MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World

Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Pearson-r Correlation Coefficient, Linear Materials: Student Activity Sheets,
Relationship and Regression Line Calculator
References:
Learning Targets: Basic Statistics: A Work text by Parreño and
At the end of the module, students will be able to: Jimenez
1.Use the Pearson-r correlation coefficient to find out how Introduction to Statistics by
strong the relationship is between two variables. David Lane, Online Edition
2. Define regression analysis and evaluate the regression www.statrek.com
formula. https://www.mathportal.org/calculators/statistics
3. Interpret linear relationship using Pearson-r correlation -calculator/correlation-and-regression-
coefficient. calculator.php

Productivity Tip: Create a study plan for every test and exam. Don’t just tell yourself that you’ll study hard
for an upcoming test. Instead, create a study plan where you list what you’ll do to prepare for the test. Create
a rough timeline to go along with the plan as well.

A. CONNECT

A.1 Lesson Preview/Review

Welcome to Lesson 12 on Correlation and Regression! Today, we'll explore the powerful tools of
correlation and regression analysis. These methods allow us to examine relationships between variables and
make predictions based on data. Get ready to uncover the patterns hidden in your data and learn how to apply
these techniques effectively. Let's dive in and enhance your analytical skills!

A.2 Introduction

Today, we'll learn how to measure and understand the relationships between two variables using
correlation coefficients and regression analysis. First, we'll talk about Pearson's correlation, which helps us
see how strong and in which direction two things are related, like how studying affects exam scores. Then,
we'll move on to regression analysis, which helps us predict one thing based on another. We'll find regression
values, draw the regression line to show the relationship, and use this line to predict future values. These tools
will help us see how things affect each other. Let's get started and improve our math skills!

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

B. COACH

B. 1 Content Notes
Topic: Computing Pearson-r Correlation Coefficient to Determine Linear relationship and Predicting Behavior using
Regression Line
Reading Comprehension Strategy: Definition and Description

Instructions: We have been practicing the reading comprehension strategy of definition and description. In this
lesson, you will read and understand the material independently using this strategy. The content notes are
provided below. Let's begin!

When we talk about a linear relationship, it means that as one thing changes, another thing
changes in a way that forms a straight line on a graph. Linear correlation is the term we use to describe
how closely this straight-line relationship is followed. We use a statistics number called the Pearson
product-moment correlation coefficient, denoted as r, to measure this. The closer the number r is to 1
or -1, the stronger the relationship is. So, if we look at a graph and see one variable on the x-axis and
another on the y-axis, a linear correlation tells us how well the two variables, x and y, match up to form
a straight line.

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation, r Formula

𝒏∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦
𝒓=
√[𝒏∑𝑥2 −(∑𝑥)2][𝒏∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

Where: r = Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

x = the observed data for the independent variable
y = the observed data for the dependent variable
∑xy = the summation of the product of x and y
∑x ∑y = the product of the summation of x and the summation of y
∑x 2 = summation of the squares of x
∑y 2 = summation of the squares of y
n = number of paired observations

The value of r ranges from -1 to 1, which means r can't be higher than 1 or lower than -1.

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

To understand what the value of r means, we use a correlation scale. If r is +1, it shows a perfect positive
relationship between the variables. If r is -1, it shows a perfect negative relationship. If r is 0, it means there is
no straight-line relationship between the variables. Look at the Correlation Coefficient Descriptive Equivalent
Table below to understand what different values of r mean.

Value of r Descriptive Equivalent

∓1.00 Perfect positive(negative) correlation
∓0.91 𝑡𝑜 0.99 Very high positive(negative) correlation
∓0.71 𝑡𝑜 0.90 High positive(negative) correlation
∓0.51 𝑡𝑜 0.70 Moderately positive(negative) correlation
∓0.31 𝑡𝑜 0.50 Low positive(negative) correlation
∓0.01 𝑡𝑜 0.30 Very low positive(negative) correlation
0.00 No correlation

When two things are correlated, like math and English grades or how tall kids are compared to their dads,
we can use one to guess about the other. For example, if a kid gets good English grades, they might also get
good math grades. Or, if an item in a store costs a lot, it might not sell as much. This helps us make predictions
about the future, like how many products we might sell based on the price. Problems that concern prediction,
estimation, and forecasting can be solved using regression analysis. It's like a tool to help us make smart
predictions. If two variables x and y are correlated variables and we want to predict the value of y (dependent)
given the value of x (independent), we have to find the regression line that describes the relationship between
the two variables. The regression equation is given by

ŷ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
where: ŷ= the predicted value
x = the independent variable
a and b = are found using the formulas below

The formulas for finding a and b are the following

𝒏∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦 ∑𝑦−𝑏∑𝑥
𝒃 = 𝒏∑𝑥2 −(∑𝑥)2 and 𝒂= 𝒏

