LinOxide

40 Basic Linux Commands used Frequently

Bobbin Zachariah 10 years ago

In this tutorial, I will show the very basic Linux commands with examples that are frequently
used to get you more familiar with the Linux command line. To be an expert in Linux first step
for a beginner would be to start learning the basic commands.

The command is followed by options (optional of course) and a list of arguments. The options
can modify the behavior of a command. The arguments may be files or directories or some
other data on which the command acts. Every command might not need arguments. Some
commands work with or without them (e.g. ‘ls’ command). The options can be provided in two
ways: full word options with -- (e.g. --help), or single letter options with - (e.g. -a -b -c or
multiple options, -abc).

Syntax

The commands in Linux have the following syntax:

$command options arguments

Linux Basic Commands

Let’s start with some simple commands.
1) pwd command

‘pwd’ command prints the absolute path to current working directory.

$ pwd

/home/raghu

2) cal command

Displays the calendar of the current month.

$ cal

July 2012

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa

1234567

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31

‘cal ’ will display calendar for the specified month and year.

$ cal 08 1991

August 1991

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa

123

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

3) echo command

This command will echo whatever you provide it.

$ echo "linoxide.com"

linoxide.com

The ‘echo’ command is used to display the values of a variable. One such variable is ‘HOME’.
To check the value of a variable precede the variable with a $ sign.
$ echo $HOME

/home/raghu

4) date command

Displays current time and date.

$ date

Fri Jul 6 01:07:09 IST 2012

If you are interested only in time, you can use 'date +%T' (in hh:mm:ss):

$ date +%T

01:13:14

5) tty command

Displays current terminal.

$ tty

/dev/pts/0

6) whoami command

This command reveals the user who is currently logged in.

$ whoami

raghu

7) id command

This command prints user and groups (UID and GID) of the current user.

$ id

uid=1000(raghu) gid=1000(raghu) groups=1000(raghu),4(adm),20(dialout),24(cdrom),46(plugdev),112(lpadmin),120(

admin),122(sambashare)

By default, information about the current user is displayed. If another username is provided as
an argument, information about that user will be printed:

$ id root

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

8) clear command

This command clears the screen.

Help command

Nobody can remember all the commands. We can use help option from command like

9) help option

With almost every command, ‘--help’ option shows usage summary for that command.

$ date --help

Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

10) whatis command

This command gives a one line description about the command. It can be used as a quick
reference for any command.

$ whatis date

date (1) - print or set the system date and time

$ whatis whatis

whatis (1) - display manual page descriptions

11) Manual Pages

‘--help’ option and ‘whatis’ command do not provide thorough information about the command.
For more detailed information, Linux provides man pages and info pages. To see a
command's manual page, man command is used.

$ man date

The man pages are properly documented pages. They have following sections:

NAME: The name and one line description of the command.

SYNOPSIS: The command syntax.

DESCRIPTION: Detailed description about what a command does.

OPTIONS: A list and description of all of the command's options.

EXAMPLES: Examples of command usage.

FILES: Any file associated with the command.

AUTHOR: Author of the man page

REPORTING BUGS: Link of website or mail-id where you can report any bug.

SEE ALSO: Any commands related to the command, for further reference.

With -k option, a search through man pages can be performed. This searches for a pattern in
the name and short description of a man page.

$ man -k gzip

gzip (1) - compress or expand files

lz (1) - gunzips and shows a listing of a gzip'd tar'd archive

tgz (1) - makes a gzip'd tar archive

uz (1) - gunzips and extracts a gzip'd tar'd archive

zforce (1) - force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files

12) Info pages

Info documents are sometimes more elaborate than the man pages. But for some commands,
info pages are just the same as man pages. These are like web pages. Internal links are
present within the info pages. These links are called nodes. Info pages can be navigated from
one page to another through these nodes.

