ELECTOMAGNETICS AND

MICROWAVE
LABORATORY MANUAL
B.TECH
(IV YEAR – I SEM)
(2021-22)

Prepared by:
Mrs. Renju Panicker, Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India
 VISION

MISSION

QUALITY POLICY
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: PROFESSIONALISM & CITIZENSHIP

To create and sustain a community of learning in which students
acquire knowledge and learn to apply it professionally with due
consideration for ethical, ecological and economic issues.

PEO2: TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

To provide knowledge based services to satisfy the needs of society
and the industry by providing hands on experience in various
technologies in core field.

PEO3: INVENTION, INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY

To make the students to design, experiment, analyze, interpret in the
core field with the help of other multi disciplinary concepts wherever
applicable.

PEO4: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

To educate the students to disseminate research findings with good
soft skills and become a successful entrepreneur.

PEO5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

To graduate the students in building national capabilities in
technology, education and research.
 CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORIES

1. All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.
2. Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.
3. Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.
4. All bags must be left at the indicated place.
5. The lab timetable must be strictly followed.
6. Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.
7. Program must be executed within the given time.
8. Noise must be kept to a minimum.
9. Workspace must be kept clean and tidy at all time.
10. Handle the systems and interfacing kits with care.

11. All students are liable for any damage to the accessories due to their own
negligence.
12. All interfacing kits connecting cables must be RETURNED if you taken from the lab
supervisor.
13. Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory.

14. Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the Lab
Supervisor

15. USB Ports have been disabled if you want to use USB drive consult lab supervisor.

16. Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any malfunction of the accessories, is
there.

Before leaving the lab


Place the chairs properly.

Turn off the system properly

Turn off the monitor.

Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ECE DEPARTMENT
ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVE LAB LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Part – A: Electromagnetics Lab (Any Five experiments using any simulation software)
1) Generation of EM-Wave
2) Impedance Matching using Smith Chart
3) Calculation of phase and group velocity calculation
4) Plot of Radiation pattern of dipole antenna
5) Plot of Radiation pattern of monopole antenna
6) Plot of Radiation pattern of Uniform Linear Array
Part – B: Microwave Lab (Any six experiments)
1. Characteristics of Gunn diode
2. Characteristics of the reflex klystron tube
3. Attenuation measurement
4. Impedance measurement
5. Frequency measurement
6. Characteristics of Multihole directional coupler
7. Determination of standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient
8. Study of magic tee
PART-A
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Experiment No-1
GENERATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

AIM: Generate Electromagnetic Wave using MATLAB software.

Software Required: MATLAB software
Theory:
The electromagnetic radiation refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating
through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. All of these waves form part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following
three physical properties: frequency (f), wavelength (λ), or intensity (I). Light quanta are
typically described by frequency (f), wavelength (λ).

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:10;
z=0:0.0005:5;
eta=377;
theta=pi/2;
E0=50;
a=0;
u=1.256*(10.^-6);
e=8.854*(10.^-12);
f=600000000;
w=2*pi*f;
b=w*((u*e).^0.5);
E=E0/eta;
H=E*exp(-a*z).*cos(w*t-b*z-theta);
Ez=E0*exp(-a*z).*cos(w*t-b*z);
figure(1);
subplot(211),plot(z,H,'r');
xlabel('Dispalcement(metres)');
ylabel('Magnetic Field Intensity(H)');
title('Plane wave propagation in Lossy medium');
subplot(212),plot(z,Ez,'g');
xlabel('Dispalcement(metres)');
ylabel('Electric Field Intensity(H)');
title('Plane wave propagation in Lossy medium');
figure;
patch([z fliplr(z)], [H zeros(size(H))], [zeros(size(t)) zeros(size(t))], 'b')
hold on
patch([z fliplr(z)], [zeros(size(z)) zeros(size(z))], [Ez zeros(size(Ez))], 'r')
hold off
grid on
view(60, 60)

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RESULT:

Note:
1. patch(X,Y,Z,C) creates a patch in 3-D coordinates. Z must be the same size as X and Y. patch(X,Y,C)
adds the "patch" or filled 2-D polygon defined by vectors X and Y to the current axes.
2. view (AZ,EL) and view([AZ,EL]) set the angle of the view from which an observer sees the current 3-
D plot. AZ is the azimuth or horizontal rotation and EL is the vertical elevation (both in degrees).
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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Electric field?

