PAPER CODE NO. EXAMINER: Gorbahn/Teubner TEL.NO.

43775,91
MATH 199 DEPARTMENT: Mathematical Sciences

MAY/JUNE 2017 EXAMINATIONS

MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ENGINEERS

Time allowed: Three hours

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Full marks will be awarded

for complete answers to all questions.

Your attention is drawn to the formula sheet which accompanies this

exam paper.

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 1 of 10 CONTINUED

1. Differentiate the following three functions and simplify your results if possible:
2√ 3 2 1
(ii) − e− sin(4t) , 2x + x3 ln(x) .


(i) x − , (iii)
3 x 2
[6 marks]

2. Sketch the graph of the function

y = x2 ex/2 .
Give the coordinates of any points where the graph meets the axes. Find
and classify all stationary points and give the equations of any asymptotes.
[8 marks]

3. The two vectors a and b are given by a = 2i + 5j − 3k and b = 3i + 2j − k .

(a) Determine the angle between the vectors a and b to the nearest degree.
[2 marks]
(b) Calculate the vector c = a × b and its magnitude. [3 marks]

4. Evaluate the indefinite and definite integrals

Z Z 4
3 2
(i) √ dx , (ii) dx .
1 (2x − 1)(3x + 5)
5 − 16x 2

[5 marks]

5. The function g(x) is given by

g(x) = (3x − 1)2 .
Calculate the average of g(x) in the interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Determine the
volume of revolution V , which is generated by rotating the curve y = g(x)
by 2π around the x-axis between x = 1 and x = 2, to two decimal places.
[6 marks]

6. The function f (x) is given by

x2 − x + 1
f (x) = , x 6= −1 .
x+1
Sketch the graph of the function f (x). Give the coordinates of any points
where the graph crosses the axes. Calculate and classify all stationary points.
Give the equations of all asymptotes and indicate them on your sketch.
[11 marks]

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 2 of 10 CONTINUED

7. Four points A, B, C and D are given by their coordinates A = (2, 3, 1),
B = (3, 4, 7), C = (−3, 1, −8) and D = (−1, 3, 4).
(a) Determine if the straight lines AB and CD, which pass through the
points A and B, and C and D, are parallel and explain why (or why
not). [2 marks]
(b) Give the vector equations of the straight lines AD and BC, which pass
through the points A and D, and B and C. Find out if these two
lines intersect. If so, calculate the coordinates of the intersection point.
Calculate the coordinates of the point P which is on the line AD, two
thirds from A to D. [7 marks]

8. Given the complex numbers z = −3 + i and v = 1 − 2i.

(a) Find
z
z + 2v , zv and ,
v
expressing your answer in the form a+bi, where a and b are real numbers.
[6 marks]
(b) Express the complex numbers
z and z −2
in exponential form working at two digit precision. [5 marks]

9. Solve the differential equation

d2 y
8 = −2y
dt2
subject to the initial conditions y = 5 and dy/dt = 8 when t = 0. [5 marks]

10. Find the general solution of the differential equation

dy
= −3y + cos(2x) . [5 marks]
dx

11. Use the given tables to find the Laplace transforms ȳ(s) of the functions y(t)
that are defined via
(i) y(t) = (3 − 2t2 et ) , [3 marks]
(ii) the differential equation
dy
+ 2y = et (2 sin 2t − 3 cos 2t)
dt
subject to the initial condition y(0) = 0. [7 marks]

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 3 of 10 CONTINUED

12. Find the inverse Laplace transforms of
(i) s+3
, [2 marks]
(s + 3)2 + 1
(ii) 3
. [3 marks]
s2 − s − 2

13. Find and sketch the level curves w = 0, ±1 and ±2 of the function
y−1
w= . [5 marks]
(x − 1)2

14. Find and classify all stationary points of the function

x
F = . [9 marks]
4 + x2 + y 2

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 4 of 10 CONTINUED

 Formula Sheet

Differentiation Rules
d df dg
Function of a function: f [g(x)] =
dx dg dx
d dv du
Product Rule: (uv) = u +v
dx   dx dx 
d u 1 du dv
Quotient Rule: = 2 v −u
dx v v dx dx

