READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

MIDTERM TOPICS COVERAGE

History
●​ The study of the record or a record of past events considered together, specially events of a particular
period, country, or subject. - Cambridge dictionary

●​ History is the systematic study of the past. As an academic discipline, it analyzes and interprets
evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened, focusing primarily
on the human past. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of
the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for
example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the
past. In a more general sense, the term history refers not to an academic field but to the past itself,
times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. (Wikipedia)

Etymology
●​ The word history comes from the Ancient Greek term (histōr), meaning 'learned, wise man'. It gave rise
to the Ancient Greek word (historiā), which had a wide meaning associated with inquiry in general and
giving testimony. The term was later adopted into Classical Latin as historia. In Hellenistic and Roman
times, the meaning of the term shifted, placing more emphasis on narrative aspects and the art of
presentation rather than focusing on investigation and testimony.

●​ The word entered Middle English in the 14th century via the Old French term histoire. At this time, it
meant 'story, tale', encompassing both factual and fictional narratives. In the 15th century, its meaning
shifted to cover the branch of knowledge studying the past in addition to narratives about the past.

●​ In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word history became more closely associated with factual accounts
and evidence-based inquiry, coinciding with the professionalization of historical inquiry. The dual
meaning, referring to both mere stories and factual accounts of the past, is present in the terms for
history in many other European languages. They include the French histoire, the Italian storia, and the
German Geschichte.

Significance of History
●​ Various suggestions about the purpose or value of history have been made. Some historians propose
that its primary function is the pure discovery of truth about the past. This view emphasizes that the
disinterested pursuit of truth is an end in itself, while external purposes, associated with ideology or
politics, threaten to undermine the accuracy of historical research by distorting the past. In this role,
history also challenges traditional myths lacking factual support.

●​ A different perspective suggests that the main value of history lies in the lessons it teaches for the
present. This view is based on the idea that an understanding of the past can guide decision-making,
for example, to avoid repeating previous mistakes. A related perspective focuses on a general
understanding of the human condition, making people aware of the diversity of human behaviour
across different contexts—similar to what one can learn by visiting foreign countries. History can also
foster social cohesion by providing people with a collective identity through a shared past, helping to
preserve and cultivate cultural heritage and values across generations.
Branches of Social Science
●​ Economics - the study of production, and consumption of goods and services.
●​ Anthropology - the study of people, past and present.
●​ History - a systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and
relationship of the cause, and effects of events in the development of societies.
●​ Political Science - the study of political systems and government.
●​ Psychology - Studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts
that lead to individual actions.
●​ Sociology - the study of human society, relationship and social change.
●​ Geography - the study of interaction between people and their environments.

Primary Source
●​ A primary source is an original material created at the time a historical event occurs, or soon afterward,
and can be original documents, creative works, material published in modern times, institutional and
government documents, or relics and artifacts. Authors citing primary sources relay the subjective
interpretation of a witness to an event, which allows historians to use the materials to interpret and
analyze the past.

●​ Diaries, letters, memoirs, personal journals, speeches, manuscripts, direct interviews, and other
unpublished works can be primary sources and typically serve as the main objects of an analysis or
research work. Published pieces, including newspaper or magazine articles, photographs, audio or
video recordings, research reports in the natural or social sciences, or original literary or theatrical
works are all considered primary sources.

●​ An example of how a primary source is used includes the collection of research associated with the
spread of a particular disease and the use of source material that may include medical statistical data,
interviews with medical experts and patients, and laboratory results. In cases of research related to
historical events, an author may not be able to access direct evidence because the people associated
with the event may no longer be alive, but sources produced by witnesses at that time may be used.
This includes photographs, video footage, letters, diary entries, and newspaper reports at the time of
the event.

Secondary Source
●​ Secondary sources are created by someone who did not experience firsthand or participate in the
events or conditions being researched. Secondary sources are used to interpret and analyze primary
sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event and may contain pictures,
quotes, or graphics of primary sources. They are used to interpret, assign value to, conjecture upon,
and draw conclusions about the events reported in primary sources. Textbooks, edited works, books,
and articles that interpret or review research works, histories, biographies, literary criticism and
interpretation, reviews of law and legislation, political analyses, and commentaries are all examples of
secondary sources.

●​ Authors of research studies cite secondary sources to support arguments, formulate new theories, or
argue against existing information in the field. Using secondary sources, researchers reinforce theories
or arguments based on primary sources.
Differences Between a Primary and Secondary Source
●​ Primary and secondary sources are the two types of materials used for research, and while both are
important to creating well-developed projects, they are vastly different. Primary sources offer raw
information, or the first-hand evidence compiled by research, whereas secondary sources interpret or
analyze the information from primary sources.

●​ The most significant difference between two different types of sources is that primary sources gives
direct access to the subject of the research, while secondary sources provide second-hand information
and commentary from other researchers.

●​ Secondary sources offer summaries, critiques, opinions, and analyses, and are written by people who
did not witness or have a direct part in the event or events they are describing. Based on the accounts
of primary sources, this type of source is the author’s interpretation of the event or subject matter they
are writing about.

First Voyage Around the World

●​ First Voyage Around the World is a work by Antonio Pigafetta, also known as Antonio Lombardo or
Francisco Antonio Pigafetta, whose goal is to inform readers by presenting factual data.
●​ He was a well-known Italian wanderer who was born in the 1940s and died in the same
city—Vincenza—in 1953. He joined the Magallanes-Elcano expedition to the Moluccas—lead by
Ferdinand Magellan—from August 1519 to September 1522.
●​ In this mission, there are five ships namely Santiago, San Antonio, Concepcion, Trinidad, and Victoria.
Only three of these five ships made it to the Philippines, and only one survived the Battle of Mactan to
return to Spain—the Victoria ship, whose survivors include Antonio Pigafetta, who wrote a book about
the mission.Although Antonio Pigafetta's journal is the most reliable source of his work, it did not
survive throughout history. Instead, a manuscript was handed down that detailed the fate of the five
ships throughout the expedition, as well as the challenges and unforeseen problems they encountered
along the way, as well as some geographic information about the places they visited.
●​ The timeline during their stay in the Philippines was one of the historical details found in the manuscript.
On March 16, 1521, they landed in Humunu (now Homonhon), Zamal (now Samar),where they were
greeted with fish, figs, coconuts, and palm wine. On March 31, 1521, they held the first mass in the
Philippines in Mazaua (Limasawa), which was attended by island residents,Spanish voyagers, the two
Rajas, and Magellan.
●​ They arrived in the port of Zubu (Cebu) on April 7, 1521, and fired mortars as a gesture of peace and
friendship; but, tensions between the ruler of Zubu and the voyagers, as well as Magellan, threatened
them with a raging conflict.Despite this, they maintained their peace and celebrated a mass with Raja
Humabon on April 14 of the same year, baptizing 800 souls.
●​ Pigafetta presented the queen with a painting of the ChildJesus (known as the Santo Nino today).
Despite the fact that the island's chief, Datu Zula, welcomed them, Cilapulapu (Lapu-lapu), the other
chief, refused to obey the king of Spain—so Datu Zula requested Magellan to defeat Cilapulapu, which
began the battle on April 27, 1521; where the natives outsmarted them and used patibongs to defeat
the voyagers, as a result, they're fighting a losing battle.
●​ Magellan ordered his soldiers to surrender, but they refused, thus he was struck in the leg with a
poisoned arrow on April 28, 1521, and died. After that, his soldiers withdrew, leaving their captain dead.
●​ The Magallanes-Elcano voyage came to an end when the ship Victoria arrived in Serville, Spain, after
over a year and a half at sea. The work contributed as a primary source for a great deal of historical
material that was useful in the history of the Philippines.
●​ It demonstrated that the Philippines existed long before Magellan's discovery, that the country is
wealthy in natural riches, and that the majority of Filipinos are as welcoming as they are now. As
 Lapu-lapu demonstrated, nationalism is expressed and practiced; it also demonstrated the Filipinos'
cleverness and readiness as they fought the voyagers.
●​ The First Voyage Around the World made contributions to the fields of geography, history, and
navigation by demonstrating that the planet is not flat and that native products existed before the
colonial period. It could also define the locals' physical appearance, as well as their homes and
livelihood, depending on their social position.
●​ They were the first to introduce Christianity to the Filipinos, teaching them to worship idols, and the
work also established the presence of Filipino faith and religion by worshiping nature. With all of this
revealed, we may conclude that the effort was and continues to be effective in providing accurate
knowledge about our ancestors. We can better comprehend our own roots and learn how to love and
protect our culture if we have these.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan

Overview
​ Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan. Based on the truth- Arguably
the most important organization formed in the Philippines history. It was only Katipunan who envisioned a
united Filipino nation that would revolt against the Spaniards.
​ The aim of KKK is to; 1. Unite the Philippines; 2. To fight for Philippine’s independence

The Katipunan Code of Conduct

1.​ The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2.​ To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3.​ It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words
to what is in itself reasonable.
4.​ Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty
are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5.​ The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6.​ To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7.​ Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8.​ Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9.​ The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10.​On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of women and the children, and if the guide leads to the
precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11.​Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with
thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind
thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12.​What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife,
children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13.​Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon
earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words, is
worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and
cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14.​When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over
this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated
 brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid
sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and
believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission.

Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan

​ It is a memoir from Emilio Aguinaldo. The document’s exact scenario is around 1986 upwards, but the
actual paper was written from 1928 to 1946 when Emilio Aguinaldo wrote about the experience during the
revolution. Emilio Aguinaldo detailed his expression and scenarios during the great revolution, the memoir was
pretty emotional to Emilio and it drove his fundamental capacity to be a leader of the Philippines even though
the foreign stifle was still lingering on the land he patronized. The author greatly describes the sacrifices of
Filipino men and women that fight in the revolutionary era. It also creates a conflict through the power of
becoming a leader and chief of the nation.

Historical Background
​ Aguinaldo produced the first volume of his memoirs between 1928 and 1946. The memoirs include
accounts from Aguinaldo’s birth and early years until the signing of the Biak na Bato Treaty in 1987. These
were based on various documents such as diary of Aguinaldo and documents he preserved, including also his
family lore that he personally gathered from his relatives.It was at the end of 1963 that Aguinaldo, after much
deliberation, decided to publish his memoirs.
​ The memoirs was translated by Luz Colendrino Bucu, the Secretary of the Graduate School of
Education and faculty member of the University of the East. It was presumed by Ambeth Ocampo (2017). The
second volume was also drafted by Aguinaldo, which could have covered the resumption of the Philippine
revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American war.
​ In the excerpts of the memoir, Emilio Aguinaldo pointed out a few but critical points that would
eventually determine the outcome of the Philippine Revolution. In his first few paragraphs, specifically
pages77-82, the author emphasized the lack of firearms and ammunition of his troops. To compensate
their lack of weapons, they needed to steal the firearms of the Guardia Civil. This shows that the general and
his men were behind in terms of military capability. Furthermore, the general condemned the killing of
fellow Filipinos, whom are Filipinos also. For him, this would create a great mess and trouble if they would kill
their fellowmen. Also, the general gave importance to roles of tenyente abanderado and the band that
marched with them. This signified that a leader has important responsibilities and that through unity the
revolution would be successful. Aguinaldo also pointed out the consequences of having two factions in the
society. It resulted in prejudice among the katipuneros, especially with the supremo and the general. With this
conflict between the two factions, the General Aguinaldo mentioned how incompetent the Magdiwang faction is
and that the Magdalo faction has better military success compared to the former. Also contained in the memoir
was the effects of the death of Dr. Jose Rizal in the revolution. His public execution inspired many Filipinos to
renew and heightened their sense of nationalism. However, their efforts did not match the military capability of
the Spaniards.

Proclamation of Independence (Alfred McCoy Political Caricature)

​ The word caricature comes from the Italian words “carico” and “caricare”, means ‘tp load’ or to
‘exaggerate’. It is a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are
exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. It can be insulting or complimentary and can serve
a political purpose or be dawn solely for entertainment.
 Alfred W. McCoy is a professor of History at the University of Wisconsin were also serve as Director of
Center Foro Southeast Asian Studies-specialized in Philippine Political History and Global Opium Trafficking.
He spent the last chapter of his life writing about the politics and history of the Opium Trade.
​ During the American era, Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era.
Filipino artists recorded national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing mores
and times. Historian Alfred McCoy’s extensive research in Philippine and American archives provides a
comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent period as well.
​ The characters to emphasize on the “good side” are shown in normal features while “bad” emaciated,
leering, laughing creatures, more on animal features than human, The artists, using their cartoons, illustrated
not just their opinions, but broad image of the Philippines under the US.
​ The transition from Spanish Colonial period to American Occupation shows different changes as well as
in culture, society, and politics. The drastic introduction of democracy to a nation not properly oriented about it
and its consequences are far from ideal. Thus, it ushered free press. The rich remained affluent and powerful,
while the poor people remained poor, desperate, and victims of state repression.

Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before American Congress

Jewish Talmud reminds us that, to save one life is to save humanity (Sanhedrin 37a). Cory Aquino’s
speech somehow has parallelism to the Jewish Talmud, because the EDSA bloodless revolution saves millions
of lives from the tyranny of Ferdinand Marcos. President Marcos consented to the bloodshed of many people
by declaring Martial law “by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081”, which causes multiple ‘Human Rights’ violations.
On the other hand, Cory Aquino responded to this in her presidency by empowering the Bill of Rights in the
1987 Constitution.
Cory Aquino in her speech tries to exemplify the nexus of catastrophic events in the Philippines during
the declaration of martial law. Aquino first instigated Marcos’s crimes should be unveiled for the public. Aquino
did not specify Marcos’ crimes but many researchers and scholars provided evidence of the political unrest
during the martial law. According to Pantoja (2014), The Marcos regime was also responsible for 3,257
murders, 35,000 torture cases, and 70,000 incarcerations, according to members of Akbayan party list group,
of whom many suffered under the dictatorship.
Furthermore, the pride of Cory Aquino to present in the Congress of America that the Philippines
attained its democracy on its own. Yet, Aquino tries to make an impression that she needs America’s help for
sustaining the democracy which has reigned again. Tyranny is not the dream of every Filipino. They would fight
with full of might for the Philippines’ hidden light. Similarly, Aquino added,” Whenever I went in the campaign,
slum area or impoverished village, they came to me with one cry: democracy! Not food, although they clearly
needed it, but democracy. Not work, although they surely wanted it, but democracy. Not money, for they gave
what little they had to my campaign.They didn’t expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food into
their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children, and work that will put dignity in their lives.
In a nutshell, the struggling Philippines despite its despair and political unrest will surely prosper, for all
the sacrifices are rendered not for selfishness but for the common good. The Talmud speaks aloud when the
bloodless revolution drove Marcos from his oppressive office. The Filipinos save many lives for driving Marcos
away, and Cory Aquino ought to restore what was being lost – the Filipino’s dignity, by strengthening the Bill of
Rights which is evident until the present day.

