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Levels of code

The document outlines the hierarchy of programming languages, starting from machine code, which is binary and hardware-dependent, to low-level code like assembly language that is more readable but still close to hardware. It then describes high-level languages, such as Python and Java, which are human-readable and portable across platforms. Each category has its pros and cons, with low-level languages offering fast execution and high-level languages providing ease of use and maintenance.

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4 views

Levels of code

The document outlines the hierarchy of programming languages, starting from machine code, which is binary and hardware-dependent, to low-level code like assembly language that is more readable but still close to hardware. It then describes high-level languages, such as Python and Java, which are human-readable and portable across platforms. Each category has its pros and cons, with low-level languages offering fast execution and high-level languages providing ease of use and maintenance.

Uploaded by

vidhikapoor1298
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Machine Code (Lowest Level)

 Machine code consists of binary instruc ons (0s and 1s) that the CPU directly
understands and executes.

 It is hardware-dependent and difficult for humans to read or write.

 Example (binary representa on of an instruc on):

 10110000 01100001

 Assembly language is one step above machine code but s ll low-level.

2. Low-Level Code

 Low-level languages are close to machine code but slightly more readable.

 They provide direct control over hardware (e.g., memory, CPU registers).

 Example: Assembly Language (uses mnemonics instead of binary):

 MOV AL, 61h ; Move hex value 61 into AL register

 ADD AL, 02h ; Add 2 to AL

Pros:

 Fast execu on (since it runs close to hardware).

 More efficient for system programming (e.g., opera ng systems, drivers).

Cons:

 Hard to read and write.

 Not portable (depends on CPU architecture).

3. High-Level Code (Human-Readable)

 High-level languages (HLL) use English-like syntax, making programming easier.

 They are independent of hardware, unlike machine or low-level languages.

 Examples: Python, Java, C, C++, JavaScript

Example (Python - High-Level Language):

a = 10
b = 20

sum = a + b

print("Sum:", sum)

Pros:

 Easier to write, debug, and maintain.

 Portable across different pla orms.

Cons:

 Slower than low-level languages because it requires compila on or interpreta on.

Hierarchy Summary

1. Machine Code (Binary) → Lowest Level

2. Low-Level Code (Assembly) → Slightly readable, close to hardware

3. High-Level Code (Python, Java, C++) → Human-readable, portable

Let me know if you need more clarity!

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