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Upciss Prime
PDF Notes Based on Latest NIELIT Syllabus

PDF Notes based on latest NIELIT Syllabus

CCC
Course on Computer Concepts
Course on R
Py Ter Concept

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CCC Full Detailed Syllabus

INDEX
Chapter-1
1. Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer
1.
Introduction, Objectives, Computer and Latest IT gadgets, Evolution of Computers & its applications, IT
gadgets and their applications, Basics of Hardware and Software, Central Processing Unit, Input devices,
Output devices, Computer Memory & storage, Application Software, Systems Software, Utility Software, Open
source and Proprietary Software, Mobile Apps, Summary, Model Questions and Answers.

Chapter-2
2. Chapter 2- Introduction to Operating System
Introduction, Objectives, Operating System, Basics of Operating system, Operating Systems for Desktop and
Laptop, Operating Systems for Mobile Phone and Tablets, User Interface for Desktop and Laptop, Task Bar,
Icons & shortcuts, Running an Application, Operating System Simple Setting, Using Mouse and Changing its
Properties, Changing System Date and Time, Changing Display Properties, To Add or Remove Program and
Features, Adding, Removing & Sharing Printers, File and Folder Management, Types of file Extensions,
Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-3
3. Chapter 3 - Word Processing
4.
Introduction, Objectives, Word Processing Basics, Opening word Processing, Title Bar, Menu Bar, Toolbars &
Sidebar, Creating a New Document, Opening and Closing Documents, Opening Documents, Save and Save
As, Closing Document, Using The Help, Page Setup, Page Layout, Borders, Watermark, Print Preview,
Printing of Documents, PDF file and Saving a Document as PDF file, Text Creation and manipulation,
Document Creation, Editing Text, Text Selection, Cut, Copy and Paste, Font, Color, Style and Size selection,
Alignment of Text, Undo & Redo, AutoCorrect, Spelling & Grammar, Find and Replace, Formatting the Text,
Paragraph Indentation, Bullets and Numbering, Change case, Header & Footer, Table Manipulation, Insert &
Draw Table, Changing cell width and height,
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Alignment of Text in cell, Delete / Insertion of Row, Column and Merging & Splitting of Cells, Border and
Shading, Mail Merge, Shortcut Keys, Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-4
4.Chapter 4- Spreadsheet
Introduction, Objectives, Elements of Spread Sheet, Creating of Spreadsheet, Concept of Cell Address
[Row and Column] and selecting a Cell, Entering Data [text, number, date] in Cells, Page Setup, Printing
of Sheet, Saving Spreadsheet, Opening and Closing, Manipulation of Cells & Sheet, Modifying / Editing
Cell Content, Formatting Cell (Font, Alignment, Style), Cut, Copy, Paste & Paste Special, Changing Cell
Height and Width, Inserting and Deleting Rows, Column, AutoFill, Sorting & Filtering, Freezing panes,
Formulas, Functions and Charts, Using Formulas for Numbers (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication &
Division), AutoSum, Functions (Sum, Count, MAX, MIN, AVERAGE), Charts (Bar, Column, Pie, Line),
Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-5
5. Chapter 5 - Presentation (Impress)
6.
Introduction, Objectives, Creation of Presentation, Creating a Presentation Using a Template, Creating a
Blank Presentation, Inserting & Editing Text on Slides, Inserting and Deleting Slides in a Presentation,
Saving a Presentation, Manipulating Slides, Inserting Table, Adding ClipArt Pictures, Inserting Other
Objects, Resizing and Scaling an Object, Creating & using Master Slide, Presentation of Slides, Choosing
a Set Up for Presentation, Running a Slide Show, Transition and Slide Timings, Automating a Slide Show,
Providing Aesthetics to Slides & Printing, Enhancing Text Presentation, Working with Color and Line Style,
Adding Movie and Sound, Adding Headers, Footers and Notes, Printing Slides and Handouts, Summary,
Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-6
6. Chapter 6 - Introduction to Internet and WWW
7.Introduction, Objectives, Basic of Computer Networks, Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network
(WAN), Network Topology, Internet, Concept of Internet & WWW, Applications of Internet, Website
Address and URL, Introduction to IP Address, ISP and Role of ISP, Internet Protocol, Modes of Connecting
Internet (Hotspot, Wi-Fi, LAN Cable, Broadband, USB Tethering), Identifying and uses of IP/MAC/IMEI of
various devices, Popular Web Browsers (Internet Explorer/Edge, Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera etc.),
Exploring the Internet, Surfing the web,
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Popular Search Engines, Searching on Internet, Downloading Web Pages, Printing

Web Pages, Summary, Model Questions and Answers.

Chapter-7
7. Chapter 7- E-mail, Social Networking and e-Governance Services

5.
Introduction, Objectives, Structure of E-mail, Using E-mails, Opening Email account,
Mailbox: Inbox and Outbox, Creating and Sending a new E-mail, Responding to an E-mail
message, Forwarding an E-mail message, Searching emails, Attaching files with email,
Email Signature, Social Networking & e-Commerce, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram,
Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Telegram), Introduction to Blogs,
Basics of E-commerce, Netiquettes, Overview of E-Governance Services like Railway
Reservation, Passport, e-Hospital [ORS], Accessing e-Governance Services on Mobile
Using “UMANG APP”, Digital Locker, Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-8
8. Chapter 8 - Digital Financial Tools and Applications

Introduction, Objectives, Digital Financial Tools, Understanding OTP [One Time Password] and QR [Quick
Response] Code, UPI [Unified Payment Interface], AEPS [Aadhaar Enabled Payment System], USSD
[Unstructured Supplementary Service Data], Card [Credit /Debit], E-Wallet, PoS [Point of Sale], Internet
Banking, National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), Immediate Payment
Service (IMPS), Online Bill Payment, Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter-9
9. Chapter 9- Overview of Cyber Security

Cyber Security, Need Goal Of cyber Security, Securing PC, Securing Browser,
Securing Email and Social Media Accounts (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp),
Securing Smart Phone, Summary, Model Question and Answers.

Chapter- 10
10. Chapter 10- Overview of Futureskills and Artificial
Intelligence
Introduction to Future skills, Introduction to Internet of things (IoT), Big Data Analytics,
Cloud Computing, Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence, Social & Mobile, Block chain
Technology, 3D Printing/ Additive Manufacturing, Robotics Process Automation, What
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is Artificial Intelligence (AI), History of Artificial Intelligence, Goal Of Artificial Intelligence, Ethics Of Artificial
Intelligence, Advantages of Artificial Intelligence, Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence, Application Of AI, Types
Of Artificial Intelligence, Subsets Of Artificial Intelligence, Future of Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence(AI)
at Present, Myths about Advanced Intelligence, Future Impact Of AI in Different sectors, Summary, Model
Question and Answers.

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Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer

Computer is an electronic machine which works on our given instructions. Computer is a machine which

It is a complete laborious machine made up of software. The word computer comes from the English word "Compute".

It is made up of two words and computer is called 'Sanganak' in Hindi.

There are three steps in the working of a router :-

computer

Input Process Output

Input – In this, instructions or commands are given to the computer by the user.

Process – In this the computer processes the instructions and converts the data into information.
He does it.

Output – In this the computer provides output to the user.

Primer
computer of the tractor system
b Components

ÿ Central Processing Unit (CPU)

ÿ Input Device
ÿ Output Device

CPU

Memory Unit

Input Control Unit Output

ALU

Secondary Storage
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ÿCentral Processing Unit (CPU)

The full name of CPU is Central Processing Unit. It processes the instructions given
by the user and controls all the functions of the computer. CPU is called the brain of
the computer.

cpy It is made up of the following three elements-

1.CU (Control Unit)

2. ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
3.Memory Unit (MU)

1. CU (Control Unit) - Control unit controls all the devices connected to the computer and their functions.
(control) so that all the work of the computer can be done properly.

2. ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)- The full form of ALU is Arithmetic Logical Unit. It is
an important part of the CPU and is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.

3. Memory Unit (MU) - This is a part of the CPU. Memory unit is used in the computer.
It is used to store data and instructions.

Features of computer-

1. Speed - The speed of computer's work is very fast. Computer works very fast as

compared to humans. It can complete more than one lakh tasks in one second. The
speed of computer is measured in Hertz (Hz) .

2. Accuracy - Computer completes any work without any mistake. Humans make a lot
of mistakes while doing a work, whereas computer completes its work without any
mistake. But if the same work is done by computer, then it will calculate

itself at a very fast speed. 3. Memory - Computer's memory is very powerful. We cannot
remember all the things but computer remembers all

the things without forgetting them. 4. Diligence - Computer has the ability to work for
many days which is not in humans, it never gets tired whereas humans get tired after
working for some time and need rest.
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5. Automation - Computer is an automatic machine. It completes its work

on its own. Once it starts its work, it completes it without any human
help.
Weakness
No IQ – Computer does not have the power to think and understand like humans, hence
computer is a slave of humans.

No Feeling: Computer does not have any feelings like humans.

History of Computer
Computer was invented about 2000 years ago. But modern computers have been in
existence for hardly 50 years and the history of development of computers is quite old. The
form of computer that we are seeing today did not develop suddenly but it has been
possible due to thousands of years of scientific discoveries and

various kinds of inventions. ÿ Abacus

Abacus was invented in China in the 16th century by Lee Kai

-Chen. It was used for addition and subtraction. Abacus is a
frame of wires, in which baked clay balls are placed. Abacus
was used by businessmen for calculations and in today's
time, calculator has replaced abacus.
ÿ Napier's Bones
Napier Bones is a computer device. Napier Bones was
invented in Scotland in 1617 by John Napier. It was used
to add, subtract, multiply and divide values. It was the
first machine to use decimal point at that time. Napier
used the tooth of an elephant to make this device, so
this machine came to be known as Napier Bones .

ÿ Blaise Pascal's calculator Pascal's calculator was the

first geometric calculator. It was invented in France in
1642 by Blaise Pascal. It was the first automatic
calculator of that time. It was a wooden box with wheels
attached to it. These wheels were used to add, subtract, multiply and divide
values . This machine of Blaise Pascal was called Adding
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Machine and also called Pascaline machine , which was the first mechanical calculating
machine .

ÿ Difference Engine
Charles Babbage built a machine in 1822 which he named "Difference
Engine". With the help of this engine , algebraic expressions and
statistical tables could be calculated with accuracy up to 20 digits. This
machine was widely used in railway, insurance and commercial sectors
in those days and this machine ran on steam.

ÿ Analytical Engine Inspired by the success of

Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, the Analytical Engine was created.
The Analytical Engine was invented in the year 1830. This computer was
capable of solving any type of mathematical problem. This computer
could store information forever. This Analytical Engine of Babbage
became the basis of modern computers, this is the reason why Charles
Babbage is called the father of computers.

ÿ Tabulating Machine It was a machine used to

record figures and store data. Tabulating Machine was a geometric tabulator based on five-
chord work. This machine was first used in the US census of 1890. The
tabulating machine was invented in 1880 by Herman Hollerith. Hollerith also started a
tabulating machine company which became IBM (International Business Machines) in 1924 .

ÿ Mark-1
Howard Icon, in collaboration with IBM, developed the MC-1 computer in 1930. It was the
world's first International Business Machines . With the help of this computer, all kinds of
arithmetic calculations could be done, and it was also possible to calculate logarithms and
trigonometry .

ÿ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

The full name of ENIAC is Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator . It was invented by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania . This world
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The first computer that could perform mathematical operations at a very high speed. And ENIAC
Computer was the first electronic digital computer.

ÿ EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

The full form of EDSAC is Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator. It was built by Maurice
Wilks at the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory University in England. EDSAC was the first
electronic digital stored-program computer.

Classification of Computer
Computers are classified in two ways- ÿ Based on small
handling capabilities ÿ Based on size

Based on data handling capabilities

There are three types of computers based on data handling capabilities.

1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer - Analog computer is a computer which is used to measure physical quantities.
Physical quantities are – temperature, pressure, speed, length and width etc. Analog computers
are used in payroll pumps, scientific work, and telephone lines etc. Examples of Analog Computers
- Speedometer

- This is an analogcomputer which is

used to measure the speed of a car . Auto Gasoline Pump - It calculates the amount of petrol and
along with this it also

calculates the price of petrol. Thermometer - This is also an analog computer which is used in the
hospital to measure the
temperature of the patient.

2. Digital Computer - Digital computer uses binary numbers (0, 1) to do any work because this

computer only understands digits i.e. 0 and 1. Digital computers have storage devices through

which they are able to store data in large quantities.

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Processing speed is also very fast and they are used in daily life as well.
In today's time, it is not only used for doing mathematical work but it is used in many other ways.
It is done to accomplish all the tasks.
digital computer
Examples of Ter
ÿ Apple Mac
ÿ Calculator
ÿ IBM PC
ÿ Digital Clock
ÿ Desktop
ÿ Laptop

3. Hybrid Computer- Hybrid computer is a computer which has both analog and digital
Computers have been made by combining them. Hybrid computer has the capability to perform the functions of both these computers.

This computer is used in payroll pumps, airplanes, hospitals and scientific work .
what is being done.

Analog + Digital = Hybrid

Type of Computer Base on Size

Based on the size of the computer
There are five types of torches.

1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Super Computer
5. Workstation

1. Micro Computer- The size of a micro computer is very small. In it, the CPU is placed in the
Microprocessor is used. These computers are light in weight and their cost is also low
It happens that the first Micro Computer was manufactured in the 1970s . Before the world
The microcomputer was named Microl, which was built using the Intel 8008 microprocessor
It was.

micro comp Examples of Ter-

ÿ Desktop Computer
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ÿ Laptop Computer
ÿ Palmtop Computer
ÿ Notebook Computer
ÿ Tablet Computer

2. Mini Computer- Mini computer is a special type of computer whose

The size of the machine is either very small or very big. That is computer
It is bigger than a microcomputer but smaller than a mainframe computer. Shamni
The computer is a multi-user computer, which means that it can be used by a

Many users can be used at the same time. Mini computer is more powerful than
micro computer but it is less powerful than mainframe and super computer.
It has less power than the computer. This computer was developed in the 1960s .
It was developed by IBM (International Business Machines) .
2 or more processors are used in it .

3. Mainframe Computer- The size of mainframe computer is very big

And a very large amount of data can be stored in it. In mainframe computers
Many microprocessors are used so the data is processed in it
The speed of doing it is very high. It is used by big companies and government
It is used to store large amounts of data in the office and these computers
They are quite expensive.

4. Super Computer- Super computer is the fastest in the world

Computer is a machine which processes data very fast. It is used
by scientists and engineers for many tasks.
It is used for various purposes such as: - to gather information

about the weather, to do research on atomic energy. Supercomputer

Its size is very big, it requires an entire room to keep it

There is a need. Super Computer is called 'Mahasaanganak' in Hindi. World's first super computer
The computer Cray-1 was developed by Cray Research Company in 1976. India's first super computer

The computer is PARAM 8000 .

5. Workstation – Workstation computer is a special type of computer.

Which has more processing power than a normal computer.
It has a fast microprocessor, a large amount of RAM and high
Speed Graphic Adapter is there which increases the speed of working. Work Station
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Use of computer for video editing, 3D animation, software development and desktop
It is done to do works like publishing .

Generation of Computer (Computer Generations)

There have been significant changes in computers in the last few years. These changes have been classified into
different generations, which are of five types :

1. First Generation (1940-1956)

2. Second Generation (1956-1963)
3. Third Generation (1964-1971)
4. Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
5. Fifth Generation (1980-Present)

1. First Generation (1940-1956)- The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes
were invented by John Emphas Fleming in 1904. The computers of this generation used punch cards
and paper tape for input. These were the earliest types of computers and were very large, consumed
a lot of electricity and generated a lot of heat. Therefore , Air Conditioning (AC) was required to keep
them cool . Names of some computers of this generation in

which tube of vacuum technology was used are- ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1, UNIVAC-2,

IBM-701, IBM-650

2. Second Generation (1956-1963) - In the second generation of computers, the register replaced the
vacuum tube. The register was invented by William Shockley in 1947. The register was smaller,
faster, cheaper and more reliable than the vacuum tube. Due to the register, the size of the computer
became smaller as compared to the first generation. After the arrival of the register, there was a lot of
development in the field of computers. In this generation, assembly language and high-level
language were used. Names of some computers of this generation are as follows - IBM 1620,
IBM 1401, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108

3. Third Generation (1964-1971) - In the third generation of computers, IC (Integrated Circuit) was used
instead of transistors. Integrated Circuit was invented by Jack Kilby in 1959. IC is a type of chip which

is made of silicon. That is why it is also called silicon chip. The working speed of the third generation
computer was better than the computers of the previous two generations. Due to the arrival of
Integrated Chip (IC), the size of the computer became very small. Along with this, the memory
capacity also increased a lot. In this generation, high level languages like Cobol, Pascal etc. were
used . Therefore, programming in them was easy.
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Names of some computers of this generation are as follows - IBM-360 series,

Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168, TDC-316

4. Fourth Generation (1971-1980) - In the fourth generation of computers, microprocessors are used
instead of ICs . A lot of LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
technology is used in microprocessors. After the fourth generation, computers became even more
modern. With the advent of this generation, the working capacity and speed of the computer both
increased. Computers of this generation support high level languages such as C, C++ etc. During
this generation, operating systems like MS-DOS and MS Windows were developed. The names

the computers of this

the six
generation.
computers are as follows- IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP are
11.

