GITS Computer Institute

Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
Operating system dh vkiwfrZ djrk gSA blhfy, bls
Resourse Manager Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
operating system vFkok "os" ,d
flLVe lkW¶Vos;j gS tks ;wtj vkSj daI;wVj ds 2 ,d mi;ksxdrkZ ds fy, daI;wVj flLVe
chp ,d baVjQsl ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA dks fcuk fdlh operating system ds
vFkkZr gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke dks eSust bLrseky djuk yxHkx vlaHko gSA D;ksfd
djrk gSA vklku 'kCnksa esa ;s oks flLVe ,d izksxzke dks fu"ikfnr djus ij dbZ
lkW¶Vos;j gS tks vkidks daI;wVj ds lkFk izkslsl ,d lkFk pyrh gS ftUgs eSust
dE;wfudsV djus esa enn djrk gS fcuk daaI;wVj djuk ,d balku ds fy, vklku ugh gSA
ySXost ds lh[ksA 3 OS, ;wtj vkSj daI;wVj ds chp ,d dE;wVj
,d operating system dk mnn~s'; daI;wVj ds chp ,d dE;qfuds'ku fyad cukrk gS
ds bLrseky dks lqfo/kktud cukuk gSA rkfd ;wtj fdlh Hkh ,Iyhds'ku izksxzke dks
mi;ksxdRkkZ dks fdlh Hkh daI;wfVax fMokbl Bhd ls pyk ik;s rFkk mls vko';d
(MsLdVkWi YkSiVkWi ,LekVZ Qksu vkSj VScysV vkmViqV izkIr gks ldsA
bR;kfnA½ esa vU; izksxzke dks pykus ds fy, 4 vki vius ekml dk bLrseky ,Iyhds'ku
operating system dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dks [kksyus rFkk esU;w ij fDyd djus ds
dqN tkus igpkus os ds mnkgj.k windos fy, djrs gSA ;g lc vk/kqfud
,Android ,ios, macOS, linux. operating system dh cnkSyr laHko gSA
GUL ( Graphical user interface)
fo'ks"k :i ls ,d operating system dk dh enn ls vkidks ,slk djus dh vuqerh
dke ;wtj dks gkMZos;j dh tfVyrk ls cpkuk feyrh gSA
vkSj dEI;wVs'kuy lalk/kuks dks EkSut
s djuk gSA
tc ge daI;wVj dks pkyw djrs gSa] rks CPU 5 operating system , mi;ksxdrkZ dks
}kjk OS dks gkMZ fMLd ls eq[; eseksjh es yksM Qkby eSustesUV esa enn djrk gSA blds
fd;k tkrk gSA OS ds daI;wVj es LVkVZ gks n~okjk ;wtj viuh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj MsVk
tkus ds ckn ;s ckfd ;s ,Iyhds'ku izksxzke dks dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls lso dj ldrk gSA
'kq: djus vkSj muds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j 6 eYVhVkfLdax ,d csgn egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gS,
lalk/kuks dk izca/ku djus dk dke djrk gSA os vkWijsfVax flLVe dhA bldh enn ls ge
ds flan~/kkar dks igyh ckj 1950 ds n'kd esa VSi dbZ izksxzke dks ,d le; esa pyk ikrs gSA
LVksjst dks eSust djus ds fy, yk;k x;k FkkA
7 daI;wVj es fdlh Hkh ,Iyhds'ku izksxzke dks
vkWijsfVax fLkLVe dh vko';drk pykus ds fy, os ,d IysQkeZ iznku djrk
gSA ftlds dkj.k ge ml ,Iyhds'ku dh
1 daI;wVj esa ,d le; esa dbZ izkslsl py jgh enn ls vius dk;Z dks dj ikrs gSA
gksrh gS vkSj mu lHkh dks fu"ikfnr gksus ds
fy, LkSVªy izksLkflax ;wfuV vkSj daI;wVj vkWijsfVax flLVe dSls dk;Z djrk gS\
eseksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vkWijsfVax
flLVe lHkh izkslsl ds fy, bu lalk/kuks daI;wVj ck;ujh ysost esa 0 ,oa 1 dks gh le>rk
gSA ge tks Hkh daI;wVj ij Vkbi djrs gS

1
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
vkWijsfVax flLVe (translator) mls daI;wVj dh  operating system ;wtj Vw daI;wVj vkSj
ck;ujh Hkk"kk esa cny dj mls daI;wVj rd daI;wVj Vw ;wtj lketL; dks cuk, j[krk
igaqpkrk gS lkFk gh daI;wVj dh ckr tks dh gSA
ck;ujh ysaXost esa gksrh gS mls gkbZ ysoy esa
cny dj mi;ksxdRkkZ rd igaqpkrk gSA bl  ;g flLVe esa gks jgh izkWCye ds ckjs esa
rjg ls vkWijsfVax flLVe mi;ksxdrkZ vkSj crkrk gS lkFk esa mls fQDl Hkh djrk gSA
daI;wVj ds chp esa baVjfeMh,V dk dk;Z djrk
gSA lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa dgs rks gekjh ckr dks  vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj dh lHkh Qkby
daI;wVj rd igaqpkuk vkSj daI;wVj dh ckr dks eSust djus dk dke djrk gSA tSLks dkSu
mi;ksxdrkZ rd igaqpkuk gh vkWijsfVax flLVe lh Qkby dgk¡ j[kh gS dkSu gS dkSu ls
dk dk;Z djrk gSA QksYMj esa j[kh gS