2. How EM wave propagates?
3. What is the speed of EM wave?
4. What is relation between frequency and wavelength?
5. What is the nature of EM wave?

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Experiment-2

IMPEDANCE MATCHING

Aim: To study impedance match using MATLAB software.

Software Required: MATLAB software
Theory: Impedance matching is the process of designing the antenna's input impedance
(ZL) or matching it to the corresponding RF circuitry's output impedance (ZO), which would
be 50 Ω in most cases. A perfect match is obtained when ZL = ZO in eq 2 which gives Γ a
value of zero, and the SWR becomes unity in eq 1.

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
Z0=100;
sm1=smithchart;
hold all;
ZL=200-1j*100;
gamma_L=(ZL-Z0)/(ZL+Z0);
% show ZL on Smith chart adding text showing values
if imag(ZL)<0
sign1='-';
else
sign1='+';
end
hold all;
plot(real(gamma_L),imag(gamma_L),'ro','LineWidth',1.5);
str1=['ZL =' num2str(real(ZL)) sign1 'j' num2str(abs(imag(ZL))) ' \rightarrow'];
text(real(gamma_L),imag(gamma_L)+.01,str1,'Color','blue',
'FontSize',20,'HorizontalAlignment','right','VerticalAlignment','middle');

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RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is impedance matching?

2. What is Z0 ?
3. What is standard characteristics impedance value ?

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Experiment-3

PHASE AND GROUP VELOCITY CALCULATION AT 9GHz

Aim: To calculate phase & group velocity using MATLAB software.

Software Required: MATLAB software
Theory: Waves can be in the group and such groups are called wave packets, so the velocity with
a wave packet travels is called group velocity. The velocity with which the phase of a wave
travels is called phase velocity. The relation between group velocity and phase velocity are
proportionate. The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave propagates in some
medium. This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave
travels. The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the
wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave— propagates through
space. A rectangular waveguide is a conducting cylinder of rectangular cross section used to guide
the propagation of waves. Rectangular waveguide is commonly used for the transport of radio
frequency signals at frequencies in the SHF band (3–30 GHz) and higher.

Program:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
e0=8.854e-12; % [F/m] free space permittivity
mu0=4*pi*1e-7 ;% [H/m] free space permeability
f0=2.5e9; % choose operating frequency [Hz]
b=2;
a=10;
c0=3e10; % free space veocity in cms
lamda_o=c0/f0;
m=1; % TE10 mode
n=0;
fc=c0/(2*pi)*((m*pi/a)^2+(n*pi/b)^2).^.5;
disp('fc of TE10 mode is');
disp(fc);
lambda_c=c0/fc;
vp=c0/(1-(lamda_o/lambda_c)^2)^.5;
disp('vp of TE10 mode is');
disp(vp);
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vg=c0^2/vp;
disp('vg of TE10 mode is');
disp(vg);

Output:
fc of TE10 mode is
1.500000000000000e+09
vp of TE10 mode is
3.750000000000000e+10
vg of TE10 mode is
2.400000000000000e+10

Viva Questions:

1. Define Phase velocity?

2. Define group velocity?
3. Relation between phase and group velocity?
4. What is guide wavelength?

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Experiment-4
DIPOLE ANTENNA

Aim: To plot radiation pattern of dipole antenna using MATLAB software

Software Used: MATLAB
Theory: A dipole antenna is an antenna with a center-fed driven element for transmitting or
receiving radio frequency energy. From a physics viewpoint, this type of antenna is the simplest
practical antenna. Dipole antennas (or such designs derived from them, including the monopole)
are used to feed more elaborate directional antennas such as a horn antenna, parabolic reflector,
or corner reflector. Engineers analyze vertical (or other monopole) antennas on the basis of dipole
antennas of which they are one half.

