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Single Row Function

The document provides an overview of various SQL single row functions, including their syntax and examples. Functions such as LOWER(), UPPER(), INITCAP(), REVERSE(), LENGTH(), SUBSTR(), SYSDATE, SYSTIMESTAMP, TO_CHAR(), INSTR(), NVL(), MOD(), and REPLACE() are explained. Additionally, it describes the DUAL table, which is used for performing operations in SQL.

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4 views16 pages

Single Row Function

The document provides an overview of various SQL single row functions, including their syntax and examples. Functions such as LOWER(), UPPER(), INITCAP(), REVERSE(), LENGTH(), SUBSTR(), SYSDATE, SYSTIMESTAMP, TO_CHAR(), INSTR(), NVL(), MOD(), and REPLACE() are explained. Additionally, it describes the DUAL table, which is used for performing operations in SQL.

Uploaded by

merlinthemagician007
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SINGLE ROW FUNCTION:

SRF:
● SRF EXECUTES ROW BY ROW
● IT TAKES 1 IP EXECUTES & GENERATE 1 OP THEN GOES TO NEXT IP
● IF WE PASS N NUMBER OF IP’S TO SRF, IT RETURNS N NUMBER OF OP’S.

DUAL:

IT IS A DUMMY TABLE THAT IS PRESENT IN ALL THE


DATABASE TO PERFORM ANY OPERATIONS.

LOWER():

THIS IS FUN IS USED TO CONVERT THE STRING FROM UPPER


CASE TO LOWER CASE.

SYNTAX: LOWER(‘STRING’)

EX:
SELECT LOWER(‘VIKAS’)
FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT LOWER('VIKAS')


2 FROM DUAL;

LOWER
-----
vikas
UPPER():

THIS IS USED TO CONVERT THE STRING FROM LOWER CASE


TO UPPER CASE.

SYNTAX:

UPPER(‘string’)

EX:

Select upper(‘vikas’)
From dual;

SQL> select upper('vikas')


2 from dual;

UPPER
VIKAS

INITCAP():

THIS FUN IS USED TO CONVERT THE INITIAL CHARACTER INTO


UPPER CASE.

SYNTAX: INITCAP(‘STRING’)

EX:

SELECT INITCAP(‘VIKAS’)
FROM DUAL;
SQL> SELECT INITCAP('VIKAS')
2 FROM DUAL;

INITC
-----
Vikas

REVERSE():

THIS FUN IS USED TO REVERSE THE STRING.

SYNTAX:

REVERSE(‘STRING’)

EX:

SELECT REVERSE(‘VIKAS’)
FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT REVERSE('VIKAS')


2 FROM DUAL;

REVER
-----
SAKIV
LENGTH():

THIS FU IS USED TO FIND THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS IN A


GIVEN STRING.

SYNTAX: LENGTH(‘STRING’)

EX:

SELECT LENGTH(‘VIKAS’)
FROM DUAL;SQL> SELECT LENGTH('VIKAS')
2 FROM DUAL;

LENGTH('VIKAS')
---------------
5

SUBSTR():

THIS FUN IS USED TO EXTRACT THE PART OF THE STRING


FROM THE ORIGINAL STRING.

SYNTAX:

SUBSTR(‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, POSITION,[LENGTH])

EX:

SELECT SUBSTR(‘BENGALURU’,1,3)

SQL> SELECT SUBSTR('BENGALURU',1,3)


2 FROM DUAL;

SUB
---
BEN

SELECT SUBSTR(‘BENGALURU’,3,2) // NG

SYSDATE:

IT IS USED TO FIND THE DATE PRESENT IN THE SYSTEM.

SYNTAX: SELECT SYSDATE


FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE


2 FROM DUAL;

SYSDATE
---------
23-FEB-23

SYSTIMESTAMP:

THIS FUN IS USED TO FIND THE DATE & TIME ALONG WITH TIME
ZONE.

SYNTAX: SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP


FROM DUAL;
SQL> SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP
2 FROM DUAL;

SYSTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
23-FEB-23 05.24.46.472000 PM +05:30

TO_CHAR():

THIS FUN IS USED TO CONVERT THE GIVEN DATE TO STRING


FORMAT.

SYNTAX:

TO_CHAR(DATE, ‘FORMAT_MODELS’);

FORMAT_MODELS/TOOLS:

1. YEAR
2. YYYY
3. YY
4. MONTH
5. MON
6. MM
7. DAY
8. DY
9. DD
10. D
11. HH24
12. HH12
13. MI
14. SS
1] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YEAR’)

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR')


2 FROM DUAL;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR')
------------------------------------------
TWENTY TWENTY-THREE

2] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YYYY’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO_C
----
2023

3] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YY’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
23

4] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MONTH’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MONTH')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO_CHAR(S
---------
FEBRUARY

5] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MONTH’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO_
---
FEB

6] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MM’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MM')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
TO
--
02

7] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DAY’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO_CHAR(S
---------
THURSDAY

8] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DD’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
23

9] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘D’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'D')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

T
-
5
10] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘HH24’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
17

11] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘HH24’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH12')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
05

12] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘HH24’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MI')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
39

13] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘SS’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'SS')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO
--
06

14] TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DY’)

1 SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY')
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

TO_
---
THU

INSTR():
THIS FUN IS USED TO FIND THE INDEX VALUE OF THE
SUBSTRING WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE ORIGINAL STRING.
(INDEX VALUE- POSITION OF THE CHARACTER).

SYNTAX:

INSTR(‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, ‘SUB_STR’,POSITION,[NTH
OCCURANCE])

EX:

BANANA

INSTR(‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 1,1)

SQL> SELECT INSTR('BANANA','A',1,1)


2 FROM DUAL;

INSTR('BANANA','A',1,1)
-----------------------
2

INSTR(‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 1,2)

1 SELECT INSTR('BANANA','A',1,2)
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
INSTR('BANANA','A',1,2)
-----------------------
4

NVL(NULL VALUE LOGIC):

IT CAN ACCEPT 2 ARGUMENTS.

IN ARG1, WE MUST WRITE A COLUMN_NAME OR EXPRESSION


THAT CAN BE NULL.

IN ARG2, WE MUST WRITE A VALUE THAT CAN BE


SUBSTITUTED IN PLACE OF NULL.

IF ARG1 IS NOT NULL, NVL RETURNS SAME VALUE PRESENT IN


THE ARG.

SYNTAX:

NVL(ARG1,ARG2)

1] WAQTD TOTAL SAL OF EMP’S.


SELECT SAL+COMM
FROM EMP;
SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0)
FROM EMP;

MOD():

IT IS A FUN WHICH IS USED TO FIND THE MODULUS OF A GIVEN


NUMBER.

SYNTAX: MOD(M,N)

EX:

SELECT MOD(7,2)
FROM DUAL;

SQL> SELECT MOD(7,2)


2 FROM DUAL;

MOD(7,2)
----------
1

REPLACE():

THIS FUN IS USED TO REPLACE THE SUBSTRING WITH NEW


STRING IN GIVEN ORIGINAL STRING.

SYNTAX:

REPLACE(‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, ‘SUB_STR’, [‘NEW_STRING’])


EX:

SELECT REPLACE (‘QSPIDERS’,’S’,’J’)


FROM DUAL;

1 SELECT REPLACE ('QSPIDERS','S','J')


2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

REPLACE(
--------
QJPIDERJ

1 SELECT REPLACE ('QSPIDERS','Q','J')


2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

REPLACE(
--------
JSPIDERS

1 SELECT REPLACE ('QSPIDERS','Q')


2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

REPLACE
-------
SPIDERS

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