Friction Effects:

• A bearing is a mechanical component that helps objects rotate and reduces

friction between moving parts. Bearings are used in many mechanical systems,
including small appliances, electric generators, airplanes, and automobiles.
• All bearings are provided with some lubrication arrangement to reduce
friction between shaft and bearing.

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1. Ball Bearings
• A ball bearing consists of a number of hardened balls mounted between
two hardened races. Usually, the balls or rollers are made of hardened
materials such as chromium steel or chrome-nickel steel.
• The inner race is fitted to the shaft and the outer race is a tight fit into the
bearing housing.
• A light brass cage keeps the balls at a fixed distance from one another.
• Since the balls as well as the races are very hard, distortion of each is
little and the rolling friction is very low.
• The friction of ball bearing is slightly higher when lubricated than when
dry. But some amount of lubricant is useful to prevent rust formation.
2. Roller Bearings
• They are similar to ball bearings where the balls are replaced by
hardened cylindrical rollers. These bearings can carry heavy loads.

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Greasy or Film Friction

• The friction of two surfaces, when they are wetted with an extreme thin
layer of lubricant and metal-to-metal contact can take place between high
spots, is known as greasy/film/boundary friction.
• If two metallic surfaces are wetted with a small amount of lubricant, a
very thin film of the same is formed on each of the surfaces. This film is
of molecular thickness. It adheres to the surface and is known as
adsorbed film.
• It has been found that when two surfaces are placed in contact, the
coefficient of friction between them is considerably reduced compared
with when the surfaces are dry and unlubricated.

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Greasy/film Friction in Journal Bearing
• A journal bearing forms a turning pair as shown in figure.
• The fixed outer element of a turning pair is called a bearing and that
portion of the inner element (i.e. shaft) which fits in the bearing is called
a journal. The journal is slightly less in diameter than the bearing, in
order to permit the free movement of the journal in a bearing.

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In order that the rotation may be maintained, there must be a couple rotating the shaft.
Let

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Friction of Pivot and Collar Bearing
• When a rotating shaft is subjected to an axial load, the thrust (axial force) is
taken either by a pivot or a collar. E.g.: Shaft of a steam turbine, Propeller shaft
of a ship.
• The bearing surfaces placed at the end of a shaft to take the axial thrust are
known as pivots. It is also called pivot bearing or footstep bearing.
• A collar bearing or simply a collar is provided at any position along the
shaft and bears the axial load on a mating surface.

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FLAT PIVOT BEARING
When a vertical shaft rotates in a flat pivot bearing (known as foot step
bearing),the sliding friction will be along the surface of contact between the shaft
and the bearing.

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Flat Collar Bearing

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  A CLUTCH is a mechanical device that engages and
disengages the power transmission, especially from
driving shaft to driven shaft. In the simplest application,
clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts.
 The force of friction is used to start the driven shaft from
rest and gradually brings it up to the proper speed without
excessive slipping of the friction surfaces.
 In operating such a clutch, care should be taken so that
the friction surfaces engage easily and gradually brings
the driven shaft up to proper speed. The proper alignment
of the bearing must be maintained, and it should be
located as close to the clutch as possible.
 The friction clutches of the following types are important
from the subject point of view :
 1. Disc or plate clutches (single disc or multiple disc
clutch),
 2. Cone clutches, and
Dr. Ansuman Padhi  3. Centrifugal
Mechanical clutches.
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Single Disc or Plate Clutch:

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• The axial pressure exerted by the spring provides a frictional force in the
circumferential direction when the relative motion between the driving and
driven members tends to take place.
• If the torque due to this frictional force exceeds the torque to be transmitted,
then no slipping takes place, and the power is transmitted from the driving
shaft to the driven shaft.
consider two friction surfaces, maintained in contact by an axial thrust W, as
shown in Figure

Let,
T = Torque transmitted by the clutch,
p = Intensity of axial pressure with which
the contact surfaces are held
together,
r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of
friction faces, and
µ= Coefficient of friction.

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Multiple Disc Clutch
• A multiple disc clutch, may be used when a large torque is to be transmitted.
• The inside discs (usually of steel) are fastened to the driven shaft to permit
axial motion (except for the last disc). The outside discs (usually of bronze)
are held by bolts and are fastened to the housing which is keyed to the driving
shaft. The multiple disc clutches are extensively used in motor cars, machine
tools etc.

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