magento2

#magento2
Table of Contents
About 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with magento2 2

Remarks 2

Versions 2

Examples 3

Installation or Setup 3

Install Magento 2 on Ubuntu 16.04 3

1. Setup Requirements 3

2. Setup Magento 2 3

a) Download from GitHub 4

b) Download via Composer 4

3. Create Database 5

4. Configure Apache VirtualHost and PHP 6

5. Installing Magento 2 Application 6

a) Via Web Installer 6

b) Via Command-Line 7

6. Schedule Magento2 Cronjobs 7

Chapter 2: Configurable products and their variants. 8

Examples 8

Get a parent product and their children. 8

Get a parent product. 8

Get parent and child products. 8

Chapter 3: Custom Theme 10

Remarks 10

Examples 10

Sample Theme 10

Chapter 4: Dependency Injection 12

Examples 12

Argument Replacement 12
 Class Preference 12

Constructor Injection 13

Chapter 5: Event and observer in magento 2 14

Examples 14

How to use custom event and observer ? 14

Chapter 6: Get products from database 15

Examples 15

Get products using the Product Repository 15

Chapter 7: Magento 2 Commands for daily use 16

Remarks 16

Examples 16

code compilation 16

Flush Cache 16

Enable Custom or 3rd Party Extensions 16

Update the database schema and data: 17

To see all available commands 17

General List of Commands for Magento 2 17

Chapter 8: Module structure 18

Examples 18

Catalog Module structure 18

Chapter 9: Optimizing Magento 2 20

Examples 20

Configurations to optimize 20

1. Enable Flat Categories and Products 20

2. Merge CSS and JS Files 21

3. Content Delivery Network 22

4. Caching 23

Chapter 10: Override i18n language pack 27

Syntax 27

Remarks 27

Examples 27
 Syntax example of override i18n language package 27

Chapter 11: Upgrading Magento 29

Examples 29

Upgrade Magento via Composer 29

Chapter 12: Using Dependency Injection To Rewrite Object 30

Remarks 30

Examples 30

Some ways for modify a function in magento 2 30

Rewrite Class 30

Plugin into object. 30

Credits 32
About
You can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest version
from: magento2

It is an unofficial and free magento2 ebook created for educational purposes. All the content is
extracted from Stack Overflow Documentation, which is written by many hardworking individuals at
Stack Overflow. It is neither affiliated with Stack Overflow nor official magento2.

The content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, and the list of contributors to each
chapter are provided in the credits section at the end of this book. Images may be copyright of
their respective owners unless otherwise specified. All trademarks and registered trademarks are
the property of their respective company owners.

Use the content presented in this book at your own risk; it is not guaranteed to be correct nor
accurate, please send your feedback and corrections to [email protected]

https://riptutorial.com/ 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with magento2
Remarks
Magento 2 is an open-source e-commerce platform designed to facilitate the common shopping
cart structure for webpages. Compared to earlier versions of Magento, the 2.0 version is more
streamlined and performant - eliminating problems with table locking and improving on the
checkout system for guest users.

Versions

Version Release Date

2.1.7 2017-05-31

2.1.6 2017-04-11

2.1.5 2017-02-21

2.1.4 2017-02-07

2.1.3 2016-12-14

2.1.2 2016-10-10

2.1.1 2016-08-25

2.1.0 2016-06-23

2.0.14 2017-05-31

2.0.13 2017-02-21

2.0.12 2017-02-07

2.0.11 2016-10-12

2.0.10 2016-10-07

2.0.9 2016-08-04

2.0.8 2016-07-18

2.0.7 2016-05-19

2.0.6 2016-05-13

2.0.5 2016-04-27

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 Version Release Date

2.0.4 2016-03-31

2.0.3 2016-03-30

2.0.2 2016-01-28

2.0.1 2016-01-19

2.0.0 2015-11-17

Examples
Installation or Setup

Detailed instructions on getting magento2 set up or installed.

Install Magento 2 on Ubuntu 16.04

NOTES: We are going to install Magento 2 on fresh Ubuntu Server 16.04 LTS with PHP 7.0,
MySQL 5.6 and Apache 2.4.