Program:

%This program print pattern (AF) for Short and any Dipole Antenna by giving the length of
your Dipole
lamda=input('enter the value of wave length= ');
l=input('enter your dipole length l= ');
ratio=l/lamda;
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= pi/100:pi/100:2*pi;
if ratio<= 0.1 %check if Short
Dipole E=sin(theta);
En=abs(E);
subplot(2,3,1)
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
else %check if not short dipole
f1=cos(B*l/2.*cos(theta));
f2=cos(B*l/2);
f3=sin(theta);
E=(f1-f2)./f3;
En=abs(E);
subplot(2,2,2)
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
end

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Result:

VIVA QUESTION:

1. What is length of dipole antenna?

2. What is monopole antenna?
3. What is radiation resistance of dipole antenna
4. What is half wave dipole?
5. What is quarter wave monopole?

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Experiment No-5

MONOPOLE ANTENNA

Aim: To plot radiation pattern of monopole antenna using MATLAB software

Software Used: MATLAB
Theory: A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped
conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive ..

Program:
%This program print pattern for Short and any monopole Antenna by giving the length of your
Dipole
lamda=input('enter the value of wave length= ');
l=input('enter your monopole length l= ');
ratio=l/lamda;
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= -pi/2:pi/100:pi/2;
if ratio<= 0.1 %check if Short
Dipole E=sin(theta);
En=abs(E);
subplot(2,3,4)
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
else %check if not short dipole
f1=cos(B*l/2.*cos(theta));
f2=cos(B*l/2);
f3=sin(theta);
E=(f1-f2)./f3;
En=abs(E);
subplot(2,3,6)
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
end

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OUTPUT:

LAMBDA=10
LENGTH=4

VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is monopole antenna?
2. What is dipole antenna?
3. What is center-fed antenna?
4. What is resistance of monopole?

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Experiment No-6

UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY

Aim: To plot radiation pattern of radiation pattern

Software Used: MATLAB
Theory: An antenna composed of a relatively large number of usually identical elements arranged
in a single line or in a plane with uniform spacing and usually with a uniform feed system. An
array of identical elements all of identical magnitude and each with a progressive phase is referred
to as a uniform array.

Program:
%This program print pattern for linear Array (uniform) Antenna by giing
%N,alfa,d
%and the wavelength you work with
%if you want full pattern maultiply this pattern by any Antenna pattern
%Have a nice Pattern "Arabia Tech"
lamda=input('enter the value of wave length= ');
N=input('enter the no. of elements= ');
alfa=input('enter your progressive phase= ');
d=input('enter the seperation distance between elements= ');
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= pi/100:pi/100:2*pi;
w=alfa+B*d.*cos(theta);
AF=sinc(N*(w./2))./sinc(w./2)
;subplot(2,3,3)
polar(theta,AF)

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Result:

VIVA QUSTIONS:

1. What is BSA?
2. What is EFA?
3. What is first null?
4. What is path difference?
5. What are the conditions for EFA and BSA?

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PART-B

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EXPERIMENT NO-1

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To study the characteristics of a Gunn diode oscillator.

Apparatus: Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator with micrometer, Isolator, Tunable
frequency meter, Detector Mount, Ammeter (0-10mA), Cable, Cooling fan.

Theory:

The Gunn Diode makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose the RF-
field exists between the resonators, the electron accelerated or retarded, as the voltage
at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. As a
result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass
through the resonator, they interact with the voltage at resonator grids.
If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down
by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the resonator, and the klystron will
oscillate. The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity.
Hence by changing the volume of the resonator, mechanical tuning of the klystron is
possible. A small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting reflector voltage. This
is called electronic tuning.

Block Diagram:

Setup for V-I Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator

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Procedure:

1. First connect the Gunn test bench as shown in block diagram (a). Switch
onthe Gunn power supply.
2. The Gunn bias is adjusted to 9V (below 10V).
3. The micrometer of the Gunn oscillator is varied.
4. The tunable frequency meter is tuned until there is a dip in the ammeter.
5. The operating frequency can be taken in terms of GHz.
6. The Gunn oscillator micrometer reading and the corresponding frequency
areshown in the frequency conversion charts.
7. Similar frequency conversion charts are provided for the frequency
meterreading.
8. Note the frequency corresponding to Gunn oscillator micrometer reading
andthe frequency corresponding to frequency meter reading.
9. Both the frequency readings should be the same.
10. The above procedure is repeated for different values of the Gunn
oscillatormicrometer values.
11. For V-I characteristics of Gunn connect the test bench as block diagram.
12. Vary Gunn supply voltage from minimum (i.e. 0V to 6V), note down the
Corresponding Gunn current when it is in current (I) mode.
13. Plot graph between Gunn supply voltage Vs Gunn supply current.