vkWijsfVax flLVe mi;ksxdrkZ dks daI;wVj ij  vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj dh eseksjh dks
dke djus ds fy, ,d baVjQsl okrkoj.k nsrk eSust djus dke djrk gS blds varxZr fdl
gSA ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe cgqr lkjs baLVªD'ku ls QaD'ku dks fdruk Lisl nsuk gS ;g fu/kkZfjr
feydj cuk gksrk gSA vkWjsfVax flLVe ,d izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
dk flLVe lkW¶Vos;j gSA
 vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj dh lsdaMjh
vkWijsfVax flLVe dh fo'ks"krk,% fMokbl dks eSust dk dke djrk gS tSLks
mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk cukbZ gqbZ Qkby dks dgk¡
 vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj ds lHkh buiqV ij lso djds j[kuk gSA
vkmViqV fMokbl dks control djrk gS
lkekU; Hkk"kk esa dgs rks dkSu ls fMokbl ls  dI;wVj esa usVodZ eSustesV tSlk egRoiw.kZ
fdl rjg dk dke djokuk gS ;g dk;Z dk;Z Hkh vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;k
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA tkrk gS tSls bUVjusV dks dusDV djuk nks
daI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+uk vkfn usVodZ
 vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj dh lHkh izkslsl ls lEcaf/kr lHkh dk;Z 'kkfey gSA
dks eSust djus dk dke djrk gSA
Basics Of Operating System
 vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds }kjk daI;wVj baVjuy
DykWd eSustesVa dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k tkrk gS vkWijsfVax flLVe ,d ,slk software
ftldh enn ls vki vius computer dks
 vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj vkSj ;wtj ds pykrs gksA blhfy, tc Hkh vki u;k
fcp Intermediate dk dke djrk gSA computer [kjhnrs gks mlesa vki lcls
igys mlesa windows 10 dks load djokrs
 ;g xzkfQdy ;wTkj baVjjQsl iznku djrk
gS ftlls ;wtj ds fy, daI;wVj dk gks vkSj mlds ckn vki computer ;k
bLrseky djuk dkQh vklku gks tkrk gSA vius ySIVkWi dks vius ?kj ys tkrs gks A
ojuk fcuk operating system ds rks dHkh
vius computer dks on Hkh ugh dj
ldrs vxj vki computer esa user

2
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
software ;k Application software ds ,DlhD;w'ku dks eSust djrk gSA ekWfuVj
dks pykuk pkgrs gks rks oks fcuk os ds dHkh ges'kk esu eseksjh esa gksrh gS vkSj ,DlhD;w'ku ds
py gh ugh ldrsA fy, miyC/k gksrk gSA

;s os computer hardware dks vPNs ls eYVhVkfLdax ;k Vkbe 'ks;fjax vkWijsfVax

bLrseky djus esa enn djrk gSA flLVe%& izR;sd dk;Z dks ,DlhD;wV djus ds
fy, dqN le; yxrk gS rkfd lHkh dk;Z lqpk:
operating system eq[; :i ls ;gh dqN
:i ls gks ldsAa Vkbe 'ks;fjax vkWijsfVax flLVe
dke djrk gS tSLks keybord esa dqN input ,d gh daI;wVj flLVe dk mi;ksx djus ds fy,
ysrk gS Instrution dks process djrk gS vyx VfeZuy¼'kSy½ ij fLFkr yksxksa dks l{ke
vkSj output dks computer screen is cukrk gS + izkslslj Vkbe ¼lhih;w½ ftls dbZ
Hkstrk gSA vyx vyx dk;Z ds fy, vyx ;wtj ds chp 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gS bls Vkbe
vyx vkWijsfVx flLVe dk use fd;k tkrk 'ks;fjax dgk tkrk gSaA
gSA mnkgj.k
eYVhizkslslj vkWijsfVax flLVe%& eYVhizkslslj
 Microsoft  Ubuntu vkWijsfVax flLVe esa dbZ izkslslj gksrs gSa tks ,d
windows  Ubuntu lkekU; fQftdy eseksjh 'ks;j djrs gSaA
eYVhizkslslj flLVe gk;j daI;wfVax ikWoj vkSj
 Microsoft  Anodriod LihM iznku djrk gSA eYVhizkslslj vkWijsfVax
Windows OS flLVe esa lHkh izkslslj flaxy vkWijsfVax flLVe
 Google's Android  Ms - Dos ds rgr dk;Z djrs gSA
 Apple iOS  Symbian
fj;y Vkbe vkWijsfVax flLVe%& fj;y Vkbe
 Apple macOS OS
vkWijsfVax flLVe ,slk vkWijsfVax flLVe gS
 Linux operating tksfd izR;sd egRoiw.kZ vkWijs'ku ds fy,
system vf/kdre le; nsus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS vkSj
tksfd vks,l dkWYl vkSj baVjIV gSMfyax tSls
dk;Z djrk gSA ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe tks
vkWijsfVax flLVe ds izdkj egRoiw.kZ vkWijs'ku ds fy, vf/kdre le; dh
flaiy cSp vkWijsfVax flLVe%- bl rjg ds xkjaVh nsrk gS vkSj mUgs le; ij iwjk djrk gS
vkWijsfVax flLVe esa ;wtj vkSj daI;wVj ds chp mls gkMZfj;y fj;y Vkbe vkWijsfVax flLVe
esa lh/kk baVjsD'ku ugh gksrk gSA lkFk gh blesa dgk tkrk gSA tcfd ,sls fj;y Vkbe vkWijsfVax
izkslslst vkSj izkFkfedrk nsus ds fy, Hkh dksbZ flLVe tks dsoy vf/kdre le; dh xkjaVh ns
eSdsfuTe ugh gS blesa ;wtj dks daE;wVj vkWijsVj ldrs gS ;kfu egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ dks vU; dk;ksZ esa
dks ,d tk¡p ¼dkMZ ;k Vsi ij fyf[kr :i es½a vf/kd izkFkfedrk nsrs gS vkSj bls le; ij iwjk
izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA fQj daI;wVj vkWijsVj ,d djus dh dksbZ xkjaVh Hkh ugh gksrh gS rks mls
buiqV fMokbl ij dbZ tkWCl ds cSp cuk dj lkW¶V fj;y Vkbe vkWijsfVax flLVe ds :i esa
j[krk gS bu cSpks esa dbZ Hkk"kk;sa vkSj tkuk tkrk gSA
vko';drk;sa nksuksa lkFk esa gksrh gSA fQj ,d fMfLVªC;wVsM vkWijsfVax flLVe ;s vkWijsfVax
fo'ks"k izksxzke] ekWfuVj vkSj cSp esa izR;sd izksxzke flLVe vius ;wtlZ dks cgqr rst dEI;wVs'ku

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 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
iznku djus ds fy, fofHké e'khuksa esa fLFkr dbZ eseksjh eSustesV%& ;g fofHké izkslsl ds fy,
izkslslj dk mi;ksx djrs gS] izkslslj fofHkUu flLVe dh eseksjh ds yksds'ku dks eSust djrk
dE;qfuds'ku ykbUl tSls gkbZ LihM clsl ;k gSA lkFk gh ;g izkFkfed vkSj lsdsaMjh nksuks
VsyhQksu ykbUl ds ek/;e ls ,d nwljs ds lkFk eseksjh dks Hkh djrk gSA
dE;wfudsV djrs gSaA bls ywlsyh diYM flLVEl
;k fMfLVªC;wVsM flLVe dgk tkrk gS ,d Qkby eSusesV%& ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe daI;wVj
fMfLVªC;wVsM flLVe esa izkslslj lkbt vkSj flLVe dh lHkh QkbYl vkSj Mk;jsDVªht dks
QaD'ku esa fHké gks ldrk gSA bu izksll s j dks eSust djrk gSA ,d Qkby og gksrh gS ftles
lkbV~l] uksM~l] daI;wVlZ vkfn ds :i esa jsQj dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh ;k MsVk bdÎk jgrk gS vkSj
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g daI;wVj flLVe dh eseksjh esa LVksj gksrk gSA
,d vkWijsfVax flLVe gesa daI;wVj flLVe esa
usVodZ vkWijsfVax flLVe%& usVodZ vkWijsfVax QkbYl dks cukus] gVku]s lqjf{kr j[kus vkSj
flLVe ,d loZj ij pyrk gS ;g MsVk] ;qtj] ,fMV djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA nwljs 'kCnks esa
xzqIl] flD;wfjVh] ,Iyhds'ku vkSj vU; usVofdZx dgs rks ;g Qkby ls lEcf/kar lHkh xkfrfof/k;ks
QaD'kUl dks eSust djus dh {kerk iznku djrk tSls vkxsZukbts'ku LVksjst fjVªhoy usfeax 'ksofjaax
gS usVodZ vkWijsfVax flLVe dk izFkfed mís'; vkSj QkbYl dks lqjf{kr djus vkfn dkeSustesV
,d usVodZ esa vkerSj ij ,d yksdy ,fj;k djrk gSA
usVodZ ¼LAN½] ,d izksbosV ;k vU; usVodZ ;k fMokbl eSustesV%& ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ds
vU; usVodZ esa dbZ daI;wVlZ ds chp 'ks;j Qkby bl QaD'ku dk mi;ksx fofHké fMokblsl dks
ij fizaVj ,Dlsl dh vuqefr nsuk gSA Vªsd ,oa eSust djus esa fd;k tkrk gS tksfd
eksckby vkWijsfVax flLVe%& eksckby vkWijsfVax daEI;wVj flLVe ls tqM+s gq, gksrs gSA bl dk;Z
flLVe os vkWijsfVax flLVe gksrs gS tks fo'ks"k ds fy, ftEesnkj ;g QaD'ku 1@0 daVªksyj ds
:i ls LekVZQksu] VscysV vkSj fo;jcsy :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe
fMokblsl dks ikWoj djus ds fy, fMtkbu fd;s fo'ks"k fMokbl Mªkboj ds ek/;e ls gkMZos;j
tkrs gSa] dqN izfl) eksckby vkWijsfVax flLVe fMokbl ds lkFk baVjSDV djrk gSaA blds lkFk
,aMªkbM vkSj vkbZvks,l gSa] ysfdu vU; esa gh ;g fMOkkblsl ds ,&,yksds'ku dk dk;Z dh
CYkSdcsjh] osc vkSj okpvks,l 'kkfey gSA djrk gSaA

