UNIT 1st NOTES

(INTRODUCTION & EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL SYSTEM)

 EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL SYSTEM:

The evolution of digital systems can be traced back to the 17th century when Blaise Pascal
and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented mechanical digital calculating machines. The first
automatic digital computer is generally credited to Charles Babbage, an English inventor.

 First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes were used as the primary electronic
components. These computers were bulky, expensive, and consumed a lot of power.
 Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors were used.
 Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits were used.
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors are used.

Digital systems are used in many applications, including: communication systems,

consumer products, digital instruments, and process control.

 ROLE & SIGNIFICANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY:

 Collaboration: Digital technology allows people to work together toward common
goals.
 Productivity: Digital technology can improve employee productivity, satisfaction,
and retention.
 Skill development: Digital technology can help improve skills, abilities, and
expertise.
 Data analysis: Digital technology can help organizations gather data and use it to
make better decisions.
 Communication: Communication is key to successful digital transformation.
 Data quality: Data quality affects system performance and output.

 INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT): Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) is a term that describes the use of technology to store, transmit, create,
share, and exchange information.

1. Information Technology: Information technology (IT) is the study of data acquisition,

storage, security, transformation, exchange, analysis, design, and other related activities.
2. Communication Technology: Communication technology is any tool people use to
create, transmit, store, and share information. Throughout history, people have used
various methods for sending messages over long distances.

 APPLICATIONS OF ICT:

1. Education: ICT can be used for e-learning and other educational purposes.
2. Science, research, and development: ICT can be used for internet research, online
research methods, science communication, and scholarly databases.
3. Finance and banking: ICT can be used for trading financial instruments, reporting
earnings, and keeping records of personal budgets.
4. Homes: ICT can be used for paying bills electronically, money management, and
entertainment.
 ICT TOOLS: Information and communication technology (ICT) tools are technologies that
allow people and organizations to exchange information and collaborate.

1. Computers: Process data and provide outputs

2. Laptops: Portable computers
3. The internet: Connects billions of devices globally
4. Tablets: Such as iPads
5. Smartphones: Such as iPhones
6. Digital cameras: Can be used as an ICT tool
7. Video conferencing software: Such as Skype

 COMPUTER SYSTEM & ITS WORKING: A computer system is a programmable electronic

device that accepts input, stores data, and processes information. It is made up of hardware
components and software components, and the main software component is the operating
system (OS).

Here are some of the main components and how they work together:

1. System unit: The core of the computer, usually a rectangular box that contains many
electronic components. The central processing unit (CPU) is the most important
component, and acts as the computer's "brain".
2. Random access memory (RAM): Temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while
the computer is on.
3. Input unit: Accepts data from input devices like a keyboard, mouse, or scanner.
4. Memory unit: Stores data and program instructions during program execution.
5. Output unit: Displays or shows processed data.

 SOFTWARE & ITS TYPES: Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs that allow a
computer to operate and perform specific tasks. It's the opposite of hardware, which is the
physical part of a computer.

Here are some types of software:

 System software: Controls the computer's internal functions, including the
operating system, monitors, printers, and storage devices.
 Application software: Allows users to perform tasks by directing the computer to
execute commands.
 Network software: Coordinates communication between computers on a network.
 Programming software: Provides the tools that software developers use to create
programs.
 Middleware: Sits between system software and applications.
 Driver software: Operates computer devices and peripherals.

 OPERATING SYSTEM: An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially
loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the other application programs
in a computer.
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

1. Linux: An open-source operating system that is free to use, modify, and distribute.
2. macOS: A popular operating system for computers, especially among creative
professionals and users who prefer a minimalistic design.
3. Mobile OS: A mobile version of an operating system that runs on mobile devices.
4. Windows: A Microsoft operating system that comes in 32 and 64-bit variants. It has a
Graphical User Interface (GUI), multitasking features, and the ability to manage virtual
memory.
5. Chrome OS: A Linux-based operating system developed by Google. It has the Chrome
web browser as its main user interface.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

An operating system (OS) has many functions in a digital system, including:

1. Security: Protects user data and programs from unauthorized access using password
protection and other measures.
2. System performance: Monitors the system's health to optimize performance.
3. Booting: Automatically starts working when the computer is turned on.
4. User interface: Provides a way for users to interact with the computer.
5. File system manipulation: Allows programs to read, write, create, delete, search for, and
list file information.