$ info date

Linux Filesystem commands

13) Changing Directories Command

$ cd [path-to-directory]

Change the current working directory to the directory provided as argument. If no argument is
given to ‘cd’, it changes the directory to the user's home directory. The directory path can be
an absolute path or relative to current directory. The absolute path always starts with /. The
current directory can be checked with ‘pwd’ command (remember?):
$ pwd

/home/raghu

$ cd /usr/share/

$ pwd

/usr/share

$ cd doc

$ pwd

/usr/share/doc

In the first ‘cd’ command, absolute path (/usr/share) is used, and with second command,
relative path (doc) is used.

14) Listing File And Directories Command

$ ls [files-or-directories]

List files and/or directories. If no argument is given, the contents of current directory are
shown.

$ ls

example file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

If a directory is given as an argument, files and directories in that directory are shown.

$ ls /usr

bin games include lib lib64 local sbin share src

‘ls -l’ displays a long listing of the files.

$ ls -l

total 4

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 12:52 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file1.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file2.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file3.txt

In this long listing, the first character is 'd' or '-'. It distinguishes between file types. The entries
with a '-' (dash) are regular files, and ones with 'd' are directories. The next 9 characters are
permissions ('rwxr-xr-x' in first listing). The number following the permissions is the link count.
Link count follows user and group owner. In the above example, the file owner is 'raghu' and
group owner is 'raghu' as well. Next is the size of the file. And then time stamp before the
name of file (or directory).

By default, hidden files or directories are not shown, to see hidden files as well, -a option is
used. Hidden files in Linux start with a period sign (.). Any file that starts with a period is
hidden. So, to hide a file, you just need to rename it (and put a period before it).

$ ls -la odesk

total 16

drwxr-xr-x 4 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 13:46 .

drwxr-xr-x 11 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 13:15 ..

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 12:52 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file1.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file2.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 12:52 file3.txt

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 13:46 .hiddendir

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 13:46 .hiddenfile1.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 13:46 .hiddenfile2.txt

If you want to see the properties of a directory instead of the files contained in it, use -d (with -
l) option:

$ ls -ld odesk/

drwxr-xr-x 4 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 13:46 odesk/

Creating files and directories

15) mkdir command

To create a directory, the ‘mkdir’ command is used.

$ mkdir example

$ ls -l

total 4

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 14:09 example

16) touch command

For creating an empty file, use the touch command.

$ touch file1 file2 file3

$ ls -l

total 4

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 14:09 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file2

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

If a file already exists, touch will update its time stamp. There are a lot of other methods to
create a new file, e.g. using a text editor like vi or gedit, or using redirection. Here is an
example of creating a file using redirection:

$ ls -l /usr > usrlisting

$ ls -l

total 8

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 14:09 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file2

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 usrlisting

A file named usrlisting is created in this example.

Copy, move and remove commands

17) copy command

$cp source destination

Copy files and directories. If the source is a file, and the destination (file) name does not exit,
then source is copied with new name i.e. with the name provided as the destination.

$ cp usrlisting listing_copy.txt

$ ls -l

total 12

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 14:09 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file2

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:02 listing_copy.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 usrlisting

If the destination is a directory, then the file is copied with its original name in that directory.

$ cp listing_copy.txt example/

$ ls -l example/

total 4

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:07 listing_copy.txt

Multiple files can also be copied, but in that case, the last argument will be expected to be a
directory where all the files are to be copied. And the rest of the arguments will be treated as
file names.

$ cp file1 file2 example/

$ ls -l example/

total 4

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 16:10 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 16:10 file2

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:07 listing_copy.txt

If a directory is to be copied, then it must be copied recursively with the files contained in it. To
copy a directory recursively, use -r option with ‘cp’ command:

$ cp -r example /tmp/expertslogin/

$ ls -l /tmp/expertslogin

total 4

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 16:12 example

18) move command

$ mv source destination

Move files or directories. The 'mv' command works like 'cp' command, except that the original
file is removed. But, the mv command can be used to rename the files (or directories).