5. Fifth Generation (1980- Present) - AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology is used in the fifth
generation . Currently, the fifth generation of computers is in use. High level languages such as C,
C++, Java, and .Net etc. are used in this generation. Fifth generation computers are used in the
field of health, entertainment, and in making robots. Nowadays , it is also used in gaming . These
computers have the highest speed and their working capacity is also quite high. Gradually the fifth
generation of computers is being developed further so that it can become even more advanced .
The names of some computers of this generation are as follows - Desktop, Laptop, Notebook,

Chrome Book, Ultra Book.

Computer and Latest IT gadgets

Evolution of computer & its Applications
Evolution of computer and its applications
Computer was invented about 2000 years ago. As time passed, computers also developed. In the
beginning, the device that was used for calculation was named Abacus. Abacus was a computer device
made of wood which had two wires. There was an object attached to the wire which was rotated to get
the result. The first geometric calculator was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 AD. It had numbers
which had to be used to read numbers. But it could only do addition. The first Difference Engine
(mechanical computer) was developed by Charles Babbage in 1822 .

ÿ In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. ÿ In 1886 ,

William Burroughs developed the geometrical calculating machine.
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ÿ In 1931 , Cornelius Zeus of Germany made the first calculator. ÿ In

1940, coloured television broadcasting began . ÿ In 1948 , the
electronic calculator was manufactured by IBM . ÿ In 1953 , the first high-
speed printer was developed. ÿ In 1958 , the first electronic
computer was invented. ÿ In 1968 , the first mini computer (PDP-8)
was developed. ÿ In 1972 INTEL invented the microprocessor. ÿ In
1977 Apple invented the personal computer. ÿ In
1992 Microsoft invented the Windows operating system .

IT gadgets and their applications An IT Device is used for

information and communication technology. IT gadgets are devices that are made and work on the
basis of information technology which helps in the work of all of us.
All those devices that make things easy and fast are called IT
gadgets. The latest IT gadgets and their uses include smartphones, tablets, digital TVs and other
robot-based technology. The inclusion of IT in our daily lives has changed almost everything. How
we interact at both personal and professional levels. We don’t study the way we used to. The way
we work isn’t the same anymore. IT devices are constantly bringing revolution in our lives. Computer
technology applications now perform hundreds of tasks that are now done by humans.

List of IT gadgets
ÿ Smart Watch 360
ÿ PDA (Personal Digital Assistants) ÿ
Drone Camera
ÿ Pen with Camera
ÿ TV
ÿ Mobile
ÿ Laptop
ÿ Tablet
ÿ Desktop ÿ
Google Glass
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Basic Application of Computer Use)

Nowadays computer is very useful in our daily life. The basic applications of
computer are as follows-

1. Word Processing – Through word processing we can easily do our daily tasks like typing, preparing
letters, etc. The computer automatically corrects special and grammatical errors.

2. Banking- Computers are used in banks for various reasons like keeping information about
customer's account, taking printout of account holder's passbook or bank statement, tracking
the transactions made by the account holder, etc. Banks use computers for all these tasks.
ATM machine through which we withdraw and deposit money is also a type of computer.

3. Internet- Internet is a global system of interconnecting computer networks. Through the

Internet you can get more information than the library. You also have very fast and
convenient access to the Internet.

4. Hospitals- In hospitals, through computers only, one can get information regarding patient records such
as patient’s name, disease etc. and with just one click, one can get complete information regarding the
patient in the computer.

5. Education- Nowadays, many educational institutions have Smart Class Rooms , under which the teaching

and learning process of a school is improved with the help of computers. Apart from this, a classroom is
also becoming increasingly popular for getting education today. Apart from this, computers are also used

in schools for many other works like preparing reports, making projects and assignments and conducting
online exams.

6. Railway and Airlines Reservation- With the help of computer, railway and air tickets
can be booked from any place to other places and there is no chance of mistake in it.

Basics of Hardware and Software

Hardware The

physical component of a computer is called hardware or the parts of the computer that we can touch. All of

them are called hardware parts. There are many different types of hardware in a computer
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All those components are connected with the memory such as microprocessor,
Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Optical Disk, Monitor, Keyboard, Printer etc. The

hardware parts of the computer are divided into four parts which are given in the chart of
IPOS below.

IPOS CHART

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STORAGE

Monitors floppy disk
KEYBOARD MICROPROSERR
Printers hard disk
MOUSE
RAM/ROM
SCANNER Speakers Optical Disk
MATHERBOARD
LIGHT PEN Headphones (CD, DVD, BRD)

OCR Projectors PEN DRIVE

3D Printers ZIP-DRIVE
BCR
Plotters TAPE DRIVE
MICR
OMR MEMORY

MICROPHONE CARD

TOUCHSCREEN
JOYSTICK
Webcam

Input Device (Input Device) is T device)

an electronic device by which we input data or instructions into the computer . Input device delivers
the instructions given by us to the computer. There are many types of input devices used in
computers. We use them to give input in many different ways. The main input device used in the
computer is Keyboard which is used to give instructions by typing.

ÿ Keyboard- Keyboard is a basic input device in which the user gives commands to the computer
with the help of keys . This device contains keys like letters, numbers, characters, and functions
which the user presses to give commands to the computer. This is the most widely used device.
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The input device has 101 to 105 keys on a standard keyboard, and more on a multimedia
keyboard.

ÿ Mouse – Mouse is a pointing input device which is used to give input to the computer
under Graphical User Interface. Mouse has three buttons – left, right and scroll which
are used to take input. This device can be connected to the computer with the help of
wire and wireless technology.
There are three types of mouse-

1. Optical Mouse 2.
Wireless Mouse
3.Trackball Mouse

Optical Mouse- Optical mouse is a pointing device that uses LED light or sensor instead
of a ball to move the cursor. Mostly the light of optical mouse is red because the LED
used in it is cheap and photo detectors are more sensitive to red light.

Wireless Mouse- There is no need of USB cable to connect this mouse to the computer . This
mouse connects to the computer with the help of wireless technology radio, Bluetooth and Wi-
Fi .

Trackball Mouse- In this mouse, ball mechanism is used to move the cursor or pointer .
Ball mechanism is exactly like a ball with the help of which pointer is moved on the
screen . This ball can be rotated or moved in any direction with the help of finger, thump
and palm . ÿ Joystick- Joystick is an input device which is used

in gaming . ÿ Scanner: Scanner is used to convert physical documents, images

etc. into digital format . It scans the documents and sends them digitally to the computer.

I send it.
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ÿ OMR- OMR (Optical Mark Reader) is an input device which is scanned through an
OMR machine. This device is specially used for checking exams, surveys and other
types of data.

ÿ MICR- The full form of MICR is Magnetic Ink Character

Recognition. This is a type of technology which is used to
check paper documents . It is used to extract information of
cheques of banks and organisations .

ÿ Light Pen- This is an input device which is used for graphic

design, text messaging etc. on touch screen computers. You
can draw very easily with a light pen. Its pen-like shape makes
it very easy to use.

ÿ BCR (Barcode Reader) - It is an input device used to

read the code hidden in the lines of barcode. Barcode is
a vertical line of black colour, in which a lot of information
is hidden: like name of the product, price of the product,
batch number, name of the company, etc.

ÿ Microphone- Microphone is an input device used to convert

sound waves into electrical waves or to input sound into a
computer. It captures sound by converting sound waves into electrical signals,
which can be digital or analog.
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Output Device T device)

An output device is a device that receives data from a computer and converts that data
into text, video or audio . An output device is the opposite of an input device. Data is sent
to the computer through an input device while an output device receives data from the
computer.
Output There are many types of devices which are given below-

ÿ Monitor- Monitor is a major output device of the computer, it is also called visual display unit (VDU) .
It is just like a TV . The function of the monitor is to display the input given by the user.

Types of Computer Monitors

The full name of CRT is Cathode Ray Tube . CRT monitors use electronic beam to display images
on the screen . There is a type of gun (particle) inside this electronic beam. Which helps in igniting
the electronic rays. Due to which the electronic rays repeatedly hit the surface of the monitor. Due
to the collision of electronic rays on the surface, different types of colors are produced in the monitor
and due to these colors, image or video is displayed in the monitor . But this is an old technology
which is used in old computers and televisions.

LCD- Its full name is Liquid Crystal Display and it is the most widely used monitor in the world. It
takes up less space, consumes less power, generates less heat, and is much faster than older monitors.

They are thinner and lighter than CRT monitors.

Led - Its full form is Light-emitting diode. It is a flat screen computer monitor, which is also called
LED display. It is very thin and light as well as very small in size. It uses a panel of LEDs as its light
source. ÿ Printer - Printer is the most important output device of the computer. It works

to convert our digital files such as text and images into hard copy. This printout is known as hard copy,
which works as the output device of the computer.

Types of Printers
There are mainly two types of printers-
Machine Translated by Google

1.Impact printer
2. Non-impact printer

Printer

Impact Printer Non-Impact printer

Dot Matrix Daisy Wheel

Inkjet Printer Laser Printer
Printer Printer

1. Impact Printer- This printer is used for printing documents as well as graphics
It is also used for printing. Impact Printer is a printer where the print head, rubber-coated paper and
A physical contact is established between the two. Ink is applied to the paper using a ribbon.
There is effective printing .

There are many types of impact printers

ÿ Dot Matrix Printer
ÿ Daisy Wheel Printer
ÿ Line Printer
ÿ Chain Printer
Drum Printer etc.

ÿ Dot Matrix Printer- Dot Matrix printer is an impact printer that prints only one character at a time.
It prints only the character . This printer has a head which prints the symbols and letters.

It rotates from right to left and left to right for printing. This is a printer which is similar to an inkjet printer.
which sprays thousands of drops of ink to print paper . Nowadays Hot Matrix

Printer is used very less as it is used for printing high quality products .
Cannot print. Currently these printers are used by package delivery companies and auto parts stores.
What is done in it?

ÿ Daisy Wheel Printer- These printers use a plastic wheel for printing.
The shape of this wheel is similar to Daisy flower, so this wheel is called a rose flower.
The printer is called Daisy Wheel Printer .

2. Non-Impact printer- Non-impact printers use electrostatic and inkjet technology for printing . Generally, non-
impact printers are better than impact printers.
They are sharp.
Machine Translated by Google

There are many types of non-

printers : ÿ Inkjet
Printer ÿ Thermal Printer
ÿ Laser Printer
ÿ Electromagnetic Printer ÿ
Electrostatic Printer

ÿ Inkjet Printer- Inkjet printer is a non-impact printer in which small drops of ink are
sprayed to print on paper . It is mainly used in homes and offices. This printer is
used to print small items such as: - any school project, photocopy etc.

ÿ Thermal Printer- Thermal printer is a printer that was invented by Jack Kilby . This
printer uses hot pins to print things on paper . Compared to other printers, it is quite
cheap and prints things at a fast speed. It uses thermal paper to print pictures. This
printer is used in big companies because it is able to print things without stopping.

ÿ Laser Printer- Laser printer is a non-impact printer in which laser beam or light is
used instead of paper ink . Laser printer prints pictures and text in high quality and
it does colorful printing. That is why it is used the most nowadays. This printer
prints at a fast speed so it is mostly used in places where mainly printing, scanning,
photocopying and facts are done.

ÿ Plotter- This is an output device , pictures and graphs are printed by this . Banners ,
posters etc. are printed by this. It is of
two types-
ÿ Drum pen plotter ÿ
Flatbed plotter ÿ
Projector - Projector is a type of output device which helps in displaying videos or
pictures on a big screen or wall .

ÿ Speaker - Speaker is an output device which produces sound. ÿ Headphone

- Headphone is an output device which is used to listen to sounds or songs.

Machine Translated by Google

Computer memory and storage

Computer Memory is an important part of the computer in which data is stored, without memory the
computer does not work. Just as humans use memory to store data and information,
uses our brain. Similarly, computers store data and information .
To do this, it uses memory and divides the computer memory into small parts.
(divided) into parts which we call cells and in these cells data is stored in binary form (0,1)
It happens.

Types of Memory
There are mainly two types of
1. Primary memory memory-

2. Secondary memory (auxiliary memory)

1.Primary memory
Primary memory is the main memory of the computer . Which is usually small or of that type
Stores the program that is currently being processed by the processing unit (CPU)
This memory is of both types volatile and non-volatile . The data present in primary memory
The CPU reads it very fast because it is located very close to the CPU in the main circuit board.
Primary memory is also called Internal Memory and Primary Storage . This memory
Usually made of Semiconductor Materials , and Secondary Storage
It is more expensive than . Computers cannot work without primary memory.

There are mainly three types of primary

memory- 1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
2.ROM (Read Only Memory)
3. Cache memory

1. RAM- The full form of RAM is Random Access Memory

Data is stored in RAM as long as the computer is on .
When the computer is turned off , the data present in it gets deleted automatically
This is why it is also called volatile memory .
The computer accesses the data present in RAM at a fast speed.
Due to which the computer can complete the tasks quickly.

There are two types of RAM

Machine Translated by Google

1. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

2. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

2. ROM- The full form of ROM is Read Only Memory . It is a non volatile
memory which means that it stores data forever. Even if the power goes

off and the computer shuts down, the data present in ROM is not deleted.
Data can be stored permanently (forever) in this memory but we cannot
do this in RAM .

There are three types of ROM

1. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

3. Cache Memory- Cache Memory is a fast working memory which is used to increase the speed and

performance of CPU. The data or files which are used by CPU regularly are stored in cache memory.

Whenever CPU needs any data then CPU first searches for that data in cache memory.

Types of cache memory

- There are three types of it:

1. L1 Cache- This is a small memory whose size ranges from 2KB to 64 KB .

2. L2 Cache- The size of L2 cache is slightly larger than L1 cache and its speed is faster than L1 cache.
It is slightly smaller than . Its size is between 256 kb to 512 kb .

3. L3 Cache- It is slightly bigger in size than L1 cache and L2 cache and its speed is
slightly less than L1 cache and L2 cache memory. Its size ranges from 1 MB to 8
MB .

Features of Cache Memory

ÿ Cache Memory is faster than primary memory. ÿ Data is not stored in it

forever. ÿ

ÿ It can store data in very less space . ÿ Its

cost is very high.
Machine Translated by Google

2. Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also a memory of the computer which cannot be accessed directly by
the CPU. Secondary memory is not a part of the computer, it is added separately to the
computer. It is a type of non - volatile memory, that is, the data in it is stored forever, that is,
even if the computer is turned off, its data is not deleted. It is used to store permanent data so
that the user can use that data in future. Storage capacity of secondary memory is more as
compared to primary memory and the speed of accessing data is faster than primary memory.
It is slower than memory .

Types of Secondary Memory-

ÿ Hard disk
ÿ Pendrive
ÿ DVD
ÿ CD
ÿ Magnetic tape ÿ
Digital Versatile Disc ÿ
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) ÿ
Blu-ray Disc (BRD) ÿ
Compact Disc (CD) ÿ
Floppy Disk ÿ
SSD

Hard Disk- Hard disk was developed to store data in computer . Nowadays it is being used in
many areas beyond computer . Like Digital
Video Recorder, Digital, Camera etc. Magnetic disks have a very high capacity
to store data. Hard Disk is a group of many circular magnetic disks mounted
on a single axis. Hard Disk is also called Hard Disk Drive (HDD). Magnetic
disks can store a lot of data because their storage capacity is high. It can
store data from 256 GB to 1 TB.

Pendrive- Pen drive is a small digital device, it is a secondary storage

device for storing data. Pen drive is mainly used for transferring data, Pen
drive helps in storing music, movies, photos and documents. Pen drive is
also known as USB Flash Drive and USB Drive , it is small in size and light,
so it can be carried anywhere.
Machine Translated by Google

Floppy Disk- Floppy disk is a circular disk . Magnetic material is applied

on both the sides. It is used like a CD . A drive is required for this, which
is called Floppy Drive . Data is stored in tracks and sectors in a floppy
disk .

DVD- The full form of DVD is Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile
Disk . DVD is an optical disk technology which is used to store large
amounts of data . The storage capacity of DVD ranges from 4.7 GB to
17.08 GB . The weight of DVD is up to 16 g . It is mostly used to store
movies .

Memory Unit
Machine Translated by Google

Software
Software is a group of instructions and programs. Without software, a computer cannot do
any work. Software gives instructions to the computer. It tells the computer which work to
do, when and how. Many programming languages are used to make software such as Java,
C language, .Net, Javascript, Android and Python etc.

Types of Software in Hindi – Types of Software

1. System Software
2. Application Software

Application Software

Application software is a program that is developed to fulfill the user's specific tasks. All the
apps we see in our mobile phones and computers are examples of application software. We
can easily install and uninstall application software in our computer or mobile phone .

Types of Application Software

Horizontal Shareware of Open Source Nagware

Software Trial Software Software

Vertical Freeware Commercial

Software Software Software

Horizontal Software- These are the software which are used by all computer users .
Example- MS. Office, Photoshop, Tally etc.
Vertical Software- These are the software which are developed for a particular organization.
Example- Finacle, MIBS etc.
Machine Translated by Google

Shareware- We have to buy these software to use them, but before buying we are given their trial

version for a few days. Example- CorelDraw etc.

Freeware- These software are free. Example- VLC, Nero etc.