 PROBLEM SOLVING: Digital problem-solving is the capability of individuals to apply digital

tools and technologies to solve complex business problems.

Steps for problem solving:

1. Understand the problem: Clearly understand the problem before trying to find a
solution.
2. Develop an algorithm: Create a solution before writing a program.
3. Code: Convert the algorithm into a format that the computer can understand.
4. Test and debug: Test the program on various parameters.

 ALGORITHM: Algorithms use an initial input along with a set of instructions. The input is the
initial data needed to make decisions and can be represented in the form of numbers or
words. The input data gets put through a set of instructions, or computations, which can
include arithmetic and decision-making processes.

Here's an example of an algorithm to add two numbers:

1. Input the first number as P
2. Input the second number as Q
3. Set Sum = P + Q
4. Print Sum
5. End

TYPES OF ALGORITHMS:
1. Sequence: A sequence algorithm is a set of logical steps that are carried out in a
specific order to complete a task. In computer science, a sequential algorithm is
 executed once, from start to finish, without any other processing happening at the
same time.
2. Branching (Selection): Branching algorithms are recursively applied to instances of a
problem using branching rules and reduction rules. time. the number of nodes of
any search tree of an input of size n. leaves of any search tree of an input of size n.

Problem: Write the algorithm to find the equation ()

1. Start
2. Read/input X
3. If X Less than zero then F=-X
4. If X greater than or equal zero then F=X
5. Print F
6. End
3. Loop (Repetition): A looping algorithm is a type of algorithm that repeats a sequence
of instructions until a specific condition is met. Loops are a key part of algorithms that
help break down complex problems into more manageable parts.

Problem: An algorithm to calculate even numbers between 0 and 99

1. Start
2. I 0
3. Write I in standard output
4. I I+2
5. If (I <=98) then go to line 3
6. End

PROPERTIES OF ALGORITHM:

1. Input: The inputs are defined and specific to the algorithm.

2. Output: The outputs are related to the inputs.
3. Definiteness: The steps in the algorithm are clear and unambiguous.
4. Effectiveness: The steps in the algorithm are doable, not redundant, and provide the
desired results.
5. Finiteness: The algorithm has a finite number of steps.

 FLOWCHART: A flowchart is a diagram that uses symbols and arrows to illustrate a process,
system, or computer algorithm. It can be used to visualize, document, plan, and improve
processes in many fields.

Symbol Name Function

Process Indicates any type of
internal operation inside
the Processor or Memory
Input/Output Used for any Input/ Output
(I/O) operation. Indicates
that the computer is to
obtain data or output
results
Decision Used to ask a question that
 can be answered in a
binary format (Yes/ No,
True/False)
Connector Allows the flowchart to be
drawn without intersecting
lines or without a reverse
flow.
Predefined Process Used to invoke a
subroutine or an Interrupt
program.
Terminal Indicates the starting or
ending of the program,
process, or interrupt
program
Flow Lines Shows direction of flow.

GENERAL RULES OF FLOWCHARTING

 All boxes of the flowchart are connected with arrows (not lines).
 Flowchart symbols have an entry point on the top of the symbol with no other entry
points.
 The decision symbol has to exit points these can be on the sides or the bottom and
one side.
 connectors are used to connect brakes in the flowchart examples are:
1. From one page to another page
2. From the bottom of the page to the top of the same page.
 UNIT 2nd NOTES

(COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM, COMPUTER NETWORKS & INTERNET, E-COMMERCE & DIGITAL

MARKETING)

 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM: A communication system is a collection of devices, software,

and services that allows information to be exchanged between two or more parties.

The purpose of a communication system is to transmit signals from one location to

another. The basic structure of a communication system is a sender and a receiver that
conveys a message from one person or thing to another.