$ mv listing_copy.txt usrcopy

$ ls -l

total 12

drwxr-xr-x 2 raghu raghu 4096 2012-07-06 16:10 example

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file2

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:02 usrcopy

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 usrlisting

Here, 'listing_copy.txt' is moved with the name 'usrcopy' in the same directory (or you can say
that it has been renamed).

19) To remove or Delete

$ rmdir

'rmdir' command removes any empty directories, but cannot delete a directory if a file is
present in it. To use ‘rmdir’ command, you must first remove all the files present in the
directory you wish to remove (and possibly directories if any).

To remove files and directories

$ rm files|directories

A directory must be removed recursively with -r option.

$ rm file2

$ rm -r example/

$ ls -l

total 8

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:02 usrcopy

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 usrlisting

Here, the file named 'file2' is removed first, and then the directory 'example' is removed
recursively. This can be seen in the output of ‘ls -l’ command where these two are no longer
present.

Other file commands

20) file command

The file command determines the file type of a given file. For example:

$ file /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd: ASCII text

You can provide one or more than one file as an argument to the file command.

$ file td.c td.out ARP.java Screenshot.png StringTokenizing.class

idl.rar List.pdf

td.c: ASCII C program text, with CRLF line terminators

td.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Lin

ux 2.6.15, not stripped

ARP.java: ASCII Java program text, with CRLF line terminators

Screenshot.png: PNG image data, 1366 x 768, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced

StringTokenizing.class: compiled Java class data, version 50.0 (Java 1.6)

idl.rar: RAR archive data, v1d, os: Win32

List.pdf: PDF document, version 1.4

21) stat command

To check the status of a file. This provides more detailed information about a file than ‘ls -l’
output.

$ stat usrcopy

File: `usrcopy'

Size: 491 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file

Device: 808h/2056d Inode: 149452 Links: 1

Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/ raghu) Gid: ( 1000/ raghu)

Access: 2012-07-06 16:07:06.413522009 +0530

Modify: 2012-07-06 16:02:30.204152386 +0530

Change: 2012-07-06 16:17:18.992559654 +0530

22) cat command

The 'cat' command is actually a concatenator but can be used to view the contents of a file.

$ cat /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh

sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh

sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync

games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
23) pagers

The cat command lists file as a whole. But if the file is big enough to fit into one screen, then
we will be able to see only the last page of the file. The commands 'less' and 'more' display
files one page at a time. So they are also called pagers. You can navigate through a file using
arrow keys. To quit from a pager, hit 'q'.

24) head command

Displays the first few lines of a file. By default, the ‘head’ command displays the first 10 lines of
a file. But with -n option, the number of lines to be viewed can be specified.

$ head /etc/passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh

sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh

sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync

games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh

man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh

lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh

mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh

news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh

25) tail command

Similar to ‘head’; the ‘tail’ command shows the last 10 lines by default, and -n option is
available as well.

$ tail -n 4 /etc/passwd

raghu:x:1000:1000:Raghu Sharma,,,:/home/raghu:/bin/bash

sshd:x:113:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin

dictd:x:114:123:Dictd Server,,,:/var/lib/dictd:/bin/false

mysql:x:115:124:MySQL Server,,,:/nonexistent:/bin/false

26) wc command

Word count

This command counts lines, words and letters of the input given to it.
$ wc /etc/passwd

35 57 1698 /etc/passwd

The /etc/passwd file has 35 lines, 57 words, and 1698 letters present in it.

27) grep command

The ‘grep’ command searches for a pattern in a file (or standard input). It supports regular
expressions. It returns a line if it matches the pattern in that line. So, if we wish to find the lines
containing the word ‘nologin’, we use ‘grep’ as follows:

$ grep nologin /etc/passwd

sshd:x:113:65534::/var/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin

28) ln command

The ln command is used in linux to create links. Links are a kind of shortcuts to other files.
The general form of command is:

$ ln TARGET LINK_NAME

There are two types of links, soft links and hard links. By default, hard links are created. If you
want to create soft link, use -s option. In this example, both types of links are created for the
file usrlisting.

