Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

Slide 4
Most. Naznin Nahar
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 Analytical Balance

Analytical balances use the principle of magnetic force restoration (MFR) to measure
the weight of an object:
1. Detect the weight
When an object is placed on the balance pan, it exerts a downward force that is
detected by sensors.
2. Generate an opposing force
An electromagnet generates an opposing force to counterbalance the weight of the
object.
3. Calculate the mass
The electrical current required to generate the opposing force is proportional to the
object's weight. This current is used to calculate the object's mass, which is then
displayed on the balance screen.
Analytical balances are often used in educational settings, forensic science,
veterinary medicine, and agricultural research.
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

 Platform Scale

A platform scale uses load cells to measure weight by converting force into an
electrical signal:
1. Place an object on the scale
The object's weight compresses or stretches the load cells beneath the platform.
2. Load cells create an electrical signal
The load cells bend slightly, which changes the electrical resistance of a strain
gauge inside the load cell. This creates an electrical signal that's proportional to
the weight being measured.
3. Scale electronics process the signal
The scale's electronics process the signal and convert it into a weight measurement.
4. Display the weight
The weight is displayed on the scale's screen or indicator.
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

 Proving Ring

A proving ring is a device that measures applied weight by measuring the deflection
of an elastic ring when loaded along a diameter:
•How it works
•A proving ring works by applying forces to the ring through external bosses, causing
the ring to deflect. The deflection is measured using a vibrating reed and a
micrometer screw mounted within the ring.

Proving rings are a simple, reliable, and accurate alternative to dead-weight

calibration. They are stable, long-lasting, and consume no power
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Load Cell
Hydraulic and pneumatic load cells both work on the force-balance
principle to measure weight as a change in pressure:
•Hydraulic load cells
•Use a piston and cylinder arrangement to convert a load into
hydraulic pressure:
•A load is applied to a platform attached to a piston in a closed
chamber filled with fluid.
•The piston moves and deflects the diaphragm, increasing the pressure
in the fluid.
•The pressure increase is transmitted to a pressure gauge, which
converts it to an electrical signal proportional to the applied force
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Dynamometer: Measurement of Torque and Power

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• Mechanical Friction type Dynamometers: A friction band/belt is used to

obstruct the rotating object. The frictional force times the radius of the rotor
gives the torque.
Eddy Current Dynamometer
An eddy current dynamometer measures the torque and power of a motor or
engine by using Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction:
•Excitation
•A DC supply excites the stator poles, generating a magnetic field in the stator
coils.
•Rotation
•The prime mover spins the rotor coils, which cut the stator's magnetic field.
•Eddy currents
•The cutting of the magnetic field induces an EMF in the rotor, which generates
eddy currents.
•Torque
•The rotor obtains a reverse force, and the prime mover's torque keeps the speed
consistent. A sensor measures the torque.
•Cooling
•The eddy currents dissipate as heat, so the dynamometer requires cooling.
Eddy current dynamometers are used in a variety of applications, such as mining,
drilling machinery, and turbines.
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Mechanical (dry) friction type dynamometer

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Water-brake (hydraulic) type dynamometer

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Eddy-current type dynamometer Pony brake type dynamometer

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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

Resistance Strain Gauge
A resistance strain gauge, also known as an electrical resistance strain gauge
(ERSG), is a sensor that measures changes in electrical resistance to determine
strain.
•Principle
When a force is applied to a metal, it expands or contracts, which changes its
electrical resistance.
•Operation
The gauge is attached to the surface of an object, and when the object deforms,
the gauge stretches or compresses, changing its resistance.
•Measurement
The change in resistance is converted into an electrical signal that can be
measured.
•Arrangement
Strain gauges are often arranged in Wheatstone bridge circuits to obtain
measurable output signals.
•Output
The output voltage changes when the resistance of the strain gauge changes.
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

Strain Gauge to Measure Force and Torque
Strain gauges can be used to measure force and torque by converting the force or
torque into an electrical signal:
•Torque
•Strain gauges are mounted in pairs on a rotating shaft to measure torque. The
gauges are placed at 45 degrees to the shaft axis, with one pair diametrically
opposite the other. When torque is applied, the shaft twists, causing the gauges
to elongate or compress. This changes the resistance in the circuit, which creates
an electrical output that corresponds to the torque.
•Force
•Strain gauges are used to measure force by expanding and compressing in
response to the applied force. The electric output signal changes in proportion to
the force, which can be converted into a precise measurement
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

 Strain Gauge to Compensate Temperature

Self-temperature-compensated (STC) strain gauges are designed to

minimize the effect of temperature on strain measurements by adjusting
their resistive temperature coefficient to match the linear expansion
coefficient of the material being measured. This makes the apparent strain
(the temperature-induced expansion of the material) close to zero
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

Vibrometer
A vibrometer measures vibrations using a variety of methods, including optical
interference and sensors:
•Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV)
•Uses optical interference to measure the frequency difference between a
reference beam and a test beam. The test beam is directed at a target, and the
scattered light is collected and interfered with the reference beam on a
photodetector. The voltage signal from the photodetector is proportional to the
velocity of the target.
•Vibration meter
•Uses sensors to measure vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. A
computer then converts the electrical signals into numerical values, which are
analyzed to determine the vibration level.
The working principle of a vibrometer is based on the Doppler effect, which
involves sensing the frequency shift of light that is scattered back from a moving
surface.
Accelerometer
An accelerometer works by measuring the acceleration of an object using a
variety of principles, including:
•Piezoelectric effect
•When a piezoelectric material, like quartz, barium titanate, or lithium sulfate, is
subjected to mechanical stress, it produces an electrical charge. The charge is
proportional to the force applied to the material.
•Mass and spring
•When an object is accelerated, the mass attached to a spring moves, which
stretches or compresses the spring. The displacement of the mass is used to
calculate the acceleration.

Accelerometers are electromechanical devices that are used in a variety of

applications, including space stations and handheld devices
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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.

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Measurement of Force, Motion, Sound, etc.