Some basic elements of a communication system include:

 Transmitter: The device that sends the information.
 Medium: The way the information is exchanged.
 Receiver: The device that receives the information.
 Transducer: Converts information from one format to another.
 Amplifier: Improves the strength of the signals.

 PRINCIPLES:
 Clarity: The message should be clear and the receiver should understand it the same
way the sender intended.
 Simplicity: Use simple language that is easy for the audience to understand.
 Organization: Structure your ideas and create a logical flow.
 Visual aids: Use charts, diagrams, or illustrations to clarify complex information.

 MODEL:
 Aristotle model: This model was designed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and
consists of three parts: a speaker, a message, and a listener.
 Barn Lund’s Transactional model: This model portrays communication as a dynamic
exchange of messages where both the sender and receiver actively participate in the
process.

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA: Transmission media is a physical path that carries information from
a transmitter to a receiver in a communication system. There are several things to consider
when choosing a transmission medium, including:

 Ease of use: How easy it is to install and maintain the transmission medium.
 Transmission efficiency: How much the signal will degrade when using the
transmission medium.
 Bandwidth: A wider bandwidth results in a higher data transmission rate.
 Noise: Less noise will result in less distortion of the data signal.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA:

 COMPUTER NETWORK & INTERNET:

o Computer network: Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that

can exchange data and share resources with each other. These networked devices use a
system of rules, called communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or
wireless technologies.

 COMPONENT OF COMPUTER NETWORK ARE:

NIC (National interface card): A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device that allows a
computer to connect to a network and exchange data with other devices. NICs can be
wired or wireless.
There are 2 types of NIC: wireless NIC and wired NIC.
1. Wireless NIC: A wireless NIC, or network interface card, is a hardware component
that allows a computer to connect to a wireless network using radio signals,
commonly known as Wi-Fi.
2. Wired NIC: Cables use the wired NIC to transfer the data over the medium.
 HUB: A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple
devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN. A hub
has many ports in it.

SWITCHES: A switch is a hardware component in network infrastructure that

performs the switching process. The switch connects network devices, such as
computers and servers, to one another.

CABLES & CONNECTORS: Cables and connectors are essential components of

computer networks that allow devices to transfer data and share resources.

1. Twisted pair cable: It is a high-speed cable that transmits the data over 1Gbps or
more.
2. Coaxial cable: The coaxial cable supports high-speed signal transfer over a larger
distance as compared to other cables like twisted pair cables.
3. Fibre optic cable: Fibre optic cable is a high-speed cable that transmits the data
using light beams. It provides high data transmission speed as compared to other
cable. It is more expensive as compared to other cables, so it is installed at the
government level.

ROUTER: A router in a computer network is a device connecting two or more

networks or subnetworks that are packet-switched. These are networking devices
functioning at layer 3 or a network layer of the OSI paradigm.

MODEM: A modem is a device that allows computers to connect to the internet and
communicate with other computers by converting digital signals into analog signals
and vice versa.

 USES OF COMPUTER NETWORK:

 Communication: Computer networks allow people to communicate with each other
in many ways, including email, instant messaging, and group conversations.
 Resource sharing: Computer networks allow users to share resources like printers,
fax machines, and storage servers.
 Online learning: Computer networks allow for distance learning and online
education.
 Access to information: Computer networks provide easy access to information,
online services, and resources from anywhere.
 Centralized data storage: Computer networks allow for centralized data storage and
management.

 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER NETWORK:

Communication: With the help of computer networks, communication is also easy because
we can do email, instant messaging, voice and video calls and video conferencing, which
helps us to communicate with each other effectively.
 Online gaming: Multiplayer online games use computer networks to link players from all
over the world, enabling online competitions and real-time gaming experiences.

Social media: With the help of a computer network, we can use social media sites like
Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to help people set up their profiles, and we can connect
with others and share content on social media.

o Computer internet: The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks

that allow computers to communicate with each other and access content from remote
servers. It's made up of a variety of networks, including private, public, academic, business,
and government networks.

