Functions

Engineering Maths
Course Instructor: Mr. Ngolah

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 1
 Definition of a function
A function takes an element from a set
(Domain) and maps it to a UNIQUE
element in another set (Codomain)
The domain is the set of values that
makes the function to be defined.
The range is the set of all images of the
function
The image of a function is the set of
values of the co-domain that satifies that
function. Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 2
 Function terminology
f maps R to Z
F:R Z
R f Z
Domain Co-domain

f(4.3)

4.3 4

Pre-image of 4 Image of 4.3

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 3
 Is it a Function?

For each x, there is Domain, x Range, y

only one value of y.
1 -3.6
Therefore, it IS a
2 -3.6
function. 3 4.2
4 4.2
5 10.7
6 12.1
52
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @ 52
HIBMAT, Ngolah 4
 Is it a function?

Three different y- Domain, x Range, y

values (7, 8, and
10) are paired with 3 7
one x-value. 3 8
3 10
Therefore, it is NOT 4 42
a function
10 34
11 18
52
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @ 52
HIBMAT, Ngolah 5
 Function?
Is it a function? State the domain and
range.
{(5, 8), (6, 7), (3, -1), (4, 2), (5, 9), (12, -2)

No. The x-value of 5 is paired with two

different y-values.
Domain: (5, 6, 3, 4, 12)
Range: (8, 7, -1, 2, 9, -2)
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 6
 More functions
A pre-image The image
Domain Co-domain of 1 of A

Alice A “a” 1
Bob B “bb“ 2
Chris C “cccc” 3
Dave D “dd” 4
Emma F “e” 5

A class grade function A string length function

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 7
 Even more functions

Range

a 1 “a” 1
e 2 “bb“ 2
i 3 “cccc” 3
o 4 “dd” 4
u 5 “e” 5

Some function… Not a valid function!

Also not a valid function!

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 8
 Function arithmetic
Let f1(x) = 2x
Let f2(x) = x2

f1+f2 = (f1+f2)(x) = f1(x)+f2(x) = 2x+x2

f1*f2 = (f1*f2)(x) = f1(x)*f2(x) = 2x*x2 = 2x3

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 9
Domain of a Function
The domain of a function is the set
of values that make the function to
be defined.

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 10
 E.g, The function has an
implied
domain that consists of all real x other
than
x = ±2

The domain excludes x-values that

result in division by zero.
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 11
 Another common type of implied domain is
that used to avoid even roots of negative
numbers.
EX:
is defined only forx  0.

The domain excludes x-values that

result in even roots of negative
numbers.
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 12
 Domain & Range of a Function
using graphs
What is the
domain of
the graph of
the function
f?

A :  1,4
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 13
 Domain & Range of a Function

What is the
range of
the graph of
the function
f?

Engineering Maths Lecture

 5,4
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 14
 Domain & Range of a Function
Find f 1 and f 2.

f  1  5

Engineering Maths Lecture

f 2  4
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 15
 Let’s look at domain and range of a
function using an algebraic approach.

Then, let’s check it with a graphical

approach.

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 16
 Find the domain and range of
f x   x  4.

Algebraic Approach

The expression under the radical can not be negative.

Therefore, x  4  0. Domain
A: x  4 Since the domain is never negative the
or range is the set of all nonnegative real
4,   numbers.
A: y  0
or Range
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 17 0,  
 Find the domain and range of
f x   x  4.

Graphical Approach

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 18
 One-to-one functions
A function is one-to-one if each element in
the co-domain has a unique pre-image

a 1 a 1
e 2 e 2
i 3 i 3
o 4 o 4
5 5

A one-to-one function A function that is

not one-to-one
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 19
 More on one-to-one
Injective is synonymous with one-to-one
 “A function is injective”
A function is an injection if it is one-to-one
a 1
Note that there can e 2

be un-used elements i 3
o 4
in the co-domain 5

A one-to-one function
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 20
 More on one-to-one
To show that a function is injective, it
suffices to show that if f(x1)=f(x2) then
x1=x2. If x1≠ x2, then the function is not
injective

E.g, Check if the function f(x) = x² is

injective

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 21
 Onto functions
A function is onto if each element in the
co-domain is an image of some pre-image
(i.e, the co-domain is the range)
a 1 a 1
e 2 e 2
i 3 i 3
o 4 o 4
u 5

