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DC parameters

The document outlines key parameters for analyzing direct current (DC) circuits, including basic quantities like voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy. It also details component-specific parameters for resistors, capacitors, inductors, voltage sources, current sources, diodes, and transistors. Understanding these parameters is essential for effective circuit design and analysis.

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Surendranath Koujageri
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0 views

DC parameters

The document outlines key parameters for analyzing direct current (DC) circuits, including basic quantities like voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy. It also details component-specific parameters for resistors, capacitors, inductors, voltage sources, current sources, diodes, and transistors. Understanding these parameters is essential for effective circuit design and analysis.

Uploaded by

Surendranath Koujageri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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You're asking about the DC parameters, which are the fundamental quantities and

characteristics used to describe and analyze direct current (DC) circuits and components.
Here's a breakdown of the key DC parameters:
1. Basic Circuit Quantities:
●​ Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference between two points, which drives the flow
of current. Measured in Volts. It's the "electrical pressure."
●​ Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor. Measured in Amperes
(Amps). It's the "amount of electricity flowing."
●​ Resistance (R): The opposition to the flow of current in a material or component.
Measured in Ohms (\Omega). It's the "friction" to electrical flow.
●​ Power (P): The rate at which electrical energy is transferred or consumed. Measured in
Watts (W). In DC circuits, power is calculated as:
○​ P = V \times I
○​ P = I^2 \times R
○​ P = V^2 / R
●​ Energy (E or W): The capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J) or Watt-hours (Wh). In
a DC circuit, energy consumed or supplied over a time (t) is:
○​ E = P \times t
2. Component Specific Parameters:
●​ For Resistors:
○​ Resistance Value (R): The primary parameter, indicating its opposition to current.
○​ Tolerance: The allowable deviation of the actual resistance from the stated value
(usually expressed as a percentage).
○​ Power Rating: The maximum power the resistor can dissipate without being
damaged.
○​ Voltage Rating: The maximum voltage that can be applied across the resistor
without causing breakdown.
●​ For Capacitors:
○​ Capacitance (C): The ability to store electrical charge. Measured in Farads (F).
○​ Voltage Rating: The maximum DC voltage that can be applied across the capacitor
without dielectric breakdown.
○​ Tolerance: The allowable deviation of the actual capacitance from the stated value.
○​ Leakage Current: A small DC current that flows through the dielectric, ideally zero.
○​ Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR): A small resistance in series with the ideal
capacitance, representing losses within the capacitor.
●​ For Inductors (also relevant in some DC applications like filters and energy
storage):
○​ Inductance (L): The property of a coil to oppose changes in current. Measured in
Henrys (H).
○​ DC Resistance (DCR): The resistance of the wire used to wind the coil.
○​ Saturation Current: The DC current level beyond which the inductance starts to
decrease significantly.
○​ Current Rating: The maximum DC current the inductor can handle without
overheating.
●​ For Voltage Sources (Batteries, Power Supplies):
○​ Voltage (V): The nominal output voltage.
○​ Current Rating (or Capacity for batteries in Ampere-hours - Ah): The maximum
current the source can supply or the total charge it can deliver.
○​ Internal Resistance (r): A small resistance within the source that causes the
output voltage to drop as current is drawn. The terminal voltage (V_T) is given by
V_T = V_{ideal} - Ir, where V_{ideal} is the ideal voltage and I is the current.
○​ Regulation: The ability of a voltage source to maintain a constant output voltage
under varying load conditions.
●​ For Current Sources:
○​ Current (I): The nominal output current.
○​ Voltage Compliance: The range of output voltages over which the current source
can maintain its specified current.
○​ Internal Resistance: Ideally infinite for an ideal current source, but practically a
high resistance.
●​ For Diodes:
○​ Forward Voltage (V_F): The voltage drop across the diode when it is conducting in
the forward direction.
○​ Reverse Breakdown Voltage (V_R or V_{BR}): The voltage at which the diode will
start to conduct heavily in the reverse direction.
○​ Forward Current (I_F): The current flowing through the diode in the forward
direction.
○​ Reverse Leakage Current (I_R or I_{S}): A small current that flows through the
diode in the reverse direction.
●​ For Transistors (BJT, MOSFET):
○​ DC Current Gain (\beta or h_{FE} for BJT, g_m and other parameters for
MOSFET): The ratio of output current to input current (for BJT) or the
transconductance (for MOSFET) in DC operating conditions.
○​ Saturation Voltages (V_{CE(sat)} for BJT, V_{DS(on)} for MOSFET): The
voltage drop across the transistor when it is fully turned on.
○​ Breakdown Voltages (V_{CEO}, V_{DSS}, etc.): The maximum voltages the
transistor can withstand without damage.
○​ Threshold Voltage (V_{BE(on)} for BJT, V_{GS(th)} for MOSFET): The input
voltage required to start significant current flow.
These are some of the fundamental DC parameters you'll encounter when analyzing and
working with direct current circuits and components. The specific parameters of interest will
depend on the circuit and the components being used.

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