Yangon Technological University

Department of Electronic Engineering

Signal and Systems I

Lecture VII

17 Feburary 2019 Daw Win Thu Zar

 Example-3.3 Convolution for the system of Example-3.1
Consider the system with the impulse response ℎ " = $ %& '("). This system’s response to
an input of * " = + " − 1 would be . " = ℎ " − 1 = $ % &%/ '(" − 1). If the input
signal is a sum of weighted, time-shifted impulses, separated in time by ∆= 0.1 (s), (i) find
the output response, and (ii) consider the system for the time increment between impulses
approaches zero by using the convolution integral.
Solution:
ℎ " = $ %& '(")
if ∆= 0.19,
7
* " = + "−1
* " = 3 0.1+(" − 0.18),
. " =ℎ "−1 = $ % &%/ '(" − 1) 456

if the input is a sum of weighted, time-shifted impulses,

7
* " = 3 ∆+(" − 8∆)
456
Example-3.3 Convolution for the system of Example-3.1
If the time shift between impulses ∆ approaches zero,

∆→ 0, k∆= ', ∆= ('

3
) * = lim ∑3
0123 4(6∆)8(* − 6∆)∆= ∫23 4 ' 8 * − ' (' = 4 *
∆→.

;ℎ= >4*?4* @ABCDE F * A@ GDEG4ED*=( HI>J

3
F * = lim ∑3 4 6∆ ℎ(* − 6∆)∆= ∫23 4 ' ℎ * − ' ('
∆→. 0123

ℎ * − ' = = 2 K2L 4(* − ')

Example-3.3 Convolution for the system of Example-3.1

4 4
0 * =2 5 6 ℎ * − 6 86 = 2 ) 6 # 3 93: ) * − 6 86
34 34

1, 6>0 1, *>6
) 6 =; , ) *−6 =;
0, 6<0 0, *<6

!ℎ# $%&'%()*+%& +&*#,-.( +/

B 4 9 (93:)
0 * = ∫34 ) 6 # 3 93: ) * − 6 86 + ∫B ) 6 # 3 93: ) * − 6 86 = ∫B # 86
9
= # 39 2 # : 86 = 1 − # 39 ) * .
B
 Example-3.4 Graphical evaluation for the response of an integrator
Consider the system of an integrator, the system response for the unit ramp input,
! " = " $(") and the impulse response of this system is the unit step function: that is,
ℎ(") = $("). Find the system output by evaluating the convolution integral.

Solution:
(1) Replace " = 3;
! " = " $(")
! 3 =3$ 3
1, ">0 ℎ 3 = $ 3
ℎ " =$ " =)
0, "<0
(2) Find ℎ −3 . (1)
1, ">3
ℎ "−3 =) (3) Find ℎ " − 3 for " < 0 and " > 0 .
0, "<3
(4) Convolve x τ 9:5 ℎ " − 3 .
By evaluating the convolution integral,

2
/ " = 0 ! 3 ℎ " − 3 53.
12
Example-3.4 Graphical evaluation for the response of an integrator

(1) Replace ! = &;

( & =&) &
ℎ & = ) &

(2) Find ℎ −& .

!<0
(3) Find ℎ ! − & for ! < 0 and ! > 0 .

(4) Convolve x τ ./0 ℎ ! − & .

(2)

!>0
(3)
 Example-3.4 Graphical evaluation for the response of an integrator

(1) Replace ! = #;
% # =#& #
ℎ # = & #

(2) Find ℎ −# .
!<0
(3) Find ℎ ! − # for ! < 0 and ! > 0 .

(4) Convolve x τ ./0 ℎ ! − # .

!>0

4
1 ! = 2 % # ℎ ! − # 0#. (4)
34
Example-3.4 Graphical evaluation for the response of an integrator
&
! " = $ ' ( ℎ " − ( +(
%&

0
, &
! " = $ ' ( ℎ " − ( +( + $ ' ( ℎ " − ( +(
%& ,

. .
"0
! " = $ ( / ( / " − ( +( = $ ( +( = /(")
, , 2

4 4 .7
The product function is triangular, the area is equal to ×6×ℎ = ×"×" = for " > 0.
0 0 0
Example-3.5 A system with a
rectangular impulse response
• In this example, let the impulse response for an LTI system be
rectangular, as shown in Figure 3.5. We will later use this system
in the study of certain types of sampling of continuous-time
signals. Furthermore, this system is used in the modeling of DACs.
Note that one realization of this system consists of an integrator,
an ideal time delay, and a summing junction, as shown in Figure
3.6. Find the output by using graphical evaluation of the
convolution integral.
Figure 3.5 Input signal and impulse
! " = $ " + 3 + 3' ().+, - " = !. " + !/(") response for Example 3.5

1, 0≤"≤2
ℎ " =3
0, 9"ℎ':;<='

Figure 3.6
Solution:
! " = $ " + 3 + 3' ().+, - " = !. " + !/(")
1, 0≤"≤2
ℎ " =3
0, 9"ℎ':;<'

By linearity property;

!. " → ?. "
!/ " → ?/ (") ! " → ?. " + ?/ (") 1, 0≤"+3≤2
ℎ "+3 =3
0, 9"ℎ':;<='
0≤"+3 "+3≤2
? " − ") = δ " − ") ∗ ℎ " = ℎ(" − ") )
−3 ≤ " " ≤ −1

The system response to the impulse function is CD E

1
?. " = ℎ " ∗ δ " + 3 = ℎ " + 3 = - " + 3 − -(" + 1)
-3 -1
 Solution: (1) Replace $ = 5;

(2) Find ℎ −5 .
)" $ = 3, -..01 2($)
To determine the response for !"($), three different (3) Find ℎ $ − 5 for $ < 0 and $ > 0 .

integrations must be performed to evaluate the (4) Convolve ) τ ?@8 ℎ $ − 5 .

convolution integral:

1) For $ ≤ 0,
4
!" $ = 3 )" 5 ℎ $ − 5 85
-4
$<0
?
. 4
!" $ = ∫-4(0)ℎ $ − 5 85 + ∫. 3, -..01 0 85 = 0

$>0
 Solution: (1) Replace $ = 6;

(2) Find ℎ −6 .
*" $ = 3- ./.12 3($)
To determine the response for !"($), three different (3) Find ℎ $ − 6 for 0 ≤ $ ≤ 2 .

integrations must be performed to evaluate the (4) Convolve * τ @A9 ℎ $ − 6 .

convolution integral:

2) For 0 ≤ $ ≤ 2,
5
!" $ = 4 *" 6 ℎ $ − 6 96
.5

/ 2 5
!" $ = ∫.5(0)ℎ $ − 6 96 + ∫/ 3- ./.12 96 + ∫2 3- ./.12 0 96 = 6(1 − - ./.12 )

0≤$≤2
 Solution: (1) Replace $ = 6;

*" $ = 3- ./.12 3($) (2) Find ℎ −6 .

To determine the response for !"($), three different (3) Find ℎ $ − 6 for 2 ≤ $ ≤ ∞ .
integrations must be performed to evaluate the convolution
integral: (4) Convolve * τ ?@9 ℎ $ − 6 .

3) For 2 ≤ $ ≤ ∞,
5
!" $ = 4 *" 6 ℎ $ − 6 96
.5

/ 2." 2 5
!" $ = ∫.5 *" 6 ℎ $ − 6 96 + ∫/ *" 6 ℎ $ − 6 96 + ∫2." 3- ./.12 96 + ∫2 *" 6 ℎ $ − 6 96 = 6(- ./.1 2."
− - ./.12 )

!" $ = 6- ./.12 -A − 1 = 10.31- ./.12

2≤$≤∞
Assignment-VI

Example-3.6 (Individual)
Deadline: 20.02.2020
Properties of Convolution Integral
1. Commutative Property

! " ∗ ℎ " = ℎ " ∗ !(")

2. Associative Property

For (a);
! " ∗ ℎ% " ∗ ℎ& " = ! " ∗ [ℎ% " * ℎ& " ] = ! " ∗ [ℎ& " ∗ ℎ% " ]

For (b);
ℎ " = ℎ% " * ℎ& " = ℎ& " ∗ ℎ% "

For m cascaded systems, the impulse response of the total system is; ℎ " = ℎ% " * ℎ& " ∗ ⋯ ∗ ℎ+ "
3. Distributive Property

! " ∗ ℎ% " + ! " ∗ ℎ' " = ! " ∗ [ℎ% " + ℎ' " ]
This property is developed from the convolution integral,
- -
! " ∗ ℎ% " + ! " ∗ ℎ' " = + ! . ℎ% " − . 0. + + ! . ℎ' " − . 0.
,- ,-
-
= ∫,- ! . [ℎ% " − . + ℎ' (" − .)]0. = !(") ∗ [[ℎ% " + ℎ' " ]
The output is;
4 " = ! " ∗ ℎ% " + ! " ∗ ℎ' " = ! " ∗ [ℎ% " + ℎ' " ]

Therefore, the total system impulse response is the sum of the impulse response is; ℎ " = ℎ% " + ℎ' " .
Example-3.7 Impulse response
for an interconnection of systems
Determine the impulse response of the system
of Figure 3.7 in terms of the impulse responses
of the four subsystems.

Solution: Figure 3.7

First, the impulse response of the parallel ℎ" (t)

systems 1 and 2 is;

ℎ" # = ℎ% # + ℎ& #
Example-3.7 Impulse response
for an interconnection of systems
Determine the impulse response of the system
of Figure 3.7 in terms of the impulse responses
of the four subsystems.

Solution: Figure 3.7

Second, the effect of the cascaded connection

ℎ# (t)
of system ! and system 3 is;

ℎ# $ = ℎ& $ ∗ ℎ( $ = ℎ) $ + ℎ+ $ ∗ ℎ(($)
Example-3.7 Impulse response
for an interconnection of systems
Determine the impulse response of the system
of Figure 3.7 in terms of the impulse responses
of the four subsystems.

Solution: Figure 3.7

Finally, we add the effect of the parallel system

4 to give the total-system impulse response:

ℎ " = ℎ$ " + ℎ% " = ℎ& " + ℎ( " ∗ ℎ* " + ℎ%(")

ℎ(t)
Presentation-III (Group)
• Group-I: Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
• Group-II: Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
Time: 20.02.2020 (3:00 pm)
Next Lecture:

-Properties of Continuous-time LTI Systems

• Theory and examples