$ ln usrlisting hard_link

$ ln -s usrlisting soft_link

$ ls -l

total 12

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file1

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 0 2012-07-06 14:20 file3

-rw-r--r-- 2 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 hard_link

lrwxrwxrwx 1 raghu raghu 10 2012-07-09 14:00 soft_link -> usrlisting

-rw-r--r-- 1 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 16:02 usrcopy

-rw-r--r-- 2 raghu raghu 491 2012-07-06 14:23 usrlisting

Text Editors
29) Pico & Nano
‘Pico’ is a text editor in Linux. ‘Nano’ editor is inspired from ‘pico’. They work almost the same.
If the argument given as filename exists, then that file will be opened for editing in pico/nano.
Otherwise, a new file with that name will be created. Let’s create a new file named hello.txt:

$ pico hello.txt

GNU nano 2.2.6 File: hello.txt Modified

This file is edited with pico editor.

^G Get Help ^O WriteOut ^R Read File ^Y Prev Page ^K Cut Text ^C Cur Pos

^X Exit ^J Justify ^W Where Is ^V Next Page ^U UnCut Text^T To Spell

Having made all the changes to the file, press ‘ctrl+o’ to write the changes to the file and
‘ctrl+x’ to exit from the editor. There are a lot of functions available with this editor. The help
menu can be accessed with ‘ctrl+g’ keystrokes.

30) VI editor

The VI stands for Visual editor; another text editor in Linux. This is a standard editor in many
Linux/Unix environments. This is the default editor that comes with many Linux distributions. It
might be possible that it is the only text editor available with your distro.

You can open a file with vi for editing using the following:

$ vi hello.txt

The vi editor has 3 modes in which it performs its functions. The default is COMMAND mode,
in which tasks like copy, paste, undo etc can be performed. You can change a mode from
command mode only (and come back to it). The second mode is the INSERT mode, in which
whatever key you type is treated as a character and will be loaded into the file buffer. To enter
this mode, press ‘i’ when in command mode.
The final mode is EX mode or last line mode. The changes made in the buffer can be saved or
discarded in this mode.

Hello world.

This file is edited using vi editor.

~
~

"hello.txt" 2 lines, 50 characters

Useful commands
31) alias command

The ‘alias’ is another name for a command. If no argument is given, it shows current aliases.
Aliases can be used for short names of commands. For example, you might use the clear
command frequently. You can create an alias for it:

$ alias c="clear"

Next time you enter 'c ' on command line, your screen will get clear. Current aliases can be
checked with 'alias' command:

$ alias

alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*

[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

alias c='clear'

alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'

alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'

alias grep='grep --color=auto'

alias l='ls -CF'

alias la='ls -A'

alias ll='ls -alF'

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

32) w command

w command is used to check which users are logged in to the system, and what command
they are executing at that particular time:

$w

10:06:56 up 57 min, 3 users, load average: 0.04, 0.06, 0.09

USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT

root tty1 10:06 28.00s 1.02s 0.67s pager -s

raghu tty7 :0 09:19 57:33 1:22 0.20s gnome-session --session=classic-gnome

raghu pts/0 :0.0 09:34 0.00s 0.78s 0.00s w

It also shows the uptime, number of users logged in and load average of the system (in the
first line of output above).

33) last command

Displays information about the users who logged in and out of the system. The output of the
last command can be very large, so the following output has been filtered (through head) to
display the top 10 lines only:

$ last | head

root tty1 Mon Jul 9 10:06 still logged in

root tty1 Mon Jul 9 10:06 - 10:06 (00:00)

raghu pts/1 :0.0 Mon Jul 9 10:05 - 10:06 (00:00)

raghu pts/0 :0.0 Mon Jul 9 09:34 still logged in

raghu tty7 :0 Mon Jul 9 09:19 still logged in

reboot system boot 2.6.38-13-generi Mon Jul 9 09:09 - 10:12 (01:02)

raghu tty7 :0 Sun Jul 8 23:36 - 00:30 (00:54)

reboot system boot 2.6.38-13-generi Sun Jul 8 23:36 - 00:30 (00:54)

raghu tty7 :0 Sun Jul 8 21:07 - down (01:06)

reboot system boot 2.6.38-13-generi Sun Jul 8 21:07 - 22:14 (01:07)

A similar command is 'lastb' that shows the last unsuccessful login attempts. But this
command must be run as root otherwise you would get an error saying permission denied.