vkWijsfVax flLVe QaD'ku lqj{kk eSusesVa ,d vkiWjfs Vax flLVe fofHké

rduhdksa tSls vkWFkksfVds'ku vkWFkksjkbts'+ ku
izkslsl eSustesV%& izklsl eSustesV] vkWijsfVax fØIVksxzkQh vkfn dk mi;ksx daI;wV flLVe dh
flLVe dks izkslslt dks cukus vkSj gVkus esa lqj{kk lqfuf'Pkr djus ds fy, djrk gSaA vFkkZRk
enn djrk gSA ;kfu ;g flLVe esa py jgh ;g fofHké [krjksa vkSj ok;jl ds geyks ls
lHkh izkslslst dks eSust djrk gSA ;s izkslsl ds daI;wVj flLVe dh lqj{kk lqfuf{kr djrk gSA
chp flØksukbts'ku vkSj dE;qfuds'ku ds fy,
eSdsfyTe iznku djrk gS ,d izkslsl dsoy ,d 1@0 flLVe eSustesVa bl QaD'ku esa dksbZ Hkh
izksxzke daI;wVj flLVe ij ,d ;wtj }kjk vkWijsfVax flLVEk vius eq[; vkWCtsDV~l esa ls
pyk;k tkrk gSA ,d ml gkMZos;j fMOkkbl dh [kkfl;r dks
;wtj ls fNikus dk dk;Z djrk gSA

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 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
lsdM sa jh &LVksjst eSustesVa %& flLVe esa LVksjst Linux
ds dbZ ysoy gksrs gS] ftlesa izkbejh LVksjst]
lsdsaMjh LVksjst vkSj dS'k LVksjst 'kfey gksrs gS Linux operating system] unix operating
A bl QaD'ku esa fdlh Hkh baLVªD'ku vkSj MsVk system dk ,d fo'ks"k version gSA tks fd
izkbejh LVksjst ;k dS'k esa LVksj fd;k tkrk g]S computer, ySiVkWi vkfn ds fy, cuk;k x;k
rkfd ,d jfuZx izksxze bls jsQj dj ldsA
gSA fyuDl] unix operating system dk ,d
dekaM baVjfizVs'ku %& bl QaD'ku dk mi;ksx cgqr gh popular version gSA ;s ,d open
fn, x;s dekaM dks izkslsl djus ds fy, vkSj source software gS D;wafd bldh source
,fDVax flLVe fjlkslZst }kjk fn, x;s dekaM~l code internet esa freely available gSA
dks bUVjizsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk bls vki free esa bLrseky dj ldrs
usVofdZx%& ,d fMfLVªC;wVsM flLVe izkslslj dk gS] dgus dk eryc gS dh ;s iwjh rjg ls free
,d xzqi gS tks eseksjh] gkMZos;j fMokbl ;k ,d gSA linux operating system dks lu~ 1991
DykWd dks 'ks;j ugh djrk gSA izkslslj usVodZ esa Linus torvalds us Develop fd;k FkkA
ds ek/;e ls ,d & nwljs ds lkFk dE;wfudsV
djrs gSA vkSj ogh usVofdZx QaD'ku gksrk gSA Linux dks cukus esa Linus torvalds ds lkFk
free open source foundation ds
tkWc ,dkmafVax%& bl QD'ku esa fofHkUu tkWc
vkSj ;wtlZ }kjk mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys le; developers Hkh FksA njly ml le;
vkSj fjlkslZ dks VªSd fd;k tkrk gSA torvalds linux dks Minix os dh rjg gh
rjg gh cukuk pkgrs Fks tks fd unix ds
dE;qfuds'ku eSustesV%& daI;wVj flLVe ds lkeku Fkk A vkSj bls eq[; :i ls Academic
fofHké ;wtlZ ds dEikbyj baVjizsVj vkSj vU;
setting esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk FkkA tc
lkW¶Vos;j fjlkslsZt ds dksvkfMZus'ku vkSj
vlkbesVa dks eSust djus dk dke bl QaD'ku esa trovalds us linux dks develop fd;k Fkk rks
fd;k tkrk gSA og university of helsinki esa ,d student
Fks linux operating system dk mi;ksx djus
bl rjg ls Åij fn, gq, lHkh QaD'ku dh dk eq[; mís'; bldh security system
ijQkWjesl ds ek/;e ls ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe
dk ijQkWjesl iwjk gks ikrk gSA vkWijsfVax vkSj graphics dks csgn powerful cukuk
flLVe fdlh Hkh daI;wVj dks pyus ds fy, vfr gSA linux dk mi;ksx fofHké office] daifu;kas
vko';d dkWEiksusUV esa ls ,d gSA vkWijsfVax vkSj loZjksa esa O;kid :i ls ns[kk tkrk gSA
flLVe ds vk/kkj ij gh daI;wVj dke djrk gS Linus tarvoldas us bl operating system
fcuk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds daI;wVj dk dksbZ
ds core, kernal dk vkfo"dkj fd;k vkSj 12
egRo ugh gSA
lky es]a mUgksus market dks open source ds
Operating system for Desktop :i esa [kksykA GNU uked ,d daiuh us
and Laptop fofHkUu shells, window management and
utilities dks tksM+dj bls ,d operating
system ds :i es [kM+k fd;k gSA tc Hkh

