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Viva Questions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of FIR filters, including their definition, advantages, and differences from IIR filters. It discusses the design methods using window functions, types of filters, and practical implementation considerations. Additionally, it covers convolution, its significance, and properties of DFT, along with the effects of zero padding.

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13 views6 pages

Viva Questions

The document provides a comprehensive overview of FIR filters, including their definition, advantages, and differences from IIR filters. It discusses the design methods using window functions, types of filters, and practical implementation considerations. Additionally, it covers convolution, its significance, and properties of DFT, along with the effects of zero padding.

Uploaded by

charvigupta3005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Questions on FIR Filters

Q1: What is an FIR filter?​


A: FIR stands for Finite Impulse Response filter. It is a type of digital filter with a finite duration
impulse response, which settles to zero in finite time.

Q2: What are the advantages of FIR filters?​


A: FIR filters are always stable, have linear phase response (important for signal fidelity), and
can be easily implemented.

Q3: What is the difference between FIR and IIR filters?​


A: FIR filters have finite duration impulse response and are inherently stable. IIR (Infinite
Impulse Response) filters have feedback and can be unstable but require fewer coefficients for
sharp filters.

🔹 Windowing Method in FIR Filter Design


Q4: What is the purpose of using a window function in FIR filter design?​
A: A window function is used to truncate the ideal infinite impulse response to a finite length. It
helps control the trade-off between the main lobe width and side lobe levels in the frequency
response.

Q5: What is a Hamming window?​


A: The Hamming window is a type of window function defined as​
w(n) = 0.54 - 0.46 cos(2πn / (N - 1))​
It reduces the side lobes better than a rectangular window, offering better stopband attenuation.

Q6: What is a rectangular window?​


A: The rectangular window simply truncates the impulse response without any smoothing. It is
defined as​
w(n) = 1 for all n.​
It has the narrowest main lobe but the highest side lobes, leading to poorer stopband
attenuation.

🔹 Filter Types
Q7: How is a low-pass FIR filter designed using the window method?​
A: First, derive the ideal impulse response of the low-pass filter, then multiply it with a chosen
window (e.g., Hamming or rectangular) to get the FIR filter coefficients.
Q8: What changes when designing a high-pass filter instead of a low-pass filter?​
A: The impulse response is derived differently using spectral inversion or shifting. The ideal
high-pass impulse response is obtained by subtracting the low-pass response from a delta
function.

Q9: What is the difference between a bandpass and a bandstop filter?​


A: A bandpass filter allows a range of frequencies to pass and attenuates others. A bandstop
(or notch) filter does the opposite—it attenuates a range of frequencies while allowing others to
pass.

Q10: How is a bandpass FIR filter designed using the window method?​
A: Use the difference of two low-pass filters to create a bandpass filter: h[n] = h_lp2[n] -
h_lp1[n], where h_lp2 has a higher cutoff than h_lp1. Then apply the window function.

🔹 Window Comparison in Filter Design


Q11: Why is the Hamming window preferred over the rectangular window?​
A: Because the Hamming window has lower side lobes, leading to better stopband attenuation
and less spectral leakage.

Q12: What are the drawbacks of using a rectangular window in FIR filter design?​
A: It has high side lobe levels, which result in poor stopband performance and higher ripples in
the frequency response.

🔹 Application-Specific Questions
Q13: What applications use FIR low-pass filters?​
A: Audio signal smoothing, anti-aliasing filters, and removing high-frequency noise.

Q14: Where is a high-pass FIR filter used?​


A: In applications like speech processing, removing low-frequency hum, or highlighting rapid
changes in signals.

Q15: What are some uses of FIR bandstop filters?​


A: Removing narrowband interference like 60 Hz power line noise from biomedical or audio
signals.

Q16: What happens to the transition bandwidth when using a Hamming window?​
A: The transition band is wider than with more aggressive windows (like Blackman), but better
than with a rectangular window.
🔹 Practical Implementation Questions
Q17: How do you choose the length of the FIR filter?​
A: It depends on desired transition width and stopband attenuation. Longer filters provide better
frequency selectivity.

Q18: What is the effect of increasing the filter length (N)?​


A: It narrows the transition band and improves frequency resolution but increases
computational complexity.

Q19: Why must FIR filters be linear phase in some applications?​


A: Linear phase ensures that all frequency components of a signal are delayed equally,
preserving the waveform shape—critical in audio and communication systems.

1.) Define Convolution

A: Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to produce a third signal,
showing how one signal modifies the other.

2.) What are the types of Convolution?

A:

●​ Linear Convolution​

●​ Circular Convolution​

3.) What is Linear Convolution & Circular Convolution?

A:

●​ Linear Convolution: Combines two signals to get an output of length (N + M - 1); used
in LTI systems.​

●​ Circular Convolution: Assumes periodic signals; output has the same length as inputs.
Common in DFT/FFT.​

4.) State the methods available to compute Convolution Sum

A:

●​ Graphical method (flip and slide)​


●​ Matrix method​

●​ Tabular method​

●​ Using Z-transform​

●​ Using DFT (for circular convolution)​

5.) What is the significance of convolution?

A:​
It helps analyze LTI systems, determine output for any input, and is essential in filtering, signal
processing, and system analysis.

. What is the difference between DTFT and DFT?

A:

●​ DTFT (Discrete-Time Fourier Transform) gives a continuous spectrum for a


discrete-time signal; it is theoretical and not directly computable.​
●​ DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) gives a discrete spectrum and is computable,
used in practical implementations (via FFT).​

2. Write any Two Properties of DFT

A:

●​ Linearity: DFT of a sum is the sum of the DFTs.​

●​ Circular Convolution: DFT converts circular convolution in time domain to multiplication


in frequency domain.​

3. What is Zero Padding and its Effect on Magnitude Spectrum?

A:

●​ Zero Padding: Adding zeros to a signal to increase its length before computing the DFT.​

●​ Effect: Increases frequency resolution; gives a smoother and more detailed magnitude
spectrum, but does not add new information.​

4. Write Two Properties of Twiddle Factor (W = e^(-j2πk/N))

A:

●​ Periodicity: WNk+N=WNkW_N^{k+N} = W_N^k​

●​ Symmetry: WNN−k=WN−kW_N^{N-k} = W_N^{-k}


●​
​

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