1. Setup Requirements
• Apache 2.2 or 2.4 with mod_rewrite module (or) Nginx >= 1.8.
• PHP 5.5 or later version. PHP 7.0 also supported.
• Required PHP-Modules – PDO/MySQL, mbstring, mcrypt, mhash, SimpleXML, curl, xsl, gd,
ImageMagick 6.3.7 (or later) or both, soap, intl, openssl.
• Composer and Git.

You can use the following command to install all of above requirements from default repository
(xenial).

sudo apt install apache2 git mysql-server

sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql php-dom php-simplexml php-gd
sudo apt install php-curl php-intl php-xsl php-mbstring php-zip php-xml php-mcrypt

I recommend to install from homepage instead of Ubuntu repository.

curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php

mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/composer

2. Setup Magento 2

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a) Download from GitHub
Magento2 code is available under Github repository. Use following command to clone Magento2
repository on your system.

cd /var/www/
git clone https://github.com/magento/magento2.git

b) Download via Composer

If you don't want to install Magento 2 by cloning from GitHub, it's fine. You can also install it
through Composer.

cd /var/www
composer create-project --repository-url=https://repo.magento.com/ magento/project-community-
edition magento2

Now install all required modules for Magento2 using composer. Wait for the installation process
completed. (You won't need this if you are installing Magento 2 via Composer)

cd magento2/
composer install

If composer prompts for authentication like below:

Loading composer repositories with package information

Installing dependencies (including require-dev) from lock file
- Installing magento/magento-composer-installer (0.1.6)
Downloading: 100%

- Installing braintree/braintree_php (2.39.0)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing justinrainbow/json-schema (1.6.1)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing symfony/console (v2.6.13)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing symfony/process (v2.8.4)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing symfony/finder (v2.8.4)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing seld/jsonlint (1.4.0)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing composer/composer (1.0.0-alpha10)

Downloading: 100%

- Installing magento/composer (1.0.2)

Authentication required (repo.magento.com):

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 Username:
Password:

Login here https://www.magentocommerce.com/, and use Public Key as Username and Private
Key as Password.

Now set the permissions on files and directories.

sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/magento2/

sudo chmod -R 777 /var/www/magento2/{pub,var}

3. Create Database
Now login to your mysql server with admin privileges and create a database and user for new
magento2 installation.

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 mysql -u root -p

mysql> CREATE DATABASE magento;

mysql> GRANT ALL ON magento.* TO magento@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'magento';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> quit

4. Configure Apache VirtualHost and PHP

Create Apache configuration file for your Magento website like /etc/apache2/sites-
available/magento2.example.com.conf and add following content.

<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot /var/www/magento2
ServerName magento2.example.com

<Directory /var/www/magento2>
AllowOverride all
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Now enable virtualhost using following command.

sudo a2ensite magento2.example.com

Also make sure to enable Apache rewrite module, which is recommended by Magento.

sudo a2enmod rewrite

You may want to set PHP memory_limit to avoid memory exhausted which is recommened by
Magento too.

vi /etc/php.ini (find string by press / and type memory_limit)

memory_limit = 768M

After doing all above changes, make sure to restart Apache server.

sudo systemctl restart apache2.service

5. Installing Magento 2 Application

a) Via Web Installer
Let’s begin the installation of Magento2 using web installer. Access your magento2 directory on
web browser like below. It will redirect you to installation start page.

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 http://magento2.example.com/

b) Via Command-Line
Installing Magento 2 by using command line is a miracle, it decreased your installation time from
10min to 1min. By just execute one-line command.

cd /var/www/magento2
php bin/magento setup:install --base-url=http://magento2.example.com/ \
--db-host=localhost --db-name=magento \
--db-user=magento --db-password=magento \
--admin-firstname=Magento --admin-lastname=User [email protected] \
--admin-user=admin --admin-password=admin123 --language=en_US \
--currency=USD --timezone=America/Chicago --cleanup-database --use-rewrites=1

6. Schedule Magento2 Cronjobs

Finally schedule the backgound cronjobs for your magento2 installation. These cronjobs does
some activities like, re-indexing, Newsletters, Update of currency rates, sending automatic emails
and generating sitemaps etc. To schedule these jobs edit crontab file. www-data is Apache 2
user, we should never schedule Magento 2 cronjob with root privilege.

crontab -u www-data -e

A text editor displays. (You might need to choose a text editor first.)