 USES OF COMPUTER INTERNET:

 Communication: The internet allows you to communicate with others across the
world through email, social media, instant messaging, video conferencing, and more.
 Shopping: You can shop online for a variety of products.
 Banking: You can use the internet to manage your bank accounts and pay your bills.
 Entertainment: You can use the internet to stream TV shows, movies, music, and
videos.
 Remote work: You can use the internet to collaborate with others online and work
remotely.

 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER INTERNET:

 Shopping: The internet allows users to shop online without leaving home.
 Remote work: The internet supports remote work.
 Economic growth: The internet contributes to economic growth.
 Government services: The internet makes government services more efficient.

 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER INTERNET:

 Time wastage: The internet can be a waste of time due to slow speeds, ineffective
representation of images and 3D graphics, and less interactive web pages.
 Cyberbullying: Social media can be a breeding ground for cyberbullying, where
people use fake social media accounts to tease others.
 Privacy: When using the internet, you share personal information like your email
address, bank account number, credit card details, and phone number. This
information can be accessed by hackers or software experts, which can lead to
identity theft or privacy exposure.

 WEB BROWSER: A web browser is a software program that allows users to access the
internet, view websites, and interact with them by clicking links and entering text. Some
examples of web browsers include:

1. Google chrome: Google Chrome browser is a free web browser used for accessing
the internet and running web-based applications. The Google Chrome browser is
based on the Open-Source Chromium web browser project. Google released Chrome
in 2008 and issues several updates a year.
 2. Apple safari: On apple phones, laptops, and other apple devices, safari is the default
browser. It is typically regarded as a reliable browser.
3. Opera: Browse faster, safer and smarter. Opera Browser is engineered for the
changing web - chat with AI, arrange tabs in groups, block ads and use Opera's free
VPN.

 SEARCH ENGINES: A search engine is a software program that helps people find the
information they are looking for online using keywords or phrases.
Some of the top search engines include:
1. Google: is a search engine that helps users find information on the internet by using
keywords or phrases. The world's most used search engine, with a market share of
90.6% as of January 2022.
2. Bing: is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its
origins in Microsoft's previous search engines.
3. Yahoo: Search is a search engine that allows users to find information on the web.

 ADVANTAGES OF SEARCH ENGINE:

1. Time-saving: Search engines are designed to be fast and efficient, allowing users to find
information quickly without having to manually navigate through web pages.
2. Precision: Users can search for specific information by entering keywords, and search
engines will provide relevant results.
3. Brand awareness: Businesses can improve their brand awareness by appearing at the
top of search engine results pages for relevant keywords.
4. Competitive advantage: Search engine optimization (SEO) can help businesses attract
more customers than their competitors.
5. Targeted ads: Search engine marketing (SEM) allows businesses to create targeted ads
that reach specific audiences.

 DISADVANTAGES OF SEARCH ENGINE:

1. Limited control over algorithms: Search engines like Google regularly update their
algorithms, which can impact a website's ranking and organic traffic.
2. Inaccurate information: It can be difficult to verify the accuracy of information found on
the internet.
3. Sponsored results: Sponsored and page-ranked results can appear in search results,
which can cloud the results.
4. Irrelevant data: There may be irrelevant data available.

 MESSAGING: Messaging is a text based one to one conversation that usually occurs on a
mobile device or platform like Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, SMS text messaging or
within an app. on third party communication platform like Facebook, Snapchat or Apple
business chat messaging is convenient, provides context, and allows conversation to be
more personal with emojis, gifts and links to information.
 EMAIL: An email message is a digital message sent from one user to one or more users over
a computer network. Email, or electronic mail, is a communication method that can be used
for personal or professional purposes.

They can be used for a variety of purposes, such as:

 Sending reports, memoranda, and meeting notices

 Sending newsletters and security bulletins
 Sending messages with attachments
 Accessing appointment calendars
 Coordinating schedules

IMPORTANCE OF EMAIL:
 Fast: Email is a quick way to send messages, and recipients can usually expect to
receive them within minutes or a few hours.
 Cost-effective: Email is inexpensive to send, regardless of the distance or number of
recipients.
 Permanent: Email messages and replies are recorded, including when the message
was received.
 File sharing: Email allows users to send and receive documents, images, links, and
other files.
 Security: Email can be used to improve security for profiles and accounts.

