367 PROBLEM SET 2

Problem 0.1. (1) A complex projective space CPn is defined to be the set of complex 1-dimensional
subspaces of Cn+1 . That is,
CPn = (Cn+1 \ {0})/ ∼,
where z ∼ λz for λ ∈ C× . Identify C with R2 and hence Cn+1 with R2n+2 .

(1) Construct a smooth structure on CPn that makes it into a smooth real 2n-dimensional
manifold.
(2) Let S 2n+1 = {(x0 , y0 , . . . , xn , yn ) ∈ R2n+2 | nj=0 (x2j + yj2 ) = 1} be the unit sphere in R2n+2 .
P

Consider the map π : S 2n+1 → CPn given by

π(x0 , y0 , . . . , xn , yn ) = [x0 + iy0 : · · · : xn + iyn ].
Show that π is a submersion.

Proof. (1) To construct a smooth structure on CPn , we define charts modeled on Cn . For each
j = 0, . . . , n, let
Uj = {[z0 : · · · : zn ] ∈ CPn | zj ̸= 0},
and define  
z0 zj zn
φj ([z0 : · · · : zn ]) =
c
,..., ,..., ,
zj zj zj
where the hat indicates omission of the j-th entry.
Each φj is well-defined because scalar multiplication in homogeneous coordinates does not
change the output. The transition maps φi ◦ φ−1 j are rational functions of complex variables,
hence smooth (even holomorphic) wherever defined. Since each φj maps into Cn ∼ = R2n , we
conclude that CPn is a smooth real manifold of dimension 2n.

(2) We want to show that the map

π : S 2n+1 ⊂ R2n+2 → CPn
given by
π(x0 , y0 , . . . , xn , yn ) = [x0 + iy0 : · · · : xn + iyn ]
is a submersion. This means that the differential dπp : Tp S 2n+1 → Tπ(p) CPn is surjective for all
p ∈ S 2n+1 .
Let p = (x0 , y0 , . . . , xn , yn ) ∈ S 2n+1 . We identify CPn locally around π(p) using an inhomoge-
neous chart. Without loss of generality, suppose that zj = xj + iyj ̸= 0, and use the chart
 
n z0 zj zn
φj : Uj → C , φj ([z0 : · · · : zn ]) =
c
,..., ,..., ,
zj zj zj
which maps into Cn ∼
= R2n .

Date: 2025.
1
2 367 PROBLEM SET 2

Let us define the local representative map in coordinates:

π̃ := φj ◦ π : S 2n+1 ∩ {zj ̸= 0} → R2n .
We will compute the Jacobian matrix Dπ̃(p) of this map and show that it has full rank 2n.
To do so, define zk = xk + iyk for all k, and recall that:
 
z0 zj
c zn
π̃(x0 , y0 , . . . , xn , yn ) = ,..., ,..., .
zj zj zj
Write zzkj = uk + ivk , and expand each of the real and imaginary parts of the components zk
zj in
terms of xk , yk , xj , yj using the formula:
zk xk + iyk (xk + iyk )(xj − iyj )
= = .
zj xj + iyj x2j + yj2
Hence,    
zk xk xj + yk yj zk yk x j − x k yj
ℜ = , ℑ = .
zj x2j + yj2 zj x2j + yj2
Each of these expressions is smooth in the real coordinates, and the Jacobian matrix of π̃ is com-
posed of partial derivatives of these 2n real-valued functions with respect to the 2n + 1 local
coordinates on S 2n+1 (i.e., a basis for the tangent space, since S 2n+1 ⊂ R2n+2 has codimension
1).
We now argue that the rank of this Jacobian is exactly 2n at each point. Since the functions π̃
are obtained by projecting the 2n + 2 real variables onto a 2n-dimensional manifold and mod-
ding out the S 1 -action (1-dimensional fiber), there is precisely one linear dependency in the
ambient space — corresponding to the infinitesimal generator of the S 1 action (i.e., rotation in
each (xk , yk ) plane). The remaining directions are transverse to the fibers and linearly indepen-
dent.
Therefore, the Jacobian has full rank 2n at each point p ∈ S 2n+1 , and hence dπp is surjective.
This confirms that π is a submersion. □
n o
Problem 0.2. (2) Let S n = (x1 , . . . , xn+1 ) ∈ Rn+1 : n+1 i 2 n+1 .
P
i=1 (x ) = 1 be the unit sphere in R