* * * * * /usr/bin/php /var/www/magento2/bin/magento cron:run | grep -v "Ran jobs by schedule"

>> /var/www/magento2/var/log/magento.cron.log
* * * * * /usr/bin/php /var/www/magento2/update/cron.php >>
/var/www/magento2/var/log/update.cron.log
* * * * * /usr/bin/php /var/www/magento2/bin/magento setup:cron:run >>
/var/www/magento2/var/log/setup.cron.log

Read Getting started with magento2 online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/2279/getting-

started-with-magento2

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Chapter 2: Configurable products and their
variants.
Examples
Get a parent product and their children.

Here i will show you how to fetch

1. All parent(configuarble products)

2. A parent product and all of its children.

Get a parent product.

We will start by making a simple class that gets all our parent(Configurable products)

<?php

namespace Test\Test\Controller\Test;

use Magento\Framework\App\Action\Context;

class Products extends \Magento\Framework\App\Action\Action

{

public function __construct(

\Magento\Catalog\Model\ResourceModel\Product\CollectionFactory $_product_res_fac
)
{
$this->_product_res_fac = $_product_res_fac;
}

public function getParentProducts()

{
return $this->_product_res_fac->create()->addAttributeToSelect('*')-
>addAttributeToFilter('type_id', ['eq' => 'configurable']);
}

As you see above our getParentProducts function will now return all configuarble products we
currently have in our system.

Get parent and child products.

Here we first fetch our parent product and the we will get all children products that this parent
have.

<?php

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 namespace Test\Test\Controller\Test;

use Magento\Framework\App\Action\Context;

class Products extends \Magento\Framework\App\Action\Action

{

public function __construct(

\Magento\Catalog\Model\Product $productModel
)
{
$this->product= $productModel;
}

public function getParentProduct()

{
return $this->product->load("a product entity id goes here")
}

public function getChildProducts()

{
$_children = $this->getParentProduct()->getTypeInstance()->getUsedProducts($this-
>getParentProduct());
}

The function getChildProducts now returns a children collection so you would be able to run it
through a foreach loop and get all product attributes that might be on it.

Read Configurable products and their variants. online:

https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/10790/configurable-products-and-their-variants-

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Chapter 3: Custom Theme
Remarks
luma theme as parent

{
"name": "magento/luma",
"description": "N/A",
"require": {
"php": "~5.5.0|~5.6.0|~7.0.0",
"magento/theme-luma": "100.0.*",
"magento/framework": "100.0.*"
},
"type": "magento2-theme",
"version": "100.0.1",
"license": [
"OSL-3.0",
"AFL-3.0"
],
"autoload": {
"files": [
"registration.php"
]
}
}

at the end

Run php bin/magento setup:upgrade this command after than below commands also needed
sometimes

• php bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy <language_pack_1> <language_pack_2> ...

<language_pack_n>

○ <language_pack>: en_US nl_NL en_GB etc

• php bin/magento cache:flush or php bin/magento cache:clean

Examples
Sample Theme

Theme.xml

app/design/frontend/Magento/mytheme/theme.xml

<theme xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:Config/etc/theme.xsd">
<title>My theme</title> <!-- your theme's name -->
<parent>Magento/blank</parent> <!-- the parent theme, in case your theme inherits from an
existing theme -->