Tabular Column:

S.No. Gunn Supply Gunn Supply Current(mA)

Voltage(V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

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Expected Graphs:

Result:

Questions:

1. What is GUNN diode ?

2. Draw the equivalent Circuit for GUNN?
3. What are the different modes in GUNN diode oscillator?
4. How many junctions are there in GUNN?
5. Explain the transferred electron effect in GUNN?
6. What are applications of GUNN?

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EXPERIMENT NO-2
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REFLEX KLYSTRON TUBE

Aim: To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range.

Apparatus:
Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount, variable
attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan.

Theory:
The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose the
RF- field exists between the resonators, the electron accelerated or retarded, as the
voltage at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity.
As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass
through the resonator, theyinteract with the voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches
pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy
will be delivered to the resonator, and the klystron will oscillate. The frequency is
primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence by changing the
volume of the resonator, mechanical tuning of the klystron is possible. A small
frequency change can be obtained by adjusting repeller voltage. This is called electronic
tuning.

Block Diagram:

21
Model Graph:

Procedure:

1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in the block diagram.

2. Set the variable attenuator at the minimum attenuation position.
3. Set the mod. Switch of klystron power supply at CW position, beam voltage
control knob to fully antic lock wise and repeller voltage control knob to fully
clock wise.
4. Rotate the knob of the frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Connect dc mille ampere meter with detector.
6. Switch on the klystron power supply and cooling fan.
7. Put on the beam voltage switch (ht) and rotate the beam voltage knob slowlyup
to 300v and observe the beam current which do not increase more than 30ma.
Do not change the beam voltage while taking the readings.
8. Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch the current meter set the maximum
deflection in the ammeter.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum output.
10. Rotate the frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where there is
lowest output on mille ampere meter. Read frequency meter between two
horizontal red lines and vertical marker.
11. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for each repeller
voltage to get different modes of the klystron.
12. Note the readings in tabular column for every repeller voltage and draw the
graph for klystron modes.
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Observation:

Beam voltage (Vo) = , Beam current (I) =

Repeller Current Power Dip

Voltage (V) (mA) (mW) Frequency
(GHz)

Result:

Questions:

1) What is klystron tube?

2) What is velocity modulation?

3) What is bunching?

4) Importance of multicavity klystron?

5) What is electronic tuning?

EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

EXPERIMENT NO-3
ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
Aim: To study insertion loss and attenuation of an attenuator

Apparatus:

1. Microwave source Klystron tube (2k25)

2. Isolator (xI-621)
3. Frequency meter (xF-710)
4. Variable attenuator (XA-520)
5. Slotted line (XS-651)
6. Tunable probe (XP-655)
7. Detector mount (XD-451)
8. Matched termination (XL-400)
9. Test attenuator
a) Fixed
b) Variable
10. Klystron power supply & Klystron mount
11. Cooling fan
12. BNC-BNC cable
13. VSWR or CRO
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Theory:

The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some

powerwhen inserted into a transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)
Where P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the
lineP2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the
line.
Procedure:

1. Connect the equipments as shown in the above figure.

2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of
operation.
3. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line and tune the detector mount also for
max deflection on VSWR or on CRO.
4. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter or on CRO with the help of variable
attenuator. Let it be P1.
5. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any
position on the setup place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector
mount to O/P port of test variable attenuator.
6. Keep the micrometer reading of text variable attenuator to zero and record the
readings of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it to be P2. Then the insertion loss of test
attenuator will be P1-P2 db.
7. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator. Place the test
attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount at the other port of test attenuator.
Record the reading of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it be P3 then the attenuation value
of variable attenuator for particular position of micrometer reading of will be P1-P3 db.
8. In case the variable attenuator change the micro meter reading and record the VSWR
meter or CRO reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of micrometer
reading and plot a graph.
9. Now change the operating frequency and all steps should be repeated for finding
frequency sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.