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 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
daI;qVj dks pkyw fd;k tkrk gS rks vkWijsfVax rks gesa dqN physical Memory dh t:jr
flLVe lcls igys yksM gksus okyk program iM+rh gS tks gkMZ fMLd esa store dj nh tkrh
gksrk gSA tc vkWijsfVax flLVe pkyw gksrk gS gS vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij bldk bLrseky
fQj daI;qVj ds vU; software vkSj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
hardware dke djuk 'kq: djrs gSaA
security- fyuDl vkWijsfVax flLVe esa vPNs
Linux ds izdkj security features Hkh mIkyC/k gSaA tSls
Password Protection, Control Access
 jsMgSV fyuDl (Redhat linux) vkfnA
 mcqUVq fyUdl(Ubuntu linux) UNIX
 eafMªok fyuDl (Mandriva linux) USA es]a csy VkWelu us bell laboratory esa
 Msfc;u fyuDl (Debian linux) la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa Unix operating dk
fuekZ.k fd;k A gkyk¡fd ;g 'kq:vkr esa mini
 lqls fyUkDl (suse linux) computer ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu ckn
 KALI Linux esa bls mainframe vkSj ekbØks
computer ij bLRkseky fd;k x;k A unix
fyuDl dh fo'ks"krk, % dks multitasking vkSj multi user
application ds fy, powerful vkSj izHkkoh
portable & fyuDl vkWijsfVax flLVe
operating system ekuk tkrk FkkA
iksVsZcy gS] vFkkZr~ ;g lkFk vusd gkMZos;j ij
dk;Z esa l{ke gSA Ubuntu
Multi user & fyuDl ,d eYVh ;wtj
daI;wVj esa ubuntu ,d open source
vkWijsfVax flLVe gS] vFkkZr ,d le; esa dkbZ
operating system gS A tks Msfo;u
;wtj eseksjh] jSe] ,Iyhds'ku vkfn dks Access
dj ldrs gSA th,u;w / fyuDl forj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g
,d debian based linux distribution gS
Multi programming- fyUkDl ,d multi ubuntu dks canonical fyfeVsM daiuh ds
programming vkWjsfVax flLVe gS] vFkkZr ,d }kjk 20 vDVwcj 2004 dks ykap fd;k x;k FkkA
lkFk bles dbZ izksxzke dks run dj ldrs gSA ;g lcls yksdfiz; linux distbution esa ls
,d gS vkSj bldk bLrseky djuk dkQh vklku
open source& fyUkDl ,d vksiu lkslZ gSA bls Msfc;u fyuDl ds dksM csl ij cuk;k
vkWijsfVax flLVe gS] dksbZ Hkh ;wtj fcuk ykblasl x;k gSA bldk uke mcaVw ds uke ij j[kk x;k
ds Qzh esa fyuDl vkWijsfVx flLVe dk bLrseky gS] tks ,d nf{k.k vQzhdh n'kZu gS tks fo'okl
dj ldrk gSA dks lk>k djus ds ca/ku esa j[krk gS tks lHkh
Virtual memory & ;fn fdlh cMs+ euq";ksa dks tksM+rk gSA
progarm ;k Application dks Edit djrs gS