Let p = (p1 , . . . , pn+1 ) ∈ S n . Show that a vector

n+1
X ∂
Xp = ai ∈ Tp Rn+1
∂xi p
i=1
is tangent to Sn at p if and only if
n+1
X
ai pi = 0.
i=1

Proof. The sphere S n is the level set of the smooth function f : Rn+1 → R defined by
n+1
X
1 n+1
f (x , . . . , x )= (xi )2 .
i=1

Then S n = f −1 (1), and since 1 is a regular value of f , S n

is a smooth submanifold of Rn+1 . By the
regular level set theorem, the tangent space at a point p ∈ S n is given by
Tp S n = ker(dfp ).
 367 PROBLEM SET 2 3

We compute the differential dfp : Tp Rn+1 → R. Since

∂f
= 2xi ,
∂xi
we have
n+1
X
dfp = 2pi dxi .
i=1
Thus, given a vector
n+1
X ∂
Xp = ai ∈ Tp Rn+1 ,
∂xi p
i=1
we have
n+1
X n+1
X
dfp (Xp ) = 2pi ai = 2 ai pi .
i=1 i=1

Therefore,
n+1
X
Xp ∈ Tp S n ⇐⇒ dfp (Xp ) = 0 ⇐⇒ ai pi = 0.
i=1
□

Problem 0.3. (3) Let π : M → N be a submersion between smooth manifolds. Show that for any
regular submanifold S ⊂ N , the preimage π −1 (S) ⊂ M is a submanifold.

Proof. Below is a completely constructive atlas for

π −1 (S) ⊂ M,
written in the “normal-coordinates” style that is standard when one combines the submersion
theorem with the constant-rank description of a regular submanifold.

Set-up and notation. Let dim M = m, dim N = n, and dim S = s (with 0 ≤ s ≤ n). Since
π : M → N is a submersion, its differential has full rank n at every point. Since S ⊂ N is a regular
embedded submanifold, its codimension in N is n − s.

Step 1: Submersion chart for π. There exist charts

(U, φ) around p ∈ M, (V, ψ) around π(p) ∈ N,
such that
φ(p) = 0, ψ(π(p)) = 0, ψ ◦ π ◦ φ−1 (x1 , . . . , xm ) = (x1 , . . . , xn ).
Thus, in coordinates, π looks like the projection onto the first n variables.

Step 2: Slice chart for S ⊂ N . Because S is regular, we can choose the chart ψ so that:
ψ(S ∩ V ) = (y 1 , . . . , y n ) ∈ Rn | y s+1 = · · · = y n = 0 .


Step 3: Describe π −1 (S) locally. Replace U by U ∩ π −1 (V ). Then in coordinates (x1 , . . . , xm ) =

φ(q), the condition π(q) ∈ S becomes:
xs+1 (q) = · · · = xn (q) = 0.
4 367 PROBLEM SET 2

Thus, define the domain of our chart as:

e := q ∈ U | xs+1 (q) = · · · = xn (q) = 0 .

U

Step 4: Define the coordinate map. Let

e → Rm−n+s , κ(q) = x1 (q), . . . , xs (q), xn+1 (q), . . . , xm (q) .


κ:U
Since Ue is defined by fixing n−s of the x-coordinates to zero, the remaining m−n+s coordinates
freely vary in U e ) is open in Rm−n+s .
e , and hence κ(U

The inverse map is smooth and given by:

 

(u1 , . . . , um−n+s ) 7→ u1 , . . . , us , 0, . . . , 0 , us+1 , . . . , um−n+s  .

| {z }
n−s zeros
e , κ) is a valid chart for π −1 (S).
Therefore, (U

The atlas on π −1 (S). By repeating this construction for each p ∈ π −1 (S), we obtain an atlas:
n o
A := (U e , κ) constructed as above .

Since all charts are defined using charts from M and N , transition maps are smooth. Hence, this
defines a smooth structure on π −1 (S).

Dimension check. Each chart κ maps into Rm−n+s , so:

dim π −1 (S) = m − codimN (S) = m − (n − s).