 SOCIAL NETWORKING: Social networking is the use of online platforms to build relationships
with others who share similar interests, activities, or backgrounds. Social networking sites
allow users to connect with others, communicate, and share information, social networking
is similar to social media.
Some popular social networking sites include:
1. Facebook
2. Twitter
3. Instagram
4. TikTok
5. LinkedIn
6. Pinterest
7. Snapchat

 COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM (CBIS)

A computer-based information system (CBIS) is a collection of systems that use computers
to process and manage data. CBISs are a key component of modern workplaces and can help
organizations store, process, and manage data electronically.

CBISs are made up of several components, including:

 Hardware: Devices like monitors, keyboards, printers, and processors that work
together to accept, process, and display data.
 Software: Programs that allow the hardware to process data.
 Databases: Collections of files or tables that contain related data.
 Networks: Systems that connect computers to distribute resources.
  Procedures: Commands that combine the components to process information and
produce output.

 Types of computer-based information:

1. Transaction processing system: A transaction processing system (TPS) is a software

system that manages the collection, modification, and retrieval of data for business
transactions.
2. Management information systems: A management information system (MIS) is a
combination of business and computing that helps organizations use data to make
decisions.
3. Decision support systems: A decision support system (DSS) is a software program
that helps organizations make better decisions by analysing large amounts of data

 E-COMMERCE: E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and
services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the
internet.

 E-commerce work:
1. Customer visit your online store and browse the products.
2. The customer finally chooses a product (e.g. dress).
3. Customers select the size and colour before placing the product in their Shopping Cart.
4. Order management software checks the products availability.
5. if the item is in stock and the customer is ready to checkout, he entered his payment
card details and delivery information on the payment page.
6. The bank verifies that the client has sufficient money to complete the transaction.
7. After successful payment the customer gets a notification on the site that the order has
been successful.
8. The order is picked up from the storehouse and shipped.
9. The customer will get an email with a link to track their order.
10. Once the order is delivered the transaction is marked as complete.

 Types of E-commerce:
1. Business-to-business (B2B): is a business model where a company sells products or
services to another business, rather than to an individual consumer.
2. Business-to-consumer (B2C): is a retail model where a business sells products or
services directly to a consumer, without a middle person.
3. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): is a business model where consumers buy and sell
products or services to each other online.
4. Consumer-to-business (C2B): is a business model where consumers provide goods or
services to businesses instead of the other way around.

 CHALLENGES OF E-COMMERCE:
1. Competition: With more businesses moving online, it can be difficult to stand out and
attract customers.
2. Customer expectations: Customers have high expectations for fast delivery and free
shipping.
3. Customer service: Poor customer service can lead to customers abandoning their carts.
 4. Product returns and refunds: The process for returning and refunding products can be
complicated.

 Some advantages of e-commerce

1. Cost reduction: E-commerce businesses can avoid the costs of rent, electricity, staff, and
physical infrastructure.
2. Wider audience: E-commerce businesses can reach a wider audience than brick-and-
mortar stores, which are only visible to locals and passersby.
3. Convenience: E-commerce allows consumers to shop from home and compare prices
across different brands.
4. Faster buying: Customers can buy items from the comfort of their own home, without
waiting in line or fighting for parking.

 Some disadvantages of e-commerce

1. Security threats: Poor website security can lead to unauthorized users accessing your
website.
2. Privacy and security concerns: Consumers may be wary of giving out personal
information to online sources.
3. Shipping logistics: You need to figure out shipping logistics for every purchase.
4. Technical difficulties: Setting up an online store might be difficult for individuals who
lack technical experience.

 DIGITAL MARKETING: Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is the promotion of
brands to connect with potential customers using the internet and other forms of digital
communication. This includes not only email, social media, and web-based advertising, but
also text and multimedia messages as a marketing channel.