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

WORDS DEFINITION DESCRIPTION OR IMPORTANCE

Linear
relationship

Linear
correlation

Correlation
coefficient

Regression
analysis

Regression line

B.2 Skill Building Activity

Let's compute the Pearson r correlation coefficient using a table for clarity.
We'll use the example below.
Determine the correlation between the grades in English and Math of 8 students and interpret the value using
the table to distinguish the strength of relationship between the two variables. (For this example, we will use
the English grade as the independent variable x):
Student English grade Math grade

1 75 80

2 70 75

3 65 65

4 90 95

5 85 90

6 85 85

7 80 90

8 70 75

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

In order to solve Pearson's correlation coefficient r conveniently, we must add columns and rows to solve for
the other values in the formula in solving Pearson’s correlation coefficient r . That is
Solution:

Student English grade Math grade (𝑥)2 (𝑥)2 (𝑥𝑦)

(𝒙) (𝒚)
1 75 80 5625 6400 6000
2 70 75 4900 5625 5250
3 65 65 4225 4225 4225
4 90 95 8100 9025 8550
5 85 90 7225 8100 7650
6 85 85 7225 7225 7225
7 80 90 6400 8100 7200
8 70 75 4900 5625 5250
𝟐 𝟐
n=8 ∑𝒙 =620 ∑𝒚=655 ∑𝒙 =48600 ∑𝒚 =54325 ∑x ∑𝒚=51350

We are done completing our table. This is essential in order for us to solve the Pearson’s correlation coefficient
r. Now, it’s your turn to explore. Let us use the values from the last row of the table to solve for r and then
interpret the value using the Correlation Coefficient Descriptive Equivalent Table. Using your calculator, find
the value of r.

𝒏∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦 (𝟖)(𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎)−(620)(655)
𝒓= = =________
√(8)( 48600) −(620)2 [(8)(54325)−(655)2 ]
√[𝒏∑𝑥2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝒏∑𝑦2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]

There is a _____________________________________ between the English and Math grades.

Using the same table we completed above, let us write the a) regression line and determine the grades in Math
of students with grades in English of b) 90, and c) 60, respectively.

Solution:

A. Regression equation: ŷ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥

Using your calculator, find the value of b.

𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦 (8)(51350)−(620)(655)
𝑏= 𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2
= (8)(48600)−(620) 2
= _____

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Substitute the value of b to find a.

∑𝑦−𝑏∑𝑥 655−(____)(620)
𝑎= = = ______
𝑛 8
Hence, the regression line is
ŷ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
ŷ = ______________________

Use the regression line to predict the value of grades in Math of students given their English grades.

B. If the English grade (x) of the student is 90, what will be the student’s Math grade ( ŷ)?
Substitute the value of x in the regression line and solve for ŷ.
ŷ = _______ (Math grade)

C. If the English grade (x) of the student is 60, what will be the student’s Math grade ( ŷ)?
Substitute the value of x in the regression line and solve for ŷ.
ŷ = _______ (Math grade)

Using the regression line, we can actually predict the value of the dependent y variable given the
independent variable x.

You may also use an online calculator to check your answers. Check the link below for an example of an
online calculator that you may use. Explore it and compare your answers in the SAS.
https://www.mathportal.org/calculators/statistics-calculator/correlation-and-regression-calculator.php

C. CHECK

C.1 Check for Understanding

Directions: Suppose we want to find out if a relationship exists between the height and weight of 10 UPANG
students. Answer the following questions

1. Find the value of r and interpret the value.

2. Determine the regression line.
3. Predict the weight of a student whose height is
a) 130 cm b) 205 cm

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

4. Give two real-life situations where it is important to predict the weight of a person given his/her height.

Student x y
Height (cm) Weight (kg)
1 170 72
2 172 70
3 158 60
4 165 73
5 180 85
6 195 98
7 183 78
8 175 76
9 182 82
10 190 90

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.
 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Module #12

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

D. CONCLUDE
D.1 Summary / Frequently Asked Questions

1. When do we use a correlation coefficient?

We use a correlation coefficient when we want to measure the strength of the linear relationship
between two continuous variables. Understanding how strongly things are correlated helps us make
better decisions. For example, if studies or school records show a very high positive correlation
between studying hard and getting good grades and exam scores, then you should decide to study
hard especially when preparing for exams.

2. What is regression analysis?

Regression analysis is used to understand the linear relationship between two things, like how studying
time affects exam scores. It is a tool used to predict one thing based on another and shows this
relationship with a straight line called the regression line.

D.2 Thinking about Learning

Are we good now? Have you learned a lot? Let’s talk about your learning experience.

1. Which part of the lesson did you find interesting?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What motivated you to finish the lesson today?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

D.3. Glossary of Terms

Correlated - have a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on
another.

Continuous variables - have values obtained by measuring.

Predict - say or estimate that a specified thing will happen in the future or will be a consequence of
something.

Learning Modules by PHINMA Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International License.