Note:1. For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of

micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all
frequencies of operation.
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Questions:

1. What is attenuation?
2. How many types of attenuators are there?
3. What is insertion loss?
4. What is the min value of insertion loss?
5. What are the methods used for measuring attenuation?
6. What are the methods used for measuring insertion loss?
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

EXPERIMENT NO-4
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

Aim: To calculate the impedance of the given load of the Klystron.

To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular wave guide working in
TE10 mode.

Apparatus:

1. Reflex Klystron power supply.

2. Reflex Klystron tube with mount
3. Isolator or Circulator or Attenuator
4. VSWR meter
5. Tunable frequency meter
6. Slotted section with tunable probe and movable probe carriage
7. Shorting plate
8. Loads (Inductive window, Capacitive window, Slide screw
tuner, Pyramidal Horn antenna, H-horn antenna, E-horn
Antenna)

Theory:

The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose the RF-
field exists between the resonators, the electron accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at
an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. As a result,
returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through the
resonator, they interact with the voltage at resonator grids.
If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed downby the voltage
then energy will be delivered to the resonator, and the klystron will oscillate. The
frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity.Hence by changing
the volume of the resonator, mechanical tuning of the klystron is possible. A small
frequency change can be obtained by adjusting reflector voltage. This is called electronic
tuning. The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide
will Determine the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by
values of m and n. The minimum cut-off frequency is obtained for a
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

rectangular waveguide having dimension a>b, for values of m=1, n=0, i.e. TE10 mode
is the dominant mode since for TMmn modes, n#0 or n#0 the lowest-order mode possible
is TE10, called the dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for a>b.

For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.
1/λo² = 1/λg² + 1/λc²
Where λo is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cut off wave length
For TE10 mode λc – 2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of wave guide.

Block Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the Reflex Klystron microwave test bench as per the block diagram.
2. Keep the Modulation switch in CW mode.
3. Adjust the repeller voltage (Vr) in maximum position.
4. Switch on the power supply and HT is ON condition.
5. Adjust beam current slowly, by increasing the beam voltage (Vo) slowly till the
beam current reaches 21mA to 23mA. Do not change the beam voltage,
repellerVoltage and beam current throughout the experiment.
6. Note the output current. Tune the frequency meter and observe the dip in
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

the ammeter and note the corresponding frequency (i.e. operational

frequency).
7. Detune the frequency meter.
8. Keep the modulation switch in AM mode.
9. Connect the tunable probe of the slotted section and VSWR meter
usingBNC cable.
10.Connect the required load to the slotted section .
11. Keep Range switch of VSWR meter in 30dB or 40 dB position.
12. Keep meter selector in normal position and input selection in Xtal position.
13. Keep the tunable probe at extreme right by using probe carriage of
slottedsection.
14. Tune the probe so that the indicator in VSWR meter will move towards ‘1’.
15.Adjust the amplitude and frequency of modulation so that the indicator in
VSWR meter move towards ‘1’ in upper scale.
16. Now adjust the fine and coarse so that indicator is positioned on ‘1’
17. Now the probe is on Vmax position, move the probe carriage such that indicator
Is deflected away from ‘1’ and a dip is observed on meter. Now the probe is
positioned in Vmin position. The meter reading directly gives the VSWR.
18. If the range switch is placed on 30db the reading must be taken from 1 to 3
scale. If the range switch is 40 db position, 3 to 10 scale is considered. If the
variation of probe carriage in the above two scales exceeded then change
therange switch to 50db and consider the scale 1 to 3 multiplied by 10.If the
reading is beyond the scale then change the range switch to 60 db and consider
3 to 10 scale multiplied by 10.
19. Plot the smith chart for the observed values of VSWR for corresponding Loads and
then calculate the normalized load impedance from the smith chart.
20.Find the required load impedance for the corresponding load according to
theGiven formula

Formulas:

λc=2a, λo =120π , a=2.25cm

λo = λo/λ1-(λo/λc)2 , ηo = 120π , λo =c/f and λc = 2a where a = 2.25

cm.