Open Source Software- These software also provide us with their Source Code , so that we can

modify it as per our requirement. Example- Linux, Libreoffice, Google

Chrome etc.
Commercial Software - These software either have to be purchased or a license has to be obtained.

Example- Ms. Office, Adobe Photoshop etc.

Nagware- These software come under shareware. When the trial time of these software is about to
end, they give a notice that you should now purchase this software . Example- WinRAR etc.

System Software
System Software is a software that controls and manages the computer. System software is the
most important software of the computer. With its help the computer starts . Without it the
computer cannot even start . This software has been developed to run the hardware and
application programs of the computer . System software runs in the background of the computer
and manages all the tasks of the computer itself.
Machine Translated by Google

Examples of System Software are- Operating System, Firmware, Antivirus Software, Desk Formatting

Software and computer language translators etc.

Types of System Software

Operating Linker Device

Interpreter Debugger
System Driver

Assembler Compiler Loader Utility

Software

Operating System - Operating System is a System Software that connects the User and the Hardware

It works to establish communication between the devices and provides a platform to the application software
and also works to control the hardware .

Interpreter- Interpreter is a System Software . It is a translator which works in High

It converts the program of Machine Level Language into Machine Level Language . It converts the code line by line

It is converted into machine level language and after running it, it displays its result immediately .
It is smaller than the compiler . It occupies less space in memory. There is no need to repeat the code in it.
There is no necessity.

Compiler- Compiler is a System Software . It is a translator which works on High Level

The program of the language is converted into Machine Level Language . And after this Machine Level

The language code is sent for processing . The result that comes after processing

It is converted into user language . Compiler converts the entire program into machine code at once.
It changes.

Assembler- Assembler is a system software . It is a translator . Which translates into assembly

converts the language program into machine language , and the machine language

It is changed in assembly language .

Machine Translated by Google

Utility Software ( TUTORIALS SOFTWARE)

Utility software is software that is used to analyze, configure, monitor a computer

And it is used to manage the computer." Utility software improves the functioning of the computer .
Utility software performs various tasks such as: - It maintains the computer and removes viruses from it.
Detecting, backing up data, deleting corrupted files and managing disks etc.

Some popular examples of utility software are:- Antivirus, File Management System, Desk Management
Tool and Dirsk CTcleanup Tool etc.

Open Source and Proprietary Software

Open Source Software- Open source software is a software which is available as source code .
It is distributed along with the source code. And the user can obtain its source code and edit it as per his requirement.

You can add features as per your requirement and modify them as per your requirement. Example-
Mozilla Firefox, Linux, Ubuntu, WordPress etc.

Proprietary Software- Proprietary software is the software that we use

You cannot do it for free . To use it, we need to buy this software from its owner .
You have to buy it. Proprietary software is copyrighted by its owner , that is, we do not
The code of the software cannot be changed, nor can it be distributed or copied . In simple words, it is such
a software that can only be modified by the person who has created it.
The software must be made. This software is classified as Closed Source Software, Non-free Software, and

Commercial software is also known by its name. Example- Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, Microsoft
Office, Tally etc.

Mobile Apps
Mobile App (Mobile Application) is a software which is used on Mobile Device- Smartphone,
They are developed for Tablet PC, iPhone, iPad etc.

Types of Mobile Application (Types of Mobile Application-)

ÿ Native Apps
ÿ Web-Based Apps
ÿ Hybrid Apps
Machine Translated by Google

Native Application- These apps are made for only one operating system or device . For example,
apps made for iPhone can only run on iPhone. They cannot be run on other smartphones . That is ,
they are not compatible with other devices .

Web-Based Application- These apps are made using HTML, CSS and JavaScript technology . Their

size is very light, but their performance is native

It is smaller in size compared to apps . You can access them only with the help of a web browser .

Hybrid Application- These apps are developed for more than one mobile platform/device . These
apps are made using web based technology and are not used for the same mobile platform.

The code is developed to be compatible with multiple devices . That is, it

The app can run on iPhone as well as other devices .

Example of Mobile Applications-

ÿ Whatsapp ÿ
Facebook ÿ
Gmail ÿ
Snap chat ÿ
Instagram ÿ
Twitter ÿ
YouTube
ÿ Chrome

Here's a summary of Chapter 1 of the CCC (Course on Computer

Concepts):
ÿ
Definition of computer : An electronic device that accepts input, processes data, stores
data, and produces output. History of
computers : From Charles Babbage's analog engine to modern computers. ÿ
Types of computers:
ÿ Analog computers
ÿ Digital computers
ÿ Hybrid computers
ÿ
Basic components of a computer:
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ
Input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.)
ÿ Central Processing Unit( CPU)

ÿ Memory( RAM, ROM, etc.)

ÿ
Output devices (monitor, printer, etc.)
ÿ
Generations of computers:

ÿ Vacuum tube
ÿ Register
ÿ Integrator Sakyat
ÿ Microprocessor

,
This chapter is about computers their history, types and origin Information about the components
very understanding

Let me know in the comments if you have any specific questions or if you need more information.
Explanation needed!

Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com

Chapter 2- Introduction to Operating System

Objective

In this chapter we will discuss Operating System, Types of Operating System, Basics of Popular Operating System

About the System, User Interface , Taskbar, Icons , Start Menu, Running Applications, Operating System Settings,

Changing Mouse Properties, Adding and Removing Printers, File and Directory Management.

Y
Operating System- Operating System is the most important software running on a
computer. And it is the first program to be loaded on a computer. The software in a computer
It is stored in the form of Operating System. Operating System is responsible for all the parts of the computer like Memory, Input,
Machine Translated by Google

It controls the output and all the hardware components connected to the computer . Operating
System is a system software . And without operating system a computer is useless.

Popular Operating System- Windows, Android, Macintosh, UNIX, Linux.

Basic Functions of Operating System ÿ Processing Management ÿ Memory

Management ÿ Input Output

Device Management ÿ File
Management ÿ Protection and Security ÿ Error
Detecting Aids OS
Operating
System

ÿ Processing Management- Operating System - All the processes running in the computer
It monitors the status of programs or processes and works to provide resources as per
their requirement. Operating System also decides as per its policy that which resource
should be made available to which process and for how long and when the resource
should be taken back from that process , so that all the processes continue to operate
properly as per their preference . This work of Operating System is called processing.
It is called management .
ÿ Memory Management- Operating system manages the primary memory . It
keeps a record of each location of the main memory , which location is free, or
which location requires how much memory .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Input Output Device Management-An operating system is a

The device manages communication through drivers . It decides which process to perform
When and for how long should the input/output device be used?

ÿ File Management - A file system is organized into directories for quick and easy navigation
and use . An operating system keeps track of where information is stored.

ÿ Protection and Security- Operating system keeps user data completely secure. Operating
system uses firewall to keep user data secure. Firewall is a security device through which
user data can be monitored. To provide even more security to user data, operating system
uses password through which no user can access user data without permission. ÿ Error
Detecting Aids - The operating system detects errors and continuously checks the
computer system to prevent them from malfunctioning and informs the user.

Types of Operating System ÿ Single

User Operating System (CUI Based) - The
operating system in which only one user can
work at a time is called single user operating
system . It is generally used in home computers .
Example - DOS, Windows-3x, Windows 95, 97,
98.
Figure - Single User

ÿ Multiuser Operating System (GUI Based) – One

Multiuser Operating System allows many users to work
together on a single computer . Each user is given a terminal
connected to the computer . This OS is mostly used in large
industries and government organizations. Example- Unix,
Linux etc.

Figure - Multiuser User

ÿSingle Tasking Operating System- The Operating System which can execute only one
task at a time is called Single Task Operating System . Example- MS.Dos.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Multi Tasking Operating System - The operating system which can perform multiple tasks at once
The system which can execute all these tasks is called Multitasking Operating System . Nowadays

Operating System is Multitasking Operating System. Example- Windows, Unix, Linux

Etc.
ÿReal Time Operating System- Real Time Operating System is used in real life
It is used for the application , it is used for those applications where data
Processing time is fixed and in small quantity.

Operating Systems for Desktop and Laptop

The Operating System used in Desktop and Laptop nowadays is Windows
Operating System is Apple, Mac OS .

The most widely used Operating System on Desktop and Laptop is Microsoft
Windows Operating System is developed by the company .

Operating System used on iOS Number Developed by Apple Company

Mac OS is used in Desktop and Desktop Applications developed by Apple Company.
What is done in laptop ?
Linux is also a popular operating system , which is used in laptops and desktops.
There are various versions of Linux Operating System available, which are also quite popular.

ÿ Microsoft Windows - This is the most popular operating system in the world , which is available in various
Available in different versions like Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows Server
Etcetera.

ÿApple macOS - This is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. , which

It is used in MacBook, iMac and other Apple Devices .

ÿLinux- Linux is an Open Source operating system, which is completely free . Which is available on various
It is available in distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian etc. Linux was created by Linus Torvalds

in 1991. Linux is a version of UNIX Operating System .

This is the most popular OS . This is an Open Source Operating System .

Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Tablet

Mobile Phones and Tablets There is an OS which is used on mobile devices like – Smart Phone
(It is designed for smartphones, tablets , and other handheld devices . Like Linux
Or Windows Operating System controls your Desktop or Laptop Computer
Machine Translated by Google

Just like a mobile phone or tablet operating system controls a mobile phone and tablet . A
mobile operating system runs and controls all the applications running on the mobile , such as
input, output, email, text messaging etc. given by the user .

ÿAndroid OS – This is an open social Android operating system developed by Google . It was first
launched in 2008. It is the most popular and most used mobile OS till date.

ÿIOS - This operating system is manufactured by iPhone manufacturer Apple Inc. for its own
devices (iPhone) , (iPad) , (PC) PC etc. Its number comes after Android.

ÿ Windows OS – Who doesn’t know its name. It is a PC operating system which is also made for
mobile devices. It is made by Microsoft. Its popularity in mobile devices is not much.

ÿBlackBerry - It is developed by Research in Motion (RIM) . And this

The operating system worked on BlackBerry devices .

User Interface for Desktop and Laptop

There are two types of User Interface-

1. CUI (Character user interface)

2. GUI (Graphical user interface)

1. CUI - CUI is not user-friendly and you always have to enter the command to run this OS .
You have to type it . For example:- DOS is a CUI operating system.
2. GUI - GUI operating system is user-friendly and one does not have to give any command to run
this operating system, rather one has to click with the mouse on the program which is to be
opened . For example: - Windows is a GUI operating system.

Desktop
When the booting process is completed in the computer system , then the screen that appears in
front of us is called desktop . All the things like files, folders, icons, task bar, notification area etc.
are visible on the desktop screen.
Machine Translated by Google

Desktop Icons

Task View

Start Button Search Bar File Explorer Taskbar Notification Area

Start Button- The start button is on the left side of the taskbar . As soon as we click on the start button, we

The window that opens in front of us is called the start menu . The start menu of the computer

There is a list of all programs , apart from the list of programs in the Start Menu, there is also a list of user accounts

There are links to open settings, computer settings, my computer, documents etc. Computer

The options for shutdown, restart, sleep are also the same. Different versions of Windows
In Start button and Start menu are different.

Task View – Involved with Windows 10 , Task View is a multitasking feature

which lets you access and organize your Open App Windows across multiple Virtual Desktops

It also gives you the ability to do so from any device connected to your Microsoft account .

Allows you to quickly resume previously started activities .

Taskbar- Taskbar is the bottommost panel on the desktop. When you open an application
When you open a program it appears on the Taskbar . In this way you can see the Taskbar by looking at the taskbar

You can find out how many and which applications are running on your computer at present time

are running . The task bar gives us instant access to all running programs
It does. There is a Start Menu on the left side of the task bar and a Notification area on the right side .
Machine Translated by Google

Icons- Icon is a type of Graphics Object , which can be seen in any File/Folder in your Computer.

This program is provided. Computer Icons are of different types-

1. System Icon
2.Shortcut Icon

1. System Icon- When we install an Operating System in the computer , then its

Along with this, some icons come by default. These icons can be seen on our desktop screen . Like
– This PC, My Documents, Recycle bin, Control Panel etc.

This PC- This icon is given at the top left on the desktop. When you click on it

Windows Explorer opens which shows all the resources connected to the computer such as hard drive.
Partition of Disk Drive are My Document, Music Folder, Picture Folder .

Recycle Bin- Recycle Bin is a very important icon created by the Operating System. When you delete
a file or folder from your computer, the Recycle Bin displays these deleted files .

and keeps the folder inside itself

Control Panel- Control Panel is a group of many programs. Which is used to manage Hardware,
Fonts Settings, System and Security Settings, Network and Internet Settings, User Account

This is done for the Settings . This is an option in which you can change the Software or System settings.
There are many ways to control . With the help of Control Panel functions, you can manage Windows.

You can make changes to the settings .

2. Short Cut Icon- A shortcut is a link to the related program, folder, files , on which
The relevant item can be run by double clicking . To delete the shortcut icon

But only the icon is deleted , the actual item is not deleted. The shortcut icon is separated from the

actual file by the arrow symbol. The file extension of the shortcut icon is .Ink

Is.
Machine Translated by Google

Running an Application (Open Application) - To open any program, double click on it or

you can open it by right clicking on it.

Close Apps- To close any program , click on the Close button or Keyboard
Then press Alt + F4 button .

Operating System Simple Setting

Control Panel is used to change System Settings in Windows Operating System . All types
of setting options related to hardware and software are available inside the Control Panel,
using which the system settings can be changed as per your convenience.

1. Using Mouse and Changing its Properties:

2. Changing System Date and Time setting:
3. Changing Display Properties:
4. To Add or Remove Program and Features:
5. Adding, Removing & Sharing Printers:
6. File and Folder Management:
Machine Translated by Google

Using Mouse and Changing its Properties- You can use your Mouse as per your
convenience by changing its Settings . To change the Settings of the Mouse , you can
open the Mouse Settings Dialog box by double clicking on the Mouse Icon in the Control
Panel . There are many options available in the Mouse Dialog box which are used to
change the Settings of the Mouse . Such as Buttons, Pointers, Pointer Options etc.

Changing System Date and time- To change the date and time of your system you can
Right click on Date and Time in the right side of the Task Bar at the bottom of the screen , and then click Adjust

Click on Date/Time .
Machine Translated by Google

A new window will open and select Date & Time in the left side of the window and then change
Click on Date & Time Option .

Note- Before changing Date & Time, Set Time Automatically and Set Time Zone
Turn it off .

Type the Date & Time as per your choice and click on the Select Option .
Machine Translated by Google

Changing Display Properties – To change the display properties of your system

To do this, right click on the Desktop and then click on Display Settings .

Note – Practical of these options has been done in the video.

To Add or Remove Program and Features

Add or Remove Programs is a feature in Microsoft Windows Operating System , which
Users are allowed to uninstall and order software installed on their computers .

feature is included. To open Add or Remove Programs in Windows 10 , press Control

Machine Translated by Google

You will go to the Panel , then click on Programs and Features . With its help you can customize the program

You can manage or uninstall it.

Note – Practical of this option has been done in the video.

Adding, Removing and Sharing Printers

Adding Printers - Control for adding printer to computer
Click on Devices and Printers in the panel , and then Add Printer in the option given above
You can add the printer by clicking on it .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Click on Add Printer in the above option . ÿ

Select the printer and click on Next .

Remove Printer - To remove a printer already installed in the computer , select

the printer and then click on Remove Device . To remove the printer
Click on Yes for confirmation .
Machine Translated by Google

File and Folder Management

A file is an object on a computer that stores data , information or commands that are used
by a computer program . Files can contain any type of information such as documents,
images, video, audio or data in any other format . The file name and extension are
separated by a dot (.) symbol . File extension indicates what type of file it is .

Example- Notepad dk File Extension .txt gSA

What is a file extension ?

To identify any file in a computer, the operating system of the computer identifies the file
according to its type as per its convenience. We know this by the name of File Extension .

For example – copy an MP3 file on the desktop screen of any computer and if you look
at its name carefully, you will find that after the dot in front of the song 's name, there is
mp3 and if there is a photo , then .JPEG is written in front of it . This is called -File extension .

With the help of which the computer finds out which software will run this file with? Like if
it is a song file then it has to be played in VLC and if it is a photo file then it has to be run
in Picasa or other software . Similarly, the file extension of a PDF file is .PDF.

Types of File Extensions

ÿ Video – .mpeg, .avi, .flv, .wmv, .mp4, .3gp, .mkv ÿ

Picture – .bmp, .jpeg, .gif, .png, .tiff, .wmf, .ico ÿ
Audio – .mp3, .wav, aac, midi, mod, mpeg-1, m4a, flac ÿ PDF
– .pdf ÿ Text

Document – .docx ÿ
Excel Workbook – .xlsx
ÿ PowerPoint Presentation
– .pptx ÿ
Photoshop – .psd ÿ Corel-Draw – .cdr
Machine Translated by Google

Here's a summary of Chapter 2 of the CCC (Course on Computer

Concepts regarding Operating Systems:
Operating System (OS) Definition: Software that manages computer hardware and provides
a platform for running applications.

