Aóg †kªwY; welq : weÁvb

01922001985
RIP SIR
mv‡Rk‡bi DËigvjv
mswÿß DËi:
1| wefe kw³ Kv‡K e‡j?
D: wKQz wKQz e¯`i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i KvR Ki‡j †mB KvRUzKz kw³ wn‡m‡e Rwg‡q ivLv hvq| weÁv‡bi fvlvq, GB
kw³i mvaviY bvg wefekw³| D`vniY¯^iƒc, ¸jwZi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| ¸jwZi wfZ‡i kw³ mÂq K‡i ivLv hvq
Ges ‡mB kw³i gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv e¯` Qz‡oI gviv hvq| GKB NUbv Zx‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI †`Lv hvq| aby‡K †h wefe kw³ Rgv
_v‡K †mwU Zxi‡K Qz‡o †`q|
2| wdkvb I wdDkvb wewµqv Kx?
D: wdkvb wewµqv: wbDwK¬q wdkvb n‡jv Ggb GKwU cvigvYweK wewµqv †hLv‡b cvigvYweK wbDwK¬qv‡mi fvOb N‡U
Ges Zv ÿz`ªvw` ÿz`ª As‡k wef³ nq| mvaviYfv‡e †h mKj cigvYy cvigvYweK msL¨v 83 ev Zvi †ewk Zviv wdkvb
wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i| GB cÖwµqvq GKwU eo wbDwK¬qvm †f‡O `ywU †QvU wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi nq Ges †hUzKz fi K‡g
hvq †mwU E = mc 2 wn‡m‡e kw³ wn‡m‡e †ei n‡q Av‡m| cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K‡›`ª GB cÖwµqvq we`y¨r Drcbœ n‡q
_v‡K|
wdDkvb wewµqv: Aciw`‡K wdDkvb n‡jv Ggb GKwU wewµqv †hLv‡b, `yBwU †QvU wbDwK¬qvm GKÎ n‡q GKwU eo
wbDwK¬qvm ˆZwi nq| GB cÖwµqvq cÖPzi kw³ wbM©Z nq| GB cÖwµqv m~h©mn wewfbœ D”P-gvÎvi Zviv‡K kw³ †`q|
3| GKwU BwÇbi ÿgZv 200W Gi A_© Kx?
D: IqvU (Watt) n‡jv cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û wbw`©ó cwigvY KvR Kivi ÿgZv| GKwU BwÇbi ÿgZv 200W Gi A_© n‡jv
BwÃbwU cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 200J KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z mÿg|
4| wefe kw³ e¯`i fi I D”PZvi Dci wbf©ikxj †Kb?
D: ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’v †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †Kv‡bv e¯`‡K Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb ev Ae¯’vq Avb‡j e¯` KvR Kivi †h
mvg_¨© AR©b K‡i, Zv‡K wefe kw³ e‡j| wefekw³ †ei Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb nq| e¯`wUi fi, AwfKl©R
Z¡iY Ges miY ev D”PZvi ¸YdjB n‡jv wefekw³| †h‡nZz, fi I D”PZv Qvov wefekw³ †ei Kiv m¤¢e bq, ZvB
ejv hvq wefekw³ e¯`i fi I D”PZvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
5| †eM Kv‡K e‡j?
D: GKK mg‡q ev cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯` wbw`©ó w`‡K †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K †eM e‡j| GwU GKwU
†f±i ivwk Ges Gi gvb abvZ¥K, k~b¨ ev FYvZ¥KI n‡Z cv‡i| †e‡Mi GKK 𝑚𝑠 −1 |
6| g›`b Kv‡K e‡j?
D: e¯`i †eM n«v‡mi nvi‡K g›`b e‡j| A_ev, GKK mg‡q ev cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û e¯`i †e‡Mi †h n«vm N‡U Zv‡K g›`b e‡j|
g›`b‡K FYvZ¥K Z¡iYI ejv n‡q _v‡K| Avw`‡eM > †kl‡eM n‡j g›`b N‡U| g›`‡bi GKK n‡jv 𝑚𝑠 −2 |
7| MwZi `ywU mgxKiY wjL|