1. Search engine marketing

2. Search engine optimization
3. Affiliate marketing
4. Social media optimization
5. Email marketing

 Search engine marketing: (SEM) is a digital marketing strategy that helps businesses
increase their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs). SEM is also known as paid
search or pay per click (PPC) marketing.
 Search engine optimization: (SEO) is a practice that helps improve a website's visibility on
search engine results pages (SERPs). The goal of SEO is to increase the amount of organic or
unpaid traffic to a website from search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo.
 Affiliate marketing: (AM) is the process by which an affiliate earns a commission for
marketing another person's or company's products. The affiliate simply searches for a
product they enjoy, then promotes that product and earns a piece of the profit from each
sale they make.
 Social media optimization: (SMO) is a digital marketing strategy that uses social media to
increase a company's online presence and brand awareness.
 Email marketing: is a digital marketing strategy that uses email to promote a business's
products or services. It can be a powerful tool for businesses to Generate leads, Build brand
awareness, Build relationships, and Keep customers engaged.
BENEFITS OF DIGITAL MARKETING:
 Cost-effective: Digital marketing can be more cost-effective than traditional
marketing because it doesn't require travel, printing, or postage.
 Measurable: Digital marketing campaigns can be tracked in real time, allowing for
better understanding of what's working and what could be improved.
 Scalable: Digital marketing can reach a large audience in a scalable way.
 Builds brand awareness: Digital marketing can help build brand awareness and drive
product sales.

CHALLENGES IN DIGITAL MARKETING:

1. Generating leads: 61% of marketers say this is their biggest challenge. It's important to
focus on attracting the right leads, who are interested in what your company offers.
2. Creating engaging content: It can be difficult to create content that resonates with your
target audience.
3. Making content mobile-friendly: Most users are on mobile devices, so your website
should be suitable for them.
4. Dynamic algorithms: social media and search engine algorithms are constantly evolving,
which can affect organic reach and visibility.
 UNIT 3rd NOTES

(EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS)

 OVERVIEW OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY: Emerging technology refers to new or evolving

technologies that are expected to have a significant social or economic impact. The term can
have different meanings depending on the context, such as in media, business, science, or
education.
Some examples of emerging technologies include:
 Artificial intelligence: Can be used to reduce health inequalities
 Wearables: Can be used to monitor patients remotely
 Biometrics: Uses unique physical or behavioural characteristics to enhance security
and convenience.
 Synthetic biology: Involves the creation of programmable species of bacteria and
other life forms.
 Quantum technologies: An emerging technology that is characterized by rapid
development.

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Artificial intelligence (AI) is a collection of technologies that

enable machines to perform human-like tasks, such as learning, reasoning, and planning.
AI is used in many fields, including:
 Manufacturing: AI can help improve efficiency, quality, and productivity.
 Natural language processing (NLP): AI allows computers to understand and
generate human language.
 Machine learning (ML): AI allows computers to learn from data and improve their
performance over time.
 Cybersecurity: AI can be used to help with cybersecurity.
 Media: AI can be used for video content analysis, deep-fakes, and surveillance.

AI is a broad term that encompasses many different technologies, including machine

learning and natural language processing. Most of the AI that people experience in
their daily lives is "narrow" AI, which is designed to perform a single task.

 MACHINE LEARNING: Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
machines to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.

FEATURES OF MACHINE LEARNING:

 Predictive power: Machine learning can make predictions.
 Variety of algorithms: There are many types of machines learning algorithms,
including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, self-supervised.
 Deep learning: A type of machine learning that can analyse large amounts of data.
 Neural networks: A type of machine learning that uses artificial neurons to process
data.

 DEEP LEARNING: Deep learning is a method in artificial intelligence (AI) that teaches
computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain. Deep learning
 models can recognize complex patterns in pictures, text, sounds, and other data to produce
accurate insights and predictions.

