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PWM Motor Speed Control

The document describes using pulse-width modulation to control the speed of a DC motor. It explains that PWM varies the duty cycle, or ratio of high to low pulses, to adjust the average voltage applied to the motor. A simple circuit is shown using a potentiometer to vary the duty cycle from 0% to 100% through an astable multivibrator, allowing continuous speed control of the motor from stopped to full speed. The frequency remains constant while duty cycle is adjusted to proportionally control motor speed.

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Rev. Matthew
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956 views1 page

PWM Motor Speed Control

The document describes using pulse-width modulation to control the speed of a DC motor. It explains that PWM varies the duty cycle, or ratio of high to low pulses, to adjust the average voltage applied to the motor. A simple circuit is shown using a potentiometer to vary the duty cycle from 0% to 100% through an astable multivibrator, allowing continuous speed control of the motor from stopped to full speed. The frequency remains constant while duty cycle is adjusted to proportionally control motor speed.

Uploaded by

Rev. Matthew
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCUIT

IDEAS

SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING


PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION
UMAR
SUNIL K
 EFY LAB age value is 2.5V, and if the duty cycle
is 75%, the average voltage is 3.75V

P
ulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on. The maximum duty cycle
or duty-cycle variation methods can be 100%, which is equivalent to a storage capacitor to pro-
are commonly used in speed DC waveform. Thus by varying the vide stable voltage to the
control of DC motors. The duty cycle pulse-width, we can vary the average circuit.
is defined as the percentage of digital voltage across a DC motor and hence Thus, by varying
‘high’ to digital ‘low’ plus digital ‘high’ its speed. VR1 the duty cycle can
pulse-width during a PWM period. The circuit of a simple speed con- be changed from 0% to
troller for a mini DC motor, such 100% and the speed of
as that used in tape recorders and the motor from ‘stopped’
toys, is shown in Fig. 2. condition to ‘full speed’
Fig. 3: Pin
Here N1 inverting Schmitt trig- configuration in an even and continu-
ger is configured as an astable of BC337A ous way. The diodes ef-
Fig. 1: 5V pulses with 0% through 50% duty cycle multivibrator with constant period fectively provide differ-
but variable duty ent timing resistor values during
cycle. Although the charging and discharging of timing ca-
total in-circuit resis- pacitor C1.
tance of VR1 during The pulse or rest period is approxi-
a complete cycle is mately given by the following equa-
100 kilo-ohms, the tion:
part used during Pulse or Rest period ≈ 0.4 x C1
positive and negative (Farad) x VR1 (ohm) seconds.
periods of each cycle Here, use the in-circuit value of
can be varied by VR1 during pulse or rest period as ap-
changing the posi- plicable.
tion of its wiper con- The frequency will remain constant
tact to obtain variable and is given by the equation:
pulse-width. Schmitt Frequency ≈ 2.466/(VR1.C1) ≈ 250
Fig. 2: DC motor speed control using PWM method gate N2 simply acts Hz (for VR1=100 kilo-ohms and C1=0.1
as a buffer/driver to µF)
Fig. 1 shows the 5V pulses with 0% drive transistor T1 during positive in- The recommended value of in-cir-
through 50% duty cycle. cursions at its base. Thus the average cuit resistance should be greater than
The average DC voltage value for amplitude of DC drive pulses or the 50 kilo-ohms but less than 2 mega-
0% duty cycle is zero; with 25% duty speed of motor M is proportional to ohms, while the capacitor value should
cycle the average value is 1.25V (25% the setting of the wiper position of VR1 be greater than 100 pF but less than
of 5V). With 50% duty cycle the aver- potmeter. Capacitor C2 serves as a 1 µF. 

WWW.EFYMAG.COM ELECTRONICS FOR YOU • AUGUST 2006 • 97

CMYK

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