Okay, here are some possible descriptive questions and answers based on
the topics covered in the provided files, formatted chapter-wise:
Unit 1: Expressions and Control Statements in PHP
Question: Explain the basic structure of a PHP file.
Answer: A PHP file typically contains HTML tags and PHP scripting
code, and it uses the ".php" file extension. PHP statements within
the file end with a semicolon (;).
Question: How are comments used in PHP, and what are the
different syntaxes for writing them?
Answer: Comments in PHP are lines of code that are not executed
and are used to explain code, remind the programmer of its
function, or prevent code execution. PHP supports single-line
comments using // or #, and multi-line comments using /* */.
Question: Describe PHP variables, including how they are declared,
their data types, and the rules for naming them.
Answer: In PHP, variables are used to store information and are
declared with a $ sign followed by the variable name. PHP is a
loosely typed language, so you don't need to define the data type;
it's automatically associated with the variable's value.
o Rules for variable names:
Start with a letter or underscore.
Cannot start with a number.
Can only contain alphanumeric characters and
underscores.
Are case-sensitive.
Should not contain spaces (use underscore or
capitalization for multiple words).
Question: Explain variable scope in PHP. What are the different
types of variable scope?
Answer: The scope of a variable determines where in the script it
can be accessed. PHP has three variable scopes:
o Local: Variables declared within a function are only accessible
inside that function.
o Global: Variables declared outside a function are only
accessible outside that function.
o Static: Static variables are not deleted after a function
completes; their value is retained for subsequent function
calls.
Question: How do the global keyword and the static keyword affect
variable scope in PHP?
Answer:
o The global keyword is used within a function to access global
variables.
o The static keyword is used within a function to declare a
variable that retains its value between function calls.
Question: What is PHP, and what are its key characteristics?
Answer: PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-
source, server-side scripting language for creating dynamic web
applications. It is partially case-sensitive: keywords, classes, and
functions are not case-sensitive, but variable names are case-
sensitive.
Question: Explain the difference between echo and print in PHP.
Answer: Both echo and print are used to output data to the screen,
but echo can take multiple parameters and has no return value,
while print takes a single parameter and returns a value of 1. Echo is
also marginally faster.
Unit 2: Arrays, Functions, and Graphics
Question: What is a multidimensional array in PHP? How do you
declare and access elements in a multidimensional array?
Answer: A multidimensional array is an array containing one or
more arrays. Elements are accessed using multiple indices (e.g.,
$array[row][column]).
Question: Explain the purpose and syntax of the following PHP
array functions: extract(), compact(), implode(), explode(), and
array_flip().
o extract(): Imports variables into the current symbol table from
an array.
o compact(): Creates an array containing variables and their
values.
o implode(): Joins array elements into a string.
o explode(): Breaks a string into an array.
o array_flip(): Exchanges all keys with their associated values in
an array.
Question: What are the advantages of using PHP arrays?
Answer: PHP arrays allow you to store multiple values in a single
variable, which leads to less code, easier traversal of elements using
loops, and the ability to sort elements.
Question: Describe the different PHP array sorting functions.
Answer: PHP provides functions to sort arrays:
o sort(): Sorts arrays in ascending order.
o rsort(): Sorts arrays in descending order.
o asort(): Sorts associative arrays in ascending order by value.
o ksort(): Sorts associative arrays in ascending order by key.
o arsort(): Sorts associative arrays in descending order by value.
o krsort(): Sorts associative arrays in descending order by key.
Question: What is a function in PHP? Explain how to declare and
call a function.
Answer: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
o Declaration: Functions are declared using the function
keyword, followed by the function name, parentheses (), and
curly braces {} containing the function code.
o Calling: Functions are called by using the function name
followed by parentheses ().
Question: Explain the concepts of "arguments" and "return values"
in PHP functions.
Answer:
o Arguments: Arguments are values passed to a function when
it is called.
o Return Values: A function can return a value back to the
caller using the return statement.
Unit 3: Object-Oriented Concepts in PHP
Question: What is a class and an object in PHP?
Answer:
o A class is a blueprint for creating objects; it defines the
properties (variables) and methods (functions) that the objects
will have.1
o An object is an instance of a class.
Question: How do you create an object in PHP?
Answer: Objects are created using the new keyword followed by
the class name (e.g., $obj = new ClassName();).
Question: What is the purpose of the $this keyword in PHP object-
oriented programming?
Answer: The $this keyword is a special variable that refers to the
current object within a class method.
Question: Explain the concept of a constructor in PHP. How is it
defined and what is its use?
Answer: A constructor is a special method that is automatically
called when an object is created. In PHP, a constructor is defined
using the __construct() method. It is used to initialize object
properties.
Question: What are the different types of constructors in PHP?
Answer: PHP supports default constructors (constructors without
parameters) and parameterized constructors (constructors that
accept arguments).
Question: Explain method overriding.
Answer: Method overriding is the ability of a child class to provide a
different implementation of a method that is already defined in its
parent class.2
Question: What is inheritance in PHP?
Answer: Inheritance is a mechanism in which a new class (child
class) can inherit properties and methods from an existing class
(parent class).
Question: What is the purpose of final keyword in PHP?
Answer: The final keyword prevents method overriding and class
inheritance.
Unit 4: Creating and Validating Forms
Question: Explain the difference between cookies and sessions in
PHP.
Answer:
o Cookies: Small files stored on the user's computer by the
browser. They are used to remember information about the
user.
o Sessions: Data stored on the server to associate data with a
specific user across multiple pages.
Question: How do you create, access, modify, and delete cookies in
PHP?
o Create: Use the setcookie() function.
o Access: Use the $_COOKIE superglobal array.
o Modify: Set the cookie again with setcookie().
o Delete: Set the cookie with an expiration date in the past.
Question: How do you start, set, get, and destroy PHP sessions?
o Start: Use the session_start() function.
o Set: Use the $_SESSION superglobal array.
o Get: Access values from the $_SESSION array.
o Destroy: Use session_destroy() or unset $_SESSION variables.
Question: What are common HTML form controls, and how are they
used?
Answer: Common form controls include:
o Textbox: For single-line text input.
o Textarea: For multi-line text input.
o Radio Button: For selecting one option from a group.
o Checkbox: For selecting multiple options.
o List: A dropdown menu for selecting options.
o Buttons: To trigger actions.
o Hidden control: To store data not visible to the user.
Unit 5: Database Operations
Question: How do you create a database in MySQL?
Answer: You can create a database using the CREATE DATABASE
statement.
Question: How do you delete a database and the tables within it?
Answer: You can delete a MySQL database using the DROP
DATABASE command. This command permanently deletes the
database and all its tables.
Question: Explain how to create, describe, add data to, and delete
a table in MySQL.
o Create: Use the CREATE TABLE command.
o Describe: Use the DESCRIBE command.
o Add Data: Use the INSERT INTO command.
o Delete: Use the DROP TABLE command.
Question: What are the SELECT, DELETE, and WHERE commands
used for in MySQL?
o SELECT: Used to extract data from a table.
o DELETE: Used to remove rows from a table.
o WHERE: Used to filter records.