ls: List directory contents

Example: ls -l (display in long format)

cd: Change directory

Example: cd /path/to/directory (change to a specific directory)

pwd: Print working directory (displays current directory)

mkdir: Make directory

Example: mkdir new_directory (create a new directory)

rmdir: Remove directory

Example: rmdir directory_name (remove an empty directory)

cp: Copy files and directories

Example: cp file.txt destination/ (copy file to a destination)

mv: Move or rename files and directories

Example: mv file.txt new_location/ (move file to a new location)

rm: Remove files and directories

Example: rm file.txt (remove a file)

touch: Create an empty file or update file timestamps

Example: touch file.txt (create an empty file)

cat: Concatenate and display files

Example: cat file.txt (display the contents of a file)

less: View file contents with pagination

Example: less file.txt (display contents with pagination)

head: Display the beginning of a file

Example: head -n 5 file.txt (display the first 5 lines)

tail: Display the end of a file

Example: tail -n 10 file.txt (display the last 10 lines)

grep: Search for patterns in files

Example: grep "pattern" file.txt (search for a pattern in a file)

find: Search for files and directories

Example: find /path/to/search -name "file.txt" (search for a file)

chmod: Change file permissions

Example: chmod 755 file.txt (set file permissions to read, write, and
execute for the owner, and read and execute for others)

chown: Change file ownership

Example: chown user:group file.txt (change the owner and group of a file)

chgrp: Change group ownership

Example: chgrp group file.txt (change the group of a file)

ln: Create links between files

Example: ln -s source_file link_name (create a symbolic link to a file)

tar: Archive files

Example: tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 (create a tar archive of files)
 gzip: Compress files
Example: gzip file.txt (compress a file)

gunzip: Decompress files

Example: gunzip file.txt.gz (decompress a file)

ssh: Secure Shell remote login

Example: ssh user@hostname (connect to a remote server)

scp: Securely copy files between hosts

Example: scp file.txt user@hostname:/path/to/destination (copy file to a
remote server)

ping: Send ICMP echo requests to a host

Example: ping google.com (check connectivity to a host)

ifconfig: Configure network interfaces

Example: ifconfig eth0 up (activate a network interface)

netstat: Network statistics

Example: netstat -tuln (display open network ports)

wget: Download files from the web

Example: wget http://example.com/file.txt (download a file from a URL)

curl: Transfer data from or to a server

Example: curl http://example.com (fetch the content of a URL)

man: Display manual pages

Example: man ls (display the manual page for the ls command)

uname: Print system information

Example: uname -a (display all system information)

whoami: Print the current user name

Example: whoami (display the current username)

history: Display command history

Example: history (display the command history)

ps: Display process status

Example: ps aux (display all running processes)

kill: Terminate processes

Example: kill 1234 (terminate process with PID 1234)

top: Monitor system activity

Example: top (display real-time system information)

df: Display disk space usage

Example: df -h (display disk space usage in a human-readable format)

du: Estimate file and directory space usage

Example: du -sh directory (estimate disk space usage of a directory)

mount: Mount filesystems

Example: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt (mount a device to a directory)
 umount: Unmount filesystems
Example: umount /mnt (unmount a device from a directory)

apt-get: Package handling utility (Ubuntu/Debian)

Example: apt-get install package_name (install a package)

yum: Package manager (CentOS/Fedora)

Example: yum install package_name (install a package)

systemctl: Control the systemd system and service manager

Example: systemctl start service_name (start a service)

service: Run a System V init script

Example: service apache2 restart (restart the Apache service)

useradd: Create a new user

Example: useradd newuser (create a new user account)

passwd: Change user password

Example: passwd username (change the password for a user)

usermod: Modify user account

Example: usermod -aG group username (add a user to a group)

userdel: Delete a user account

Example: userdel username (delete a user account)

groupadd: Create a new group

Example: groupadd newgroup (create a new group)

groupmod: Modify a group

Example: groupmod -n newname groupname (rename a group)

groupdel: Delete a group

Example: groupdel groupname (delete a group)

su: Switch user

Example: su - username (switch to another user)

sudo: Execute a command as another user

Example: sudo command (run a command with superuser privileges)

history: Display command history

Example: history (display the command history)

ssh-keygen: Generate SSH key pairs

Example: ssh-keygen (generate a new SSH key pair)

scp: Securely copy files between hosts

Example: scp file.txt user@hostname:/path/to/destination (copy file to a
remote server)

diff: Compare files line by line

Example: diff file1.txt file2.txt (compare two files)

sed: Stream editor for text transformation

Example: sed 's/pattern/replacement/g' file.txt (replace all occurrences of
a pattern with a replacement)
 awk: Text processing language
Example: awk '{ print $1 }' file.txt (print the first column of a file)

sort: Sort lines of text files

Example: sort file.txt (sort lines in ascending order)

cut: Remove sections from files

Example: cut -d',' -f2 file.csv (extract the second column from a CSV file)

tar: Archive files

Example: tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 (create a tar archive of files)

gzip: Compress files

Example: gzip file.txt (compress a file)

gunzip: Decompress files

Example: gunzip file.txt.gz (decompress a file)

find: Search for files and directories

Example: find /path/to/search -name "file.txt" (search for a file)

xargs: Execute commands from standard input

Example: find /path/to/files -type f | xargs rm (delete multiple files)

crontab: Schedule commands to run at fixed times

Example: crontab -e (edit the user's cron jobs)

at: Schedule commands to run once

Example: echo "command" | at 12:30 (schedule a command to run at 12:30)

curl: Transfer data from or to a server

Example: curl http://example.com (fetch the content of a URL)

wget: Download files from the web

Example: wget http://example.com/file.txt (download a file from a URL)

echo: Display a line of text

Example: echo "Hello, world!" (display "Hello, world!")

tee: Read from standard input and write to standard output and files
Example: echo "Hello" | tee file.txt (write "Hello" to a file and display
it)

alias: Create an alias for a command

Example: alias ll="ls -l" (create an alias 'll' for 'ls -l')

source: Execute commands from a file in the current shell

Example: source script.sh (execute commands from a script file)

grep: Search for patterns in files

Example: grep "pattern" file.txt (search for a pattern in a file)

wc: Word, line, character, and byte count

Example: wc -l file.txt (count the number of lines in a file)

awk: Text processing language

Example: awk '{ print $1 }' file.txt (print the first column of a file)

cut: Remove sections from files

 Example: cut -d',' -f2 file.csv (extract the second column from a CSV file)

sed: Stream editor for text transformation

Example: sed 's/pattern/replacement/g' file.txt (replace all occurrences of
a pattern with a replacement)

tar: Extract files from an archive

Example: tar -xvf archive.tar (extract files from a tar archive)

gunzip: Decompress files

Example: gunzip file.txt.gz (decompress a file)

zip: Create a zip archive

Example: zip archive.zip file1 file2 (create a zip archive of files)

unzip: Extract files from a zip archive

Example: unzip archive.zip (extract files from a zip archive)

ln: Create links between files

Example: ln -s source_file link_name (create a symbolic link to a file)

df: Display disk space usage

Example: df -h (display disk space usage in a human-readable format)

du: Estimate file and directory space usage

Example: du -sh directory (estimate disk space usage of a directory)

mount: Mount filesystems

Example: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt (mount a device to a directory)

umount: Unmount filesystems

Example: umount /mnt (unmount a device from a directory)

uname: Print system information

Example: uname -a (display all system information)

lspci: List all PCI devices

Example: lspci (list PCI devices)

lsusb: List USB devices

Example: lsusb (list USB devices)

ifconfig: Configure network interfaces

Example: ifconfig eth0 up (activate a network interface)

netstat: Network statistics

Example: netstat -tuln (display open network ports)

iptables: Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT

Example: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT (allow incoming HTTP
traffic)

hostname: Print or set system hostname

Example: hostname (display the system hostname)

date: Print or set the system date and time

Example: date (display the current date and time)

cal: Display a calendar

 Example: cal (display the calendar for the current month)

clear: Clear the terminal screen

Example: clear (clear the terminal screen)

shutdown: Shutdown or restart the system

Example: shutdown -h now (shut down the system immediately)

exit: Exit the current shell or terminal

Example: exit (exit the current shell)

These are just a few examples of the many Linux commands available. The list covers
a range of commands for file management, process management, networking, package
management, system administration, and more.