6
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
bl ifj;kstuk dks dSuu daiuh fyfeVsM }kjk ls fy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ humanity to
izk;ksftr fd;k x;k gS] tks ,d ;q -ds vk/kfjr others (nwljks ds fy, ekuork) gksrk gS
daiuh gS tks mcaVw dks iwjk djus ds fy, leFkZu
vkSj lsok,a cspdj jktLo mRi= djrh gSA Ubuntu version ds dqN izdkj fyEufyf[kr
dSuksfudy gj N% eghus esa mcaVw esa ,d u;k gS&
laLdj.k tkjh djrk gS vkSj blds ckn iSp vkSj
lqj{kk fjyht ds :i esa support iznku djrk  Ubuntu server Edition & loZj esa
gSA mi;ksx
 Ubuntu studio& eYVhehfM;k ,Iyhds'ku
mcaVw esa dbZ lkW¶Vos;j iSdst gSa] ftUgs th,u;w ds fy,
tujy ifCyd ykblsal ds rgr ykblasl izkIr  Edubuntu& 'kS{kf.kd laE;kuksa vkSj Ldwyks
gSA ;g mi;ksxdrkZvks dks izksxzke ds vius Lo;a ds fy,
ds laLdj.k (version )dks dkWih djus] cnyu]s
 kubuntu& ;g laLdj.k KDE( Kool
fodflr djus vkSj iqufoZrfjr
Desktop Enviroment ) dks fu;ksftr
(Redistributed ) djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
djrk gS
mcaVw us ;wfuDLk vks,l dh LkHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
,d vfrfjRd vuqdwyu ;ksX; th;wvkbZ ds lkFk  xubuntu & lhfer lalk/kuks okys daI;wVj
'kfey fd;k gS] tks bls fo'ofo|ky;kas vkSj ds fy,
vuqla/kku laxBukas esa yksdfiz; cukrk gSA mcaVw  jeOS& ;g virtual ,Iyhds'ku ds fy,
eq[; :i ls O;fDrxr daI;wVj ij mi;ksx djus ,d lightweight n'kZu gSA
ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS] gkykafd ,d mcaVw dh fo'ks"krk,%
loZj laLdj.k (version) Hkh ekStwn gSA  Ubuntu ,d Ýh vkSj open source
vkWijsfVax flLVe eq[; :i ls ilZuy daI;wVj vkWijsfVax flLVe gSA
(ihlh) ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu bls loZj  Ubuntu unix vkWijsfVax flLVe dh
ij Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo'ks"krkvks ds lkFk GUI dks LkiksVZ djrk
ySiVkWi ds fy, lcls vPNk fyuDl vks,l gSA
mcaVw esVA ySiVkWi ds fy, lcls vPNk vkSj  Ubuntu ,d Hkjkslsean linux
gYdk vkWcVa w cnyko gS tks Gonme 2 Distribution gSA
Desktop Envionment ij vk/kfjr gSA  Ubuntu debion vk/kfjr vkWijsfVax
bldk eq[; mís'; lHkh ds mi;ksxdrkZvks ds flLVe gSA
fy, ,d ljy] lq:fpiw.kZ] mi;ksxdrkZ ds  Ubuntu lHkh gkMZos;j ij vPNs ls dke
vuqdwyu vkSj ikjaifjd & Dykfld desktop djrk gSA
enviroment iznku djuk gSS A  Ubuntu dk mi;ksx ilZuy daI;wVj ds
vykok loZj esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mcaVw vkWijsfVax flLVe eq[; :i ls ilZuy
daI;wVj (pc) ds fy, Msoyi fd;k x;k Fkk  vU; vkWijsfVax flLVe ds rqyuk esa ubntu
ysfdu bldk mi;ksx loZj ij Hkh fd;k tk dh ijQkWesl cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA&
ldrk gS ubuntu 'kCn dks vÝhdh tqyq Hkk"kk MS DOS

7
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
MS DOS dk full form disk operating non smart vkWijsfVax flLVe gksrk FkkA fQj
system gSA Microsoft corporation us vk;k flEch;u] CySDosjh] foaMkst] fyuDLk ;s
lbm ds fy, igyk DOS dk vfo"dkj fd;k vkWijsfVax flLVe LekVZ vkWijsfVax flLVe FksA ;s
IBM daI;wVj ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys dos LekVZ blfy, cksys tkrs Fks D;kasfd buesa vyx
ls ekscby ,si Mky ldrsa gS vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs
dks pc dos dgk tkrk gS IBM ds vykok
dke dj ldrsa gS tSls dh daI;wVj okys dkeA
vU; daI;wVjks ij mi;ksx fd, tkus okys dos buds ckn vk;k ,asMªkWM vkSj vkbvks,l] vkt
dks MS DOS ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA igys T;knkrj Qksu ,asMªkWM Qksu gS Hkkjr vkSj fodkl
DOS Multitasking ugh gks ldrk Fkk vkSj lhy ns'kkas esa T;knk pyrk gS] fodflr ns'kks ds
dksbZ graphical tkus okys dos dks ms dos yksx T;knkrj vkbvks,l ;k vkbQksu okys Qksu
ds :i es tkuk tkrk FkkA igys dos mi;ksx djrs gSA
multiadking ugh gks ldrk Fkk vkSj dkbZ Android Operating System:- vkt ds
graphical interface ugh FkkA bl le; ds T;knk rj eksckby Qksu esa ,aMªkbM
operating system dks ckn esa cgqr upgrade vkWijsfVax flLVe dks xwxy us 2008 ykap
fd;k x;k vkSj blh vk/kkj ij windows fd;k FkkA vkt ds le; esa ,aMªkbM vkWijsfVax
operating system dks fodflr fd;k x;kA flLVe ilan fd;k tkus okyk vkWijsfVax flLVe
gS D;qdh ,aMªkbM vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fy,
MS WINDOWS yxHkx lHkh ,Il ckgqr gh vklkuh ls fey
tkrk gSA
foMkast ,d O;kid :i ls bLrseky fd;k tkus
okyk vkSj popular operating system gS IOS Operating System:- IOS ,d ,slk
ftls micrsoft coropotion ,d izfl) ekscby vkWijsfVax flLVe gS ftls ,Iiy dEiuh
american coropoation }kjk cuk;k x;k us [kqn cuk;k gSA ;g ,IIky ds yxHkx lHkh
gSA 'kq:vkr esa windows operating izksMDV~l tSls ,IIky ds ekscby Qksu ySiVkWi
system dos operating system ij vk/kfjr rFkk VsoysV vkbZiSM esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA IOS
vkWijsfVax flLVe esa MkVk dks lcls T;knk
FkkA bl dkj.k ls] windows dks ,d vyx lqjf{kr ekuk tkrk gSA ;gh tks cM+s cM+s
operating system ugha dgk tkrk gSA fcftusl eSu yksx ,IIky ds izksMDV dks gh
windows 8 dks igys lky esa market esa Lrseky djrs gSA
mrkjk x;k FkkA fQj otZu 5 es] version 6,2
vkSj 6.2 tkjh fd, x, FksA Windos Operating System:- eq[;:i
ls foMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe MsLdVkWi vkWijsfVax
Operating System For Mobile flLVe gS ijUrq ekbØkslkW¶V dEiuh }kjk cuk;s
x, ekscby Qksu esa ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe ns[kus
Phone And Tablets dks fey tkrk gSA ekbØkslk¶V dEiuh ekfyd
vkWijsfVax flLVe 2 rjg ds gksrs gS] LekVZ fcy xsV~l gSA
vkWijsfVax flLVe] vkSj uksu LekVZ vkWijsfVax
flLVeA igys tks Qksu vkrs Fks tSls dh uksfd;k Chrome Operating System:-
1100 mudks Qhpj Qksu dgrs gS mu Qksuksa esa chorome OS dks xwxy us cuk;k gS ysfdu