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 D: MwZi mgxKiY n‡jv Ggb MvwYwZK mgxKiY hv †Kv‡bv e¯`i MwZ, Z¡iY, mgq Ges AwZµvšÍ `~i‡Z¡i gv‡S m¤úK©
¯’vcb K‡i| G¸‡jv g~jZ e¯`i mij‡iLvq mgZ¡i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq| wb‡¤œ MwZi cÖavb `yBwU mgxKiY D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv- (1) v = u+at; ‡hLv‡b, v = ‡kl †eM, u = Avw` †eM, a = Z¡iY, t = mgq
1
(2) s = ut + 𝑎𝑡 2 ; †hLv‡b, s = miY
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8| c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨‡K mij wUmy¨ ejv nq †Kb?

D: mij wUmy¨ n‡jv Ggb ¯’vqx wUmy¨i Ask †hLv‡b cÖwZwU †Kv‡li AvKvi, AvK…wZ Ges KvR GKB| †h‡nZz c¨v‡ibKvBgv
wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jvi AKvvi, AvK…wZ, MVb Ges KvR GKB, ZvB ejv hvq, c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨ mij wUmy¨i GKwU aib|
mij wUmy¨i b¨vq G wUmy¨i †KvlcÖvPxi cvZjv, †mjy‡jR wbwg©Z I †cÖv‡UvcøvRghy³|
9| cwienb wUmy¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
D: cwienb wUmy¨ ej‡Z Dw™¢‡`i GK we‡kl wUmy¨‡K †evSvq hv cvwb, LwbR jeY Ges Lv`¨`ªe¨ Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ As‡k
cwienb K‡i| g~jZ `yB ai‡bi cwienb wUmy¨ i‡q‡Q| Avi Zv n‡jv-RvB‡jg Ges †d¬v‡qg| RvB‡jg cvwb I LwbR
jeY Ges †d¬v‡qg cvZvq Drcbœ Lv`¨ cwienb K‡i|
10| wUmy¨KvjPvi Kv‡K e‡j? Gi e¨envi wjL|
D: wUmy¨ KvjPvi n‡jv Dw™¢‡`i †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ask †_‡K wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k bZzb Dw™¢` ˆZwi Kivi GKwU cÖhyw³| GB
cÖwµqvq RxevYygy³ cywómg„× gva¨g e¨envi Kiv nq, hv‡Z `ªæZ †Kvl wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb MvQ Rb¥vq| wUmy¨
KvjPv‡ii d‡j Aí mg‡q wecyj cwigvY MvQ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| `y¯úªvc¨ Ges wejyß cÖvq cÖRvwZ msiÿY Kiv hvq| Gi
d‡j †ivMgy³ DbœZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Dw™¢‡`i m„wó Kiv hvq|
11| RvB‡jg‡K †Kb cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq?
D: RvB‡jg wUmy¨ Dw™¢`‡K `„pZv cÖ`vbKvix Ab¨Zg wUmy¨, hvi KvR n‡jv Dw™¢‡`i g~j Øviv †kvwlZ cvwb Ges LwbR
jeY Dw™¢‡`i wewfbœ As‡k cwienb Kiv| Gi cÖavb KvR cvwb PjvPj wbwðZ Kiv, hv Dw™¢‡`i e„w× I wewfbœ
kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvq Acwinvh©| Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y RvB‡jg‡K cwienb wUmy¨ ejv nq|
12| mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm I K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm wK?
D: †h cÖwµqvq †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq mvB‡UvcøvRg wefvwRZ nq, ZvB mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm| Aciw`‡K, wbDwK¬qv‡mi
wefvRb‡K K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm e‡j| K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm Av‡M N‡U AZtci mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm m¤úbœ nq| hvi d‡j GKK
†Kvl †_‡K `ywU †Kvl ˆZwi nq|
13| A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvl wefvRb ejv nq †Kb?
D: A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvRb n‡jv Avw` GK‡Kvlx Rx‡ei eske„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wefvRb| A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm
cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó avc _v‡K bv| G‡Z mivmwi, wWGbG cÖwZwjcb Ges mvB‡UvcøvRg wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g AcZ¨
†Kvl MVb K‡i| GB wefvR‡b †Kv‡bv RwUj cÖwµqv bv _vKvq G‡K cÖZ¨ÿ †Kvl wefvRb ejv nq|
14| µwms Ifvi wK?
D: µwms Ifvi g~jZ GKwU †mjyjvi cÖwµqv †hwU wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b N‡U Ges GLv‡b GKB ai‡bi
†µv‡gvRg¸‡jv mvwie× _v‡K| GLv‡b wg‡qvwmm-1 †Kvl wefvR‡bi †cÖv‡dR-1 G †µv‡gvRg¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨

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 †Rvoo evu‡a Ges Zviv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wWGbG wewbgq K‡i| GB cÖwµqv‡KB µwms Ifvi e‡j| µwms Ifv‡ii d‡j
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wRbmg~‡ni g~j web¨v‡mi cwieZ©b N‡U, d‡j RxeRM‡Z ˆewP‡Îi m„wó nq|
15| Pv‡qi wjKv‡i †jeyi im †hvM Ki‡j Kx ai‡Yi ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U eywS‡q †jL|
D: GLv‡b Pv‡qi wjKv‡i mvBwUªK A¨vwmWhy³ †jeyi im †hvM Ki‡j Pv‡qi is e`‡j hvq ev i‡Oi cwieZ©b nq| G
ai‡bi cwieZ©b ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b e‡j we‡ewPZ| †hme cwieZ©‡b wfbœ e‡Y©i I a‡g©i bZzb c`v_© Drcbœ nq, †mme
cwieZ©b‡K ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b e‡j| GLv‡b, †jeyi im Pv‡qi wjKv‡i †hvM Kivq Pv‡qi Kv‡jv is cwiewZ©Z n‡q jvj
is n‡q‡Q Ges †mwU Zvi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbv hv‡”Q bv| ZvB G ai‡bi cwieZ©b GKwU ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b|
16| `nb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? GKwU D`vniY `vI|
D: `nb wewµqv n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wewµqv †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv c`v_© Aw•‡R‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Av‡jv I Zvckw³
Drcbœ K‡i| `nb wewµqvq Aek¨B Aw•‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b Aw•‡Rb GKwU wewµqK wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| †hgb: mvjdvi (𝑠) bv‡gi †gŠj‡K Zvc †`Iqv n‡j mvjdvi (𝑠) evZv‡mi Aw•‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i
mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW (𝑠𝑜2 ) bv‡gi M¨vm ˆZwi K‡i Zvc Drcbœ K‡i| wewµqvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
𝑠 + 𝑜2 → 𝑠𝑜2
17| we`y¨r kw³ Kxfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv hvq †jL|
D: GLv‡b Avgiv e¨vUvwi‡Z ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r kw³ †c‡q _vwK| KviY, we`y¨r kw³ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨
mvaviY ﮋ †Kvl wR¼, A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW, Kve©b ¸uov I g¨v½vwbR WvB-A•vB‡Wi g‡a¨ wewµqv nq| hLb GB
ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡gB we`y¨r kw³ m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gfv‡eB we`y¨r kw³ ˆZwi nq|
18| †hvRbx ej‡Z Kx eyS?
D: †Kv‡bv GKwU †gŠj Aci ‡gŠ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi mvg_¨©‡K-B †hvRbx ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji
GKwU cigvYy KZ¸‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi msL¨v‡K H †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx ejv nq| †hgb:
wg‡_b M¨vm (𝐶𝐻4 ) G Kve©‡bi †hvRbx Pvi| KviY GB †hŠ‡M PviwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q|
19| o2− ej‡Z Kx eyS?
D: GLv‡b o2− Øviv Aw•‡R‡bi GKwU A¨vbvqb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Avgiv Rvwb, PvR©hy³ cigvYy‡K Avqb ejv nq|
GLv‡b, hLb †Kv‡bv cigvYy me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯Í‡i GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i, ZLb †mwU FYvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ
nq| GwU A¨vbvqb bv‡g cwiwPZ| GLv‡b o2− G Aw•‡Rb †gŠj Zvi wbKU¯’ †gŠj n‡Z 2wU B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i
me©ewnt¯’ ¯Í‡i 8wU B‡jKUªb c~iY K‡i, hv A¨vbvqb| ZvB o2− Øviv A¨vbvqb wb‡`©wkZ nq|
20| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq Ggb PviwU DcKi‡Yi bvg †jL|
D: Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq Ggb 4wU DcKi‡Yi bvg wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
(1) ‡U÷wUDe
(2) weKvi
(3) _v‡g©vwgUvi
(4) AbyexÿYhš¿
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iPbvg~jK cÖkœ (`„k¨cUwenxb)
1| MwZkw³ Kv‡K e‡j? Kxfv‡e MwZkw³ wefekw³‡Z cwiYZ nq?
D: MwZkw³: GKwU e¯`i †e‡Mi Rb¨ Zvi †fZ‡i †h kw³ m„wó nq Zv‡K MwZkw³ ev Keinetic Energy e‡j| G‡K
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Ek Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GwU e¯`i fi (m) I †eM (v) Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| MwZkw³ wbY©‡qi m~Î Ek = 𝑚𝑣 2
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MwZkw³ wefekw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi: hLb †Kv‡bv e¯` D”PZvq DVv‡bv nq, ZLb Zvi MwZkw³‡Z ax‡i ax‡i wefekw³‡Z
cwiYZ nq| D`vniY: hw` GKwUm ej‡K gvwU †_‡K Dc‡i wb‡ÿc Kiv nq Z‡e ejwUi MwZkw³ ax‡i ax‡i wefkw³‡Z
cwieZ©b nq| hLb ejwU m‡ev©”P D”PZvq †cŠuQvq ZLb Zvi MwZkw³ k~b¨ Ges wefekw³ m‡ev©”P nq| hLb †mB ejwU
gvwUi w`‡K wd‡i, ZLb Zvi wefekw³ Avevi MwZkw³‡Z cwieZ©b nq| G‡ÿ‡Î kw³ iƒcvšÍi N‡U| Z‡e †gvU kw³
msiwÿZ _v‡K|
Av‡iKwU D`vniY n‡jv- GKwU ej‡K Dci †_‡K †d‡j †`Iqv n‡jv| †d‡j †`Iqvi mgq wefekw³ nq m‡ev©”P I
MwZkw³ nq k~b¨| bvg‡Z bvg‡Z MwZkw³ evo‡Z _v‡K I wefekw³ n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| gvwUi mv‡_ ¯úk© Kivi gyû‡Z©
wefekw³ n‡e k~b¨ Ges MwZkw³ n‡e m‡ev©”P|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †evSvq hvq †h, Kxfv‡e MwZkw³ wefekw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi nq|
2| wefekw³ Kx? w¯úªs Gi †ÿ‡Î wefekw³ e¨vL¨v Ki|
D: wefekw³ (Potential Energy) n‡jv †h †Kv‡bv e¯`i Ae¯’vb ev AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y mwÂZ nq|
mvaviYZ wefekw³ AwfKl©, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, ˆe`y¨wZK ej cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y mwÂZ nq|
w¯úªs Gi wefekw³: w¯úªs‡qi gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB wefekw³i aviYv cvIqv hvq| wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wefekw³ †evSv‡bv
n‡jv-

mvaviY Ae¯’vq w¯úªs‡qi msKzwPZ Ae¯’v nvZ w`‡q `yB cÖvšÍ a‡i w¯úªs‡qi m¤úªmvwiZ Ae¯’v|
wPÎ: w¯úªs-G wefekw³
(w¯úªs Gi ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY)
w¯úªs mvaviYZ msKzwPZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| hLb w¯úªs†K †U‡b cÖmvwiZ Kiv nq ZLb w¯úªs Avevi msKzwPZ n‡Z Pvq; wKš`
†mwU Zvi c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| KviY nvZ w`‡q a‡i ivLvq w¯úªs-Gi Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y wefekw³ mwÂZ nq|
mwÂZ †mB wefekw³i gva¨‡g hLb nvZ †Q‡o †`Iqv nq †mwU Kv‡R jvwM‡qB MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q mvaviY
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| Gfv‡eB Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g w¯úªs G wefekw³ m„wó nq|
3| cv_©K¨ †jL: kw³ I ÿgZv|
D: wb‡Pi Q‡K kw³ I ÿgZv cv_©K¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
kw³ ÿgZv
1| kw³ n‡jv KvR m¤úv`‡bi mvg_¨©| 1| ÿgZv n‡jv GKK mg‡q K…ZKvR|
2| kw³i GKK Ryj| 2| ÿgZvi GKK IqvU|
3| kw³ †Kvb wbw`©ó KvR Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| 3| ÿgZv †`Lvq KZ `ªæZ †mB KvRwU m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