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 <media>
<preview_image>media/preview.jpg</preview_image> <!-- the path to your theme's
preview image -->
</media>
</theme>

app/design/frontend/Magento/mytheme/composer.json

{
"name": "magento/theme-frontend-blank",
"description": "N/A",
"require": {
"php": "~5.5.0|~5.6.0|~7.0.0",
"magento/theme-frontend-blank": "100.0.*",
"magento/framework": "100.0.*"
},
"type": "magento2-theme",
"version": "100.0.1",
"license": [
"OSL-3.0",
"AFL-3.0"
],
"autoload": {
"files": [
"registration.php"
]
}
}

app/design/frontend/Magento/mytheme/registration.php

<?php
/**
* Copyright © 2015 Magento. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::register(
\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::THEME,
'frontend/Magento/mytheme',
__DIR__
);

at the end

php bin/magento setup:upgrade

Read Custom Theme online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/6244/custom-theme

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Chapter 4: Dependency Injection
Examples
Argument Replacement

<!-- <moduleDir>/etc/<area>/di.xml -->

<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
<!-- ... -->
<type name="Vendor\Namespace\Model\SomeClass">
<arguments>
<argument name="object"
xsi:type="object">Vendor\Namespace\Model\SomeOtherClass</argument>
</arguments>
</type>
</config>

Class Preference

<!-- <moduleDir>/etc/<area>/di.xml -->

<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
<!-- ... -->
<preference
for="Vendor\Namespace\Model\Example"
type="Vendor\Namespace\Model\AnotherExample" />
<!-- ... -->
</config>

Above Example is a syntax of override core model.

Here is a list of points which will describe you how to make it possible

1. moduleDir - Extension directory Like app/code/custom/extension here extension is your

directory in which all the necessary folders of extension will be placed.

2. area - area will be frontend or adminhtml

• frontend - if extension will use functionality of frontend than di.xml will goes to in this
folder

• adminhtml - if extension will use functionality of adminpanel than di.xml will goes to in
this folder

• so it will be app/code/custom/extension/etc/frontend/di.xml or
app/code/custom/extension/etc/adminhtml/di.xml

• If wants to use both the functionality than di.xml file will goes direct in etc folder no
need to put in frontend or adminhtml folder. Like - app/code/custom/extension/etc/di.xml

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 3. for="Vendor\Namespace\Model\Example" at here, the path of the file which will override
functionality of the desired function.

4. type="Vendor\Namespace\Model\AnotherExample" at here, the path of the file which will

provides functions which will override by step - 3

Constructor Injection

/**
* @var \Vendor\Module\Helper\Data
*/
protected $customHelper;

/**
* Constructor call
* @param \Vendor\Module\Helper\Data $customHelper
*/
public function __construct(
\Vendor\Module\Helper\Data $customHelper
)
{
$this->customHelper = $customHelper;
parent::__construct();
}

Read Dependency Injection online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/2998/dependency-

injection

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Chapter 5: Event and observer in magento 2
Examples
How to use custom event and observer ?

Step 1: Create events.xml file according to your requirement in frontend, Backend, or both
YKM/Banner/etc/frontend/events.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../../../../../lib/internal/Magento/Framework/Event/etc/events.xsd">

<event name="controller_action_predispatch">
<observer name="ykm_banner_before" instance="YKM\Banner\Observer\Help" />
</event>
</config>

Step 2:

Create an Observer file YKM/Banner/Observer/Help.php

<?php
/**
* Copyright © 2015 Magento. All rights reserved.
* See COPYING.txt for license details.
*/
namespace Estdevs\Banner\Observer;

use Magento\Framework\Event\ObserverInterface;

class Help implements ObserverInterface

{

public function execute(\Magento\Framework\Event\Observer $observer) {

echo "this is good.";
}
}

Read Event and observer in magento 2 online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/5277/event-

and-observer-in-magento-2

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Chapter 6: Get products from database
Examples
Get products using the Product Repository

To get products from the database, you need to use Magento 2's repository design pattern. Each
module can be bundled with it's own repositories, and the Product Catalog module is not any
different.

You can use dependency injection in your class to access the repository. A working example
would look like this:

class Example
{
/**
* @var \Magento\Catalog\Model\ProductRepository
*/
protected $productRepository;

/**
* @param \Magento\Catalog\Model\ProductRepository $productRepository
*/
public function __construct(
\Magento\Catalog\Model\ProductRepository $productRepository
) {
$this->productRepository = $productRepository;
}

/**
* Get product by ID
* @return \Magento\Catalog\Api\Data\ProductInterface
* @throws \Magento\Framework\Exception\NoSuchEntityException
*/
public function getProductById(int $productId)
{
return $this->productRepository->getById($productId);
}
}

A Repository has more functionality, like saving or deleting a product, as well as getting a list of
products and using a filter, but that's beyond the scope of this example.

Read Get products from database online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/6459/get-

products-from-database

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Chapter 7: Magento 2 Commands for daily
use
Remarks
All the commands can be executed writting only part of them.

For example:

• php bin/magento cache:flush can be traslated to:

○ php bin/magento c:f
○ php bin/magento ca:f
○ php bin/magento c:fl
○ php bin/magento cache:f
○ php bin/magento c:flush
○ etc.

You can write any part, and if it is not ambiguos, it will automatically know which one you want.

Examples
code compilation

php bin/magento setup:di:compile

You might need to delete var/di (including the folder) in order to go through compilation.

rm -rf var/di

Flush Cache

Flush all Magento Cache

php bin/magento cache:clean

php bin/magento cache:flush

Check cache status

php bin/magento cache:status

Enable Custom or 3rd Party Extensions

Enable and upgrade setup

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 php bin/magento module:enable YKM_Custom
php bin/magento setup:upgrade

Disable the Module

php bin/magento module:disable YKM_Custom

Another One - module uninstall script is executed and whole module gets deleted afterwards. Only
modules installed through Composer can be uninstalled.

php bin/magento module:uninstall YKM_Custom

Display list of enabled and disabled modules

php bin/magento module:status

Update the database schema and data:

php bin/magento setup:upgrade

To see all available commands

php bin/magento

General List of Commands for Magento 2

php bin/magento setup:upgrade => Setup Upgrade

php bin/magento setup:di:compile => Setup: Compile
php bin/magento indexer:reindex => Reindex
php bin/magento cache:flush => Clear Cache
php bin/magento deploy:mode:set developer => Enable Developer Mode Magento
(developer/production)
php bin/magento deploy:mode:show => Show Current Mode Magento
php bin/magento module:status => Module: Status
php bin/magento module:disable MODULE_NAME => Module: Disable
php bin/magento module:enable MODULE_NAME => Module: Enable
php bin/magento module:uninstall MODULE_NAME => Module: Uninstall
php bin/magento cron:run => Cronjob: Run

Read Magento 2 Commands for daily use online:

https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/5368/magento-2-commands-for-daily-use

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Chapter 8: Module structure
Examples
Catalog Module structure

For now I think the catalog module contains almost everything you can add to a module.

• Api - Contains the service contracts. A set of interfaces that should not be changed unless
the minor version changes. Not mandatory for a custom module but nice to have for
comercial extensions.
○Data - Data interfaces. Each interface must have a model that implements it (example:
interface for product model)
○ProductRepositoryInterface.php - interfaces for repositories (must also have an
implementation)
○... - others as above
• Block - blocks used in the layout for frontend and backend
○Adminhtml - blocks used for backend
○Category - frontend related blocks. Can be nested in as many folders as you like, but
not mandatory
○... - same as above
• Console - folder containing cli commands
• Controller - contains frontend and backend controllers
○Adminhtml - backend controllers
○Category - frontend related controllers. Can be nested in as many folders as you like,
but not mandatory
○... - same as above.
• Cron - code that should be executed via cron
• etc - contains module configuration xml files
○frontend - contains configuration files loaded only on frontend
○adminhtml - contains configuration files loaded only on backend
○webapi_rest - contains configuration files loaded only for the rest api
○webapi_soapt - contains configuration files loaded only for the SOAP api
○acl.xml - ACL definitions
○catalog_attributes.xml - default attributes for catalog entities.
○catalog_attributes.xsd - validation schema for file above.
○config.xml - default values for config settings
○crontab.xml - cron jobs scheduling
○di.xml - dependency injection preferences. (can also reside in adminhtml, frontend,
webapi_*)
○events.xml - observers declaration for events (can also reside in adminhtml, frontend)
○indexer.xml - settings for different indexes that need to be executed when data
changes
○module.xml - the module declaration file
○product_* - product related settings.

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 ○ webapi.xml - webapi declaration paths.
○ widget.xml - widgets declarations.
• Helper - different module helpers
• i18n - language translation files
• Model - models, simple as that. they can be nested in as many folders as you like, but it's
not mandatory.
• Observer - event observer classes
• Plugin - around|before|after plugins for different public methods.
• Pricing - pricing related classes. This is module specific. You can have as many folders as
you like like this if you don't want to place them in the models folder.
• Setup - install/upgrade related files (installing upgrading schema and data)
• Test - unit tests
• Ui - ui components related classes.
• view - the html related part. The V in MVC.
○ adminhtml - admin related files
○ layout - xml layouts for adminhtml
○ templates - phtml templates for adminhtml
○ ui_compoenent - ui components related files (declaration)
○ web - assets (js, images)
○ requirejs-config.js - configuration for require.js
○ base - files used for both frontend and backend.
○ can have same subfolder structure as adminhtml
○ frontend - frontend related files
○ can have same subfolder structure as adminhtml
• composer.json - not mandatory, but nice to have if you distribute your module
• registration.php - the module registration file.
• Licence*.txt, readme.md - you know what this means. They are not mandatory

Read Module structure online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/4838/module-structure

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Chapter 9: Optimizing Magento 2
Examples
Configurations to optimize

1. Enable Flat Categories and Products

One of the top reasons of Magento speed issues with database read speed. To fasten the read
speed of the database you should enable Flat Catalog. This will minify the number of database
joins done when showing products and due to that the MySQL query complexity will be reduced.

Go to backend: STORES > Configuration > CATALOG > Catalog > Use Flat Catalog Category
and put Yes.

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2. Merge CSS and JS Files
The next step you need to follow is merging and minifying CSS and Javascript files, that means
making the web page as light as possible for the fast loading. Please put Magento 2 into
production mode.

Go to backend: STORES > Configuration > ADVANCED > Developer > CSS Settings and put

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the Merge CSS Files and Minify CSS Files as yes.

3. Content Delivery Network

CDN, or Content Delivery Network, is an interconnected system of cache servers that use
geographical proximity as criteria for delivering web content and actually helps your visitors to load
pages faster as a result.

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One of the Magento 2 features is out-of-the-box support of CDN and here’s where you may find
set up for it: STORES > GENERAL > Configuration > Web > Base URLs (Secure) and input
your HTTPS CDN URLs in here and let your customers enjoy fast loading speed.

4. Caching

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In the System > Cache Management enable your cache.

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https://riptutorial.com/ 25
https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/10177/optimizing-magento-2

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Chapter 10: Override i18n language pack
Syntax
• <Vendor Namespace> - Here namespace of the vendor custom theme or inbuilt theme
namespace I.E. Magento/Luma Here luma is vendor namespace

• <language package directory> - Here language package directory like en_us or nl_nl or
en_gb

• <language package description> - Here add description of the package like English Us
Package

• <language package code> - Here code of the language package I.E en_US or nl_NL or en_GB

Remarks
After create above files and directories language_package_code.csv will goes to Vendor Namespace
directory

Example

/app/i18n/luma/en_us/en_US.csv

or

/app/i18n/luma/en_gb/en_GB.csv

or

/app/i18n/luma/nl_NL/nl_NL.csv

Examples
Syntax example of override i18n language package

/app/i18n/<Vendor Namespace>/<language package directory>/composer.json

{
"name": "<vendor namespance>/<language package directory>",
"description": "<language package description>",
"version": "100.0.1",
"license": [
"OSL-3.0",
"AFL-3.0"
],
"require": {
"magento/framework": "100.0.*"
},
"type": "magento2-language",

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 "autoload": {
"files": [
"registration.php"
]
}
}

