PROGRAMMING I

CHAPTER 4.
Flow Control - If

CENGİZ RİVA
 Flow Control

• Flow control in programming language is also known as

decision making.
• Decision making structures require that the programmer
specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the
program.
• if the condition is determined to be true, a statement or
statements underneath the test condition to be executed and
optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is
determined to be false.
 Flow Control

• Following is the general form of

a typical decision making
structure found in most of the
programming languages.
• C programming language
assumes any non-zero and non-
null values as true, and if it is
either zero or null, then it is
assumed as false value.
• C programming language
provides following types of
decision making statements.
 Control Flow

• The control-flow of a language specify the order in which

computations are performed.
• C offers following control flow keywords:
• If
• If-Else
• Else-If
• Switch
• While
• For
• Do-While
• Break and Continue
• Goto and labels
 if Statement
• An if statement consists of a
boolean expression followed
by one or more statements.
• If the boolean expression
evaluates to true, then the
block of code inside the if
statement will be executed.
• If boolean expression
evaluates to false, then the
first set of code after the end
of the if statement (after the
closing curly brace) will be
executed.
 if Statement
• An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by
one or more statements.
Syntax:
• The syntax of an if statement in C programming language is:

if(boolean_expression)
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */
}

• C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null

values as true and if it is either zero or null then it is assumed as
false value.
 if Statement
• Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 10;
/* check the boolean condition using if statement */
if( a < 20 )
{
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);
return 0;
}
 if Statement
• C programming language assumes any non-zero and non-null
values as true and if it is either zero or null then it is assumed
as false value.
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
if(5) printf("condition is true\n" );
return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
if(0) printf("condition is true\n");
return 0;
}
 if Statement
• There can be more than one expression combined with logical
or arithmetic operators inside the condition.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 20;
int c = 15;
if ( a < b && b > c) printf(" 1st AND opr - Condition is true\n");
if ( a > b && b > c ) printf(" 2nd AND opr - Condition is true\n");
if ( a > b || b > c ) printf(" OR opr - Condition is true\n");
if (! (a > b)) printf(" NOT opr - Condition is true\n");
}
 if...else Statement
• An if statement can be followed
by an optional else statement,
which executes when the
boolean expression is false.
• If the boolean expression
evaluates to true, then the if
block of code will be executed,
otherwise else block of code
will be executed.
• C programming language
assumes any non-zero and non-
null values as true and if it is
either zero or null then it is
assumed as false value.
 if...else Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the boolean expression is
false.
Syntax:
• The syntax of an if...else statement in C programming
language is:
if(boolean_expression)
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is true */
}
else
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean expression is false */
}
 if...else Statement
• Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
/* check the boolean condition */
if( a < 20 )
{
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
else
{
/* if condition is false then print the following */
printf("a is not less than 20\n" );
}
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);
return 0;
}
 if...else Statement

• Output of the program will be:

 The if...else if...else Statement
• An if statement can be followed by an optional else if...else
statement, which is very useful to test various conditions using
single if...else if statement.
• When using if , else if , else statements there are few points to
keep in mind:
• An if can have zero else if or too many else if's and they
must come before the else.
• Once an else if succeeds, none of the remaining else if's or
else's will be tested.
 The if...else if...else Statement
• Syntax:
• The syntax of an if...else if...else statement in C programming
language is:
if(boolean_expression 1)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */
}
else if( boolean_expression 2)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */
}
else if( boolean_expression 3)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 3 is true */
}
else
{
/* executes when the none of the above condition is true */
}
 The if...else if...else Statement
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
if( a == 10 )
{
printf("Value of a is 10\n" );
}
else if( a == 20 )
{
printf("Value of a is 20\n" );
}
else if( a == 30 )
{
printf("Value of a is 30\n" );
}
else
{
printf("None of the values is matching\n" );
}
printf("Exact value of a is: %d\n", a );
}
 The if...else if...else Statement
• Output of the program:

• Let’s change the first condition to true and in between another

one to true:
if( a == 100 ) Line 12
else if( a == 100 ) Line 20
• Output of the program:
So it skips all the other
conditions.
 Nested if Statements
• It is always legal in C programming to nest if-else statements,
which means you can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statement(s).
Syntax:
• The syntax for a nested if statement is as follows:

if( boolean_expression 1)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */
if(boolean_expression 2)
{
/* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */
}
}
 Nested if Statements
• Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
if( a == 100 )
{
if( b == 200 )
{
printf("Value of a is 100 and b is 200\n" );
}
}
printf("Exact value of a is : %d\n", a );
printf("Exact value of b is : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}
 Nested if Statements
• Output will be:
 if Statements

• So far we have compared integer variables with constant

numbers.
• It is also possible to compare variables with characters.
• Note that when comparing with characters we have to use
single quotation marks ''.
• If we want to compare with a string of characters such as
names, it is not possible to use if statement.
• In that case, speacial functions and data types are used.
 if Statements
• Example

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char ch1 = 'a';
char ch2 = 'b';
if( ch1 == 'x')
{
printf("ch1 is a x character\n" );
}
if( ch2 == 'b')
{
printf("ch2 is a b character\n" );
}
printf("Exact character of ch1 : %c\n", ch1 );
printf("Exact character of ch1 : %c\n", ch2 );
return 0;
}
 if Statements
• Output will be: