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 Machine Learning
for Healthcare
Handling and Managing Data

Edited by
Rashmi Agrawal
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee
Abhishek Kumar
Pramod Singh Rathore
Dac-Nhuong Le
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Contents

Preface..................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................xi
Editors.................................................................................................................... xiii
List of Contributors............................................................................................. xvii

1. Fundamentals of Machine Learning...........................................................1

Rashmi Agrawal

2. Medical Information Systems..................................................................... 17

Uday Sah, Abhushan Chataut, and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

3. The Role of Metaheuristic Algorithms in Healthcare........................... 25

G. Uma Maheswari, R. Sujatha, V. Mareeswari, and E. P. Ephzibah

4. Decision Support System to Improve Patient Care................................ 41

V. Diviya Prabha and R. Rathipriya

5. Effects of Cell Phone Usage on Human Health and Specifically

on the Brain..................................................................................................... 53
Soobia Saeed, Afnizanfaizal Abdullah, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Mehmood Naqvi
and Shakeel Ahmed

6. Feature Extraction and Bio Signals............................................................ 69

A. Mary Judith, S Baghavathi Priya, N. Kanya, and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

7. Comparison Analysis of Multidimensional Segmentation Using

Medical Health-Care Information............................................................. 81
Soobia Saeed, Afnizanfaizal Abdullah, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Memood Naqvi,
and Azeem Khan

8. Deep Convolutional Network Based Approach for Detection

of Liver Cancer and Predictive Analytics on Cloud............................... 95
Pramod H. B. and Goutham M.

9. Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithm for

Healthcare Tools with High Dimension Segmentation...................... 115
Soobia Saeed, Afnizanfaizal Abdullah, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Memood Naqvi
and Mamoona Humayun

v
vi Contents

10. Patient Report Analysis for Identification and

Diagnosis of Disease.................................................................................. 129
Muralidharan C., Mohamed Sirajudeen Y., and Anitha R.

11. Statistical Analysis of the Pre- and Post-Surgery in the

Healthcare Sector Using High Dimension Segmentation.................. 159
Soobia Saeed, Afnizanfaizal Abdullah, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Memood Naqvi,
and Mamoona Humayun

12. Machine Learning in Diagnosis of Children with Disorders........... 175

Lokesh Kumar Saxena and Manishikha Saxena

13. Forecasting Dengue Incidence Rate in Tamil Nadu Using

ARIMA Time Series Model...................................................................... 187
S. Dhamodharavadhani, R. Rathipriya

Index...................................................................................................................... 203
Preface

The key objective of publishing this book is to explore the concepts of

machine learning, along with recent research developments in healthcare
sectors. The book includes chapters by authors who are experts in this
area and have experience of the recent research developments in the field
of healthcare using machine learning technology. It will provide in-depth
information about the applications and utilizations of machine learning in
healthcare. It will provide a better understanding of the processing of big
data from the healthcare sector as used in machine learning processes, and
it will highlight the links between machine learning and computer science
in healthcare applications from many perspectives.
Machine learning (ML) is currently causing quite a buzz, and is having a
huge impact on healthcare. Payers, providers, and pharmaceutical compa-
nies are today seeing applicability in their spaces and are taking advantage
of ML. A machine learning model is created by feeding data into a learning
algorithm. The algorithm is the place where the magic happens. There are
algorithms to determine a patient’s length of stay based on diagnosis, for
example, and that algorithm all began when someone decided to write it and
train it with true and reliable data. Over time, the model can be re-trained
with newer data, increasing the model’s effectiveness. Machine learning is
defined as when a computer has been taught to recognize patterns by pro-
viding it with data and an algorithm to help understand that data. We call
the process of learning “training” and the output that this process produces
is called a “model”. A model can be provided with new data and it can reason
with this new information based on what it has previously learned.
Machine learning models determine a set of rules using vast amounts of
computing power that a human brain would be incapable of processing. The
more data a machine learning model is fed, the more complex the rules – and
the more accurate the predictions. Whereas a statistical model is likely to
have an inherent logic that can be understood by most people, the rules cre-
ated by machine learning are often beyond human comprehension because
our brains are incapable of digesting and analyzing enormous datasets.
Deep learning is another buzzword we often hear a lot about but it is often
misunderstood. In reality, it is just a special case of machine learning algo-
rithm through artificial neural networks. A neural network is an algorithm
that was inspired by the ways a brain works and it involves many nodes (or
“neurons”) that are often connected together in layers to form a network. A
neural network must have at least two layers – a layer of inputs and a layer
of outputs. There may be many “hidden” layers between the input layer and
output layer, and these are used to extract more information by exploiting
structure in the data. A network is considered “deep” if it has more than

vii
viii Preface

one hidden layer (see the diagram opposite which illustrates the complexity
of a neural network). Neural networks are great at solving problems where
the data is highly structured – like an image of a brain scan – but are also
“black box” algorithms. In other words, it is hard for humans to comprehend
the patterns they find. Despite being around for over 50 years, neural net-
works have only become popular and feasible in the last ten years thanks to
advances in both algorithm design and computing power. While the health-
care sector is being transformed by the ability to record massive amounts of
information about individual patients, the enormous volume of data being
collected is impossible for human beings to analyze. Machine learning pro-
vides a way to automatically find patterns and reasons behind data, which
enables healthcare professionals to move towards more personalized care –
known as precision medicine. There are many possibilities for how machine
learning can be used in healthcare settings, and all of them depend on having
sufficient data and permissions to use it. Previously, alerts and recommenda-
tions for medical practice have been developed based on external studies,
and hard coded into their software. However, that can limit the accuracy
of the data because they might be from different populations and environ-
ments. Machine learning, on the other hand, can be refined using data that
is available in that particular environment. For example, anonymized patient
record information from a hospital and the area in which it serves.
One further example of how healthcare providers can take advantage of
machine learning is utilizing it in order to predict the likelihood of hospi-
tal re-admission for chronically ill patients. Identifying the patients who are
most at risk of being re-admitted means they can be given greater support
after they have been discharged. By lowering the rate of re-admission, not
only are the lives of those most at risk improved, but it also helps save pre-
cious healthcare funds, which can then perhaps be used for wellness and
prevention programs instead.
The main research issues and important concepts relating to machine learn-
ing technology in the healthcare industry are covered in more detail through-
out this book. It will provide in-depth information about handling and
managing healthcare data with machine learning methods. Throughout this
book we will try our best to show readers about the links between machine
learning and computer science applications in healthcare sector more broadly

What You’ll Learn

1. A deeper understanding of various machine learning uses and their
implementation within wider healthcare.
2. The ability to implement machine learning systems, such as cancer
detection, and enhanced deep learning.
Preface ix

3. How to select learning methods and tuning for use in healthcare.

4. How to recognize and prepare for the future of machine learning
in healthcare through best practices, feedback loops, and intelligent
agents.

Who This Book Is For

Machine intelligence for the healthcare industry is the need of the hour. It
requires adopting both new and better ways to the healthcare providers who
can take advantage of these techniques in order to improve the health of
human beings. The machine learning techniques enable healthcare provid-
ers to garner and operationalize new insights efficiently as a by-product of
an organization’s day-to-day operations. This is becoming vital to hospitals
and health systems’ ability to persist and flourish. This book will provide
in-depth information about handling and managing healthcare data with
machine learning methods. It will discuss the long-standing challenges in
healthcare informatics and provide rational ideas of how best to navigate
them.

Rashmi Agrawal (Haryana, India)

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee (Kathmandu, Nepal)
Abhishek Kumar (Himachal Pradesh, India)
Pramod Singh Rathore (Rajasthan, India)
Dac-Nhuong Le (Haiphong, Vietnam)

MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product

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Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the most important people in my life, my

uncle Mr. Moni Moy Chatterjee, my father Aloke Moy Chatterjee, and my
late mother Nomita Chatterjee. This book has been my long-cherished
dream – one which could not have been turned into a reality without the
support and love of these amazing people. They have continuously encour-
aged me despite my failing to give them the proper time and attention. I am
also grateful to my friends, who have encouraged and blessed this work with
their unconditional love and patience.

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee

Department of IT
Lord Buddha Education Foundation
Kathmandu, Nepal

xi
Editors

Rashmi Agrawal is a Professor in the Department of

Computer Applications in MRIIRS, Faridabad. Dr.
Agrawal has a rich teaching experience of more than 17
years. She is UGC-NET(CS) qualified, and has com-
pleted a PhD, M. Phil, M. Tech, MSc, and MBA(IT). Her
PhD focused on the area of machine learning, and her
areas of expertise include Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning, Data Mining, and Operating
Systems. She has published more than 30 research
papers in various national and international conferences and journals, and
has authored many published books and chapters. She has organized vari-
ous faculty development programs and has also directly participated in
workshops and faculty development programmes. She is actively involved
in research activities, and is a lifetime member of Computer Society of India.
She has been a member of the technical programme committee of various
reputable conferences.

Jyotir Moy Chatterjee is an Assistant Professor at the

IT Department of Lord Buddha Education Foundation
(Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation),
Kathmandu, Nepal. Prior to this he has worked as an
Assistant Professor at the CSE Department of GD Rungta
College of Engineering and Technology (CSVTU),
Bhilai, India. He has completed an M. Tech in Computer
Science and Engineering from Kalinga Institute of
Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha and a B.
Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr.
MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai. He has published 40
international research papers, two international conference papers, authored
four books, edited eight books, written 11 book chapters and has one pat-
ent to his account. His research interests include cloud computing, big data,
privacy preservation, data mining, the Internet of Things, machine learning,
and blockchain technology. He is a member of various professional societies
and international conferences.

xiii
xiv Editors

Abhishek Kumar has a PhD in computer science from

University of Madras and an M. Tech in computer sci-
ence and engineering from Government Engineering
College Ajmer at Rajasthan Technical University, Kota,
India. He has over eight years of experience in academic
teaching and has been published more than 55 times in
reputed, peer-reviewed national and international jour-
nals, books and conferences (such as by Wiley, Taylor &
Francis, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, Inderscience, Annals of Computer
Science, Poland, and IEEE). His research areas include: Artificial Intelligence,
image processing, computer vision, data mining, and machine learning. He
has also been on the international conference committees of many interna-
tional conferences, and is currently serving as a reviewer for IEEE and
Inderscience journals. He has authored six internationally published books
and has edited 11 books with Wiley, IGI GLOBAL, Springer, Apple Academic
Press, CRC, and more. He is also member of various national and interna-
tional professional societies in the field of engineering and research includ-
ing being a member of IEEE, ISOC (Internet Society)); IAIP (International
Association of Innovation Professionals), ICSES (International Computer
Science and Engineering Society) IAENG (International Association of
Engineers); an associate member of IRED (Institute of Research Engineers
and Doctors; a life member of ISRD (International Society for research &
Development); and an editorial board member of IOSRD. He has received the
national Sir CV Raman lifetime achievement award in 2018 in the young
researcher and faculty category.

Pramod Singh Rathore is currently pursuing his PhD

in computer science and engineering at Bundelkhand
University and is conducting ongoing research on net-
working. He has an M. Tech in computer science and
engineering from Government Engineering College
Ajmer, at Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India.
He has been working as an Assistant Professor of the
Computer Science and Engineering Department at
Aryabhatt Engineering College and Research Centre,
Ajmer, Rajasthan and is also a visiting faculty at Government University
MDS Ajmer. He has over eight years of experience in academic teaching
and has been published more than 45 times in reputed, peer-reviewed
national and international journals, books and conferences (such as Wiley,
IGI GLOBAL, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, Annals of
Computer Science, Poland, and IEEE). He has co-authored and edited many
books with many reputed publishers like Wiley, and CRC Press, USA. His
research areas include: NS2, computer networks, mining, and DBMS.
Editors xv

Dac-Nhuong Le has a PhD and is Deputy-Head of

the Faculty of Information Technology at Haiphong
University, Vietnam and Vice-Director of Information
Technology at the Apply Center of the same univer-
sity. He is a research scientist at the Research and
Development Center of Visualization & Simulation in
(CSV), Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam. He has
more than 45 publications in the reputed international
conferences, journals, and online book chapter contribu-
tions (indexed by: SCI, SCIE, SSCI, Scopus, ACM, and
DBLP). His areas of research include: evaluation computing and approxi-
mate algorithms, network communication, security and vulnerability,
network performance analysis and simulation, cloud computing, and bio-
medical image processing. His core work is in network security, wireless,
soft computing, mobile computing and biomedical technology. Recently, he
has been on a technical program committee, a technical reviewer, and the
track chair for international conferences such as: FICTA 2014, CSI 2014, IC4SD
2015, ICICT 2015, INDIA 2015, IC3T 2015, INDIA 2016, FICTA 2016, IC3T 2016,
ICDECT 2016, IUKM 2016, INDIA 2017, FICTA 2017, CISC 2017, ICICC 2018,
ICCUT 2018 under the Springer-ASIC/LNAI/CISC Series. Presently, he is
serving on the editorial board of international journals and he has authored
six computer science books (published by Springer, Wiley, CRC Press,
Lambert Publication, VSRD Academic Publishing, and Scholar Press).
List of Contributors

Mary Judith A. S. Dhamodharavadhani

Assistant Professor (CSE) Department of Computer Science
Loyola-ICAM College of Periyar University
Engineering & Technology Salem, India
Chennai, India
E. P. Ephzibah
Afnizanfaizal Abdullah School of Information Technology
Department of Software and Engineering
Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology
UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia-UTM Vellore, India
Johor Bharu, Malaysia
Goutham M.
Rashmi Agrawal Department of Computer Science
Manav Rachna International and Engineering
Institute of Research and Studies NIE Institute of Technology
Faridabad, India Mysuru, India

Shakeel Ahmed Mamoona Humayun

College of Computer Sciences Department of Information Systems
and IT Jouf University
King Faisal University Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
N. Z. Jhanjhi,
Anitha R. School of Computer Science and
Department of Computer Science Engineering (SCE)
and Engineering Taylor’s University
Sri Venkateswara College of Selangor, Malaysia
Engineering
Sriperumbudur, India Mary Judith A.
Loyola-ICAM College of
Abhushan Chataut Engineering & Technology
Lord Buddha Education Foundation Chennai, India
Kathmandu, Nepal
N. Kanya
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research
Lord Buddha Education Foundation Institute
Kathmandu, Nepal Chennai, India

xvii