Types of OS:

- Single-user, single-tasking (eg, MS-DOS)

- Multi-user, multi-tasking (eg, Windows, Linux)

Functions of an OS:

- Process Management (process scheduling, synchronization)

- Memory Management (allocation, deallocation)

- File Management (creation, deletion, storage)

- Input/Output Management (device handling, data transfer)

- Security and Protection (access control, permissions)

Operating System Services:

-Command interpreter (shell)

-Program execution
-Resource Allocation

-Error Handling

Types of Operating Systems:

-Real-time OS (RTOS)
- Embedded OS

-Mobile OS

-Desktop OS

This chapter covers the basics of operating systems, their types, functions, and services. Let
me know in the comments if you have any specific questions or need further clarification!

Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com
Machine Translated by Google

Chapter 3- Word Processing

LibreOffice
LibreOffice is an Open Source Software . It is an Office Suite just
like Microsoft Office, so Office should use it
It can be downloaded for free from the official website
www.LibreOffice.org . Like Microsoft Word , Libreoffice Writer

has been provided for word processing in Libre Office . Similarly,

Libreoffice Calc has been provided in place of Microsoft Excel and

Libreoffice Impress in place of PowerPoint .

Libreoffice base was provided in place of Microsoft access

Is.

History of LibreOffice - History of LibreOffice

Libreoffice is developed by the Document Foundation. It was first launched on 25 January 2011.
Programming of Libreoffice C++, Java, and Python Programming

It is made in different languages . It is completely free and Open Source Software .

Components of LibreOffice-

1. LibreOffice Writer
2. LibreOffice Calc

3. LibreOffice Impress 4.
LibreOffice Base
5. LibreOfficeDraw
6. LibreOffice Math

There are 3 main applications in LibreOffice-

ÿ LibreOffice Writer- It works like Microsoft Word . ÿ LibreOffice Calc- It

works like Microsoft Excel . ÿ LibreOffice Impress- It works like

Microsoft PowerPoint .
Machine Translated by Google

Word Processing Basics

Word Processing Software is an application software which is used for Letter, Report, News
It is used to make Letter, Table, Form. By using this application program you can make your
You can also insert pictures and charts in the document and can also type different types of text in it.

Formatting is also done, it is mainly used in Office .

Word Processing has the following features-

ÿ Typed text can be easily changed .

ÿ Spelling mistakes in the document can be corrected.

ÿ Words and sentences can be easily added, removed and replaced .

ÿ Mail-Merge is a useful tool in Word Processing Software , which allows you to list,

Create multiple letters, labels, etc. using information stored in a database or spreadsheet

Allows you to make Envelopes, Name Tags etc.

Opening Word Processing Package

Open LibreOffice in the same way as you open any other office office on your computer
Let's open the program . In Windows Operating System, your computer 's Start Menu
In LibreOffice , a menu appears for each of the LibreOffice components .
You can open LibreOffice Writer by clicking on it.

Method 1:- Click on Start ButtonÿSelect LibreOffice 7.6ÿLibreOffice Writer.

Method 2:- Double Click on LibreOffice shortcut frome DesktopÿThe Select Writer
Documents.
Machine Translated by Google

Method 3:- Write swriter in Run Dialog Box (Press Window + R Key Then Run Dialog Box
Will be Open & Click on ok Button.

Title Bar, Menu Bar, Toolbars & Sidebar

Title Bar
Menu Bar
Standard toolbars Sidebar

Ruler Formatting toolbars

Status Bar

Title Bar- Title Bar is a horizontal strip at the top of the window on which the title of the program
is displayed and there are three control buttons on the right side of the title bar . Their names are:
minimize, maximize and close . The default program title is untitled 1 .

Menu Bar- It is just below the title bar. It has File, Edit, View, Insert Format, Styles,

There are total 11 menus named Table, Form, Tools, Window and Help on which we can click.
Many types of options are available.
Machine Translated by Google

Standard Toolbar- It is just below the menu bar on which many types of tools are available

Like- Save, Open, Print etc.

Formatting Toolbar- It is just below the Standard Toolbar. It has many options for formatting the text like Font,

Font size, Bold, Italic, Underline, alignment

Etcetera.

Ruler- Ruler is also called Computerise Scale. It is of two types, horizontal and vertical .

This is used to set the page's layout and cursor position. There is no need to hide or unhide it.

The shortcut is Ctrl + Shift + R.

Status Bar- This is the horizontal bar at the bottom on which you can see the status of the file .

Like what is the page number in the file, how many pages, how many letters and words and which language set

You can see the text, text, etc. Along with this, there is a document view button and zooming tool on the right side.

Creating a New Document

There are many methods used to open a new document in LibreOffice Writer

Method 1 – New Document using FileÿNewÿText Document on Menu Bar

You can open it .

Method 2 – You can use Ctrl+N shortcut to open a new document .

Method 3 – Click on the new icon on the Standard Toolbar to open a new document

You can open it by clicking on the text document .

Note – Practical of this option has been done in Upciss Prime YouTube Channel.

Opening and Closing Documents

Opening Documents
Machine Translated by Google

There can be two types of file opening , one is a new file and the other is opening an already
existing file to make any changes. But before closing any file, make sure it has been saved or
not.

You can open the already created file by using the following steps

Method 1 – Open File ÿ Open on the menu bar and select the file.
I want to open it .

Method 2 – You can use Ctrl + O shortcut to open an already created file .

Method 3 – To open a previously created file , click on the Open icon on the Standard Toolbar
and select the file you want to open .

Save and Save As

There are two ways to save any file in Writer - Save and Save As. Any file can be saved using
both these options, but there is a slight difference between these two options.

Save - The Save command is used to save the document that you have typed. With the help of the
Save command, you can specify the name of the file and the location where you want to keep that file.
The Save command is used.

To save the file , go to the File Menu and click on the Save button or press Ctrl + S
Please use it.

Save As - This is used to make some changes in the saved file and save it with some other
name, format and location . To save as , Ctrl + Shift+S shortcut is used.

Closing Document
ÿ To close an open document in LibreOffice Writer, go to File and click the Close option.
Please use it.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Or use the X Button on the Right Side of the Menu Bar .

ÿ Use Ctrl + W shortcut.

Closing LibreOffice

ÿ To completely close LibreOffice , go to the File Menu and click on Exit LibreOffice.
Click here.

ÿ Use Ctrl + Q shortcut.

ÿ Or use the Close (X) Button on the Right Side of the Title Bar .

Using the Help

If you want to take any online help in LibreOffice Writer then use the keyboard shortcut F1 or
Use Help by going to the File Menu .

PageSetup

To set page settings like Page Size, Orientation, header and footer etc.
PageSetup Option is used.

To setup the page , use Format ÿ Page Style ÿ Page Option .

There are two types of page orientation in LibreOffice Writer : Portrait and Landscape by default.
Usually the orientation of the page is Portrait.

Print Preview

You do this to view a document typed using Print Preview, that is, your Document
How will it appear when printed ?
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ To see the Print Preview , go to the File Menu and click on the Print Preview Option .
ÿ Use Ctrl + Shift + O shortcut.

Printing of Documents

ÿ To print the document, go to the File Menu and click on the Print option
ÿ Use Ctrl + P shortcut.

PDF file and Saving a Document as PDF file

ÿ To save the created document in PDF (Portable Document Format) format

You should click on Export in the File Menu .

ÿ A new window will appear. In this new window select the location where you want to save the pdf .

ÿ Enter the name of the file in it and select the file format .PDF in Save As Type .

Text creation and manipulation

In LibreOffice Writer, text can be written and manipulated , such as selecting text.
Adding, editing, cut copy paste, changing font and font size etc.
Machine Translated by Google

Document Creation

There are many options given in Office Writer to create a new document.
ÿ
To create a new document go to FileÿNewÿText Document
ÿ Use Ctrl + N shortcut.

Editing Text

If you want to make any change at any place in LibreOffice Writer Document, then click with the

help of mouse to make the change or use navigation keys and after selecting the text, click on it.
You can delete or erase that text by using the Delete key or Backspace and put a new text in its place.
You can write words .

Text Selection

There are many options to select text in Lineary Office Writer. ÿ Shift

+ Right Arrow - Select the character from left to right.

ÿ Shift + Left Arrow - Select the character from right
to left. ÿ Shift + Up Arrow - Select the line from
bottom to top. ÿ Shift + Down Arrow - Select the line
from top to bottom. ÿ Double Click on Word -
Select the word. ÿ Triple click on a Sentence - Select the sentence.

Cut, Copy and Paste,

Cut – Cut option is used to move the selected text from one place to another place.

ÿ To cut , select EditÿCut

ÿ Use Ctrl + X shortcut.

Copy- Copy option is used to make a duplicate copy of selected text .

Machine Translated by Google

ÿ To copy , select EditÿCopy

ÿ Use Ctrl +C shortcut.

Paste - It is used to place the cut or copied text at the location of the cursor .
It is going on.

ÿ To paste , select EditÿPaste

ÿ Use Ctrl +V shortcut.

Font, Color, Style and Size selection

All these options are used to format the document and these options
These are given in the Formatting Toolbar .

Style Font Size Colour

ÿThe default font of LibreOffice is Liberation Serif.

ÿ Color the text using the Color option from the Formatting toolbar in LibreOffice
It is possible.
ÿ In LibreOffice the minimum font size is 2 and the maximum font size is 999.99.

ÿ In LibreOffice you can choose the font style of the document from the Style option .

Bold, Italic and underlined

Bold {Ctrl + B}:- It is used to make the selected text bold.

Italic {Ctrl + I}:- It is used to indent the selected text .

Underline {Ctrl + U}:- To draw a line below the selected text .

Superscript {Ctrl + Shift + P}:- It is used to place the selected text above the baseline
(as a dash). For example - ( A + B) 2 = A2+b2+2ab

Subscript {Ctrl + Shift + B}: – Moves selected text below the baseline (as a dash)
-It is used for. Like C2H12O6 = Glucose
Machine Translated by Google

Alignment of Text
There are four ways to justify any text on the Left, Right, Center or in LibreOffice Writer:
There are alignments , these four are in the Alignment Formatting Tool Bar .

ÿ Left Alignment – Ctrl + L

ÿ Right Alignment – Ctrl + R

ÿ Center Alignment – Ctrl + E

ÿ Justify Alignment – Ctrl + J

Undo & Redo

Undo – Undo option is used to go back step by step .

ÿ To undo , select EditÿUndo

ÿ Use Ctrl + Z shortcut.

Redo- Redo Option : It is used to go forward step by step .

ÿ To redo , select Edit ÿ Redo

ÿ Use Ctrl + Y shortcut.

AutoCorrect, Spelling & Grammar

AUTO CORRECT- The Auto Correct option corrects common typing mistakes. For example, if
you typed hte by mistake, it will change it to the . If you want, you can also enable Auto Correct.
You can also turn off this option . To turn it off- Tools Menuÿ Auto CorrectÿWhile Typing

Spelling & Grammar (F7) - Check spelling and grammar in the created document

It is used to do and cure them.

Find and Replace
Machine Translated by Google

By Find a text is searched and by Replace some other text is written in place of that text
and by Replace All the same text is placed everywhere at once. As you can see in the
image-

ÿ Ctrl + F shortcut key is used to open the Find Dialog Box . ÿ Ctrl + H shortcut
key is used to open the Find and Replace Dialog Box .
Is.

Paragraph Indentation
Paragraph Indenting is used to set paragraphs .

Indentation determines the distance of a paragraph from the left or right margin. You can increase or

decrease the indentation of a group or groups of paragraphs within a margin. You can create a negative
intent that pulls a paragraph toward the right margin. You can also create a hanging intent in which the

first line of a paragraph is not indented but the subsequent lines are.

ÿ To intent a paragraph FormatÿParagraphÿIndents ÿ

Intent the paragraph along with the Ruler .

Bullets and Numbering

ÿ In the Formatting Toolbar for Bullets and Numbering
Click Bullets or Numbering .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Shortcut Key Use Shift + F12 for Bullets and F12 for Number Rings .

Change Case
Alphabet character can be changed to Capital or Small Letter by Change Case
There are many types of keys used in Office Writer which can edit the selected text .
Convert to UPPERCASE, lowercase, Cycle Case, TOGGLE case and Sentence case

These provide the facility of to the user.

Format MenuÿTextÿUppercase/Lowercase/Sentence Case

Headers & Footers

Header, Footer option is used to insert header and footer .
Note:- Top Margin is at the top of the Header Page whereas Bottom Margin is at the bottom of the Footer Page
It is applied in.

Table Manipulation
Table is an important option in LibreOffice Writer which can be used to add a table in a document.
It is used to draw and insert rows and columns in a table
A table is created by adding .
Insert and Draw Table
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ To insert a table, go to the Table Menu and press Insert Table .

ÿ Use Ctrl + F12 shortcut.

ÿ Then Table Dialog Box will appear. In this Dialog Box, add Row and Table as per your requirement.
Enter the number of columns as you want and click on insert button

Changing Cell Width and Height

We use these options to increase the height and width of rows and columns in a table
We do

Use Table MenuÿSizeÿRow Height/Column width .

Alignment of text in cells

Formatting Bar is used to align the text in the table which
With its help, we can Left, Right and Center the text in the table .

Delete / Insertion of Row, Column and Merging & Splitting of Cells

Machine Translated by Google

You can insert and delete rows and columns in the table as per your requirement .
Yes, and you can make changes in it.

Table MenuÿDeleteÿRows/Column/Table
Margining Row, Column, and Cell
Select the Row Pen and Cell that you want to enjoy.

Table MenuÿMerge Cells

Border and Shading
Select the table or paragraph on which you want to put a border .

To apply a border , go to the Formate Menu and select ParagraphA Paragraph

Dialog box will appear on the screen, click on Border Type then you can choose border as per your requirement

You can select Line Style, Width, Color, Padding, Shadow and then click on OK
Do it.

Define Border for Page

You can use these options to add a border to the page.

ÿ Go to Format Menu and select Page Style Option .

Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Select the Border option from the Page Style dialog box and set the border as per your requirement
apply .

Mail Merge
Mail Enjoy is a tool that allows you to send personalized emails or letters to multiple people at once. It
imports data from other sources, such as Facebook, and uses it to replace placeholders in the message

with relevant information for each person. The mail enjoy feature is also known as fun fields.

Benefits of Mail Mazay

There are many benefits of mail fun. Some of these benefits are listed below:-

ÿ Mail fun feature makes it easy to send a single message to a large number of people. Many people can

be selected at once, so that we can send them messages easily. ÿ By using

mail fun, we do not have to type the name of each recipient separately in each message.

It happens.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ We have to proofread only the main document.

It is economical and saves time. It does not cost much either because a
Multiple posts can be sent in a row.
ÿ
Editing the form is easy as any change made in the main form will affect all other receipts.
It will be reflected in the pages.

The following options have to be used for mail enjoyment

Select Tools ÿMail Merge Wizard .

Complete the five steps in the Mail Merge Wizard .

ÿ Select Starting Document: Select the first option to start mailing me on the current document
Choose.

ÿ Select Document Type: Choose Letter or E-Mail Message option.

ÿ Insert Address Book: Click on Select Address List .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Select Address List dialog box: Click on Create Option .

ÿ New Address List: Enter the addresses of all the recipients in the dialog box .
Do that and save the list by clicking OK .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Select the saved address list in the Select Address List dialog box and click OK
Click here.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ
As per the picture given above, click on Next Option in the Insert Address Dialog Box
Click here.

ÿ Create Solution: In this step, enter the Name and Address in the letter to be sent to the people.
Select the way it would be displayed.

Adjust Layout: Adjust the layout of the Address Block and Salutation and
Click on Finish Option .

Print the Mail Merge Document using the Print Option .

Machine Translated by Google

Shortcut Keys for LibreOffice Writer

Shortcut Keys Effect

1. Ctrl+N New

2. Ctrl+A Select All

3. Ctrl+L Align Left

4. Ctrl+R Align Right

5. Ctrl+J Justify

6. Ctrl+D Double Underline

7. Ctrl+E Center Align

8. Ctrl+H Find & Replace

9. Ctrl+Shift+P Superscript

10. Ctrl+Shift+B Subscript

11. Ctrl+S Save

12. Ctrl+Shift+S Save as

13. Ctrl+Z Undo

14. Ctrl+Y Redo

15. Ctrl+1, Ctrl+2….etc Heading Style

16. Ctrl+Enter Page Break

17. Ctrl+Left Arrow go to the beginning of the word

18. Home Go to the beginning of the line

19. End Go to the End of the Line

20. Ctrl+Home Go to Start of Document

21. Ctrl+End Go to the End of Document

22. Ctrl+Backspace delete the whole word

Machine Translated by Google

23. F2 Formula Bar

24. F3 Complete Auto text

25. F7 check spelling

26. Ctrl+F7 Thesaurus

28. Shift+F11 Create Style

29. F12 Insert Number

30. Ctrl+F12 Insert Table

31. Shift+F12 Insert Bullets

32. Ctrl+P Print Document

33. Ctrl+Shift+O Print Preview

34. Ctrl+W Close Writer

35. Ctrl+Q Close LibreOffice

36. Ctrl+Shift+V Paste Special

37. Ctrl+Shift+C Track Change Record

38. Ctrl+Shift+R Rulers On/Off

39. Ctrl+F5 Sidebar (Show/Hide)

40. F11 Show Style

41. Ctrl+Shift+F4 Data Source

42. Ctrl+Shift+J Full Screen

43. Ctrl+Alt+C Comment

44. Ctrl+K Hyperlink

45. Ctrl+] Increase Text Size

46. Ctrl+[ Decrease Text Size

47. Shift+F3 Cycle Case

Machine Translated by Google

48. Ctrl+M Clear Formatting

49 Shift+F7 Automatic Spell Checking
50. 1. Alt+F12 Options
51. F1 Help
52. Ctrl+O Open

Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com

Chapter 4- Spreadsheet

Introduction

Like Ms Excel in MS Office , there is a program in Libreoffice by the name of Libreoffice Calc .
Libreoffice Calc is a spread sheet program that converts numerical data into tabular format
It works to open, create, edit, format, calculate and print . Excel is a spreadsheet software in Microsoft

Office in the same way Calc is a spreadsheet software in Libreoffice .