Raiders of Sulu

It is the 18th Century, and life from some of the coastal inhabitants of the Philippines was
anything but idyllic. For without warning, they could be attacked by the merciless Illanuns –the raiders of the
Sulu Sea. These raiders were fearless and fiercer in battle even against better armed, technologically
superior colonial forces. To the western colonists, these raiders are nothing but barbaric pirates; and they were
hunted down and such. But there is speculation that these raiders are not the savages they were made out to
be, but nearly indigenous people defending their way of life against the foreign oppressor. There is little
doubt that these raiders were skilled fighters and deadly swordsmen, but they are also expert sailors and
builders of formidable vessels of war. These raiders are not just bandits but a well-organized force that
could attack with the precision of strategy, giving these western colonial forces a run for their lives.
On December 8th, 1720, the Southern regions of Mindanao were occupied by Spanish soldiers that
were then identified as Zamboanga City. It sits at the tip of the Southwest peninsula of the
Philippines that is protected by the city’s Fort Pilar –a ten-meter-high wall that acted as a defense
fortress. The Fort served as the base of operations to check on slave-raiding going on the north and back. King
Dalasi was the King of Bulig in Maguindanao who led in attacking the Fort Pillar together with the forces of the
Sulu Sultanate; burned the town around the Fort, cut down the line of provisions for the Spaniards, and began
a war against the soldiers inside the Fort. Dalasi’s raiders fight with a vengeance and desire to rip Zamboanga
City off the Spanish Forces. They really had to suppress the Spanish presence here in the peninsula because
the Fort was their base of operations. According to some historians, slave raiding happened in the
Philippines long before the Western Powers arrived but it was never widespread productivity. The arrival of
the Spanish and the desire to dominate trade in the region trigger slavery. The Spanish refer to the
slave raiders as Moros. If they weren’t from different tribes, they would challenge the Spanish authority for
occupancy. The pirates that were described by the Colonial Powers involved activities of different tribes in the
Mindanao Area as well as the Sulu Archipelago. These 3 Muslim Groups were the Balangingi-Samal
Tribe, the Illanuns, and the Taosugs. The Illanuns and Balangingi-Samal group were both long-standing
seafaring communities and would often join forces with the Taosugs that is known for its fierce warriors. All
of the piratical attacks and retaliatory attacks conducted from Sulu and Maguindanao always carried
these contingents. History also questioned, should these raiders from the south be called “Pirates”? Do
these raiders fight for personal gain or just serving their local, political masters? The documentary
informants stated that “pirates” is misleading because it doesn’t cover raiders and people who acted on behalf
of the state. It was then concluded that the Moro act was an act of retaliation against the foreign occupier and
was sanctioned by the sultanates in the name of a higher course: Islam. There was also a certainly great deal
of pressure from the South for populations in the Visayas to become Islamized. But, the presence of the
Spanish in the Visayas and Northern Luzon disrupted the spread of Islam. The Spanish Colonial Administration
thought it was their responsibility to prevent the spread of Islam from the south to the Christianized
populations in the North. They have an impressive empire that their conquest is not only motivated by
these colonies but also by the opportunity to propagate Christianity. Therefore, Christianity deploys
quickly displacing Islam and Indigenous Tribal beliefs. The Spaniards weren’t concern about what the people
in the South were after but rather, was really more than that they really undermined the commercial
interests of the region. Through this, they gained new power in the region which was exerting its own
agendas and its own influences. However, the Sultanates in the South just wanted to do was to maintain
their power, if not, increase it a little bit more. Both sides use religious ideologies to further influence and feed
their objectives. Behind the clash of religious doctrines was a more compelling reason for the Spanish to bring
the slave raiders to the hill –the spoils of trade with the orient. Something the Spanish wanted a full-control of.
In many respects, the Spanish wanted to be a part of this exchange in trade but also wanted to do
so in conjunction with the conversion of religious perspective and mindset and colonization of our
Islands.