8
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
;g dsoy osc ,Iyhds'ku ds :i esa gh dk;Z  Start Button
djrk gS chorme OS eq[;:i ls chorme  Icons
czkmtj dks ;wtj bVjQsl iznku djus dk dk;Z  Notification area
djrk gSA ftls vki xwxy ds dzksecqd esa ns[k
ldrs gS  Show desktop button
vkbdu % Icon ,d Graphical object /
User interface for desktop and visual representation gksrk gS tks
Laptop computer esa fdlh software ,
application,folder,file vkfn dks n'kkZus ds
,d ;wtj baVjQsl, ftls "UI" ;k dsoy fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS bu lHkh icon ds
"baVjQsl" Hkh dgk tkrk gS] ,d lk/ku vyx & vyx function gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
(Resources) gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr ,d fy,] tks folders vki ns[krs gaS vkids
lkW¶Vos;j ,fIyds'ku ;k gkMZos;j fMokbl dks desktop esa ;k open windows esa oks lHkh
fu;af=r (control) djrk gSA vPNk mi;ksxdrkZ icons gksrs ga]S ,d blue "e" vkids screen esa
baVjQsl ,d "user friendliness" vuqHko represent djrk gS internet explorer
iznku djrk gS] ftlls mi;ksxdrkZ (user) program dksA
lkW¶Vos;j vkSj gkMZos;j ds lkFk LokHkkfod vkSj
lagt rjhds ls ckrphr (communicate)dj  flLVe vkbdu
ldrk gSA  izksxzke vkbdu
 'kkVZdV vkbdu
Task bar Icons & shortcuts
Running an application
Taskbar ,d iryh vk;rkdkj iÎh gksrh gSa
tks windows desktop ij lcls uhps yxh vkWijsfVax flLVe izksxze vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ ds
lkFk & lkFk izksxzke vkSj vU; daI;wVj laLkk/kuksa
gksrh gaSA ;g desktop dh rjg windows ds tSls eseksjh] fizaVj vkSj vU; izksxze ds chp ,d
dkj.k fNirh ugh gaSA ;g ges'kk visible vkSj baVjQsl iznku djrk gSA ,fIyds'ku vkWijsfVax
highlight jgrh gaS blfy, vklkuh ls ns[kh tk flLVe dks request Hkstrk gSA
ldrh gSA taskbar dh rjg by defult fdlh ,fIyds'ku ls request feyus ij]
position bottom set jgrh gSaA ftls Top, vkWijsfVax flLVe requested service ds fy,
Right, Left esa cnyk Hkh tk ldrk gaSA vkSj response Hkstrk gSA
bls ,d txg lock Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gaSA
bldh cukoV vkSj fn[kkoV windows os foMkst esa] izksxzke run ds fy,] executable
version ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA tks version ds file ij Mcy fDyd djs ;k executable file
fglkc ls fHké & fHké gks ldrh gaSA dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, 'kkWVZdV vkbdu ij
Mcy &fDyd djasA ;fn vkidks fdlh vkbdu
Taskbar eas eq[;r% pkj Hkkx gksrs gaSA ftUgs ij Mcy & fDyd djus esa dfBukbZ gks jgh gS]
vki image esa ns[k ldrs gSA rks vki mls gkbykbV djus ds fy, ,d ckj