Spreadsheet is a software which can do all the work in Microsoft Excel. You can do all those tasks in it.
You can do this in Libreoffice Calc. The file extension of Libreoffice Calc is .ods.
Machine Translated by Google

Spread Sheet Elements

Title Bar Menu Bar

Standard Toolbar Formatting Toolbar ÿ

Name Box Formula Bar

Column Headers

Row Headers

Scroll Bar

Sheet Tabs
Status Bar

Spreadsheet- Spreadsheet is the place where user works and arithmetic and
Performs tasks related to functional calculations. By default it is named as Sheet-1

It is said that the name of the sheet can also be changed.

Row - A row is the horizontal sequence of a spreadsheet. A row is numbered 1, 2, 3

It is expressed as etc. The number of rows in Calc is 1048576 .

Column- A column is a vertical sequence of a spreadsheet. Calc application which

The columns are named A, B, C. The number of columns in Calc is 1024 AMJ (A to AMJ ). The name of
the last cell is AMJ1048576 .

Cell- A cell is made up of a combination of rows and pens. We can write text and numbers in a cell.

And type the formula.

Machine Translated by Google

Creating a SpreadSheet
Spreadsheet, also known as worksheet, is a feature of Libreoffice Calc . And it is a simple way to create lines and dots.

A table is a grid of columns that enables the process of creating, storing, and manipulating data . Calc

Many spreadsheet files are created to enter data using these methods .

Row Column Cell Sheet

LibreOffice Clac 1048576 1024 (A to AMJ) 1073741824 32000

Excel 2013 1048576 16384 (A to XFD) 1717989184 ,

Calc Spread Zoom Minimum 20% Maximum 400%

When Libreoffice is open, files can be created in the following ways-

Method 1 – New Document using FileÿNewÿ Spreadsheet on Menu Bar
You can open it .

Method 2 – You can use Ctrl+N shortcut to open a new document .

Method 3 – Click on New Icon on Standard Toolbar to open a New Document

You can open it by clicking on the spreadsheet .

Concept of Cell Address [Row and Column] and selecting a Cell

Any value is identified by cell address and cell address represents row and column .
Libreoffice Calc uses Spreadsheet which is a real area
And it is made up of thousands of rectangles which are called cells or we can say a Cell Row
And the columns are interconnected.

ÿ In Calc, columns are identified by letters (A, B, C) while rows are identified by numbers.
ÿ Every cell has its own name or Cell Address which is based on its name.

ÿ Here in this example, Column B and Row 2 are cut so its cell address will be B2 .
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ The cell address will also be visible in the Name Box. Please note that when a cell is selected, the

column and row headings of the cell get automatically highlighted and are also visible in the Name Box .

Selecting a Cell - To select a cell , click on the cell . Select a cell by clicking on all four sides of the cell.

The browser will appear and the column headings and row headings will be highlighted in the cell then
The option will remain selected until you click another cell in the work set

Entering Data [text, number, date] in Cells

Many types of data can be entered in Calc Spreadsheet , including text, number, date etc.

There are many settings that you can manage to make small entry easier and very
You can enter data easily .

Enter Text or Number in Cell - Click a cell in the worksheet to enter data

and type the number or text you want to change and then press the Enter or Tab key.
Press .

When you enter data in Calc , numbers are typed on the right side of the cell and text is typed on the left

side by default .

Enter Date or Time in Cell - To insert date and time in a cell , you can use a segment (/) or a hyphen

You can separate Date and Time by using colon (:) followed by (_) . For example-

19/7/2024 or 19-7-2024

ÿ Ctrl + ; for current date and Ctrl + Shift + ; for time keyboard shortcuts

Page Setup
To set page settings like Page Size, Orientation, header and footer etc.
PageSetup Option is used.

To setup the page , use Format ÿ Page Style ÿ Page Option .

Machine Translated by Google

There are two types of page orientation in LibreOffice Writer : Portrait and Landscape by default.
Usually the orientation of the page is Portrait.

Print Preview

You do this to view a document typed using Print Preview, that is, your Document
How will it appear when printed ?

ÿ To see the Print Preview , go to the File Menu and click on the Print Preview Option .
ÿ Use Ctrl + Shift + O shortcut.

Printing of Documents

ÿ To print the document, go to the File Menu and click on the Print option
ÿ Use Ctrl + P shortcut.

Saving a Spreadsheet

ÿ To save , you have to click on Save in the File Menu .

ÿ A new window will appear. In this new window , select the location where you want to save the file

I want to save it .

ÿ Enter the name of the file in it and save the file .

Machine Translated by Google

Opening and Closing

Opening Spreadsheet
There can be two types of file opening , one is a new file and the other is opening an already existing file

to make any changes. But before closing any file, make sure it has been saved or not.

You can open the already created file by using the following steps

Method 1 – Open File ÿ Open on the menu bar and select the file.

I want to open it .

Method 2 – You can use Ctrl + O shortcut to open an already created file .

Method 3 – To open a previously created file , click on the Open icon on the
Standard Toolbar and select the file you want to open .
Machine Translated by Google

Closing

ÿ To close an open document in a spreadsheet , go to File and click the Close option.
Use it.
ÿ Or use the X Button on the Right Side of the Menu Bar .

ÿ Use Ctrl + W shortcut.

Closing LibreOffice

ÿ To completely close LibreOffice , go to the File Menu and click on Exit LibreOffice.
Click here.

ÿ Use Ctrl + Q shortcut.

ÿ Or use the Close (X) Button on the Right Side of the Title Bar .

Manipulation of Cell & Spreadsheet

Modifying/Editing Cell Content
Sometimes it is necessary to edit the data of a cell without deleting all the data from the cell.

Using the Keyboard

ÿ Select the cell .

ÿ Press F2 key and the cursor will be placed at the end of the cell.
ÿ Where you want to enter new data in the cell , press cursor there and use the keyboard Arrow Key .
Use it.

When you have typed the new data , press the Enter key.
Using The Mouse - Using The Mouse

ÿ Select a cell by double-clicking on itPlace the cursor in the cell to edit .

Formatting Cell (Font, Alignment, Style)

ÿ Right click on the cell and click Format Menu .
ÿ Or to format a cell, go to Format ÿ Cell .
ÿ Or press Ctrl + 1 shortcut to open the Format Cell Dialog Box .

ÿ Click on the format you want to keep in the cell and click on OK
Machine Translated by Google

Format Cell Dialogbox

General - This cell format accepts both text and numbers in the cell.
Number - This cell format accepts only numerical values.
Long Date - This format accepts only Date and Time values.
Percentage - This type of format accepts only numerical values and displays them
with % percentage symbol .
Fraction - This type of format accepts only fractions like 2.500, 3.345 etc.
Scientific - This formatting accepts scientific values or standard mathematical
equation values. Custom – This formatting allows the user to use a custom format type.

Changing Font Size, Color, and Style

All these options are used for formatting and these options are Formatting
They are given in the toolbar .
Machine Translated by Google

Font Size Colour

ÿ The default font style of LibreOffice is Liberation Sans . ÿ

Color the text using the Color option from the Formatting toolbar in LibreOffice
It is possible.

Cut, Copy Past and Paste Special

Cut – Cut option is used to move the selected cell from one place to another place .

ÿ To cut , select EditÿCut

ÿ Use Ctrl + X shortcut.

Copy- Copy Option is used to make a duplicate copy of the selected cell .

ÿ To copy , select EditÿCopy

ÿ Use Ctrl +C shortcut.

Paste – It is used to place the cut or copied text at the location of the cursor .

ÿ To paste , select EditÿPaste

ÿ Use Ctrl +V shortcut.
Machine Translated by Google

Paste Special- Paste Special option is also enabled only after copying but Paste
With the help of Special we can paste the copied data as per our requirement
You can paste it in format . The shortcut key for Paste Special is Ctrl+Shift+V .

ÿ Use Edit - Paste Special - Paste Special.

Changing Cell Height and Width

Changing the Row Height- Following are the methods to change the height of the
selected row in Sprite . Select the row whose height you want to increase.

Select the cell and go to Format Menu and select Row ÿHight. A dialog box will
appear in front of you. Enter the value of Row Height and click on OK .

Note: By default Row Height is 0.18" , but it can be set to a maximum of 39.37" .
Machine Translated by Google

Changing the Column Width – Following is the method to change the width of the Selected
Column in Spreadtee .

Select the column whose width you want to increase

Go to FormateÿColumnÿWidth You will see a dialog box. Enter the value of Column Width

and click on OK .

By default Column Width is 0.89" , but it can be set to a maximum of 39.37" .

Inserting and Deleting Rows, Column, AutoFill, Sorting & Filtering

Insert Row Column and Cell

Select the column or row where you want to insert the new row , column or cell .

Method 1 – SheetÿInsert Column/ Insert Cell/ Insert Row

Method 2 – Select the column or row and right click the mouse

Select Insert ÿColumn/ Insert Cell/ Insert Row .

Machine Translated by Google

Delete Row, Column, and Cell

Select the column or row you want to delete .

Method 1 – Sheetÿ Delete Column/ Delete Cell/ Delete Row

Method 2 – Select the column or row and right click the mouse

Select Delete ÿ Delete Column/ Delete Cell/ Delete Row .

Hide/Show Row, Column and sheet

Select the row or column you want to hide or unhide .
ÿ FormatÿRowÿHide or FormatÿColumnÿHide

To hide the sheet

ÿ FormatÿSheetÿHide

Use these options to show hidden rows , columns and sheets .

ÿ FormatÿRow/Column/SheetÿShow
Machine Translated by Google

AutoFill
You can automatically fill data into cells in a spreadsheet with the AutoFill Command or the Series
Command .

ÿ Click in a cell and type a number .

ÿ Click in any other cell and then click back to the cell where you entered the number

I had typed it.

ÿ Drag the cursor handle to the lower right corner of the cell you want to fill and release the mouse
Release the button.

ÿ Numbers will be filled in the cell in ascending order.

fill in the series

ÿ Sheet MenuÿFill CellÿFill Series

Sorting & Filtering

When working with data in a spreadsheet , we often need to extract and organize information in
greater detail. Additionally, we can use Calc as a simple database tool and ask simple questions or

perform sorting and filtering to extract useful information from our data .
Sorting and Filtering in Calc is done using the tool in the Standard Toolbar
This is accessed using the Sort and Filter sections or by going to the Data Menu , we can Sort and
Filter the Data from there .
Machine Translated by Google

Sort - With the help of this option we can sort our data . In this we can sort different categories together .

Sort Ascending - Through this option we can sort our data in ascending order. When we select our data and

click on this option then a dialog box will open which will contain the extension and current selection. If we
click on the extension and press OK then our selection will also be saved.

There will be a column , everything will be selected and sorted as well, but if we focus on the current selection

When we click then the same data will be sorted which we have selected .

Sort Descending- Through this option we can sort our data in descending order .

Auto Filter - With this option we can add filter to the data of Calc . First of all we

After selecting the data , when you click on this Auto Filter , a Drop-
A down icon will appear, by clicking on which we can filter and sort our data as per our wish. We can show

the data which we want to show or hide the data which we want to hide.

Its practical has been done on UPCIIS Prime YouTube channel.

Freezing Pans
Machine Translated by Google

If you have long rows or columns of data that extend outside the visible area of the spreadsheet, you can
You can freeze them, so you can still see columns or rows while scrolling through data.

There are three options in Freezing Panes .

1. Freeze Row & Column

2. Freeze First Row
3. Freeze First Column

Freeze Row & Column

To freeze go to View menu then select Freeze Cell and then click Freeze
Select the first column or row

View MenuÿFreeze CellsÿFreeze First Columns or Row

Unfreeze Pans

To unfreeze a row or column , either go to the menu bar and select Unfreeze rows and

Select the column or click the Unfreeze Rows and Columns icons in the main toolbar

Formulas, Functions and Charts

Using Formulas for Numbers (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication & Division),
A formula is a type of expression that calculates the value of a cell. A function is a pre-built function.
There are created formulas which are used to do various types of calculations .

You can enter formulas in Library Office in two ways: either by typing them directly into a cell or by typing

Formulas start with the = sign. When you are finished typing the formula, press the Enter key .
Machine Translated by Google

Formula Bar

Value

Result

Autosum- Autosum is a function in Spreadsheet which is used to automatically

add numbers in just few clicks to save time. ÿ Select the
cell which is located at the end of the row or column that you want to sum. ÿ
Click on Sigma Icon near Formula Bar and click Sum from the drop down menu.

Sigma

Functions (Sum, Count, MAX, MIN, AVERAGE),

Sum – This function is used to add Cell Values or Range of cells .

Machine Translated by Google

=Sum(A3:A6)

Count – It is used to count the numerical value in the given cell range.

=Count(A3:A6)

Max – This function is used to give the maximum value in a given range of cells.

=Max (A3:A6)

Min – This function is given range of usage cells

used to give the minimum value in the function.

=Min (A3:A6)
Machine Translated by Google

Average – This function is used to find the average of numerical values in a given
range of cells.

=Average (A3:A6)

Charts (Bar, Column, Pie, Line)

Charts are a visual representation of data or values that allow us to interpret or compare them visually.

Charts in Excel help us to summarize or report large amounts of data, making it easier to interpret.

There are 10 types of charts in Libreoffice Calc .

1.Column chart
2.Line chart
3.Pie chart
4. Bar chart
5. Area chart
6. Scatter chart
7.Stock charts
8.Surface Chart
Machine Translated by Google

9. Donut chart 10.

Bubble chart

The most popular charts are Column Line Pie and Bar charts .

Column chart- We can use column chart to compare two or more quantities. In this chart,
quantities are shown as columns. With the help of which it becomes easy to compare quantities.
This chart is defined as default chart by Calc .

use of column chart

Step to Apply: Select Data RangeÿInsert TabÿChartÿColumn Chart

To use the column chart, follow the following steps –

ÿ Select the data range.

ÿ After that go to the Insert tab .

ÿ Click on the Column chart option in the Charts

group . ÿ Now select the chart as per your requirement.
Machine Translated by Google

Line chart - In line chart the lines that represent the range of motion are horizontal lines . By
looking at these lines we can easily compare which range of motion has increased or decreased
and by how much. And we can also find out how much it was at a particular time.

line chart experiment

Step to Apply: Select Data RangeÿInsert TabÿChartÿLineChart

To use the line chart, follow the following steps –

ÿ First select the data range. ÿ Go

to the Insert tab . ÿ
Click on the Line chart option.

ÿ You can select the chat of your choice as per your requirement.
Machine Translated by Google

Pie chart - Pie chart is applicable only where only one plot is set. Its structure is
circular and all the values are shown in different colours. In this, the value is shown
as much as its share in the total value.

pie chat experiment

Step to Apply: Select Data Range ÿInsert Tab ÿChart ÿPie Chart

To use Pie Chart, follow these steps –

ÿ First select the data set. ÿ
After that click on the Insert tab . ÿ
Click on the Pie chart option. ÿ

Now select the chart of your choice as per your requirement.

Bar chart - Bar chart is a form of column chart. In this also the chart is shown in the form
of a graph, the only difference is that column chart is vertical and bar chart is horizontal .

use of bar chat

Step to Apply: Select Data RangeÿInsert TabÿChartÿ Bar Chart

To use bar chart, follow these steps –

ÿ First select the data range. ÿ

After that go to the Insert tab .
ÿ Click on the Bar chart option. ÿ
Now select the Bar chart of your choice.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Immediately after clicking, Bar chart will appear on the work sheet.