Function Derivative Function Derivative

dg
cxn cnxn−1 cg n (x) cng n−1 (x)
dx
c cn c cn dg
− − n+1
xn xn+1 g n (x) g (x) dx
dg
ce x ce x ce g(x) ce g(x)
dx
c c dg
c ln x x c ln g(x)
g(x) dx
dg
cos x − sin x cos g(x) − sin g(x)
dx
dg
sin x cos x sin g(x) cos g(x)
dx

To Sketch the Graph of y = f (x):

1. Find the value of y when x = 0.

2. Find the value(s) of x for y = 0 by solving f (x) = 0, if solutions exist.

3. Find and classify all stationary points, if any exist.

u(x)
4. For rational functions y(x) = v(x) also find
(a) the vertical asymptotes, if any exist, by solving v(x) = 0,
(b) the behaviour at infinity by dominant-term method and long division.

5. If f (x) involves exponentials find behaviour at infinity by using the mnemonic

e +∞ = +∞ and e −∞ = 0 and that exponentials dominate any power of x.

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 5 of 10 CONTINUED

Vector Algebra
Given a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = (a1 , a2 , a3 ), then
p a1 a2 a3
|a| = (a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2 , cos α = , cos β = , cos γ =
|a| |a| |a|

where α, β and γ are the respective angles between the vector a and the positive
x, y and z directions.

a · b = |a||b| cos θ = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 where θ is the angle between a and b and

where a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ). a and b are orthogonal if a · b = 0.

a × b = (a2 b3 − a3 b2 , a3 b1 − a1 b3 , a1 b2 − a2 b1 )
|a × b| = |a||b| sin θ, where 0 ≤ θ < π .

The area of a triangle with sides given by vectors a and b has the magnitude
1
|a × b| .
2

Vector Geometry of Lines

−→
The vector line AB is the vector whose magnitude is the length of the line AB
and whose direction is from point A to point B
−→ −−→ −→
AB = OB − OA .

The vector (parametric) equation of the straight line passing through points A
−→ −→
and B is r = OA + λAB where λ is a parameter.

List of Integrals
R
Function f (x) Integral f (x)dx

n (ax + b)n+1
(ax + b) for n 6= −1
a(n + 1)

(ax + b)−1 a−1 ln |ax + b |

1 1 ax + b
ln for ad − bc 6= 0
(ax + b)(cx + d) (ad − bc) cx + d

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 6 of 10 CONTINUED

List of Integrals (continuation)
R
Function f (x) Integral f (x)dx
√ √
1 1 ax − b
√ ln √ √ for a, b > 0
ax2 − b 2 ab ax + b
r 
1 1 −1 a
√ tan x for a, b > 0
ax2 +b ab b
1 1  ax 
√ sinh−1
a2 x 2 + b 2 a b
1 1  ax 
√ cosh−1
a2 x 2 − b 2 a b
1 1  ax 
√ sin−1
b − a2 x 2
2 a b

eax cos bx (a2 + b2 )−1 eax (a cos bx + b sin bx)

eax sin bx (a2 + b2 )−1 eax (a sin bx − b cos bx)

Integration by Parts

Z Z
0 df
dx u(x)v (x) = u(x)v(x) − dx u0 (x)v(x) where f 0 (x) ≡
dx

Applications of Definite Integrals

The absolute area between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis from x = a to
x = b > a is Z b
|f (x)| dx .
a
The mean (average) value of the function f (x) over the interval a ≤ x ≤ b reads
Z b
1
f (x) dx .
(b − a) a

The coordinates (x̄, ȳ) of the centroid (centre of mass) of a uniform sheet bounded
by the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) and the lines x = a and x = b are
1 b
Z Z b
1
x̄ = x[f (x) − g(x)] dx , ȳ = [(f (x))2 − (g(x))2 ] dx
A a 2A a

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 7 of 10 CONTINUED

Applications of Definite Integrals (continuation)
Z b
The area A is given by A = [f (x) − g(x)] dx .
a

The volume of revolution V generated by rotating the curve y = f (x) by 2π

about the x-axis between x = a and x = b > a reads
Z b
V = π(f (x))2 dx .
a

Complex Numbers

Polar form: x + iy = r cos θ + ir sin θ with r, θ the polar coordinates of (x, y).
Exponential form: x + iy = reiθ where θ must be in radians.
Powers in polar form: (x + iy)n = rn cos(nθ) + irn sin(nθ) .
p
Modulus: |x + iy| = r = x2 + y 2 .
Argument: arg(x + iy) = θ where −π < θ ≤ π .

Differential Equations
Equation Solution
Z
dy
= f (x) y = f (x) dx
dx
dy
= ay y = Ceax
dx Z 
dy 1
+ P (x)y = f (x) y = I(x) f (x) dx + C
dx I(x)
Z 
where I(x) = exp P (x) dx
Z 
dy ax −ax
= ay + f (x) y = e e f (x) dx + C
dx
d2 y √ √
= ay if a > 0 y = Ae + Be− a x
ax
dx2
d2 y p  p 
= ay if a < 0 y = A cos |a| x + B sin |a| x
dx2

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 8 of 10 CONTINUED

Differential Equations (continuation)

Equation Solution
2
dy dy
a 2 + b + cy = 0 :
dx dx
if b2 − 4ac > 0 y = Aer1 x + Ber2 x where r1 and r2 are
the solutions of ar2 + br + c = 0
if b2 − 4ac = 0 y = Aerx + Bxerx where r is the
(repeated) solution of ar2 + br + c = 0
if b2 − 4ac < 0 y = erR x (A cos(rI x) + B sin(rI x))
where rR / rI are the real/imaginary parts
of the solutions of ar2 + br + c = 0

Harmonic Functions.
Given the harmonic functions V = a cos(ωt) + b sin(ωt), the amplitude is A =
p
(a2 + b2 ), the period is 2π/ω and the frequency is ω/(2π).
The harmonic function is also equal to the real part of the complex harmonic
function Aei(ωt−) where  = arg(a + ib).
V satisfies
d2 V
= − ω2V .
dt2

Laplace Transforms
Z ∞
L(f ) = f (s) = e−st f (t) dt where s > s0 ≥ 0 .
0

Where they exist (suitable s0 ), transform pairs are given by:

f (t) f (s) f (t) f (s)
c c/s H(t − a) e−as /s
ctn cn!/sn+1 eat f (t) f (s − a)
sin(ωt) ω/(s2 + ω 2 ) H(t − a)f (t − a) e−as f (s) (a > 0)
cos(ωt) s/(s2 + ω 2 ) f 0 (t) sf (s) − f (0)
0
eat 1/(s − a) tf (t) −f (s)
tn eat n!/(s − a)n+1

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 9 of 10 CONTINUED

Laplace Transforms (continuation)

The Heaviside function H(t) is defined by

(
0 for t < 0
H(t) =
1 for t > 0 .

Functions of Two Variables w = f (x, y).

The level curves of w are the curves f (x, y) = c where c is a parameter.

∂w ∂w
At a stationary point ∂x and ∂y are both simultaneously equal to zero.
If  2 2
∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ w
2 2
−
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
< 0 then the point is a saddle point;

∂ 2w
> 0 and < 0 then it is a local maximum;
∂x2
∂ 2w
> 0 and > 0 then it is a local minimum;
∂x2
= 0 the test is inconclusive.

Paper Code MATH 199 Page 10 of 10 END