An onto function A function that

is not onto
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 22
 More on onto
Surjective is synonymous with onto
 “A function is surjective”
A function is an surjection if it is onto
a 1
Note that there can e 2

be multiply used i 3
o 4
elements in the u
co-domain
An onto function
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 23
 More on onto
To show that a function is onto, it suffices
to show that, it’s co-domain is the range
E.g, check if the function f(x) = x² is onto
a 1
e 2
i 3
o 4
u

An onto function
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 24
 Onto vs. one-to-one
Are the following functions onto, one-to-
one, both, or neither?
a 1 a 1
a 1
b 2 b 2
b 2
c 3 c 3
c 3
4 d 4
4
1-to-1, not onto Both 1-to-1 and onto Not a valid function

a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
d d 4
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
Onto, not 1-to-1 Neither 1-to-1 nor onto
HIBMAT, Ngolah 25
 Bijections
a 1
Consider a function that is b 2
both one-to-one and onto: c 3
d 4

Such a function is a one-to-one

correspondence, or a bijection

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 26
 Inverse functions
Let f(x) = 2*x

R f R

f-1

f(4.3)
4.3 8.6
f-1(8.6)

Then f-1(x) = x/2

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 27
 More on inverse functions
Can we define the inverse of the following
functions?
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
4 d

What is f-1(2)? What is f-1(2)?

Not onto! Not 1-to-1!

An inverse function can ONLY be done defined

on a bijection
Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 28
 More on inverse functions
To show that a function is injective, it suffices to
first check if it is injective and then look for the
inverse
E.g, Determine if a) f(x) = x² b) f(x) =2x+1 is
invertible

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 29
 Compositions of functions
Let (f ○ g)(x) = f(g(x))

Let f(x) = 2x+3 Let g(x) = 3x+2

g(1) = 5, f(5) = 13

Thus, (f ○ g)(1) = f(g(1)) = 13

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 30
 Compositions of functions
f○g

A B C
g f

g(a) f(a)

a f(g(a))
g(a)

(f ○ g)(a)

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 31
 Compositions of functions
Let f(x) = 2x+3 f○g
Let g(x) = 3x+2
R R R
g f

g(1) f(5)
f(g(1))=13
1
g(1)=5

(f ○ g)(1)

f(g(x)) = 2(3x+2)+3Engineering
= 6x+7 Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 32
 Compositions of functions
Does f(g(x)) = g(f(x))?

Let f(x) = 2x+3 Let g(x) = 3x+2

f(g(x)) = 2(3x+2)+3 = 6x+7

Not equal!
g(f(x)) = 3(2x+3)+2 = 6x+11

Function composition is not commutative!

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @
HIBMAT, Ngolah 33
Even and Odd Functions

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 34
 Graphically

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 35
 Algebraically

Let’s look at the graphs again and see if this applies.

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 36
 Graphically

Engineering Maths Lecture

☺ Ngolah
Notes @ HIBMAT, ☺ 37
 Example
Determine whether each function is even,
odd, or neither.

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 38
 Graphical –
Algebraic Symmetric to
Origin
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 39
 Algebraic
Graphical –
Symmetric to y-
axis
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 40
 Graphical – NOT
Algebraic Symmetric to
origin OR y-axis.
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 41
 You Try
Is the function

f x   x
Even, Odd, of Neither?

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 42
Solutionf x   x

Symmetric about the y-axis.

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 43
 Increasing and
Decreasing Functions

Engineering Maths Lecture Notes @

HIBMAT, Ngolah 44
 Falls from x = -2 to x = 0.

Is constant from x = 0 to
x = 2.

Rises from x = 2 to x = 4.

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 45
 Ex: Find the open intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, or constant.

Increases over
the entire real
line.

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 46
 Ex: Find the open intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, or constant.

INCREASING :
 ,1 and 1, 
DECREASING :
 1,1

Engineering Maths Lecture

Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 47
 Ex: Find the open intervals on which the function is
increasing, decreasing, or constant.

INCREASING :
 ,0
CONSTANT :
0,2
DECREASING :
2, 
Engineering Maths Lecture
Notes @ HIBMAT, Ngolah 48