Conclusion. The explicit family of charts A gives π −1 (S) the structure of a smooth embedded
submanifold of M , using only the facts that π is a submersion and S is a regular submanifold of
N. □
Problem 0.4. (4) Show that a smooth map π : M → N is a submersion if and only if for all p ∈ M ,
there exists an open neighborhood V ⊂ N of π(p) and a smooth map ι : V → M such that
ι(π(p)) = p and π ◦ ι = idV .

Proof. Assume π is a submersion. Then, by the submersion theorem, π locally looks like a pro-
jection. This is illustrated in the following diagram:

π
(M, p) ⊃ U V ⊂ (N, π(p))
φ ψ

π̂
Rm ⊃ Ũ Ṽ ⊂ Rn
In local coordinates, we have:
π̂(x1 , . . . , xm ) = (x1 , . . . , xn ).
We may shrink U if necessary so that π(U ) ⊂ V .
Now define a smooth map ι̂ : Rn → Rm by
ι̂(x1 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , . . . , xn , 0, . . . , 0).
 367 PROBLEM SET 2 5

Let ι be defined by
ι := φ−1 ◦ ι̂ ◦ ψ.
Then:
ι(π(p)) = φ−1 ◦ ι̂ ◦ ψ(π(p)) = φ−1 (0) = p,
since φ(p) = 0 and ψ(π(p)) = 0.
To verify that π ◦ ι = idV , let y = (y 1 , . . . , y n ) ∈ V . Then:
π ◦ ι(y) = π ◦ φ−1 ◦ ι̂ ◦ ψ(y)
= π ◦ φ−1 (y 1 , . . . , y n , 0, . . . , 0)
= ψ −1 ◦ π̂(y 1 , . . . , y n , 0, . . . , 0)
= ψ −1 (y 1 , . . . , y n ) = y.
So indeed π ◦ ι = idV .

Conversely, assume that for every p ∈ M , there exists a neighborhood V ⊂ N of π(p) and a
smooth map ι : V → M with π ◦ ι = idV and ι(π(p)) = p.
We want to show that π is a submersion at p, i.e., that dπp has full rank n = dim N .
Note that:
d(π ◦ ι)π(p) = d(idV )π(p) = idTπ(p) V .
By the chain rule:
idTπ(p) V = dπp ◦ dιπ(p) .
Since the composition is the identity map on Tπ(p) V , it follows that dπp is surjective (has full
rank). Therefore, π is a submersion at p.
□
Problem 0.5. (5) Let M, N, Q be smooth manifolds, and let π : M → N be a surjective submersion.
Let F : N → Q be a map. Prove that F is smooth if and only if the composition Fe := F ◦π : M → Q
is smooth.

Proof. We prove both implications.

(⇒) Assume F : N → Q is smooth. Since π is also smooth by assumption, the composition

Fe = F ◦ π is the composition of smooth maps, and therefore smooth.

(⇐) Assume Fe := F ◦ π is smooth. We want to show that F is smooth.

We proceed using local charts. Since π is a submersion, we may choose charts
(U, φ) on M, (V, ψ) on N,
centered at p ∈ M and π(p) ∈ N respectively, such that
ψ ◦ π ◦ φ−1 (x1 , . . . , xm ) = (x1 , . . . , xn ).
That is, in local coordinates, π looks like the standard projection Rm → Rn onto the first n coor-
dinates.
Let us denote by: - Fb := ρ ◦ F ◦ ψ −1 : Rn → Rq , the local representative of F , - π
b := ψ ◦ π ◦ φ−1 :
Rm → Rn , - Fe := ρ ◦ Fe ◦ φ−1 = Fb ◦ π
b, where ρ is a chart on Q.
b
6 367 PROBLEM SET 2

By hypothesis, Fe is smooth, so Fe is smooth as a map Rm → Rq . Now, since π

b is the projection
b

(x1 , . . . , xm ) 7→ (x1 , . . . , xn ),

the composition Fe = Fb ◦ π
b becomes:
b

(x1 , . . . , xm ) 7→ Fb(x1 , . . . , xn ) = F 1 (x1 , . . . , xn ), . . . , F q (x1 , . . . , xn ) .

But then the functions F i : Rn → R must be smooth since their composition with a projection
gives smooth functions on Rm . Hence, Fb is smooth, so F is smooth.
□
Problem 0.6. (6) Show that any smooth map F : M → N can be expressed as a composition
π ◦ i = F, i : M ,→ Q, π : Q ↠ N,
where i is an embedding and π is a submersion.