Shortcut Keys for LibreOffice Calc

Shortcut Keys Effect

1. Ctrl+N New Sheet

2. Ctrl+Shift+N Manage Templates

3. Ctrl+O Open
4. Shift+F11 Save as Template
5. Ctrl+S Save

6. Ctrl+Shift+S Save As

7. Ctrl+Enter Next Line

8. Ctrl+Shift+O Print Preview

9. Ctrl+Q Exit LibreOffice

10. Ctrl+X Cut

11. Ctrl+C Copy

12. Ctrl+V Past

13. Ctrl+Z Undo

14. Ctrl+Y Redo

Machine Translated by Google

15. Ctrl+Shift+Y Repeat

16. Ctrl+Shift+V Paste Special

17. Ctrl+Shift+Space Bar Select All

18. Ctrl+Page Down Go to the next sheet

19. Ctrl+Tab Go to the next sheet

20. Ctrl+Page Up Go to Previous Sheet

21. Ctrl+Shift+Tab Go to Previous Sheet

22. Shift+Space Bar Select Row

23. Ctrl+Space Bar Select Column

24. F2 Edit Cell

25. Ctrl+H Find & Replace

26. Ctrl+F5 Show / Hide Sidebar

27. F11 Show / Hide Manage Style

28. F5 Open Navigator

29. Ctrl+Shift+J Full Screen

30. Ctrl+F2 Insert Function

31. Ctrl+Alt+C Comments

32. Ctrl+K Hyperlink

33. Ctrl+; Date

34. Ctrl+Shift+; Time

35. Ctrl+Shift+P Superscript

36. Ctrl+Shift+B Subscript

37. Shift+F3 Cycle Case

38. Ctrl+Shift+6 General Format

Machine Translated by Google

39. Ctrl+Shift+1 Number Format

40. Ctrl+Shift+5 Percent Format

41. Ctrl+Shift+4 Currency Format

42. Ctrl+Shift+3 Date Format

43. Ctrl+M Clear Formatting

44. Ctrl+1 Formatting Cells
45. Ctrl++ insert cell

46. Ctrl+- Delete Cell

47. Ctrl+D Copy Cell Data to Down Cell

48. Ctrl+F3 Manage Names
49. Tab Go to Next Cell

50. Shift+Tab Go to Previous Cell

51. F12 Group Cell

52. Ctrl+12 Ungroup
53. Shift+F7 Automatic Spell Check

Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com
Machine Translated by Google

Chapter 5 - Presentation (Impress)

Introduction
LibreOffice Impress is also a presentation program like MS PowerPoint of Microsoft Office . It
is used to prepare slide shows . Through this we can share our information
Presents through Graphics and Multimedia . Use of LibreOffice Impress file

The extension name is .odp . Most companies use this method to give their presentation .
We use only the software of Android because it has some advance features which we can use .
You can do this while creating your presentation . Such as - Custom Animation, Slide Transition,
Slide Effects etc.

Creation of Presentation

The main window of Impress has three parts - Slide Pane, Workspace and Sidebar. You
A number of toolbars will appear that allow you to create and format text.

Toolbars

Menu-bar
Title bar

Slide Pane Workspace Sidebar Sidebar

Creating a Presentation Using a Template

Using Templates Steps to create a new presentation-

Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Go to File MenuÿNewÿTemplates or use the shortcut key Ctrl+Shift+N .

ÿ
A Template Dialog Box will appear on the screen, select one as per your choice
Do that and click on Open .

Creating a Blank Presentation

ÿ Go to File MenuÿNewÿPresentation or use the shortcut key Ctrl + N.
ÿ
A Template Dialog Box will appear on the screen, select one as per your choice
Do that and click on Open . Otherwise you can cut the Template window .

Inserting & Editing Text on Slides

ÿ Go to Slide MenuÿNew Slide .
ÿ Or use the shortcut key Ctrl + M.

ÿ You can add a new slide using the Standard toolbar as shown in the figure .
Machine Translated by Google

To Add a Text Box - Text can be added to both placeholders and text boxes
Inserting a text box lets you add to the slide layout. Unlike placeholders , text boxes always stay
in the same place, even if you change the theme .

To add a text box in the presentation, follow the given steps-

ÿ Select Text Boxes from the Insta menu or

ÿ Click to drag the Text Box on the slide To add , Hold and Drag Text Box will appear

text, simply click on the Text Box and start typing.

Deleting Slides in a Presentation

You can delete a slide from a presentation by following the steps-

ÿ Select the slide you want to delete , go to Slide Menu and click Delete Slide

Click here.

ÿ To delete the selected slide , right click on the mouse and select Delete Slide
click on .

Saving a Presentation
ÿ Go to File menu and click on Save .
ÿ Or click on the icon from the toolbar .
ÿ Or use the shortcut key Ctrl + S.
Machine Translated by Google

Manipulating Slides
Inserting Table
To insert a table in a slide, follow these steps-

Go To Insert Menu ÿ Click on Table . After that Insert Table Dialog Box will appear

Insert the number of columns and rows as per your requirement and click on the OK button .

You can see the steps of creating a table with the help of the given picture

Adding Clip Art Pictures

Clip art is graphical content that can be used in presentation slides
Below are the different types of clips in Libreoffice Shoot used in presentation
You can insert clip art in your presentation using the given steps.

ÿ In the menu bar InsertÿMediaÿGallary

ÿ Select the clip art as per your choice . ÿ
Then right click on the clip art and click on insert .
Machine Translated by Google

Inserting Other Objects

We can insert more content in the slide which we can use to make the slide better.

We can use not only some graphics created by the libreoffice application but also some other graphics
You can also insert application.

Click on the insta menu, then go to the image, then to the audio or video media chat object
Click on etc.

ÿ Click on Insert Menu Bar , then Image>Audio or Video / Media /Chart /

Click on Object etc.
ÿ Insert Image dialog box will appear on the screen.
ÿ Select file, image, picture and click on open button.

Resizing and Scaling an Object

To resize the image , click on the image and place the cursor on one of the selected handles
Just like MS Office presentations, you can resize the image by clicking and dragging .
Machine Translated by Google

Creating & Using Master Slide

Master View is a special feature of Libreoffice Impress that lets you slide into your presentation
and allows for quickly modifying the sliders layout A master slide title and
Determines the text formatting style for the outline and the background design for all slides
who use this master slider.

Steps to Create Master Slide

Go to the View menu then select Master Slide on a Slide Design Dialog screen
Select a slide from the Master Slide that will appear .

Presentation of Slides

Choosing a Set Up for Presentation

Go to Slide Show then Slide Show Settings then Slide Show Settings Dialog
Box will appear.
Select Range Presentation Mode Multiple Display .
To advance slides automatically you need to use Slide Timing Through Slide Transitions
On Task Pane will have to be customized .

Running a Slie Show- To run a slide show do one of the following-

ÿ Click on Slide Show ÿ Start from First Slide on the Menu Bar .
ÿ Or press the Keyboard Shortcut F5 for Slide Show .
Machine Translated by Google

Automating a Slide Show

Many options are given for automating the slide show -

ÿ Open your presentation file Click on Slide MenuÿSlide Transition ÿ Go to

Advanced Slide Area and then click on After and select a time ÿ After this select Apply

Transition All slides .

Enhancing Text Presentation

You can use numerous features and commands in Libreoffice Impress to create visually
appealing attractive slides. There are numerous features in the form of images, audio, video,

media. You can also insert and modify rectangles, circles, lines, arrows, and various shapes in
Libreoffice Impress .

Insert an modifying a shape or text box

When you want to insert a Shape media , click Insertÿ Shape to insert it. There you
will see handles where you can modify the shape and insert different media images,
scanned images or animated images.

Formatting Shapes, Line, Area and text

In Impress you can insert text boxes and change them into different sizes , format
their style and color and add shadow effects .
Machine Translated by Google

Converting one Shape to another Shape-

Through Insert MeenuÿShapeÿLineÿ/Basic/Arrow/Symbol/Star and Flowchart

You can create your presentation with samphire and style .

Changing the Shadow Effect

Adding a color to a Shape makes it appear as though it is floating above the page, and this Shape
And it can help in adding contrast between the background and the background.

Choose that Shape or Text Box On which you want to apply Shadow Effect .

Go To Format Menu ÿ Shadow Click on Shadow type.

Working With Color and Line Style

Changing the Shape Fill Color

ÿ Select the shape or text box you want to color .

ÿ Move the mouse to the Fill Color Standard toolbar and select the color you want to use

I want to do it.

Adding Movies & Sound

Steps to add movies and sound

ÿ Stay on the slide in which you want to add the video clip .

ÿ Go To ÿ Insert Menu ÿ Audio/video

Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Select the folder that contains the file you want to download and click on Open

Click here.

Adding Headers, Footers and Notes

Steps to Add Header, Footer, Notes
ÿ
Open the presentation on which you want to add any header or footer. Insert
Go to MenuÿHeader and Footer .

ÿ You will see two tabs here Slides and Notes and Handouts. Here you can select the tabs as per your requirement.

You can insert text and data as per the instructions.

ÿ A dialogue box will open in front of you in which the date and time check box is enabled but
You can click on the features or variable options and set your date format and language

You can also insert a footer to enable the footer check box .

ÿ After adding Header, Footer and notes click on Apply option.

Machine Translated by Google

Printing Slides and Handouts

To print the slides you have to follow the steps given here-

ÿ
Click on the File menu

ÿ Select Print Option, then dialogue box will appear on your screen. In this dialogue box, type
Select the General tab. In this, select Printer , Range and Copy (All Slides / Slides /
Selection / Print Page Order)
ÿ Select libreoffice impress in the print dialogue box and then select the document type (Slide,
handouts, Notes, Outline) .
ÿ You can set the copying speed from the General Tab .
ÿ Print Slides and Handouts by clicking on OK Button .
Machine Translated by Google

Shortcut Keys for LibreOffice Impress

Shortcut Keys Effect

1. Ctrl+N New

2. Ctrl+Shift+N Manage Templates

3. Ctrl+O Open
4. F2 Edit Text

5. Ctrl+S Save

6. Ctrl+Shift+S Save As

7. Ctrl+M New Slide

8. Shift+F3 Duplicate Object

9. Ctrl+Q Exit LibreOffice

10. Ctrl+X Cut

Machine Translated by Google

11. Ctrl+C Copy

12. Ctrl+V Paste

13. Ctrl+Z Undo

14. Ctrl+Y Redo

15. Ctrl+H Find & Replace

16. Ctrl+Shift+V Paste Special

17. F4 Object Position & Size

18. F5 Start Slide Show

19. Shift+F5 Start From Current Slide

20. Ctrl+Shift+F5 Navigator

21. Ctrl+Shift+F8 Fit Text to Frame

22. Home Go to First Slide

23. End Go to Last Slide

24. Esc Stop Presentation

25. B Show Black Screen in Slide Show

26. W Show White Screen in Slide Show

27. Ctrl+Shift+G Group Selected Object

28. Alt+Ctrl+Shift+G Ungroup

29. Ctrl+Shift++ Bring it to the Front

Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com
Machine Translated by Google

Chapter 6 - Introduction to Internet and WWW

Internet
Internet is the largest computer network , which includes both personal and public data.

Networks are interconnected. Internet is a public network which has no owner . All devices
connected to the Internet have their own unique IP address .
TCP / IP protocol is used to send and receive information . Internet is called 'antarjaal'
in Hindi.

The full name of Internet is ' Interconnected Network'.

Internet History
The Internet was started in the 1970s and 1980s . Internet ARPANET (Advance
It was started by the Defense Department in the name of Research Projects Agency
Network . In 1974 , many Local Area Networks were connected to ARPANET with the
help of TCP / IP . The rule used for exchange of information is called Transmission Control.
This protocol is called Internet Protocol . To connect any computer to the Internet
The telephone line has to be connected to the Internet Service Provider . The first use of Internet
service in India was done by Foreign Communication Corporation Limited on 15 August 1995 ,

after that Internet started being used extensively by other companies as well. Beginning of Internet
Vint Cerf was a good man. Vint Cerf is called the father of the Internet .

Basics of Computer Networks

The connection of two or more computers in a computer is called a network ”. Through a network,
computers share data and information with each other . A network can be built both wired and
wirelessly . The network has such a large capacity to connect computers that devices can be

connected from one corner to every corner of the world.

Components of Computer Network-

ÿ Network Adapter ÿ
Transmission Media ÿ
Servers
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Clients
ÿ Protocols
ÿ Resources
ÿ User

Types of Communication Medium

There are mainly two types of communication media-

1. Guided Media- The Transmission Media in which the connection between the devices
is through a physical method such as cable or wire is called Wired Transmission Media.
This is called Guided Media .

These are of the following types-

1.Coaxial Cable
2.Fiber -Optic Cable
3.Twisted Pairs

2. Unguided Media- Transmission Media in which there is no physical contact

The media in which the wireless transmission is not required, i.e. communication takes place without

wires , is called Wireless Transmission Media or Unguided Media .

These are of the following types-

1. Radio Waves
2.Microwave
3.Satellite

Types of Network

makhBasically there are three types of networks-

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Machine Translated by Google

1. LAN (Local Area Network)- Local Area Network is a computer network . Which is
used to connect two or more computers . You can see this type of network in
schools, colleges, offices etc. Whose distance can be up to 1 kilometer. The speed
of data transfer in LAN is more than MAN and WAN . In LAN network , data is
transferred at a speed of 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)- Metropolitan Area Network is bigger than LAN
Network and smaller than WAN Network . This network is limited to a town or city in
which many Local Area Networks are interconnected. For example- Cable TV Network.
Coaxial cables and Fiber Optic Cables are used to connect MAN Networks. MAN
Network can be both Public and Private Network .

3. WAN (Wide Area Network) - Wide Area Network is a digital communication

system . WAN network is used to connect cities, countries and continents . For
example - Internet. The speed of data transfer in WAN is about 10 times less than
that of LAN . Microwave stations or communication satellites are used to connect
networks in WAN .

Network Topology

Network Topology is a type of connection that connects two or more computers together.
With the help of which data and files are transferred from one computer to another. Topology
is defined in both physical and logical ways.

Types of Network Topology

1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology

1. Bus Topology - In this topology, only one cable is used to connect the computers
together. Which is called Back Bone. Terminators are installed on both ends of the back-
bone , which control the signal . In Bus Topology, if any node gets damaged, there is no
effect on the network , whereas if the back-bone gets damaged, the entire network gets affecte
Machine Translated by Google

It happens. Bus topology is used for network . It is very easy to create a network of
bus topology . It is a very cheap topology .

2. Ring Topology- Ring topology is a type of network topology in which all the
computers are connected to each other in the shape of a ring . Repeaters are
required when more number of nodes are added . In this, two connections are
required to transfer data in both the directions . If any one node in the ring network
gets damaged, then its effect falls on the whole network . This topology is used in Local Ar

Ring Topology
Machine Translated by Google

3. Star Topology- In Star Topology all the computers are connected to a Hub .
This Hub is also called the Central Network Device . In this the Central Network
Device acts as a Server , and all the other computers act as Clients. In this the
entire Network is not affected if any Node fails , whereas in this type of Topology if
the Hub or Switch fails then the entire Network fails .

4. Mesh Topology- In Mesh Topology all nodes are directly connected to each
other , there is no host or main computer in it . This is the most reliable
topology . In Mesh Topology the number of cables can be calculated as N(N-1)/
2 . Its cost is high, and it is difficult to establish its connection .
Machine Translated by Google

5. Tree Topology- Tree Topology is a type of Network Topology in which all the
nodes are connected in such a way that it looks like a tree. It is made up of Star
Topology and Bus Topology .

Networking Device
Networking devices are those equipment through which two or more
computers or networks are connected together so that they can share data
with each other and compute.

Types of Networking Devices-

1. Repeater
2. Hub
3.Switch

4.Bridges
5. Router
6. Gateway
7. Network Interface Card (NIC)
8. Modem
Machine Translated by Google

1. Repeater- It is a networking device that receives data signals and regenerates and
replicates them and then sends them forward. It works on the physical layer of the
OSI model . It can replicate and regenerate both digital and analog signals.

2. Hub - Hub is a networking device which is used to connect many computers or

networking devices together. It works on the Physical Layer of the OSI model . Hub
is used to connect computers in Star Topology . Hub can also be used to connect
another Hub, Switch, Bridge or Router . 3. Switch - Switch is a networking device
which connects network devices and segments. It is also called Multiport Bridge. It
works on the Data Link layer of the OSI model . But nowadays such switches are
also available which work on the Network layer of the OSI Model .

4. Bridge- Bridge is a networking device which is used to connect two LAN segments .
Bridge is also used to divide a large network into smaller networks . It works on the
Data Link Layer of OSI Module .
5. Router- Router is an inter networking device that connects two or more networks .
Router determines the route before sending a data packet and sends the data
packet through the shortest route . It works on the Network Layer of OSI Module .
6. Gateway- Gateway is used to connect two different types of networks . Gateway
can be either hardware-software or both hardware and software . Mostly Gateway
is used by installing it as software in Router . Gateway works on Transport Layer
of OSI Module .
7. Network Interface Card (NIC)- Network Interface Card allows our PC to
communicate with other PCs . A NIC Card changes Parallel Data Stream to Serial
Data Stream and Serial Data Stream to Parallel Data Stream . NIC Card is also
called Network Adapter Card, Ethernet Card and LAN Card . It works on Data Link
Layer and Physical Layer of OSI Module .
8. Modem- A modem is required to connect the computer to the Internet . Modem
converts analog signal to digital signal and digital signal to analog signal
Converts . The process of converting analog signal into digital signal is called
demodulation and the process of converting digital signal into analog signal is
called modulation .
Machine Translated by Google

Types of Modems-
ÿ External Modem
ÿInternal Modem

Applications of Internet
Internet is the largest computer network , which includes both personal and public data.
Networks are interconnected. Internet is a public network which has no owner
All devices connected to the Internet have their own unique IP address . On the Internet
TCP / IP protocol is used to send and receive information .

At present time, Internet is used in various fields-

1.Communication
2. Education
3. Business
4.Entertainment
5. Medicine
6. Shopping etc.

Website Address and URL

Website Address - Web Address or Domain Name of any specific file, directory or

A page of a website has an address . For example- https://www.upcissprime.com it is called

It is also called URL . Usually the address of the website represents the home page of the website

The address protocol of any website starts with the domain name, and
It is finished with the Domain Type .