9
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
vkbdu ij fDyd dj ldrs gSa vkSj fQj vkWijsfVax flLVe esa] Qkby ,DlVsa”ku ,d
dhcksMZ ij ,aVj dqath nck ldrs gaSA vkbMsafVQk;j gS tks daI;wVj Qkby uke ds
var esa ,d çR;; ¼ suffix ½ ds #i esa
Opearting system simple setting mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls esVkMsVk ds Vkbi
ds #i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d
vkWijsfVax flLVe dh ljy lsfVax dSls djsa]
Qkby ,DlVas”ku vkWijsfVax flLVe dks Qkby
fLkLVe dk fnukad vkSj le; dSLks cnyas] dSLks
dh fo”ks’krkvksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS]
MsLdVkWi ds cSdxzmUM cnysa] LØhu lsoj dSls
cnyas] dSls MsLdVki ds cSdxzkmUM cnysa] bls gh -File extension dgk tkrk gSA
ftldh enn ls daI;wVj fdlh Hkh Qkby dks
windows xp daiksuasV dks dSls tksMs+ vkSj
pykus ds fy, irk yxkrk gS fd ;s Qkby
fudkya]s fiazVj dSls tksM+s fudkysa] vkfn A
dkSu ls Software ds lkFk pysxh tSls dh
foUMks vkijsfVax flLVe] flLVe dh lsfVax ds vxj dksbZ xkus dh Qkby gS rks mls VLC esa
fy, dUVªksy iSuy esa lsfVax ds QSlfyVh izksokbM play djuk gS vkSj vxj photo gS rks mls
djrk gSA tgk¡ ij vki vius dEi;wVj ls Picasa ;k vU; software esa Run djuk
gkMZos;j ;k vfIyds'ku / flLVe lk¶Vos;j dks gSA ,d Qkby ,DlVas”ku ] daI;wVj Qkby ds
baLVky dj ldrs gaSA ;k foUMks dEiksusUV Vsc esa var esa ,d çR;; gksrk gSA ;g Qkby uke ds
tkdj foUMks dEiksusUV dks dLVekbt dj ldrs var esa gksrk gS] vkSj vkerkSj ij nks&pkj
gSA dSjsDVj yack gksrk gSA
Using Mouse and Changing its Qkby ,DlVas”ku dk mi;ksx vkWijsfVax
Properties flLVe }kjk ;g igpkuus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS fd dkSu ls ,sIl bl Qkby Vkbi ls
,d buiqV fMokbl ds :i esa ekml] fgLVªh esa lacfa /kr gS - nwljs “kCnksa es]a tc vki Qkby
lcls vPNs vfo"dkjksa esa ,d gSA GUI dks Mcy&fDyd djrs gSa rks ;g Qkby dkSu
( Graphical user interface ) dks bruk ls ,si es vksiu gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ]
vklku cuk fn;k fd dhcksMZ ds eqdkcys ekml khoj.docx Qkby uke esa
dk mi;ksx djrk ;wtlZ ilan djrs gSA ekml ^^docx^^Qkby ,DlVas”ku gSA tc vki
vkids daI;wVj dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLLkk gSa] foaMkst esa fdlh Hkh .docxQkby ,DlVsa”ku
blfy, ;wtlZ dks bldh iwjh {kerk ls mi;ksx dh Qkby dks vksiu djrs gSa] rks ,e,l oMZ
djrs tkuk pkfg, A vksiu gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g ,e,l oMZ Qkbyksa
vc daI;wVj ekml dk mi;ksx T;knk gksus yxk dk ,DlVsa”ku gSA
gS] D;kasfd T;knkrj ;wtlZ ds fy, daI;wVj dks .apk- Android .doc and .docx-
flQZ dhcksMZ ls daVªksy djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk package file Microsoft Word file
gSSA cs'kd]daI;wVj ij lHkh vkok';d VkLd dks .bat-Batch file .odt - OpenOffice
iwjk djus ds fy, dhcksMZ 'kkWVZdV gS] ysfdu Writer document
ekml dk mi;ksx djuk dkQh vklku gSA file
.bin- Binary file .pdf- PDF file
Types of file Extentions .cgi or .pl- perl .rtf- Rich Text

10
 GITS Computer Institute
Add.- 73/74 Basanta Vihar AVC. 03 (Near Sanskar Bhavan) Jhunsi, Prayagraj
Contact:+91- 7881124848, 8869870249 Email:[email protected]
script file Format .dmg- macOS X .ico - Icon file
.com- MS- DOS .txt- plain text file disk image
command file .iso - ISO disc .jpeg or .jpg -JPEG
.exe- Executable file .odp- openOffice image image
Impress .csv - Comma .png - PNG image
presentation separated value file
.jar- Java Archive file .dat - Data file .ps - post Script file
file .db or .dbf – .psd -PSD image
msi-Windows .pps- powerpoint Database file
installer package slide show .iog- Log file .svg -Scalable
.py-python file .ppt- powerpoint Vector Graphics file
presentation .mdb- Microsoft .tif or .tiff- TIFF
.wsf- Windows .pptx- Access database file image
Script file powerpointOpen .sql- SQL database .mid or .midi- MIDI
XML presentation file audio file.
.bak- Backup file .asp and.aspx- .tar- Linux/ unix .mp3- MP3 audio
Active Server page tarball file archive file
file .xml- XML file .ogg- Ogg Vorbis
.dil- DLL file .cgi or .pl- perl audio file
script file Font file extensions .wav- WAV file
.dmp- Dump file .css- Cascading .otf- Open type font .wma- WMA audio
Style sheet file file file
.drv- Device driver .htm and .html- .ttf- TrueType font .oft- Microsoft
file HTML file file Outlook e-mail
.msi- windows .js- javaScript file template
installer package File.
.sys- Windows .jsp-java Server .vcf- E-mail contact
system file page file file.
.tmp- Temporary .php- PHP file
file
.deb - Debian .py - python file
software package
file
.pkg - package file .xhtml - XHTML
file
.rar - RAR file .ai - Adobe
Illustrator file
.zip - Zip .bmp - Bitmap
compressed file image
.bin - Binary disc .gif - GIF image
image

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