TYPES OF DEEP LEARNING:

 Supervised machine learning: Supervised machine learning is a machine learning
technique that uses labelled datasets to train algorithms to recognize patterns and
predict outcomes.
 Supervised machine learning: Unsupervised machine learning is a machine learning
framework that uses algorithms to learn patterns from unlabelled data without
human guidance. It's a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that's well-suited for
complex processing tasks.
 Reinforcement learning (RL): is a machine learning technique that teaches software
how to make decisions to achieve the best possible outcome.

DIFFERENCE B/W MACHINE LEARNING & DEEP LEARNING:

 BIG DATA: Big data is a collection of large, complex, and diverse data sets that are difficult to
manage and analyse using traditional data processing tools.

Big data is characterized by its volume, velocity, and variety. It can come from many
sources, including:
1. Weather satellites
2. Internet of Things (IoT) devices
3. Traffic cameras
4. Social media trends
5. Emails
6. Videos

 DATA SCIENCE: Data science combines math and statistics, specialized programming,
advanced analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning with specific subject
matter expertise to uncover actionable insights hidden in an organization's data.

Applications of Data Science:

 Cloud computing: Offers flexible, scalable solutions for data storage and processing,
which are accessible from anywhere.
  Machine learning and AI: These technologies are key to data science, enabling
automation, predictive analytics, and the development of intelligent systems.
 Edge computing: This concept involves moving data processing from remote servers
to more local nodes, such as the user's computer.

 DATA ANALYTICS: Data analytics is the process of analysing data to discover patterns, draw
conclusions, and make decisions. It involves using tools, technologies, and processes to find
trends and solve problems. Data analytics is a field of computer science that uses math,
statistics, and machine learning.

APPLICATIONS OF DATA ANALYTICS:

 Healthcare: Healthcare data analytics is the process of analysing raw healthcare data
to identify patterns and insights that can improve patient outcomes and clinical
decision making.
 Travel: Travel data analytics is the process of analysing data to improve the travel
industry by enhancing customer experiences, increasing revenue, and optimizing
operations.
 Gaming: Gaming data analytics is the process of collecting, analysing, and
interpreting data from players to improve the game and player experience.

 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT): The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects that
are connected to the internet and can communicate with each other and with
systems. These devices are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies.
IoT devices are also known as "smart objects". Some examples of IoT devices include: Smart
thermostats, Smartwatches, RFID-enabled clothing, Industrial machinery, and
Transportation systems.

IoT is used in a variety of settings, including:

 Human bodies: Wearable or ingestible devices that monitor health and wellness.
 Homes: Voice assistants, automated vacuum cleaners, and security systems.
 Retail environments: Self-checkout, in-store offers, and inventory optimization.

 INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIOT): Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a network of

devices, sensors, and machines that are connected to the internet and used for industrial
applications. IIoT uses data collected from these devices to improve efficiency, productivity,
and safety in industrial operations.

 Machine-to-machine communication
 Data analysis
 Remote management
 Security

 ROBOTICS & 3D PRINTING: 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process

that uses a robot to build physical objects from digital models’ layer by layer. It's a versatile
technology that's used in the robotics industry for prototyping, tooling, and manufacturing.

Here are some benefits of 3D printing in robotics

  Speed: 3D printing can produce prototypes faster than traditional manufacturing
methods.
 Cost: 3D printing can save money by reducing the time and cost of production.
 Flexibility: 3D printing allows for more complex designs and the ability to mass-
produce customized products.

 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY: Blockchain technology is an advanced database mechanism

that allows transparent information sharing within a business network. A blockchain
database stores data in blocks that are linked together in a chain.

 Importance of blockchain:
Blockchain helps in the verification and traceability of multistep transactions needing
verification and traceability. It can provide secure transactions, reduce compliance costs, and
speed up data transfer processing.

 Industries using blockchain:

 Finance: Blockchain can streamline banking and lending services, reducing
counterparty risk, and decreasing issuance and settlement times.
 Media & Entertainment: blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize
content distribution, copyright management, and royalty payments. Content
creators can leverage blockchain to establish immutable records of ownership and
protect their intellectual property rights.