/app/i18n/<Vendor Namespace>/<language pack>/language.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<language xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:App/Language/package.xsd">
<code><language package code></code>
<vendor><vendor namespace></vendor>
<package><language package directory></package>
</language>

/app/i18n/<Vendor Namespace>/<language pack>/registration.php

<?php
\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::register(
\Magento\Framework\Component\ComponentRegistrar::LANGUAGE,
'<vendor namespance>_<language package directory>',
__DIR__
);

Read Override i18n language pack online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/10789/override-

i18n-language-pack

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Chapter 11: Upgrading Magento
Examples
Upgrade Magento via Composer

Check your current magento version

php bin/magento --version

Now Add the latest version to your composer.

composer require magento/product-community-edition 2.1.6 --no-update

Run Composer Update This will ask for the username and password take from your credentials
from your marketplace account.

composer update

This will start process to start downloading and upgrading your magento

Finally Update you static content and remove var folder

rm -rf var/di var/generation

php bin/magento cache:flush
php bin/magento setup:upgrade
php bin/magento setup:di:compile
php bin/magento indexer:reindex

Recheck your magento version.

Read Upgrading Magento online: https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/9022/upgrading-magento

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Chapter 12: Using Dependency Injection To
Rewrite Object
Remarks
https://gielberkers.com/magento-2-why-use-rewrites-when-you-can-use-plugins/

http://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.0/extension-dev-guide/plugins.html

Examples
Some ways for modify a function in magento 2

Rewrite Class
File: Namespace/ModuleName/etc/di.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
<preference for="Magento\Catalog\Controller\Product\View"
type="Namespace\ModuleName\Controller\Product\View" />
</config>

File: Namespace\ModuleName\Controller\Product\View.php

class View extends \Magento\Catalog\Block\Product\View

{
///Code logic here
}

Plugin into object.

File: Namespace/ModuleName/etc/di.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:ObjectManager/etc/config.xsd">
<type name="Magento\Catalog\Model\Product">
<plugin name="name_of_plugin"
type="Namespace\ModuleName\Plugin\Catalog\Model\Product" sortOrder="1" disabled="false" />
</type>
</config>

File: Namespace\ModuleName\Plugin\Catalog\Model\Product.php

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 namespace Namespace\ModuleName\Plugin\Catalog\Model;

class Product
{
public function beforeSetName(
\Magento\Catalog\Model\Product $product, string $name)
{
/// Code logic here
return $name;
}

public function afterGetName(

\Magento\Catalog\Model\Product $product, string $name)
{
/// Code logic here
return $name;
}

public function aroundSave(

\Magento\Catalog\Model\Product $product, \Closure $proceed)
{
$this->doSomethingBeforeSave();
$result = $proceed();
if ($result) {
$this->doSomethingAfterSave();
}
return $result;
}
}

Read Using Dependency Injection To Rewrite Object online:

https://riptutorial.com/magento2/topic/6283/using-dependency-injection-to-rewrite-object

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Credits
S.
Chapters Contributors
No

Getting started with 4444, Community, ehzawad, Marek Skiba, Niroshan Ranapathi,
1
magento2 Priyank, Rafael Corrêa Gomes, Toan Nguyen

Configurable
2 products and their Anoxy
variants.

3 Custom Theme Nirav Joshi, Qaisar Satti

Dependency
4 bpoiss, Giel Berkers, Nirav Joshi
Injection

Event and observer

5 Reena Parekh, Yogendra - eCommerce Developer
in magento 2

Get products from

6 Giel Berkers, matiaslauriti
database

Magento 2
AlexL, Andrew Stepanchuk, Ankit Shah, belfort1, Jignesh Khunt,
7 Commands for daily
matiaslauriti, Yogendra - eCommerce Developer
use

8 Module structure Akif, belfort1, Giel Berkers, Marius, Tom

Optimizing Magento
9 Rafael Corrêa Gomes
2

Override i18n
10 Nirav Joshi
language pack

11 Upgrading Magento Priyank

Using Dependency
12 Injection To Rewrite Dmitri Sologoubenko, HoangHieu, Rafael Corrêa Gomes
Object

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