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 4| kw³ mg‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj bq| 4| ÿgZv mg‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj|
5| kw³ mwÂZ ev ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| 5| ÿgZv mwÂZ nq bv| GwU kw³ e¨env‡ii n‡e|

4| `ªæwZ I †e‡Mi g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ †jL|

D: `ªæwZ I †e‡Mi g‡a¨ 3wU cv_©K¨ wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Iqv n‡jv-
`ªæwZ †eM
1| GKK mg‡q AwZµšÍ `~iZ¡‡K `ªywZ e‡j| 1| GKK mg‡q wbw`©ó w`‡K AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡‡K †eM e‡j|
2| `ªæwZ †¯‹jvi ivwk| 2| †eM †f±i ivwk|
3| Gi †Kv‡bv w`K †bB| 3| Gi GKwU wbw`©ó w`K Av‡Q|

5| MwZi Z…Zxq mgxKiY e¨vL¨v Ki|

D: MwZ n‡jv GKwU †fŠZ Ae¯’v, †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¯` mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i| GB MwZi wZbwU mgxKiY
1
i‡q‡Q| h_v= v = u+at, s = ut + 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 | †hwU n‡”Q MwZi wZb b¤^i mgxKiY| GB
2

mgxKiYwU e¯`i †kl †eM, Avw`‡eM, Z¡iY Ges mi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| †hLv‡b,
v n‡jv e¯`i †kl †eM|
u n‡jv Avw`‡eM|
a n‡jv Z¡iY|
s n‡jv miY|
GB mgxKiY cÖvß Ab¨ `ywU MwZi mgxKiY‡K GKwÎZ K‡i, †hLv‡b t ev` w`‡q Avgiv t wenxb GKwU mgxKiY cvB|
†hwU Avevi aªæe Z¡i‡Yi m~Î wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ|
Avgiv GB mgxKi‡Yi ga¨‡g †Kv‡bv MwZkxj e¯`i Avw`‡eM, †kl‡eM, Z¡iY I miY wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| †Kv‡bv e¯`i
MwZi cÖK…wZ †evSvi Rb¨ GB Z…Zxq mgxKiYwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q MwZi Z…Zxq mgxKiYwU‡K 1g I 2q
mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvYI Kiv hvq| MwZi 1g mgxKi‡Y Dfq cÿ‡K eM© K‡i,
ev, 𝑣 2 = (𝑢 + 𝑎 +)2
ev, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝑡 2
1
ev, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎(𝑢𝑡 + + 𝑎𝑡 2
2

ev, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
1
[‡h‡nZz MwZi 2q mgxKiY 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 ] Gfv‡eB MwZi Z…Zxq mgxKi‡Yi DrcwË|
2

6| GKwU Dfqwj½dz‡ji wewfbœ Ask wPwnœZc~e©K wPnœ A¼b Ki|

D: D”PZi Dw™¢‡`i GKwU Av`k© dz‡j g~iZ cy®úvÿ, e„wZ, `jgÐj, cys¯ÍeK I ¯¿x¯ÍeK GB cvuPwU Ask †`Lv hvq|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cys¯ÍeK I ¯¿x¯ÍeK me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv Giv mivmwi cÖRb‡b Ask †bq| †h dz‡j GB cvuPwU AskB
Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© e‡j Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU bv _vK‡j Zv‡K Am¤ú~Y© dzj e‡j| hLb †Kv‡bv dz‡j GKB m‡½
cys¯ÍeK I ¯¿x¯ÍeK `y‡UvB Dcw¯’Z _v‡K, Zv‡K Dfqwj½ dzj e‡j| †hgb- Rev, ayZziv BZ¨vw`| G‡`i †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU

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 _vK‡j GKwj½ dzj I †Kv‡bvwUB bv _vK‡j K¬xewj½ dzj e‡j| wb‡¤œ Dfqwj½ dz‡ji wewfbœ Ask wPwnœZ c~e©K A¼b
Kiv n‡jv-

wPÎ: Dfqwj½ dzj|

7| dj Kv‡K e‡j? d‡ji wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
D: mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡jv dj| dj ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, wjPz, Kjv, AvOzi,
Av‡cj BZ¨vw` mywgó dj¸‡jv‡K eywS| wKš` cÖK…Z c‡ÿ jvD, Kzgov, wSOv, cUj BZ¨vw` hv wKQz Avgiv mewR wn‡m‡e
LvB †m¸‡jv meB dj| dz‡j wbwl³KiY †kl n‡jB dj MVb cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci Mf©vkq GKKfv‡e
A_ev dz‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Askmg~n cwicyó n‡q †h A½ MVb K‡i Zv‡K dj e‡j| dj g~jZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
(1) cÖK…Z dj|
(2) AcÖK…Z dj|
ïiæ Mf©vkq d‡j cwiYZ n‡j Zv‡K cÖK…Z dj e‡j| †hgb Avg, Rvg| Acic‡ÿ hLb Mf©vkqmn dz‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Ask
cyó n‡q d‡j cwiYZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K AcÖK…Z dj e‡j| †hgb-Av‡cj, PvjZv BZ¨vw`|
exR wbwl³ nIqvi c‡i,
* cÖwZwU wW¤^vYy GKwU exR wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq|
* cÖwZ ex‡R GKwU ÿz`ª Ges AweKwkZ Dw™¢` _v‡K hv‡K åƒY e‡j|
* wW¤^vYy¸‡jv‡K wN‡i _vKv wW¤^vkq Ggb GKwU dj wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq †hLv‡b GK ev GKvwaK exR _v‡K|
Giƒc e¨vcvi Ug¨v‡Uvi †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

wPÎ : U‡g‡Uv

6
8| cÎiÜ wK? Dw™¢`‡`‡n Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
D: cÎiÜ GK ai‡bi iÜ ev wQ`ª| cvZvq, KwP Kv‡Ð, dz‡ji e„wZ I cvcwo‡Z cÖwZwU cÎiÜ« `ywU iÿx‡Kvl w`‡q
†ewóZ _v‡K|
M¨vm Av`vb-cÖ`vb I Rjxq ev®ú wbtmi‡Yi Rb¨ cÎiÜ« e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GwU Dw™¢‡`i k^vm-cÖk^vm Ges ev®úxfe‡bi
Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡¤œ Gi ¸iæZ¡ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
* mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Kve©b-WvB-A•vBW MÖnY Ki‡Z Ges Aw•‡Rb wbM©Z Ki‡Z cÎiÜ«‡K †Lvjv ivL‡Z nq|
* cÎiÜ« w`‡q wekvj cwigvb cvwb Rjxq ev®ú wn‡m‡e †ei n‡q hvq|
* Dw™¢` †`‡n cvwb I LwbR je‡Yi PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡ki Av`ªZv eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
* cÎiÜ« Qvov cÖ‡¯^`b cÖwµqv PjvKvjxb cvwb ev®úvKv‡i †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv|
* cÎi‡Ü«i wbqš¿Y wVKg‡Zv bv n‡j Dw™¢` gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI Av‡iv A‡bK ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ ejv hvq †h, Dw™¢`‡`‡n cÎi‡Ü«i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
9| wg‡qvwmm †KvlwefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ‡jL|
D: †h †Kvl wefvRb cÖwµqvq 1wU Rbb mvB‡Kvl wefvwRZ n‡q 4wU Rbb †Kv‡l cwiYZ nq Zv‡K wg‡qvwmm †Kvl
wefvRb e‡j| GwU n«vmg~jK wefvRb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| RxeK~‡j wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ Zv
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-
(1) eske„w× I cÖRbb m¤úbœ K‡i|
(2) Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡l wg‡qvwmm bv NU‡j †µv‡gvRg msL¨v wظY n‡q †hZ|
(3) Rbb‡Kv‡l µwms Ifv‡ii d‡j RxfRM‡Z ˆewPΨ m„wó nq|
(4) wWcø‡qW Rx‡e Gi d‡j M¨vwgU ev Rbb †Kvl ˆZwi nq| †hŠb cÖwµqvq Rbb †Kv‡li wgj‡bi gva¨‡gB eskwe¯Ívi
nq e‡j wg‡qvwmm e¨ZxZ eske„w× ev cÖRbb m¤¢e bq|
(5) evskvbyµ‡g †µv‡gvRg msL¨v AcwieZx©Z †i‡L cÖRvwZi ¯^KxqZv iÿv K‡i|
10| †µv‡gvRg Gi MVb e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
D:

wPÎ: †µv‡gvR‡gi MVb

7
 wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡i Aew¯’Z Rx‡ei eskMwZ c`v_© wWGbG w`‡q ˆZwi AskwUB n‡jv †µv‡gvRg| mvaviY Ae¯’vq `xN©
†µv‡gvRg wn‡÷vb bv‡g †cÖvwUb KYvi Dci †cuwP‡q †µvgvwUb wn‡m‡e _v‡K e‡j GwU Avjv`vfv‡e †evSv hvq bv| ïay
†Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq GwU KzÐjx cvuwK‡q msKzwPZ nq e‡j ZLb GwU `„k¨gvb nq|
‡µv‡gvRg: †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m Aew¯’Z AvuKvevuKv myZvi g‡Zv †h Ask¸‡jv Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i ZvivB n‡jv
†µv‡gvRg|
‡µvgvwUW: †µvgvRg j¤^vjw¤^ wef³ nIqvi ci †h `ywU mgvb AvK…wZi myZvi g‡Zv Ask MVb K‡i Zv‡`i †µvgvwUW
e‡j|
‡m‡›Uªvwgqvi: †µvgvwUW `ywU †h wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e‡j|
‡µvgvwUb: wWGbG I †cÖvwU‡bi wgkÖY ev mshy³ †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi †fZ‡ii Dcv`vb‡K †µvgvwUb e‡j|
wn‡÷vb: †h †cÖvwUb KYvi Dci †µv‡gvRg `xN© mgq †cuwP‡q Db¥y³ RvwjKvi g‡Zv _v‡K, Zv‡K wn‡÷vb e‡j|
wWGbG: †µv‡gvRg †h eskMwZ c`v_© Øviv MwVZ Zv‡K wWGbG e‡j|
11| g¨vM‡bwmqvg A•vBW †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq? Avqb m„wói Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
D: g¨vM‡bwmqvg (Mg) I Aw•‡Rb (O) wg‡j g¨vM‡bwmqvg A•vBW (MgO) †hŠM MVb K‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb, mKj cigvYy Zvi wbKUeZx© cigvYyi b¨vq wbw¯Œq n‡Z Pvq| GLb wbw¯Œq nIqvi kZ© 2wU|
h_v- (1) †kl Kÿc_ B‡jKUªb Øviv c~Y© n‡e (2) †kl Kÿc‡_ 8wU B‡jKUªb _vK‡e|
GLv‡b,
Mg Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm: 2, 8, 2, (12)
O Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm : 2, 6, (8)
Mg wbw¯Œq nIqvi Rb¨ 2wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i 𝑀𝑔2+G cwibZ n‡e| Avevi, O wbw¯Œq nIqvi Rb¨ 2wU B‡jKUªb
MÖnY K‡i O2−G cwibZ n‡e| GB wecixZ AvqbØq ci¯úi AvKl©Y K‡i wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q †hŠM 𝑀𝑔𝑂 MVb Ki‡e|

wPÎ- GLv‡b wPÎ w`‡Z n‡e|

wewµqv:
𝑀𝑔 − 2𝑐 → 𝑀𝑔2+
𝑂 + 2𝑐 → 𝑂2−
𝑀𝑔 + 𝑂 → 𝑀𝑔2+ 𝑂 2−ev 𝑀𝑔𝑂
‡hme cigvYy B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i MÖnY K‡i PvR©hy³ cigvYy‡Z cwiY_ nq Zv‡K Avqb e‡j| hviv B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i
Zv‡`i K¨vUvqb e‡j| Avevi hviv B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i A¨vbvqb e‡j| GLv‡b Mg, K¨vUvq‡b (𝑀𝑔2+) I O
A¨vbvq‡b (𝑂2−) G cwiYZ nq Ges 𝑀𝑔𝑂 †hŠM MVb K‡i|