Zl/Zo = normalized load impedance (from the smith chart)

Load impedance (Zl) = Zo * normalized load impedance

EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Result:

Questions:

1. Indicate the frequency Vs wave length for X-band?

2. Explain the principle of isolator & circulator?
3. Explain the principle of frequency meter?
4. What type of frequency meter used in microwave test bench?
5. What is the microwave frequency range?
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

EXPERIMENT NO-5
CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTI HOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

Aim: To study the function of multihole directional coupler by measuring the

following parameters.
1. Mainline and auxiliary line VSWR.
2. The coupling factor and directivity of the coupler.
Apparatus:

Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount, variable

Attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan,
Slotted line tunable probe, VSWR meter.

Theory:

A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident

and reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electro magnetically coupled to each other. The power entering , in the
main- arm gets divided between port 2 and port 3, and almost no power comes out in
port 4 power entering at port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.The coupling factor
is defined as
Coupling (C) = 20log p1/p3 (db) where port 2 is matched.
Isolation (I) = 20log p2/p3 (db) where port 1 is matched.
With built in termination and power entering at port 1, the directivity of the coupler is
a measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave .directivity is
measured indirectly as follows:
Hence Directivity D= I-C= 20log p2/p1 (db).
Main line VSWR is measured, looking into the main line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission line byinsertion
of coupler. It is defined as:
Insertion loss = 20log p1/p2(db).
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Block Diagram:

Procedure:

Measurement of coupling factor, insertion loss, isolation and directivity:

1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in block diagram.

2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Set modulation selector switch to am position.
4. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount, tune
the detector for maximum output.
5. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note down the reading
(reference level let X).
6. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second fig with detector to the auxiliary
port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of
variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
7. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range db
switch if required. Let it be Y.
8. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y =C (db).
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

9. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and
matchtermination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.
10. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port
2measures the reading on VSWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
11. Connect insertion loss X-Z in db.
12. Repeat the steps from 1 to 5.
13. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to frequency
meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3. Without
disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR
meter.
14. Measure and note the reading on VSWR meter let it be Yd. X-Yd
gives isolation I (db).
15. Compute the directivity as Y-Yd= I-C.
16. Repeat the same for other frequencies.

Calculations:

Coupling (C) = 20log p1/p3 (db)

Isolation (I) = 20log p2/p3 (db

Directivity D= I-C= 20log p2/p1

Insertion loss = 20log p1/p2(db).

Result:

Questions:
1) What is directional coupler?

2) How many ports does it have?

3) What is the difference between dc to magic tee?

4) What is Directivity?

5) What is Insertion Loss?

EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

EXPERIMENT NO-6
DETERMINATION OF STANDING WAVE RATIO ANDREFLECTION
COEFFICIENT

Aim: To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of X-band
waveguide.
Apparatus:

Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount, variable

Attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan
Slotted line tunable probe, S-S tuner.
Theory:

The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as

the sum of two travelling waves, the incident wave, which propagates from the source
to the load and the reflected wave which propagates towards the generator. The reflected
wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity in the line or from the
load impedance. The superposition of the two travelling waves, gives rise to a standing
wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found where the waves are in phase
and minimum where the two waves add in opposite phase. The distance between two
successive minimum (maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of
electrical field strength and incident wave is called reflection coefficient.
The voltage standing wave ratio VSWR is defined as ratio between maximum
and minimum field strength along the line.
Hence VSWR denoted by s is as
follows
S= Emax/Emin = [iEi1 + iEr1]/[iE i1 – iEr1].