 Features of blockchain:
1. Decentralized: The network is decentralized meaning a group of nodes maintains the
network making it decentralized. This is one of the key features of blockchain
technology.
2. Immutability: Immutability is something that can’t be changed or altered. This one is the
top Blockchain features that ensures that the technology will remain as it is a
permanent, unalterable network.
3. Consensus: Every blockchain succeeds because of the consensus algorithms. Every
blockchain has a consensus to help the network make any transactions. In simple, the
consensus is a decision-making process for the group of nodes active on the network.

 QUANTUM COMPUTING: Quantum computing is a field that uses quantum mechanics to

solve problems faster than classical computers. It's a multidisciplinary field that combines
aspects of computer science, physics, and mathematics.

 Principles of Quantum computing:

 Quantum error correction: Quantum error correcting codes can achieve fault-
tolerant computation if the error rates of the gates are under a certain threshold.
 Interference: The principle of interference allows a quantum computer to cancel
unwanted solutions and enhance correct solutions.
 Entanglement: Two qubits can be made to become entangled, meaning they exist in
a single state. Changing one qubit directly affects the other in a predictable way.

 Component of Quantum computing:

 Quantum data plane: The core of the quantum computer.
  Control and measurement plane: A component of the quantum computer.
 Control processor plane and host processor: A component of the quantum
computer.
 Qubit technologies: A component of the quantum computer.

 Advantages
 Improved cryptography: Quantum computing can be used for cryptography, which
is the study of secure communication techniques.
 Better cybersecurity: Quantum computing can be used to analyse unstructured data
to prevent threats and respond to intrusions.
 Improved drug discovery: Quantum computing can bring considerable change in
drug discovery.
 Improved finance: Quantum computing can bring considerable change in finance.

 Disadvantages:
 Hardware: Building a large, fault-tolerant processor is a challenge due to the
sensitivity of subatomic particles to heat, energy changes, and other factors
 Algorithm complexity: Designing and implementing quantum algorithms and
protocols can be difficult.
 Scalability: Increasing the number of qubits and entangling them is a challenge.
 Post-quantum cryptography: Post-quantum cryptography is a national security
concern.

 CLOUD COMPUTING & ITS SERVICE MODEL: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing
services over the internet, and the different ways to use the cloud are called service
models. The three main cloud service models are:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): is a cloud computing model that provides on-demand

access to IT infrastructure like storage, networking, and servers.

IaaS can help businesses:

 Reduce maintenance costs: IaaS providers manage the physical infrastructure, so
businesses can spend less on maintenance.
 Save money: Businesses can avoid the cost of buying and managing physical servers
and data centres.
 Scale resources: IaaS allows businesses to scale up or down their IT resources based
on demand.
 Provision new applications: Businesses can quickly provision new applications.
 Improve reliability: IaaS can increase the reliability of a business's infrastructure.

 Platform as a Service (PaaS): is a cloud computing service that provides a development and
deployment environment for software applications.
Here are some of the benefits of PaaS:
  Speed: Developers can start using the system immediately after signing up, and can
create apps faster without worrying about hardware and software.
 Cost: PaaS avoids the cost of buying and managing software licenses, infrastructure,
and development tools.
 Scalability: PaaS provides a flexible and scalable platform for developing, deploying,
running, and managing apps.
 Support for AI: PaaS provides a compute- and data-intensive environment to
support the development and deployment of AI applications.

 Software as a Service (SaaS): is a cloud-based model that allows users to access and use
software applications over the internet.

Here are some benefits of SaaS:

 Pay-as-you-go: Users only pay for what they need, reducing upfront costs.
 Quick to deploy: Users can get up and running with an app quickly.
 Automatic updates: The cloud provider automatically updates the software.
 Scalability: Users can scale their business solutions more quickly.
 Integration: Many SaaS applications can integrate with other products from the
same provider.

 CHARACTERSTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE:

 On-demand self-service: Customers can access resources and create services
whenever they want through a self-service portal.
 Broad network access: Users can access resources from anywhere with an internet
connection.
 Resource pooling: Cloud computing pools resources together.
 Rapid elasticity: Cloud computing can scale and adapt quickly.
 Measured service: Users are charged for what they use.