1) Explain Inheritance in Java

Inheritance is one of the core principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that allows a new class (subclass or child
class) to inherit the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of an existing class (superclass or parent class). It enables
code reusability and establishes a natural hierarchical relationship between classes.

Key Points:

 extends Keyword: A child class inherits from a parent class using the extends keyword.

 Reusability: Code from the parent class can be reused in the child class, reducing redundancy.

 Method Overriding: A subclass can override methods of the parent class to provide specific implementations.

Example:

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class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

// Overriding the parent method

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.sound(); // Output: Dog barks

In this example, the Dog class inherits the sound() method from the Animal class and overrides it to
provide a specific behavior.

2) Using Array Input and Output Progress

To handle arrays in Java, we often need to take inputs for the array elements and print the output. Here's an example
showing how to read inputs from the user for an array and display the array contents.

Example:

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import java.util.Scanner;

public class ArrayInputOutput {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Step 1: Declare and initialize an array

int[] numbers = new int[5];

// Step 2: Input array elements from the user

System.out.println("Enter 5 integers:");

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

numbers[i] = scanner.nextInt();

// Step 3: Output the array elements

System.out.println("The entered integers are:");

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

System.out.println(numbers[i]);

scanner.close();

Explanation:

 We declare an integer array of size 5.

 The user is prompted to input 5 integers, which are stored in the array.

 The entered integers are then printed using a simple for loop.

3) Explain JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the engine that runs Java bytecode. When a Java program is
compiled, it is converted into platform-independent bytecode, which the JVM interprets and
executes.

Key Functions of the JVM:

1. Execution of Bytecode: The JVM reads and executes the compiled bytecode generated by
the Java compiler.

2. Memory Management: The JVM manages memory allocation and deallocation through a
mechanism called Garbage Collection.

3. Platform Independence: Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can be run on any
device with a JVM, making Java platform-independent.

4. Class Loading: JVM loads classes as needed during runtime.

Components of JVM:

 Classloader: Responsible for loading .class files.

 Runtime Data Area: Memory areas used by the JVM, including the heap, stack, method area,
and more.

 Execution Engine: Contains the interpreter and JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler for executing
bytecode.

JVM Architecture:

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+-----------------------------+

| ClassLoader |

+-----------------------------+

| Runtime Data Areas |

+-----------------------------+

| Execution Engine |

+-----------------------------+

| Native Method Interface |

+-----------------------------+

4) Explain Polymorphism and Overriding

Polymorphism:

Polymorphism is the ability of a single entity (method or object) to take multiple forms. In Java, polymorphism is primarily
achieved through method overloading and method overriding.
 1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading):

o Multiple methods can have the same name but different parameters.

o The method that gets called is determined at compile time based on the method signature.

Example:

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class MathOperations {

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

2. Run-time Polymorphism (Method Overriding):

o When a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its
superclass.

o The method to be called is determined at runtime based on the object.

Method Overriding:

Overriding is a form of runtime polymorphism where a subclass provides its own implementation of a method that is
inherited from the parent class. The method signature (name and parameters) remains the same, but the behavior can be
changed.

Example:

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class Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override

void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myCat = new Cat();

myCat.sound(); // Output: Cat meows

Key Differences:

 Overloading is compile-time polymorphism (same method name but different parameters).

 Overriding is runtime polymorphism (same method name, same parameters, different class).

Summary:

 Inheritance allows one class to inherit fields and methods from another.

 Arrays in Java can take inputs and display outputs using loops.

 JVM executes Java bytecode and handles memory management and class loading.

 Polymorphism enables methods to take different forms, with overloading at compile time
and overriding at runtime.