copy
>>> b = copy.deepcopy(a)
>>> a
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> a[0][1] = 9
>>> a
[[1, 9, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
>>> b # b doesn't change -> Deep Copy
[[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]]
2. Write a python program to swap cases of a given string. (July/August 2022 – 4M)
Input: Java Output: jAVA
In VTU QPs programs

3.What is List? Explain append(), insert(), sort(), pop() and remove() methods with examples.
(Jan/Feb 2021 – 8M)

The list data type

• A list is a value that contains multiple values in an ordered sequence.

• A list begins with an opening square bracket and ends with a closing square bracket, [].

• Values inside the list are also called items.

 • Items are separated with commas (that is, they are comma-delimited).

• The value [ ] is an empty list that contains no values, similar to ‘ ’, the empty string.

Examples:
>>> [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]

append() - Adding Values to Lists with the append() Method.

Example:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'bat']
>>> spam.append(‘rat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'dog', 'bat', ‘rat']

insert() - Adding Values to Lists with the insert() Method.

Example:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'bat']
>>> spam.insert(1, 'rat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'rat', 'dog', 'bat']

sort() - Sorting the Values in a List with the sort() Method

Examples:
>>> spam = [2, 5, 3.14, 1, -7]
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
[-7, 1, 2, 3.14, 5]
>>> spam = ['ants', 'cats', 'dogs', 'bats', 'elephants']
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['ants', 'bats', 'cats', 'dogs', 'elephants']

Python List pop() Method

The pop() method removes the element at the specified position.

>>>fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

>>>fruits.pop(1)
'banana'

>>>fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

>>>x = fruits.pop(1)

>>>x

'banana'

>>>fruits

['apple', 'cherry']

remove() - Removing Values from Lists with remove()

Examples:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam.remove('bat')
>>> spam
['cat', 'rat', 'elephant']

4. How is tuple different from a list and which function is used to convert list to tuple.
(Jan/Feb 2021 – 5M)
The Tuple Data Type
The tuple data type is almost identical to the list data type, except in two ways.
First, tuples are typed with parentheses, ( and ), instead of square brackets, [ and ].
Tuples are different from lists is that tuples, like strings, are immutable (Tuples cannot have their values
modified, appended, or removed).
'tuple' object does not support item assignment
• If you have only one value in your tuple, you can indicate this by placing a trailing comma after the value
inside the parentheses.
Example:
>>> eggs = ('hello', 42, 0.5)

Converting Types with the list() and tuple() Functions

Example:
>>> tuple(['cat', 'dog', 5])
('cat', 'dog', 5)

5. Discuss get(), item(), keys() and values() Dictionary methods in python with examples.
(Jan/Feb 2021 – 8M)

The keys(), values(), and items() Methods

• There are three dictionary methods that will return list-like values of the dictionary’s keys, values, or both
keys and values: keys(), values(), and items().

• The values returned by these methods are not true lists: They cannot be modified and do not have an
append() method.
• But these data types can be used in for loops.

Example 1:
>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}
>>> for v in spam.values():
print(v)
Output:
red 42
>>> for k in spam.keys():
print(k)
Output: color age

>>> for i in spam.items():

print(i)
Output:
('color', 'red')
('age', 42)
The get() Method
• Python get() method return the value for the given key if present in the dictionary.

• If not, then it will return None.

Syntax:
dictionary.get(keyname, value) Parameter Values Parameter

keyname
Description
Required. The keyname of the item you want to return the value.

Value
Optional. A value to return if the specified key does not exist. Default value None
Example 1:
car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang", "year": 1964
}
x = car.get("model") print(x)
Output:
Mustang

6. Create a function to print out a blank tic-tac-toe board. (Jan/Feb 2021 – 7M)
In VTU QP programs
7. Develop a program to accept a sentence from the user and display the longest word of that sentence
along with its length. (Jan/Feb 2021 – 6M)
In VTU QP programs
8. What is List? Explain the concept of List Slicing with example. (July/August 2022 – 6M)

The list data type

• A list is a value that contains multiple values in an ordered sequence.
• A list begins with an opening square bracket and ends with a closing square bracket, [].

• Values inside the list are also called items.

• Items are separated with commas (that is, they are comma-delimited).

• The value [ ] is an empty list that contains no values, similar to ‘ ’, the empty string.

Examples:
>>> [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]

>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

>>> spam
['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']

Getting Sublists with Slices

Just as an index can get a single value from a list.
A slice can get several values from a list, in the form of a new list.
A slice is typed between square brackets, like an index, but it has two integers separated by a colon.
spam[2] is a list with an index (one integer).
spam[1:4] is a list with a slice (two integers).
spam[1:4]
• In a slice, the first integer is the index where the slice starts & the second integer is the index where the slice
ends.

• Note: A slice goes up to, but will not include, the value at the second index.

• A slice evaluates to a new list value.

Examples:
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam[0:4]
['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> spam[0:-1]
['cat', 'bat', 'rat']
>>> spam[::]
['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>>spam[1::]
['bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>>spam[::-1]
[‘elephant’,’rat’,’bat’]
>>>spam[1:3]
['bat', 'rat']
>>>spam[1:-1]
['bat', 'rat']

9. What is Dictionary? How it is different from list? Write s program to count the number of
occurrences of character in a string. (July/August 2022 – 7M)
The dictionary data type:
• Like a list, a dictionary is a collection of many values.