Reflection co efficient (ρ) is

ρ=Er/Ei = [Z l - Zo]/ [Z l + Zo]
Where Zl is the load impedance, Zo is characteristics impedance.
The above equation gives following equation

ρ= S-1/S+1.
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Procedure:

1. Set up the equipment as shown in the block diagram.

2. Keep variable variable attenuator in the minimum attenuated position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as
below: Range db --- 30 db/ 40 db.
Input selector switch ----- crystal 200k ohm.
Meter switch ----- normal.
Gain (coarse fine) ------ mid position approx.
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power as below:
Beam voltage (HT) -----off.
Mod. Switch----- AM.
Beam voltage knob ----- fully antic lock wise.
Reflector voltage knob ----- fully clockwise.
Am- amplitude knob -----around fully clockwise.
Am- frequency ------ mid position.
5. Switch on the klystron power supply. VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Switch on the beam voltage (ht) switch and set beam voltage at 300v.
7. Rotate the repeller voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency
ofAM modulation.
9. Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

VSWR meter=1.
10.If required, change the range db- switch, and gain control knob to get
deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11. As you move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.
A. Measurement of low VSWR:
1. Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in
VSWR meter.
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob until the meter indicates 1.0 on
normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep the entire control knob as it is, move the probe to next
minimumposition. Read the VSWR on scale.
B. Measurement of high VSWR:
1. Set the depth of S S-S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob to obtain a reading of 3 db in the
normal db scale (0- 10 db) of VSWR.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until the deflection is 6 db or 0 db
obtain on 0 ---10 db scale. Note the record the probe position on slotted line
let it is d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until
deflection is 6 db or 0 db obtain on 0--- 10 db normal db scale. Let it be d2.
6. Replace the S-S tuner and termination by short.
7. Measure the distance (d) between two successive minima position of probe.
Twice this distance is guide wavelength : λg
8. Compute SWR from the following equation :

VSWR (s) = λg/ (π(d1~ d2)).

Observations:

Beam voltage: Volts.

Beam current: mA.
Operating frequency of klystron = GHz.
d1 =( )mm, d2 =( )mm, d11 =( )mm,d12=( )mm ,λg= 2( d12 ~
d11). VSWR(S) = λg/ 3.14( d1 ~ d2).
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Result:

Questions:
1) What is standing wave?

2) What is reflection coefficient?

3) When do standing waves form?

4) How they are useful in microwave engg?

5) What is min. value of VSWR?

EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

EXPERIMENT NO-7

STUDY OF MAGIC TEE

Aim: To study the scattering parameters of magic tee.

Apparatus:

Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount, variable

attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan
magic tee, matched termination, accessories
Theory:

Magic tee is also known as hybrid tee or E-H plane tee. It is used to obtain
completely matched three-part tee junction. Magic tee can be used to measure the
impedance as a duplexer and as a mixer. The reflex klystron makes use of velocity
modulation to transform a continuous electron beam into microwave power. Electrons
emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the positive resonator
towards negative reflector, which reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back
through the resonator. Suppose the RF- field exists between the resonators, the electron
accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons
leave at the reduced velocity. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches.
As the electron bunches pass through the resonator, they interact with the voltage at
resonator grids.
If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by
the voltage then energy will be delivered to the resonator, and the klystron will oscillate.
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence by
changing the volume of the resonator, mechanical tuning of the klystron is possible. A
small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting reflector voltage. This is called
electronic tuning.

Procedure:

VSWR measurement of the ports:

1. Set up the components and equipment as shown in block diagram keeping E-

arm towards slotted line and matched termination to other parts.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.
3. Measure the VSWR of E- arm as described in measurement of SWR for
low and medium value.
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

4. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched
termination. Measure the VSWR as above. Similarly VSWR of any port can be
measured.
Measurement of Isolation and coupling factor:
1. Remove the tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and connect the
detector mount to slotted line.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune
the detector mount for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter set
any power level in the VSWR meter and note down, readings, let it be port 2.
4. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob
carefully place the magic tee after slotted line keeping arm connected to slotted
line, detector to e- arm and matched termination to arm1 and arm 2 . Note down
the reading of VSWR meter, let it be port 4.
5. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given the theory port.
6. Determine the isolation between the port 3 and port 4 on port 3= port 4 in db.
7. Repeat the same experiment for the other ports.
8. Repeat the same experiment for other frequencies

Block Diagram:
EM & MW LAB MANUAL ECE, MRCET

Observations:

P1 = P3 = P1 + P2.

P2 =

P3 = P4 = P1 - P2

Result:

Questions:

1) What is magic tee?

2) How many ports does it have?
3) Difference between magic tee to directional coupler?
4) What is magic behind this?