LAB 3

% A. Power Series (Taylor Series Approximation of sin(x))

clc; clear; close all;
% Define range of x values
x = linspace(-pi, pi, 100);
% Number of terms in the Taylor series expansion
N = 6;
approx_sin = zeros(size(x));
% Compute the Taylor series expansion manually
for n = 0:N
approx_sin = approx_sin + ((-1)^n * x.^(2*n+1)) / factorial(2*n+1);
end
% Plot the results
figure;
plot(x, sin(x), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Exact function
hold on;
plot(x, approx_sin, 'b--', 'LineWidth', 2); % Taylor approximation
legend('Exact sin(x)', 'Taylor Approximation');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('Function Value');
title('Taylor Series Approximation of sin(x)');
grid on;

% A. Power Series (Taylor Series Approximation of e^x) HINDI NA KUHA KASI SAME LANG NG CODE SA
UNA
clc; clear; close all;
% Define range of x values
x = linspace(-2, 2, 100);
% Number of terms in the Taylor series expansion
N = 5;
approx_exp = zeros(size(x));
% Compute the Taylor Series expansion manually
for n = 0:N-1
approx_exp = approx_exp + (x.^n) / factorial(n);
end
% Plot the result
figure;
plot(x, exp(x), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Exact function
hold on;
plot(x, approx_exp, 'b--', 'LineWidth', 2); % Taylor Approximation
legend('Exact e^x', 'Taylor Approximation');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('Function Value');
title('Taylor Series Approximation of e^x');
grid on;

% B. Fourier Series Approximation of Square Wave

clc; clear; close all;
% Define x range
x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000);
N = 10; % Number of Fourier terms
square_wave_approx = zeros(size(x));
% Compute Fourier series approximation
for n = 1:2:N % Only odd terms contribute to the series
square_wave_approx = square_wave_approx + (4/pi) * (1/n) * sin(n*x);
end
% Generate actual square wave for comparison
actual_square_wave = sign(sin(x));
% Plot results
figure;
plot(x, actual_square_wave, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Exact square wave
hold on;
plot(x, square_wave_approx, 'b--', 'LineWidth', 2); % Fourier approximation
legend('Exact Square Wave', 'Fourier Approximation');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('Function Value');
title('Fourier Series Approximation of Square Wave');
grid on;

% B. Fourier Series Approximation of Sawtooth Wave

clc; clear; close all;
% Define x range
x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000);
N = 10; % Number of Fourier terms
sawtooth_wave_approx = zeros(size(x));
% Compute Fourier series approximation
for n = 1:N
sawtooth_wave_approx = sawtooth_wave_approx + (2/pi) * ((-1)^(n+1)/n) * sin(n*x);
end
% Generate actual sawtooth wave for comparison
actual_sawtooth_wave = (x/pi) - 1;
% Plot results
figure;
plot(x, actual_sawtooth_wave, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2); % Exact sawtooth wave
hold on;
plot(x, sawtooth_wave_approx, 'b--', 'LineWidth', 2); % Fourier approximation
legend('Exact Sawtooth Wave', 'Fourier Approximation');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('Function Value');
title('Fourier Series Approximation of Sawtooth Wave');
grid on;
% C. Fourier Transform
clc; clear; close all;
% Signal parameters
fs = 100; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
t = 0:1/fs:1; % Time vector (1 second duration)
f = 5; % Signal frequency (Hz)
signal = sin(2*pi*f*t); % Sinusoidal signal
% Compute Fourier Transform using FFT
N = length(signal);
freq = (-N/2:N/2-1)*(fs/N); % Frequency axis
fft_signal = fftshift(fft(signal)); % Shift zero frequency to center
% Plot the signal
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original Sinusoidal Signal');
grid on;
% Plot the magnitude spectrum
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(freq, abs(fft_signal)/N, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Fourier Transform (Magnitude Spectrum)');
grid on;

LAB 4
% Power Series Solution of y'' + y = 0
syms x
N = 10; % Number of terms in the series expansion
a = zeros(1, N); % Initialize coefficient array
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 0; % Assume a_1 = 0 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using the recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n+3) = -a(n+1) / (n+2) / (n+1);
end
% Construct the power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' + y = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

% Power Series Solution of y'' - 2y' + y = 0

syms x
N = 10; % Number of terms in the series expansion
a = zeros(1, N); % Initialize coefficient array
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 1; % Assume a_1 = 1 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using the recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n+3) = (2 * (n + 1) * a(n + 2) - a(n + 1)) / (n + 2) / (n + 1);
end
% Construct the power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution.
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' - 2y'' + y = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

% Power Series Solution of y'' + xy = 0

syms x
N = 10; % Number of terms in the series expansion
a = zeros(1, N); % Initialize coefficient array
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 0; % Assume a_1 = 0 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using the recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n + 3) = -a(n + 1) / (n + 2) / (n + 1);
end
% Construct the power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' + xy = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

LAB 4 YUNG KILA ALDREI

% Power Series Solution of y'' + y = 0

syms x
N = 10; % Number of terms in the series expansion
% Initialize symbolic coefficient array
a = sym(zeros(1, N));
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 0; % Assume a_1 = 0 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using the recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n+3) = -a(n+1) / ((n+2) * (n+1));
end
% Construct the power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' + y = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

% Power Series Solution of y'' - 2y' + y = 0

syms x
N = 10;
% Initialize symbolic coefficient array
a = sym(zeros(1, N));
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 1; % Assume a_1 = 0 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n+3) = - (2 / (n+2)) * a(n+1);
end
% Construct power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' + 2y'' = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');

% Power Series Solution of y'' - 2y' + y = 0

syms x
N = 10;
% Initialize symbolic coefficient array
a = sym(zeros(1, N));
a(1) = 1; % Initial condition: a_0 = 1
a(2) = 0; % Assume a_1 = 0 for simplicity
% Compute coefficients using recurrence relation
for n = 0:N-3
a(n+3) = - (2*(n+1)*a(n+1) + a(n+1)) / ((n+2)*(n+1));
end
% Construct power series solution
y_series = sum(a .* x.^(0:N-1));
% Plot the solution
fplot(y_series, [-2, 2]);
grid on;
title('Power Series Solution of y'''' + 2y'' + y = 0');
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');