Department of Mathematics

National Association of Mathematical Science Students of Nigeria

Email: [email protected]
University of Ibadan
SOLUTION TO MAT 121 (1ST TEST)

 
x + sin x
1. Evaluate lim .
x→∞ x + cos x
Solution 0.1.

1 + sinx x 1 + limx→∞ sinx x

   
x + sin x
lim = lim =
x→∞ x + cos x x→∞ 1 + cosx x 1 + limx→∞ cosx x

Now we need to evaluate limx→∞ sinx x and limx→∞ cos x

x
. Luckily, we can use Squeeze
theorem.
Observe that for any real number x,

−1 sinx 1 −1 cosx 1
≤ ≤ and ≤ ≤
|x| x |x| |x| x |x|

−1 1
Since limx→∞ |x|
= limx→∞ |x|
= 0, then by the Squeeze theorem
sin x cos x
lim = lim =0
x→∞ x x→∞ x

Then,

1 + sinx x 1 + limx→∞ sinx x

   
x + sin x 1+0
lim = lim = cos x = =1
x→∞ x + cos x x→∞ 1 + cosx x 1 + limx→∞ x 1+0

4x − 1
2. Evaluate lim √ .
x→∞ x2 + 2
Solution 0.2.

4x − 1 4 − x1 4 − x1 4 − x1 4 − x1
lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = lim q = lim q
x→∞ x2 + 2 x→∞ xx2 +2 x→∞ √ x2 +2
2
x→∞ x2 +2 x→∞
1 + 22
x x2 x

4 − limx→∞ x1 4
=q = √ =4
1 + limx→∞ x22 1

 x2024 +2024
x+1
3. Evaluate lim .
x→∞ 2024x + 1
1

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Mathematics is the only place where truth
and beauty mean the same thing

1
Solution 0.3. To solve the limit
 x2024 +2024
x+1
lim ,
x→∞ 2024x + 1

we can use logarithms and properties of limits. Here’s a step-by-step approach:

x+1
For large x, the fraction 2024x+1 can be approximated as:

x+1 x 1
≈ = .
2024x + 1 2024x 2024

x+1

x2024 +2024
Let L = limx→∞ 2024x+1
. Then,
 
2024 x+1
ln L = lim (x + 2024) ln .
x→∞ 2024x + 1

Simplify the logarithm

 
x+1
ln = ln(x + 1) − ln(2024x + 1).
2024x + 1

For large x,

ln(x + 1) ≈ ln x and ln(2024x + 1) ≈ ln(2024x) = ln 2024 + ln x.

Therefore,  
x+1
ln ≈ ln x − (ln 2024 + ln x) = − ln 2024.
2024x + 1
Substitute back into the limit

ln L = lim (x2024 + 2024)(− ln 2024) = − ln 2024 lim (x2024 + 2024).

x→∞ x→∞

Evaluate the limit Since x2024 grows much faster than 2024 as x → ∞,

lim (x2024 + 2024) = lim x2024 = ∞.

x→∞ x→∞

Therefore,
ln L = − ln 2024 · ∞ = −∞.

Exponentiate to find L
L = e−∞ = 0.

So, the limit is:

 x2024 +2024
x+1
lim = 0.
x→∞ 2024x + 1
2

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God exists since mathematics is consistent

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 √
4. Solve the trigonometric equation cosec(x) + cot(x) = 3.

Solution 0.4. We know cosec2 (x) − cot2 (x) = 1, then it’s clear that

(cosec(x) − cot(x))(cosec(x) + cot(x)) = 1

Since,
√
cosec(x) + cot(x) = 3 (1)

Then we have,
1
cosec(x) − cot(x) = √ (2)
3
Adding both (1) and (2) we get,
√
2 3
cosec(x) = √ =⇒ sin(x) =
3 2

Hence,
π
x = 2πn + , n∈Z
3

5. Find all values of x and y such that

cos2 (x) cos2 (y) + sin2 (x) sin2 (y) = 1.

Solution 0.5. Observe, if x and y are real

cos(2x) cos(2y) = cos2 (x) cos2 (y) + sin2 (x) sin2 (y)

Thus, we have cos(2x) cos(2y) = 1. Now we can see that either cos(2x) = 1 and cos(2y) =
1 or cos(2x) = −1 and cos(2y) = −1. Considering this cases we get that;

x = 2πn1 + π, and y = πn2 , n1 , n2 ∈ Z

x = 2πn2 , and y = πn1 , n1 , n2 ∈ Z
x = 2πn1 + π, and y = 2πn2 + π, n1 , n2 ∈ Z

dy √
6. Obtain given that y = coth−1 (5 − 4 x).
dx
√
Solution 0.6. From y = coth−1 (5 − 4 x) we would use chain rule to find the derivative.
√
Now, let u = 5 − 4 x then du
dx
=√ −2
x
. Thus, y = coth−1 (u) and du
dy 1
= 1−u 2.
3

3
The art of doing mathematics is finding
that special case that contains all the germs of generality - David Hilbert

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 Hence,
dy −2 1
=√ √ 2 =√ √
dx x(1 − (5 − 4 x) ) x(8x − 20 x + 12)

√ √ √ dy
7. If y = sin−1 x 1 − x − x 1 − x2 , find


.
dy
√ √ √
Solution 0.7. Let u = x 1 − x − x 1 − x2 then
√ √ √
du x 1 − x2 (3x − 2) + 1 − x(1 − 3x2 )
=− √ √
dx 2 x − x2 1 − x2
dy √ 1
With du
= 1−u2
. Hence,

√ √ √
dy x 1 − x2 (3x − 2) + 1 − x(1 − 3x2 )
=− √ √ √ √ √
q
dx
2
2 x − x 1 − x 1 − x 1 − x − x 1 − x2
2 2

© NAMSSN UI

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Editor : Akerele Olofin
Academic Director (Mathematics Department)