Informatics Practices(065)

Class : XI (2024-25)
ShriKant Yadav
PGT (Info. Pract.)
 Chapter : 5

Dictionary in Python
 Introduction
• Python provides us various options to store multiple
values under one variable name.
• Dictionaries is also a collection like a string and list.
• It is a very versatile data type.
• There is a key in it with a value.(Key:value)
• Dictionaries are mutable data types and it is an
unordered collection in the form of key:value
• In List, index of a value is important whereas in
dictionary, key of a value is important.
 Dictionary Creation
• To create a dictionary, it is needed to collect pairs of
key:value in “{ }”.
•<dictionary-name>={ <key1>:<value1>,<key2>:<value2>,<key3>:<value3>. . . }
Example:
teachers={“Rajeev”:”Math”, “APA”:”Physics”,”APS”:”Chemistry:”SB”:”CS”}
In above given example :

Key-value pair Key Value

“Rajeev”:”Math” “Rajeev” “Math”
“APA”:”Physics” “APA” “Physics”
“APS”:”Chemistry” “APA” “Chemistry”
“SB”:”CS” “SB” “CS”
 Dictionary Creation
• Some examples of Dictionary are-
Dict1= { } # this is an empty dictionary without any element.

DayofMonth= { January”:31, ”February”:28, ”March”:31, ”April”:30, ”May”:31, ”June”:30,

”July”:31, ”August”:31, ”September”:30, ”October”:31, ”November”:30,
”December”:31}

FurnitureCount = { “Table”:10, “Chair”:13, “Desk”:16, “Stool”:15, “Rack”:15 }

– By above examples you can easily understand about the keys

and their values.
– One thing to be taken care of is that keys should always be of
immutable type.
Note: Dictionary is also known as associative array or mapping
or hashes .
 Dictionary Creation
– Keys should always be of immutable type.

– If you try to make keys as mutable, python shown error in it.

For example-
Here key is a list which is
of mutable type.

Here error shows that you are trying to create a key

of mutable type which is not permitted.
 Accessing a Dictionary
• To access a value from dictionary, we need to use key
similarly as we use an index to access a value from a list.
• We get the key from the pair of Key: value.

teachers={“Rajeev”:”Math”, “APA”:”Physics”,”APS”:”Chemistry:”SB”:”CS”}

• If we execute following statement from above example-

• We have selected key “Rajeev” and on printing it, Math got

printed. Another example-

If we access a non-key, error will come.

 Traversal of a Dictionary
• To traverse a Dictionary, we use for loop. Syntax is-

for <item> in <dictionary>:

Here, notable thing is that every key of each pair of

dictionary d is coming in k variable of loop. After this
we can take output with the given format and with
print statement.

Assignment : Develop a dictionary of your friends in which key

will be your friend’s name and his number will be its value.
 Traversal of Dictionary
• To access key and value we need to use keys() and
values().for example-

• d.keys( ) function will display only key.

• d.values ( )function will display value only.
 Features of Dictionary
1. Unordered set: dictionary is a unordered collection of key:value pairs.
2. Not a sequence: like list and string, it is not a sequence because it is a
collection of unordered elements whereas a sequence is a collection of
indexed numbers to keep them in order.
3. Keys are used for its indexing because according to Python key can be of
immutable type. String and numbers are of immutable type and therefore
can be used as a key. Example of keys are as under-

Key of a Dictionary should always be of

immutable type like number, string or tuple
whereas value of a dictionary can be of any type.
 Features of Dictionary
4. Keys should be unique : Because keys are used to identify
values so they should be unique.
5. Values of two unique keys can be same.
6. Dictionary is mutable hence we can change value of a certain
key. For this, syntax is-

<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

4. Internally it is stored as a mapping. Its key:value are

connected to each other via an internal function called hash-
function**. Such process of linking is knows as mapping.
**Hash-function is an internal algorithm to link a and its
value.
 Working with Dictionary
• Here we will discuss about various operation of dictionary like element
adding, updation, deletion of an element etc. but first we will learn creation
of a dictionary.
• Dictionary initialization- For this we keep collection of pairs of
key:value separated by comma (,) and then place this
collection inside “{ }”.

• Addition of key:value pair to an empty dictionary. There are

two ways to create an empty dictionary-
1. Employee = { }
2. Employee = dict( )
After that use following syntax-
<dictionary>[<key>] = <value>
 Working with Dictionary
3. Creation of a Dictionary with the pair of name and
value: dict( ) constructor is used to create dictionary
with the pairs of key and value. There are various
methods for this-
I. By passing Key:value pair as an argument:

The point to be noted is that here no inverted commas were placed in

argument but they came automatically in dictionary.

II. By specifying Comma-separated key:value pair-

 Working with Dictionary
III. By specifying Keys and values separately:
For this, we use zip() function in dict ( ) constructor-

IV. By giving Key:value pair in the form of separate sequence:

By passing List

By passing tuple of a list

By passing tuple of tuple

 Adding an element in Dictionary
following syntax is used to add an element in Dictionary-

Nesting in Dictionary
look at the following example carefully in which element of a dictionary is
a dictionary itself.
 Updation in a Dictionary
following syntax is used to update an element in Dictionary-
<dictionary>[<ExistingKey>]=<value>

WAP to create a dictionary containing names of employee as key and their salary as
value. Output
 Deletion of an element from a Dictionary
following two syntaxes can be used to delete an element form a
Dictionary. For deletion, key should be there otherwise python
will give error.
1. del <dictionary>[<key>]- it only deletes the value and
does not return deleted value.

Value did not return after deletion.

2. <dictionary>.pop(<key>) it returns the deleted value

after deletion.
Value returned after deletion.

If key does not match, given

message will be printed.
 Detection of an element from a Dictionary
Membership operator is used to detect presence of an element
in a Dictionary.
1. <key> in <dictionary> it gives true on finding the key otherwise gives false.
2. <key> not in <dictionary> it gives true on not finding the key otherwise gives false.

False

* in and not in does not apply

on values, they can only work
with keys.
 Pretty Printing of a Dictionary
To print a Dictionary in a beautify manner, we need to import
json module. After that following syntax of dumps ( ) will be used.

json.dumps(<>,indent=<n>)
Program to create a dictionary by counting words in a line

Here a dictionary is
created of words
and their frequency.
 Dictionary Function and Method
1. len( ) Method : it tells the length of dictionary.

2. clear( ) Method : it empties the dictionary.

3. get( ) Method : it returns value of the given key.

It works similarly as <dictionary>[<key> ]

On non finding of a key, default message can be

given.
 Dictionary Function and Method
4. items( ) Method : it returns all items of a dictionary in the form
of tuple of (key:value).

5. keys( ) Method : it returns list of dictionary keys.

6. values( ) Method : it returns list of dictionary values.

 Dictionary Function and Method
7. Update ( ) Method: This function merge the pair of key:value
of a dictionary into other dictionary. Change and addition in
this is possible as per need. Example-

In the above given example, you can see that change is done in
the values of similar keys whereas dissimilar keys got joined with
their values.