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)- The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator . It is an
address which is used to access a website or web page on the Internet.
URL was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994. That is why Tim Berners-Lee is also called
the father of URL .

https://www.upcissprime.com/ccc.html

Protocol Word Domain Sub

Wide Name Domain
Web
Machine Translated by Google

Types of URL
Y There are two types of RL:-

1. Absolute URL- Absolute URL contains all the information required to search files on
the Internet . It contains protocol, host-name, folder-name and name of the file . For

example- https://www.upcissprime.com/cccNotes.html
2. Relative URL- Relative URL usually contains only Folder-name and File-name or just File-
name . We can use Relative URL when we want to access the same file or folder of the same folder.

The file should be present on the located server . In relative URL , the browser does
not require server name or protocol name .

Like- ccctest/cccNotes.html

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web is that part of the Internet that contains websites and web pages . Its
The invention was done in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee in Cern-Geneva, Switzerland . It is basically

a system of Internet Server which is specially formatted

Supports the document . In this the document is formatted in a markup language [ called Hyper
Text Markup Language (HTML) ] which supports other documents as well as graphics, audio and

video files . WWW is basically a large -client-server system with millions of servers distributed all
over the world. WWW is also called W3 or Web . It is an informational space . Here HTML
documents and web resources are identified through Uniform Resource Locators (URL) where
HTML
Documents are connected to each other through hyperlinks. We use these web documents as a medium to access the internet.
Let's access through it .

Web Page
A web page is usually a document written in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) that
we can easily view via the Internet . This type of web page contains web links

is also used ] so that other pages of the same website or any other website can be linked to it

It is possible to consume it.

Machine Translated by Google

Domain Name
Domain Name or DNS (Domain Naming System) is a Naming System through which we
You can identify any website on the Internet . Most Organization Domain
We use a name that is easy to remember. Each Domain Name is an identifier
(identifier) which tells you what type of website it is.

Example-
Current domain identifier

.com Commercial Business

.edu Educational institutions
.gov Governmental Organisations
.net Internet Service Provider
.mil Military Site
.org Organizations
.arts Cultural and Entertainment Organization
.firm Businesses
.info Information Services
.nom Individuals Website
.rec Entertainment Related Organizations
.store Shops and Shops
.web Organizations Related to the World Wide Web
IP Addressing

IP Address is a number that identifies a computer or device on the Internet .

It is similar to an address , which tells where the information is being received from and
Where should it be sent ? IP Address is specifically provided by Internet Protocol
Identifies the source and destination of the send data . Basic of IP Address
The version was developed by ARPANET in 1983 .

Types of IP Address
Currently, two IP addresses are used in this Internet world . IP4 and IP6.

ÿ IPv4 - IPv4 is the most widely used Internet Protocol

An IPv4 address is written as a string consisting of 4 parts, the range of which is
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It ranges from 0 to 255. In which each number is separated by a decimal (.) . IPv4 uses 32
Bit Address , in which each part is of 8 Bits . There are about 4.3 Billion IP Addresses in
IPv4 . Some of these addresses are reserved for Unique Use under the category of Private
Network and Multicasting Address . This is a General IPv4 Address - 172.16.254.1

IPv4 Address Classes

Class Address Range

Class-A 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class-B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class-C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Class-D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
(Reserved for Multicasting Groups)
Class-E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
(Reserved for future use)

ÿ IPv6 Version- IPv6 is the latest version of Internet Protocol. IPv6 to Internet
It was developed by the International Communications Engineering Task Force (IETF) . IPv6 is used to replace IPv4

IPv6 uses 128 Bit Address. IPv6 Address is written in 4 Hexadecimal bits.
It is represented by 8 groups of digits , which are supported by colons .
what is being done.

tSls& 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

ISP and Role of ISP

The full name of ISP is Internet Service Provider . Internet Service Provider is a company ,
Which provides Internet service to customers or users . ISP is divided into three parts
What has been done- Tier1, Tier2 and Tier3

ÿ Tier1- Tier1 is High Level Internet Service Provider , because most of the network lines
These are established only by Tier1 . They establish network lines only at regional level
But to provide internet connection in other countries, there is internet under the sea .
Tier 1 ISPs connect all corners of the World Wide Web . Tier 1 Internet
[Service Provider does not provide Internet Connection directly to people (End User) ]

But they sell it to Tier 2 .

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ÿ Tier2- Tier2 ISP is a service provider that connects between Tier1 and Tier3 Internet
service providers . Through Tier2 Provider Peering Agreements
Exchange Internet traffic , as well as access to the Internet from a Tier3 ISP
We take charges .

ÿ Tier3- Tier3 ISP is the Last Internet Service Provider, which takes the Internet facility from
Tier2 ISP and provides it to the users .

Role of ISP
ISP is a medium that provides service to connect to the Internet . And which connects
the customers to the nearest Internet Gateway . ISP connects its customers to the Internet.
ISP provides a modem to connect to the World Wide Web (WWW)
It adds information service for users . It allows users to use the services of Electronic
Mail (E-mail) . ISP provides antivirus for its customers .
By applying the system it provides security from the spread of virus . ISP also manages
web hosting, e-mail service, domain name for the customer.

Internet Protocol
Protocol is a kind of set of rules , which are used in digital communication .
It is decided by the protocol , how the data will be transmitted and received on the
computer network . In computing , protocol is also called digital language . Without
it, we cannot communicate with each other on the Internet nor can we transfer data
from one computer to another . Any file or mail sent by us on the Internet works
according to the Internet Protocol .
Types of Protocol:
Many types of protocols are used to control the communication process between
different types of Network Operating System Computers -
ÿ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)-
Transmission Control Protocol is one of the most widely used protocols in digital
network communication , and is part of the Internet Protocol , known as TCP/IP .
TCP is a Connection Oriented Communication Protocol . It mainly ensures end to
end delivery of data between different nodes . TCP
Works in conjunction with Internet Protocol .

ÿ Internet Protocol (IP)- Internet Protocol is a set of rules, by which

Information is transferred from one computer to another computer over the Internet .
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In short, Internet Protocol is the protocol through which routing and addressing of
data packets is done so that the data packets can travel in the network and reach
their destination .
ÿ HTTP- The full form of HTTP is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is a protocol used
to access data in the World Wide Web (www) i.e. Internet. This protocol transfers
data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio, video etc. It is similar to FTP because
it transfers files from one host to another host. And FTP also does the same thing.
HTTP works on Port 80. ÿ HTTPS - Its full form is (Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol Secure) . This is an encrypted version of HTTP which is mostly used to
provide security to online shopping and banking. HTTPS is used to secure the
website so that no hacker can hack the website and steal the user's data. Using
this protocol, we can communicate with any website from the browser . This is a
secure protocol in which all the communication between the user and the website
is encrypted . HTTPS works on Port 443. ÿ FTP - The full form of FTP is File
Transfer Protocol . It is an application layer protocol that is
used to transfer files (upload and download) over the Internet . This method of file
transfer is faster than using HTTP . FTP works on Port 21 .

ÿ Post Office Protocol (POP3)- POP3 is a Client / Server Protocol , whose function is
Client 's mail software can be used to download mail from any mail server available on the internet

Whenever we receive an email , first of all that email reaches our email server
available on the Internet. After which, POP3 protocol reaches the email server.
It downloads that email by linking it , and delivers it to the client 's email software .
POP3 transfers email messages over TCP port 110. ÿ Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP)- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send mail. SMTP
works on port 25. ÿ User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - UDP is a
Connection Free Protocol . UDP does not check to see if the sent segment has been
received by a destination .
Were received or not? ÿ

Point to Point Protocol (PPP)- Point-to-Point Protocol is a Data Link Layer.

Telnet is a communication protocol which is used to establish a direct connection
between two
nodes . ÿ Telnet- The full form of Telnet is Terminal Network which helps to connect
a local computer with another computer. Telnet Client/ Server Principle
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Principle) This protocol is used by most client programs and remote computers.
It is done by . It works on Port 23 .

Modes of Connecting Internet (Hotspot, Wi-Fi, LAN Cable,

Broadband, USB Tethering),
There are different types of Internet Access Techniques like Hotspot, Wi-Fi, LAN Cable,
USB Tethering

ÿ Hotspot- Hotspot provides the facility to connect all your devices in which Wi-Fi is
available. Hotspot provides the facility of Internet access on Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) through a Virtual Router . Through Hotspot you can
On your Smartphone, Tablet, Media Player, Laptop and even on your Friends '
You can also share internet from your mobile . Use of Hotspot Wi-Fi technology
which connects electronic devices to the Internet or via radio waves
It allows you to exchange data wirelessly .

ÿ Wi-Fi- The full form of wifi is Wireless Fidelity . Wifi is a wireless network technology which
that communicates with computers and other devices via wireless signals . Wifi is a
It is a technology that provides internet connectivity using radio waves . And through this
we do not need wire power to use internet in devices.
Creating a hotspot area to use Internet connectivity in Wi -Fi
And this hotspot area is created by using wireless adapter .

ÿ LAN Cable - Modern computers can be connected to the Internet in many ways ,
While many computers access the Internet via Wi - Fi , some computers do not have Wi-
There is no Fi . If you have an Ethernet port , you can connect your computer to Ethernet
You can connect to the Internet using the card and a cable modem .
ÿ Broadband- Broadband is a high-speed Internet connection , which is a wide
Transmits data on multiple channels using frequency . Broadband
Use Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber , Twisted Pair for connection
This technique gives higher internet speed than dial-up connection.
ÿ USB Tethering- You can connect your USB cable to other devices like your laptop via Tethering .
You can share your mobile-phone data to access Internet together . You
You can tether using Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connection . USB Tethering Fast
Provides internet facility with high speed . In this, mobile phone is connected through USB cable.
It has to be connected to the laptop .
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Identifying and uses of IP/MAC/IMEI of various devices,

ÿ IP Address - IP address is a unique identification number for a device on the Internet and local network.

Unique Address . The full form of IP address is Internet Protocol . The full form of IP address is
Send information for communication between two devices over a network and

The Internet needs an IP address to identify different computers and websites .

Example- When you enter the URL of the website www.upcissprime.com in your browser

when you type , the request to load that page is sent to the DNS Servers , which then
To search the related IP Address , look at the host-name of upciss.com .

ÿ MAC Address- MAC 's full form is Media Access Control . It is called Physical Address
And it is also known as Hardware Address . It is a unique and permanent address for all electronic and

networking devices . MAC Address is one such address .

This is the number by which the network adapter installed in your computer can be identified.

MAC is the hardware of any device (Computer, Printer, Router and Phone)
Identification Number . A MAC address consists of two characters , six pairs of digits , and

each pair is divided by a colon (:) . Traditional

(Traditional) MAC Address consists of 12 digits (6 bytes or 48 bits) hexadecimal numbers

It is usually written in one of the following three formats-

ÿ tSls& MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS

MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS
MMM.MMM.SSS.SSS
ÿ IMEI- IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is a 15 or 17 digit code

which is stored in the firmware by the company to identify the mobile phone
The IMEI number of any phone tells the location of that phone . Most mobile
To check IMEI code in phone *#06# code is used, or else IMEI

The code is also written below the mobile battery . If a person loses his phone
If it is missing or gets stolen, then call CEIR (Central Equipment Identity Register) to get the IMEI

Mobile can be blacklisted as per the number. After being blacklisted most of the
Mobiles become useless, even if their SIM card has been changed .

IMEI Code should be written down and kept in a safe place immediately after purchase , so that the Mobile
In case of searching or getting stolen, it can be blocked so that no one misuses the penname
Couldn't do it.
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Popular Web Browsers

Web Browser is an application software which is used to access information available on the

World Wide Web . Web Browser mainly works to display the information available on the
web server on the user 's device . ÿ Internet Explorer- Internet Explorer is a

graphical web browser developed by Microsoft , which was launched in 1995 along with
Windows 95. Microsoft has also developed Internet Explorer web browser for Linux, Unix,
Mac and Mobile Phones . Internet Explorer first version is 1.0 and the latest version is 11,
which was launched in 2013. Internet Explorer was created using C++ programming
language .

ÿ Microsoft Edge- Edge is a graphical web application developed by Microsoft.

Browser , which was launched in 2015 for Windows 10 and Xbox One , and then in 2017 for
Android and IOS , and in 2019 for Mac OS . Microsoft Edge has
C++, C# Programming Language was used. ÿ Google
Chrome- Google Chrome is a web application developed by Google.
Chrome is a browser which was released in 2008 for the Windows Operating System , later
it was also released for Linux, Mac OS, IOS and Android .
Browser works as a platform for web applications . Google Chrome has been
developed using programming languages like C , C++, JavaScript, Python.
Chrome Browser supports more than 50 languages .
ÿ Mozilla Firefox- Mozilla Firefox is an Open Source Web Browser developed by
Mozilla Corporation in 2002. The Open Source Web Browser is available on Windows,
It has been developed for Linux, Mac OS and Android Operating System . Mozilla
Programming languages like C , C++, JavaScript and CSS have been used in
Firefox .

ÿ Opera Browser - Opera Browser was launched by Opera Software Company in 1995
Opera Browser was developed for Windows , IOS, Linux, Android and Mac OS .
Opera Browser was developed using C ++ Programming Language .
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Exploring the Internet

In the present time, Internet has become necessary for every person . Many things can be done through the medium of Internet .

Work is done through this. Internet is a world where there is a huge amount of information .
There is a storehouse. Internet has made many tasks easy , including education, business,
Information related to all fields like Communication, Research, Entertainment

It is available . Internet is the most popular and cheapest means of communication.

Surfing the Web

Surfing on the Internet means going from one web page to another web page .
Surfing requires a computer, a browser and an internet connection

The term Surfing was coined by Mark McCahill .

Popular Search Engines

Search Engine is a Web Based Tool or Software Program that provides Internet Users with the information they need .

It helps in searching information on the World Wide Web . Like- Google, Bing,
Yahoo, Baidu and Yandex are popular search engines.

ÿ Google- Google is the most popular search engine in the world . It was launched in 1997
Python, C++ and C language were used to develop this search engine .
has been used. The founders of Google are Larry Page and Sergey Brin .

ÿ Bing- Bing Search Engine is a search engine developed by Microsoft , which was launched
by Microsoft in 2009. Earlier it was known as Live Search .
It was renamed as Bing . To develop it
ASP.NET Language has been used .
ÿ Yahoo- Yahoo is a search engine just like Google. Yahoo was launched in 1995 by Yahoo
Company , and today Yahoo is the second largest search engine after Google and Bing.
It is the most widely searched search engine .
ÿ ASK- ASK is a Search Engine . Earlier it was known by the name of Jeeves , and then it was renamed as
It was changed to ASK . It was developed by Garrett Gruener and David Warthen
It was launched in 1996 by (Dev Varthen) .
ÿ Baidu- Baidu is the most popular search engine in China . This search engine is only available in Chinese

Available in Hindi language . Its founders were Robin Li and Eric Xu.
Baidu Search Engine was launched in 2000 .
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ÿ Yandex- Yandex is the most popular search engine in Russia . It is developed by CompTek Company.
It was launched in 1997 by .
ÿ DuckDuckGo - DuckDuckGo was launched by Gabriel Weinberg in 2008
It is a search engine .

Searching on the Internet

Such words or phrases with the help of which Search Engine finds any information are called
Keywords . Type all those keywords or similar words or combination of words on the Search
Engine that you can think of that describe the subject of your Assignment . The more good and
correct words you choose, the better will be the appearance of your information on the Internet .

Downloading Web Pages

To download any web page, you have to save that web page . To save
You can use the Save As option or you can use the Ctrl+S shortcut key .

Printing Web Pages

To print any web page , you can use the Print option or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+P
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Free Online Computer Classes

Upciss Prime
Website
www.upcissprime.com

Chapter 7- E-mail, Social Networking and e-

Government Services

Email
The full form of Email is Electronic mail. People call it e-mail, email or Electronic Mail.
It is also called a text message. It is a type of digital message that a user can send to another user.
It is used to communicate . This email may contain text, files, images, or any
There can also be attachments , which can be connected via network to a specific individual or
Can be sent to a group of individuals . The first email was sent over ARPANET by
Ray Tomlinson in 1971 .
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Structure of Email
To use email , users must have an email address . An email has 2 parts , which are
separated by @ . In this, the 1st part is user_name and the 2nd part is the domain name .
For example - [email protected]

In this the User Name can be of maximum 64 characters and Domain Name can be of maximum 254 characters
It can be of characters .

Parts of Electronic Mail- Electronic Mail consists of the following parts-

ÿ To (recipient's address)
ÿ CC (Carbon Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy)
ÿ Date and Time Stamp
ÿ Body
ÿ Subject Line
ÿ Signature
ÿ Attachments

Popular E-mail Clients- Names of some Popular E-mail Clients are-

ÿ Mozilla Thunderbird
ÿ MS-Outlook
ÿ Opera Email Client
ÿ Pegasus Mail
ÿ Outlook Express
ÿ Mailbird
ÿ Dream Mail

How Email Works

E-mail works on the Client-Server Module. SMTP Protocol is used from Client to Server and
It is used to send email from one server to another server . SMTP works on port number
25. POP3 protocol is used by the client in Application Based Email Server

It is used to access mail from Internet. It works on port number 110. Internet
Mail from Server for Web-Based E-mail via Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Client
It is used to receive . IMAP works on Port Number 143 .
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Using Emails

To use the e-mail facility , it is necessary for you to have an e-mail account .
To create an E-mail Account you can visit the website of any Free E-mail Service Provider.

