CS 102

Object Oriented Programming

Access Modifiers
 Bank Account – version 9
2

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Bank Account – version 9
3

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Definition of deposit
4

¨ We should not allow depositing negative amount of

money.
¨ How?
Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deposit

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit function
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit function
6

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit function
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Bank Account
8

¨ Can you think of any other controls that we should

have?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Bank Account
9

¨ Can you think of any other controls that we should

have?
¨ A bank account should get a number during
initialization.
¨ A bank account should not have negative initial
balance.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
10

¨ Assume that we don’t have the interest rate

¨ We have the following constructors:

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
11

¨ A bank account should get a number during

initialization.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
12

¨ A bank account should get a number during

initialization.
¨ Remove the following constructor.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
13

¨ A bank account should get a number during

initialization.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
14

¨ A bank account should not have negative initial

balance.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Negative Initial Balance
15

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
16

¨ A bank account should not have negative initial

balance.
¨ We should have check the initial balance.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Constructors
17

¨ A bank account should not have negative initial

balance.
¨ We should have check the initial balance.
¨ If it is negative, the balance should be 0.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 What is the output?
18

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 What is the output?
19

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 So, are we done?
20

¨ With changing the constructor and the deposit

function, are we sure that balance will not be a
negative amount?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 What is the output?
21

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 What is the output?
22

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Class instances
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¨ The class instances need to be protected.

¨ We need to keep the control of how these instances
are accessed.
¨ How?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Class instances
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¨ The class instances need to be protected.

¨ We need to keep the control of how these instances
are accessed.
¨ How?
¤ Encapsualtion: A mechanism that provides protection of
some features of the class from the users.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Class instances
25

¨ The class instances need to be protected.

¨ We need to keep the control of how these instances
are accessed.
¨ How?
¤ Encapsualtion: A mechanism that provides protection of
some features of the class from the users. à Through
using access modifiers.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifier
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¨ They are used to set access levels for classes,

variables, and other entries.

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 Access Specification
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¨ Access modifier
¤ For the top level classes it can be either
n public or : visible to the earth
n default (no keyword) : visible only within the same package

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 Access Specification
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¨ These variables don’t have any particular access

modifier, therefore they are visible …?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Specification
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¨ These variables don’t have any particular access

modifier, therefore they are visible and accessible
from only within the same package (package-
private).

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Specification
30

¨ Let’s try to use them from outside the package

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 Access Specification
31

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Specification
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Specification
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Specification
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number, balance and currency

are visible in everywhere!

No access
related errors!

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Important!!!
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¨ However, making everything public is not the solution.

¤ When something is public, it can be accessed and also can
be modified from everywhere!
¨ It is also not a good idea to leave it package-private.
¤ In default case (without any access modifier) that
information can be accessed and modified everywhere
within the package.
¨ These are not optimum solutions.
¨ You should encapsulate that information and limit its
access and make sure that it can be modified only
within your control.
Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming
 Controlling Access to Entries
36

¨ Each entry (class, class instance, member function) in

a Java class is marked with one of the following
keywords to control which classes have access to
that entry:
¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Controlling Access to Entries
37

¨ Each entry (class, class instance, member function) in

a Java class is marked with one of the following
keywords to control which classes have access to
that entry:
¤ public: the entry is accessible from everywhere
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Controlling Access to Entries
38

¨ Each entry (class, class instance, member function) in

a Java class is marked with one of the following
keywords to control which classes have access to
that entry:
¤ public
¤ private: the entry is accessible only within the class,
invisible everywhere outside the class
¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Controlling Access to Entries
39

¨ Each entry (class, class instance, member function) in

a Java class is marked with one of the following
keywords to control which classes have access to
that entry:
¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default): entry is accessible to classes

inside the same package, invisible to all the others.
package private.
¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Controlling Access to Entries
40

¨ Each entry (class, class instance, member function) in

a Java class is marked with one of the following
keywords to control which classes have access to
that entry:
¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected: entry is accessible to the class itself, other

classes inside the same package and all subclasses.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
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¨ Which one is the most restrictive one?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
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¨ Which one is the most restrictive one?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
43

¨ Which one is the least restrictive one?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
44

¨ Which one is the least restrictive one?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
45

¨ Rank them in increasing order of restrictiveness?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers
46

¨ Rank them in increasing order of restrictiveness?

¤ public
¤ private

¤ no keyword (default)

¤ protected

¨ Answer:
¤ public, protected, default, private
n protected entities can be accessed by subclasses in other
packages

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers: Access levels
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¨ private: the class itself

¨ default: private + classes inside the same package
¨ protected: default + all subclasses
¨ public: all classes

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers: Access levels
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Class Package Subclass World

public
protected
default
private

Source: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Access Modifiers: Access levels
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Class Package Subclass World

public Y Y Y Y
protected Y Y Y N
default Y Y N N
private Y N N N

Source: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 For most of the cases…
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¨ Class instances should be private

¤ Only the class itself can access these variables
¤ They are visible only inside the class definition
n Only member functions of the class can access them
¤ They are invisible outside the class
¤ Therefore, the control is on the class itself only.

¨ There may be times for exceptions.

¤ Example: during inheritance

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 For most of the cases…
51

¨ Class methods should be public or private

¤ public if they will be used publicly
¤ private if they are useful for another class function but
not to be used by other classes directly
¨ There can be exceptions to these.

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 Bank Account – version 10
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¨ Class instances

¨ Member functions were public already

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 No write access
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 No read access
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 Accessing Class Instances
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¨ Since class instances are private, we won’t have

direct access to those instances
¤ no read or write access
¨ How can we access them?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Accessing Class Instances
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¨ Since class instances are private, we won’t have

direct access to those instances
¤ no read or write access
¨ How can we access them?
¤ by using getters and setters

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 Getters and Setters
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¨ Get and set methods allow customized access to

class instances
¤ getter for read access
n returns the class instance without modifying
¤ setter for write access
n modifies the class instance
n mostly assigns the function argument’s value to the class
instance

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 An example getter function
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¨ getter for read access

¤ returns the class instance without modifying

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 An example getter function
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¨ getter for read access

¤ returns the class instance without modifying

¤ What other getter functions do we need?

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 Getter Function
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 Setters
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¨ Using private for class instances give more control to

the class.
¨ The class can enforce legal value assignments
through setters.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 An example setter function
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¨ setter for write access

¤ modifies the class instance
¤ mostly assigns the function argument’s value to the class
instance

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 An example setter function
63

¨ setter for write access

¤ modifies the class instance
¤ mostly assigns the function argument’s value to the class
instance

¤ Do we need other setter functions?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Setter Functions
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¨ Do we need other setter functions?

¤ account number
n Initialized when an account is created
n Cannot be changed afterwards

¤ account balance
n We don’t use a set function but instead
n Deposit: to put money in a bank account
n Withdraw: to remove money from a bank account

Source:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary

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 deposit and withdraw functions
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¨ We already have the deposit function

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit and withdraw functions
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¨ Can you write down the withdraw function?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit and withdraw functions
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¨ Can you write down the withdraw function?

¤ Do not let withdraw if
n withdraw amount is negative
n withdraw amount is larger than the balance

¤ Otherwise
n withdraw the money and update the balance

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit and withdraw functions
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit and withdraw functions
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 deposit and withdraw functions
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Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 setCurrency function
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¨ Lets review setCurrency function

¨ 1 USD = 18. 22TL

¨ How should we modify the above function?

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 setCurrency function
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 What is the output?
75

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 Unknown currency?
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¨ What happens in the following case?

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Unknown currency?
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¨ How can we fix this setCurrency function?

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 Fixing setCurrency Function
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 Unknown currency?
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¨ The same thing can happen in constructor as well.

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 Unknown currency?
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¨ The same thing can happen in constructor as well.

¨ In default we should set it to “TL”

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 Fixing Constructors (Account V12)
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 Code Repetition
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 Code Repetition
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How can we write a

function for this check?

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 Private Function
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 Private Function
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 Private Function
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 Private Function
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¨ Functions which are helper functions to other

member functions should be kept private.
¤ Private function can be accessed from within the class.
¤ Private function can not be accessed from outside the
class.

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Get and Set Functions
89

¨ Setter methods usually begins with ‘set’ prefix.

¤ setCurrency
¨ Getter methods usually begins with ‘get’ prefix.
¤ getCurrency
¤ But there is an exception for Boolean values
n For Boolean values the prefix ‘is’ usually used.

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 Boolean Get Functions (Account V13)
90

¨ Getter methods usually begins with ‘get’ prefix.

¤ But there is an exception for Boolean values
n For Boolean values the prefix ‘is’ usually used.

¤ Assume that some accounts can be active while some of

them are not. They can be on hold.
n Keep active information within a boolean

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 Boolean Get Functions (Account V13)
91

¨ Getter methods usually begins with ‘get’ prefix.

¤ But there is an exception for Boolean values
n For Boolean values the prefix ‘is’ usually used.

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 Get Functions (Account V13)
92

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 Get Functions (Account V13)
93

¨ For set functions you can still use ‘set’ prefix

¤ setActive

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 Ways of printing out the object - 1
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¨ get methods for accessing class instances one by one

Ozyegin University - CS 102 - Object Oriented Programming

 Ways of printing out the object - 2
95

¨ report method for printing report of the account

 Ways of printing out the object
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¨ Similar to other primitive types, can we just use the

object inside System.out.println() function?

¨ What do you think the output will look like?

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 Ways of printing out the object
97

¨ Similar to other primitive types, can we just use the

object inside System.out.println() function?

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 Ways of printing out the object
98

¨ Similar to other primitive types, can we just use the

object inside System.out.println() function?

¨ In order to get smt meaningful, we need to override

toString method of the class.
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 toString method
99

¨ toString method tells Java how to display an object

of the class.
¨ It returns a String representation of the object.

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 toString method
100

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103 Any Questions ?

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