• But unlike indexes for lists, indexes for dictionaries can use many different data types, not just integers.

• Indexes for dictionaries are called keys, and a key with its associated value is called a key- value pair.

• In code, a dictionary is typed with braces, { }.

Example:
>>> myCat = {'size': 'fat', 'color': 'gray', 'disposition': 'loud'}
• This assigns a dictionary to the myCat variable.

• This dictionary’s keys are 'size', 'color', and 'disposition'.

• The values for these keys are 'fat', 'gray', and 'loud', respectively.

>>> myCat['size']
'fat'
Dictionaries vs. Lists
• Items in dictionaries are unordered.

• The first item in a list named spam would be spam[0].

• But there is no “first” item in a dictionary.

• The order of items matters for determining whether two lists are the same.

• It does not matter in what order the key-value pairs are typed in a dictionary.

Examples:
>>> d1 = ['cats', 'dogs', 'moose']
>>> d2 = ['dogs', 'moose', 'cats']
>>> d1 == d2
False
>>> d3 = {'name': 'Zophie', 'species': 'cat', 'age': '8'}
>>> d4 = {'species': 'cat', 'age': '8', 'name': 'Zophie'}
>>> d3 == d4
True

Python program for counting how often each character appears.

message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
count.setdefault(character, 0)
count[character] = count[character] + 1
print(count)
Output:
{'I': 1, 't': 6, ' ': 13, 'w': 2, 'a': 4, 's': 3, 'b': 1, 'r': 5, 'i': 6, 'g': 2, 'h': 3, 'c': 3, 'o': 2, 'l':
3, 'd': 3, 'y': 1, 'n': 4, 'A': 1, 'p': 1, ',': 1, 'e': 5, 'k': 2, '.': 1}
10. Write a python program that accepts a sentence and find the number of words, digits, uppercase
letters and lowercase letters. (July/August 2022 – 7M)
In VTU QP programs
11. What is a List? Explain the methods that are used to delete items from the List. (Feb / Mar 2022 –
8M)
Answer in Q3.
Methods to delete items from the List:
1. remove()
2. pop()
Removing Values from Lists with del Statements
The del statement will delete values at an index in a list.
All of the values in the list after the deleted value will be moved up one index.
Example
>>> spam = ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant']
>>> del spam[2]
>>> spam
['cat', 'bat', 'elephant']

12. Write a program to take a sentence as input and display the longest word in the given sentence.
(Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)
In VTU QP programs
13. How is Dictionary different from list? Assume a Dictionary containing city and population as key
and value respectively. Write a program to traverse the dictionary and display most populous city.
(Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)
Answer in Q9
name={‘Japan’:720,’Australia’:824,’England’: 560}
new_val = name.values()
max_val= max(new_val)
print(“the most populous city is having population of:”, max_val)
def max_population(d):
# Use the 'max' function to find the key corresponding to the maximum values in the dictionary.
# The 'key' argument specifies that the key should be determined based on the values using 'd.get'.
return max(d, key=d.get)
print("the most populous city is:" + max_population(name)+ " " +"with maximum population of:"+" "+
str(max(name.values())))
Output:
the most populous city is having population of: 824
the most populous city is:Australia with maximum population of: 824

14. Write a program to create a list of number and display the count of even and odd numbers in the
list. (Feb / Mar 2022 – 6M)
In VTU QP programs

15. Explain Augmented shorthand assignment operators with an example

Augmented Assignment operators

Examples:
>>> spam = 42
>>> spam = spam + 1
>>> spam
43

Replace With
>>> spam = 42
>>> spam += 1
>>> spam
43
 The augmented assignment operators for the +, -, *, /, and % operators
Augmented assignment statement Equivalent assignment statement

spam = spam + 1 spam += 1

spam = spam - 1 spam -= 1

spam = spam * 1 spam *= 1

spam = spam / 1 spam /= 1

spam = spam % 1 spam %= 1

• The += operator can also do string and list concatenation, and the *= operator can do
stringand list replication.
• Example
>>> spam = 'Hello'
>>> spam += ' world!'
>>> spam
'Hello world!'

>>> bacon = ['Zophie']

>>> bacon *= 3
>>> bacon
['Zophie', 'Zophie', 'Zophie']
16. Explain set() and setdefault() method in dictionary.
Set() with dictionary
When a dictionary is converted into a set using set(), only the keys are stored in the set. The values are
ignored unless explicitly extracted and converted. This method is useful when working with unique keys
from a dictionary.
d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
a = set(d)
print(a)

output:
{'b', 'a', 'c'}
Output order may vary.

setdefault() method

• In Python Dictionary, setdefault() method returns the value of a key (if the key is
indictionary).
 • If not, it inserts key with a value to the dictionary.

Syntax

dictionary.setdefault(keyname, value)

Parameter Values

Param Description
eter
keynam Required. The keyname of the item you want to
e return the valuefrom

value Optional.
* If the key exist, this parameter has
no effect.
* If the key does not exist, this value becomes
the key's value
* Default value None
Example :

Dictionary1 = { 'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': 'Geeks'}Third_value =

Dictionary1.setdefault('C') print("Dictionary:", Dictionary1)

print("Third_value:", Third_value)

Output:

Dictionary: {'A': 'Geeks', 'B': 'For', 'C': 'Geeks'}Third_value: Geeks