CONTENT ANALYSIS
The documentary film addressed the resistance of the People in the South, the Moros, from
the Spanish-American Colonial forces in the Southern region of the Philippines. 1. The Moro People are not
really pirates or rebels but indigenous people who demonstrated resistance from the Spanish forces. 2.
The most celebrated attack was the December 8th, 1970 attack by King Dalasi. 3. The Moro act was an act of
retaliation against the foreign occupier and was sanctioned by the sultanates in the name of a higher course:
Islam. 4. Spaniards were concerned about the commercial interests of the region and to propagate
Christianity. 5. Slave-raiding was part of the bigger regional trade in the Islands of Southeast Asia. 6. Artifacts
originating from China that were found in Butuan City are proof of the great distances travelled by the
Seafarers of Sulu and the trading activities they were involved in. 7. The Western Colonial Ruling and
open-armed conflicts in the Southern region of the Philippines cause the impoverishment of Muslim Areas
economically and religiously.
The Three Muslim Tribes 1. Balangingi-Samal Tribe. The Balangingi, also known as Northern
Sama or Northern Sinama, is an ethnolinguistic group living on the Greater Sulu Archipelago and the
southern and western coastal regions of the Zamboanga peninsula in Mindanao. They are mostly
found in Lutangan and Olutangga islands in Zamboanga del Sur, Basilan Island of the Sulu
Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga coast peninsula, and as far north as Luzon; particularly in
White Beach near Subic Bay, Zambales. Balangingis are considered to be part of the larger group of
Sama-Badjao and speak the Balangingi dialect. In the early nineteenth century, an entire ethnic group,
the Samal Balangingi of the Sulu-Mindanao region, specialized in state-sanctioned maritime raiding,
attacking Southeast Asian coastal settlements and trading vessels. This paper traces the process of the
formation of the Samal Balangingi as an ethnic group composed of 'pirates' and their captives, and their
continued sense of belonging to the island stronghold of Balangingi, even after its inhabitants were
forcefully resettled between 1848 and 1858. The paper also stresses just how critical the Spanish
resettlement policy directed against the deported Samal Balangingi was for their future cultural and
social life. It highlights the inextricable relationship between maritime raiding, slavery, forced migration,
'homeland', and cultural identity as being critical factors that led to the emergence of new ethnicities and
diasporas. By highlighting the problems of self-definition and the reconstruction of identities and the meaning of
homeland and lost places, as a revealing social and psychological process in its own right, the case of the
Samal Balangingi challenges lineal notions of history and bounded static conceptions of 'culture' and
ethnic groups that were imposed, imagined and maintained by Europeans both prior to and after colonization.
2. The Illanuns.
The Illanun, called Iranun and Ilianon as well, are closely related culturally and linguistically to the
Maranao and Maguindanaon. The Illanun language is part of the Austronesian family that is most closely
related to Maranao. When the Spaniards left, however, contact between the Maranao and Illanun
decreased. The majority of Illanun live along the coastline in the of the towns of Nulingi, Parang, Matanog, and
Barira in Maguindanao Province, Mindanao; along the Iliana Bay coast, north of the mouth of the
Pulangi River; and all the way to Sibugay Bay in Zamboanga del Sur and even the western coastal
plain of Borneo. Illanun, a Malay term meaning “pirate,” is appropriate for the people of this ethnic group,
who were once regarded as the fiercest pirates in the Malay area.
3. The Tausug Tribe.
​ The dominant ethnic group in the Sulu archipelago because of their political and religious
institutions, the Tausug occupy Jolo, Indanan, Siasi, and Patikul in Sulu (ARMM). There are also
scattered settlements in Zamboanga del Sur and Cotabato, and all the way to Malaysia, which has an
estimated Tausug population of more than 110,000. Tausug is a combination of tau (person) and suug (the old
name of Jolo Island). The present generation of Tausugs are believed to be descended from the different
ethnic groups that had migrated to the Sulu archipelago. Traditionally the Tausug are sailors, pearl divers and
traders, their ancestral homelands in the Sulu Archipelago have vigorous tidal currents that flow from the Sulu
and China Seas to the Celebes Sea. This translates literally into the name people of the current. This native
tribe, the first group in the archipelago to be converted to Islam, possess a courage that is beyond doubt, their
bravery is supposed to be unquestionable, therefore the Tausug are often named Tau Maisug or brave people.
They are proud Muslims renowned for their fierce resistance in the face of Spanish Conquerors, for
300 years the Tausug and the Spanish were engaged in almost continuous warfare, which ended when the
Spaniards left the Philippines. The Tausug regards themselves superior to other Philippine Muslims and
still live a combative way of life, running away from a fight is considered shameful. One old Tausug proverb
says: Hanggang may buhay, may pag-asa, meaning; Never admit defeat as long as you live.
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