Set Q := M × N and define

i : M −→ Q, i(p) := (p, F (p)), π : Q −→ N, π(p, q) := q.

1. π is a submersion. The differential of the projection π at any point (p, q) is the map
dπ(p,q) : T(p,q) (M × N ) −→ Tq N, (v, w) 7→ w,
which is the canonical projection onto the second factor and hence surjective. Therefore π is a
submersion.

2. i is an immersion. In local coordinates x1 , . . . , xm on M and y 1 , . . . , y n on N , the map i is

p 7→ x1 (p), . . . , xm (p), F 1 (p), . . . , F n (p) ,


" #
Im
so its Jacobian matrix has the block form , where Im is the m×m identity. Hence rank(dip ) =
dFp
m = dim M , showing that i is an immersion.

3. i is a topological embedding.
Injectivity: if i(p) = i(q), then (p, F (p)) = (q, F (q)), so p = q.
Homeomorphism onto its image: give i(M ) ⊂ Q the subspace topology. For any open set
U ⊂ M,
i(U ) = {(p, F (p)) | p ∈ U } = (U × N ) ∩ i(M ).
Because U × N is open in Q = M × N , the intersection is open in the subspace i(M ). Thus i is
a continuous bijection whose inverse i−1 : i(M ) → M is continuous, so i is a homeomorphism
onto its image.

4. Conclusion. Since i is both an immersion and a homeomorphism onto its image, it is an

embedding. Together with the submersion π we have


π ◦ i(p) = π p, F (p) = F (p) (∀ p ∈ M ),
so F = π ◦ i, which is the desired factorisation.
Problem 0.7. (7) Construct the following embeddings:
 367 PROBLEM SET 2 7

(a) S 1 × S 1 ,→ S 3
(b) S n × R ,→ Rn+1
(c) S n × S m ,→ S n+m+1

Proof. We address each part separately.

(a) Embedding S 1 × S 1 ,→ S 3 :

Define the map

1
T : S 1 × S 1 −→ S 3 , T ((x1 , x2 ), (x3 , x4 )) = √ (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ).
2
This map is smooth, and for all ((x1 , x2 ), (x3 , x4 )) ∈ S 1 × S 1 ,
1 2
1
x1 + x22 + x23 + x24 = (1 + 1) = 1,
∥T ((x1 , x2 ), (x3 , x4 ))∥2 =
2 2
3
so T lands in S . Injectivity is clear, and the differential is injective since it preserves the direct
sum of tangent spaces. Because the domain is compact and the codomain is Hausdorff, it follows
that T is an embedding.

(b) Embedding S n × R ,→ Rn+1 :

The linear trick used in parts (a) and (c) cannot work here, since the sphere already occupies
all n + 1 dimensions. Instead, define
C : S n × R −→ Rn+1 , C(x, t) = et x.
′ ′
This map is smooth. It is injective because if et x = et x′ , then taking norms implies et = et , so
t = t′ and hence x = x′ .
The differential is
dC(x,t) (v, ṫ) = et v + et ṫ · x,
where v ∈ Tx S n . Since v is tangent to the sphere and x is orthogonal to it, the two summands are
linearly independent. Thus, the rank of dC(x,t) is n + 1 = dim(S n × R), and C is an immersion.
To show C is an embedding, it suffices to show that C is a homeomorphism onto its image.
The image is Rn+1 \ {0}, and the inverse is given by
 
v
v 7→ , ln ∥v∥ ,
∥v∥
which is continuous. Therefore, C is a smooth embedding.

(c) Embedding S n × S m ,→ S n+m+1 :

Define
1
E : S n × S m −→ S n+m+1 , E(x, y) = √ (x, y).
2
Since ∥x∥ = ∥y∥ = 1, we compute:
1 1
∥E(x, y)∥2 = (∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2 ) = (1 + 1) = 1,
2 2
8 367 PROBLEM SET 2

so the map lands in S n+m+1 . It is clearly smooth and injective. The differential is injective, and
since the domain is compact, E is a smooth embedding.
REMARK: We used the result "injective immersion of a compact manifold is an embedding"
□
Problem 0.8. (8) TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO
Problem 0.9. (9) TODO TODO TODO TODO TODO
Problem 0.10. (10) ASSIGMENT