$ lastb

raghu tty2 Mon Jul 9 10:16 - 10:16 (00:00)

UNKNOWN tty2 Mon Jul 9 10:15 - 10:15 (00:00)

ubuntu tty8 :1 Mon Jul 2 10:23 - 10:23 (00:00)

btmp begins Mon Jul 2 10:23:54 2012

34) du command

The du command determines disk usage of a file. If the argument given to it is a directory,
then it will list disk usage of all the files and directories recursively under that directory:

$ du /etc/passwd

4 /etc/passwd

$ du hello/
52 hello/HelloApp

4 hello/orb.db/logs

20 hello/orb.db

108 hello/

35) df command

The df reports file system usage. For example:

$ df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda7 10079084 7372872 2194212 78% /

none 1522384 768 1521616 1% /dev

none 1529012 252 1528760 1% /dev/shm

none 1529012 108 1528904 1% /var/run

none 1529012 4 1529008 1% /var/lock

/dev/sda8 5039616 3758824 1024792 79% /home

/dev/sda2 209715196 196519248 13195948 94% /media/Data

36) fdisk command

The fdisk is a tool for getting partition information, and for adding and removing partitions. The
fdisk tool requires super user privileges. To list all the partitions of all the hard drives available:

$ fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk identifier: 0x396f396f

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 1 2611 20971520 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda2 2611 28720 209715200 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda3 * 28720 38914 81882113 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 28720 33942 41943040 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda6 33942 34464 4194304 7 HPFS/NTFS

/dev/sda7 34464 35739 10240000 83 Linux

/dev/sda8 35739 36376 5120000 83 Linux

/dev/sda9 36376 36886 4096000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

/dev/sda10 36887 38276 11164672 83 Linux

/dev/sda11 38277 38914 5117952 83 Linux

The fdisk is an interactive tool to edit the partition table. It takes a device (hard disk) as an
argument, whose partition table needs to be edited.

$ fdisk /dev/sda

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to

switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to

sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m

Command action

a toggle a bootable flag

b edit bsd disklabel

c toggle the dos compatibility flag

d delete a partition

l list known partition types

m print this menu

n add a new partition

o create a new empty DOS partition table

p print the partition table

q quit without saving changes

s create a new empty Sun disklabel

t change a partition's system id

u change display/entry units

v verify the partition table

w write table to disk and exit

x extra functionality (experts only)

Pressing ‘m’ at the fdisk prompt prints out the help shown above that lists all the commands
available for fdisk. A new partition can be created with 'n' and an existing partition can be
deleted with the 'd' command. When you are done editing the partitions, press 'w' to write the
changes to the disk, and finally, hit 'q' to quit from fdisk (q does not save changes).
37) netstat command

The ‘netstat’ is a command used to check the network statistics of the system. It will list the
current network connections, routing table information, interface statistics, masquerade
connections and a lot more information.

$ netstat | head

Active Internet connections (w/o servers)

Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State

Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)

Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path

unix 13 [ ] DGRAM 8498 /dev/log

unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 6824 @/org/kernel/udev/udevd

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 56738 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 56113

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 29138

unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 29137

38) history command

History command shows the commands you have entered on your terminal so far.

39) passwd command

To change your password with passwd command.

40) Shutdown Command

In Linux, you can use shutdown command to gracefully halt your system. Most commonly
used command is shutdown -h now .

Read Also:

A Brief Outline of 106 Linux Commands with Examples

Categories: Linux Commands

Leave a Comment
LinOxide
Back to top