You can go there and create your own E-mail Account . Various E-mail Service Providers
like Google, Yahoo, Hot-Mail provide Free of Cost E-mail Account facility .

Opening an Email Account

To open an e-mail account, go to the website of your e-mail service provider and click Create Account.

Select the option . And then fill in the information asked on the Sign Up Page and also
Choose your E-mail id . While selecting the E-mail id , always select such an id ,
Whose length is short and it is a meaningful id .
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Mailbox: Inbox and Outbox

Inbox- All the emails you receive are stored in your Inbox . Emails deleted from the Inbox go to
the Bin/Trash Box . Emails sent to the Trash Box can be sent back to the Inbox . Emails kept in
the Trash Box are automatically deleted after 30 days.
It gets deleted .

Outbox- The email sent by you is stored in the Outbox until it reaches the receiver 's inbox .

After reaching the receiver , that email is deleted from your Outbox .
It goes directly to the Sent Box , where you can see all the emails sent by you .

Creating and Sending a new E-mail

To write an e-mail , we use the Compose Option . On clicking the Compose Option , a window
opens where you fill in the e-mail message and the information connected to it . For example-

To- In the To option , the email address of the receiver is written. If you want to send an email
to more than one person, then write the email addresses of all of them separated by a comma (,).
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Receiver 's email address can also be selected using the Contact List .
Email can be sent to maximum 500 people at one time.

Carbon Copy (CC) – See all Receivers of E-mail Addresses written in CC

You can find out to whom this email message has been sent.

Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) – All receivers of the email addresses written in BCC
(Recipient) cannot see to whom this E-mail Message has been sent.

Subject- The subject of the email message is written in the subject .

Body- Body is that part of the email message where the original message is written.

Replying to an Email Message

Reply Option is used to answer any received email message . When
When you open an email message in your inbox , you will see the Reply option .
It gives. Reply option is used in two ways, Reply and Reply to all. If you just
If you want to reply to the sender , then select the Reply option , and if you want to send a reply in CC and BCC then select the Reply option.

If you want to send a reply to all the email addresses mentioned then select the Reply to all option
Do it.

Forwarding an E-mail Message

Forward Email When you need to send an email received in your Inbox to someone else
Let us select the option .

Searching Emails
When the number of emails in the inbox increases, then use Search E-mail to search the email
We use the Search option . The Search option is at the top of the Inbox , where you can type E-mail Address,

You can search the email according to user name, email subject and email date .

Attaching Files with E-mail

Attachment is a file that is sent with the email . In Gmail and Yahoo mail , you can send a file of
25MB size . All files like Audio, Video, Image, Text, Zip can be sent in attachment .
And some files which may have the possibility of being a virus cannot be sent as an email
attachment . Such as com , msi, exe, dll, cmd files.
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Email Signature

Signature is attached at the end of every E-mail . In which part of the signature contains the
contact information of the person sending the E-mail . Such as- name of the person , name
of the company , logo of the company , website address etc. To add signature in E -mail,
first open the E-mail account , then go to settings and click on See all settings option , and
then click on Create New option , and then create signature name in Name New Signature ,
after that click on Save Changes option and save the signature . After that you can use that
signature whenever you want .

Social Networking & E-Commerce

Social Networking – Social networking is a type of website and its related

Connecting people with each other through the medium of Internet . You use Social Media

Sites on the Internet to stay connected with your friends , family , customers or colleagues .
Through media sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram , you can connect with
people and share your ideas. Social Networking has played a vital role in E-Commerce.
E-commerce companies use social media to their advantage
It is used to sell and promote products .

E-commerce- Today there are many big e-commerce companies in the market . Such as:-
OLX, Amazon, Flipkart, eBay, Paytm etc. which provide the facility of doing business through
internet.

Types of E-Commerce (Types of E-Commerce)

1. B2C (Business to Consumer)

2. B2B (Business to Business)
3. C2C (Consumer to Consumer)
4. C2B (Consumer to Business)
5. B2A (Business-to-Administration)
6. C2A (Consumer-to-Administration)

History of E-Commerce- E-Commerce started about 40 years ago. The world 's
first E-Commerce company CompuServe was started in 1969 by Dr. John, R.
It was founded by Goltz and Jeffrey Wilkins using a dial-up connection . India 's
first e-commerce company Fabmart.Com was founded in 1999 by Vaitheswaran .
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Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram,

Facebook- Facebook is the most popular social media platform , which was launched on 4 February

It was established in 2004. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and Dustin Moskovitz .
Moskvartz), Eduardo Saverin , Chris Hughes and Andrew
He was founded by Andrew McCollu, who was then a professor at Harvard University.
Were students . On Facebook you can connect with your friends , and share photos with them,
You can share video, text etc. Minimum 1 second or 1 MB on Facebook
Videos of maximum 240 minutes or up to 4 GB size can be uploaded. At present, the minimum
age to open an account on Facebook is 13 years .

Twitter- Twitter is a Microblogging Social Networking Site , whose initial name is Twttr
It was founded in 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone and Evan Williams .
Posts on Twitter
Messages are known as Twits. On Twitter you can send a maximum of 280 messages in a single Twit .

You can use the characters . And if you want to upload a video in your tweet
If you want, then the video should be 2 Minute, 20 Second or less. Maximum on Twitter
File size is 12 MB.

LinkedIn- LinkedIn is a social media platform . It was founded on 28 December 2002 and

It was started on 5 May 2003 by Reid Hoffman . LinkedIn

It is specially designed for business professionals . With its help , you can share your work-

related information with other users . Which includes Employed People and
Job seekers post their Curriculum Vitae (CV) .

Instagram - Instagram, an American photo and video sharing social networking

Service . It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Kriege .
It was released in October 2010 for iOS (iPhone Operating System) and on 3 April 2012 for Android (iPhone 4.0).

It was launched on Android . Minimum limit for uploading video on Instagram is 3

Second and Maximum Limit is 90 Second. Owner of Instagram at current time
There is Facebook .

Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger,

Telegram)

Instant Messaging - Instant Messaging (IM) Technique is a type of online chat ,

which provides the facility of message transmission in actual time on the Internet . Like-
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WhatsApp, Facebook, Messenger, Telegram, Skype etc. Today's Instant Messengers provide the

facility of File Share, Voice and Video Chat along with Chat .

WhatsApp- WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum . It is a mobile
messaging app for Android, iPhone, Windows Phone or Mac or Windows PC . WhatsApp app is
completely free to download for smartphones . It uses the Internet to send text, image, video or

audio . At present , its ownership is with Facebook. WhatsApp

A maximum of 30 second video can be uploaded on Status , and for documents

The maximum file size is 100 MB. You can create a group on WhatsApp in which a
maximum of 256 people can be added .

Facebook Messenger - Facebook Messenger is an Instant Messenger , through which

users can share messages as well as photos, videos, stickers, audio and files with each other.
You can share it , as well as respond to other users ' messages . Facebook
You can also make voice and video calling through Messenger .

Telegram- Telegram was launched in 2013 by two brothers Nikola and Pavel Durov .

Through Telegram you can send any type of files (doc, zip, mp3 etc.), messages, photos,
videos , and you can also create groups in it. Users can add a maximum of 200,000
members to a group.

Blogs
Blog means a type of website which people use as a digital diary and on this they share
their experiences, thoughts and information with people through text, images, videos etc.
Blogs were initially called weblogs . There is a slight difference between website and blog ,
because every blog is a website , but every website is a
There is no blog .

Some Blogging Platforms-

ÿ WordPress.org ÿ
Gator
ÿ WordPress.com ÿ
Blogger ÿ
Tumblr
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ÿ Medium ÿ
Squarespace ÿ
Wix
ÿ Ghost

Basics of E-commerce
Electronic- Commerce or E- Commerce is related to the sale and sale of goods or services over the Internet .

It is about buying and selling. E-commerce was started on 11 August 1994 by a company named NetMarket .

This was done through a website . For the first time a CD was sold through this website .

Types of E- Commerce (Types of E- Commerce)

1. B2B (Business to Business) – In this type of E-commerce, both Seller and Buyer

There are business organizations . That is, a business organization sells its product
Sells the business organization .

2. B2C (Business to Consumer) - In this type of E-commerce , the organization or company directly sells

its product online to the consumer . This is the most widely used type of E-commerce . In this, the

customer can see the product on the online website and can order it . After the company receives the

order information , the company sends the product directly to the customer . Example- Amazon, Flipkart,

Myntra etc.

3. C2B (Consumer to Business) - In this type of e-commerce, consumers sell their products
Or sell services to companies.

4. C2C (Consumer to Consumer) – In this type of E-commerce, both Seller and Buyer

There are consumers . That is, a consumer sells his products to another consumer through a website .

5. B2A (Business to Administration) - In this type of e-commerce , business organization and government

agency exchange information through website. 6. C2A (Consumer to Administration) - In this type of
e-commerce , information is exchanged between consumer and government agency through website .

M-Commerce
M-Commerce which means Mobile Commerce . Actually M- Commerce is a part of E-Commerce . This term

was coined by Kevin Duffey in 1997. Buying and selling products through mobile phones is called M-
Commerce .
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Netiquettes
The word Netiquette is derived from the word “etiquette” , which means internet etiquette.

Etiquette teaches us to be polite and well behaved in society, similarly Netiquette teaches us to be polite and well behaved on the Internet.

and promotes polite behavior. Netiquette is used in many aspects of online communication .
Includes- E-mail, Social Media, Online Chat, Web Forum, Website Comment, Online
Communication etc.

There is no official list of Netiquette Rules available . Its main purpose is to protect others

Have to give respect online .

Example-

ÿ Do not spam people by sending unwanted emails in large numbers.

ÿ Do not troll people by harassing them repeatedly in web forums or website comments

Do it.

ÿ Do not post inflammatory or offensive comments online .

ÿ Do not force anyone to share personal information such as photos, videos .

ÿ
Respect others’ privacy .
ÿ Do not repost without checking the facts of the post .

ÿ Do not abuse anyone, or use offensive language .

Overview of e-Governance Services like Railway

Reservation, Passport, eHospital [ORS]

E- Making the government services available to the common citizens available through the Internet

It is called Governance . Under this, Government Services and Information are provided online.

are available . Indian Government established the Electronics Department in 1970 ,

And the National Informatics Center was established in 1977. Today the Indian Government and

Governments of almost all major Hindi Bhasha states are providing their facilities to the general public through Internet .
These are being made available through the medium of online education. This saves the money and time of both Government Offices and the public .

can be saved. Like-

ÿ You can avail all banking services through online banking .

ÿ All work related to GST can be done online only.

ÿ You can book train, bus and airplane tickets online .

ÿ Bills for electricity, water, telephone, mobile etc. can be filled online .
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ÿ You can get PAN Card, Aadhar Card, Home Remedy, Passport, Caste Certificate etc. online
You can verify it .

Types of E-Governance-

1. G2G(Government to Government)- where information is exchanged between

two governments , such as Central Government and State Government
Or between other governments .

2. G2C (Government to Citizen) - Through this, citizens can connect directly with the government and

can convey their issues to the government . And can easily avail various public services provided
by the government .

3. G2B (Government to Business) - In this , E-Governance helps the business class to interact with

the government in a simple way . Its purpose is to establish clarity in the business environment and
while interacting with the government .

4. G2E (Government to Employees) - This is between the Government and its employees.

It helps in making contacts efficiently and quickly .

E-Governance Service in Railway Reservation

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) was started on 27 September 1999 , it

became fully operational on 3 August 2002. IRCTC has played an important role in the development of
Indian Railways. On the first day of the start of E-Ticketing Service on IRCTC , only 27 tickets were

booked across the country. To book Indian Railway E -Tickets through IRCTC , visit www.irctc.co.in Or

it can be booked from Mobile Phone through IRCTC App . There are many ways available to make
IRCTC ij Online Payment on IRCTC . Like- Credit Card,

Debit Card, E-wallet, Net-Banking etc. From

1st November 2014 , the Railway Ministry has launched the Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) App
for online booking of unreserved tickets . General tickets, season tickets and platform tickets can be

booked through this .

Passport
Passport is a legal document . It is used to travel abroad. Passport is issued by the
country in which the person lives. This passport tells the identity and citizenship of
the person while travelling abroad. A passport contains the name, date of birth,
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There is a photo of the person and his signature . Apart from all this, the passport also contains the person 's

There is more information for identification . The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has 36 Passport Offices,

424 Post-Office Passport Seva Kendra (POPSK) and

For issuing passports to Indian citizens through 190 Indian Mission Network abroad

Apply for passport online from the official website of Ministry of External Affairs- https://portal2.passportindia.gov.in/

AppOnlineProject/welcomeLink

What can be done?

eHospital [ORS]
Online Registration System (ORS) is an online portal , which was launched on 1 July 2015

ORS Portal was launched. Through ORS Portal , citizens of India can contact hospitals of various states and centre.
You can apply online . You can avail OPD (Outpatient) treatment through this service .

You can get information about Blood Department booking, Lab Report and Blood Availability in any
Government Hospital online .

Accessing e-Governance Services on mobile Using

“UMANG APP”

UMANG APP is a Mobile App , which is used to run E-Governance in India under Digital India.

UMANG App has been developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and

It has been developed by National e-Governance Division (NeGD) . Full Form of UMANG-

Unified Mobile App for New Age Governance . It was launched in November 2017 .

UMANG App is available in 13 Indian languages . UMANG App is such an application ,

Which is used for many E-Governance Services like Aadhar Seva, Bharat Gas, DigiLocker, Passport Seva

etc. UMANG Service Mobile Application, Web, IVR (Interactive

is made available over multiple channels such as voice response (Voice Response) and SMS , which can be used as a Smartphone, Feature

It can be accessed through Phone, Tablet and Desktop . Currently UMANG App

623 Services, 116 Departments and 23 States have been added .

Digital Locker
DigiLocker is an online service which was launched in February 2015. Which is Electronics

And it has been developed by the Ministry of IT (Indian Government) . It is developed by the Indian Government .

It has been developed under the Digital India initiative. DigiLocker is a Secure Cloud Storage ,

Where every Indian citizen can store their certificates as digital documents
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Such as Driving License, Vehicle Registration , Educational Certificate etc. This scan
Provides 1GB storage space in each account to upload the copies made
Its file size is maximum 10 MB, file type is PDF, JPEG, and PNG . Use of DigiLocker
To do this, users must have an Aadhaar card . To sign up for DigiLocker

OTP (One-time password) sent to Aadhaar number and mobile number linked with Aadhaar
will have to be entered. Then users can set their password to log in later .

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Chapter 8 - Digital Financial Tools and

Applications

Introduction
Nowadays everything in the world is digital and is moving very fast towards digitalization ,
There is only one reason for this – easy access and time saving. We can use digital services
through mobile phones, computers, tablets etc. Computer, Internet and

The invention of the smartphone has had a huge impact on financial services . Today, computers

And through Mobile Phone any person can access his Bank Account , and he
365 days a year 24*7 Account Details, Money Transaction, Pay Bills, Ticket Booking etc.
I can do it.

Digital Financial Tools

Devices through which Digital Financial Services can be used , Digital
These are called financial tools . For example- ATM, Credit Card, Debit Card, UPI, e-Wallets, POS
(Point of Sale) Machine etc. are all examples of Digital Financial Tools .
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Understanding OTP [One Time Password] and QR

[Quick Response] Code
OTP (One Time Password) – OTP is a password which is valid
only for one login session or one transaction .
OTP is a 6-digit code , which is also called One-Time Password or
It is also called Dynamic Password . OTP is more secure than a
static password because it is valid for only one transaction . Its
time limit is up to 10 minutes , after which it expires . OTP is sent
only to the registered mobile number or email ID .

QR Code (Quick Response Code) - QR Code is a kind of

Barcode is a code that has a matrix of dots . It is called Matrix Bar

It is also called Code or Two Dimensional Bar Code . It was first

introduced in 1994 by Japanese Company Denso Wave.

It was designed . It can be scanned using QR Scanner or Mobile Camera

It can be scanned . QR code can contain any data such as-

Bank Account Details or URL of any website , application etc. There are

two types of QR Codes-

1. Static QR Code
2. Dynamic QR Code

UPI [Unified Payment Interface]

UPI (Unified Payment Interface) is approved by NPCI (National

Payments Corporation of India (PCI) launched it on 11

April 2016 in Mumbai by RBI Governor Dr. Raghuram G.
Rajan. This is a system that combines many bank
accounts in a single mobile application . Along with this ,
it also combines many banking services . Like- Balance Enquiry, Fund
Transfer etc.

Note- OTP is not required for transactions through UPI .

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AEPS [Aadhaar Enabled Payment System]

AEPS (Aadhaar Enabled Payment System), NPCI (National
Payments Corporation of India) that allows people to make
financial transactions through micro-ATMs by verifying their
Aadhaar number and their fingerprint/iris scan . People do not
need to provide their bank account details to make these
transactions. With the help of this payment system, people can send and receive money
from one bank account to another bank through their Aadhaar number. This system is very
secure for financial transactions as there will be no need for bank details for the transaction
whereas only fingerprint of the account holder will be required to authorize the transaction.

USSD [Unstructured Supplementary Service Data]

USSD based Mobile Banking Services was launched by NPCI in
November 2012. USSD is a GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communications) Protocol , which is used to send text
messages , and it is SMS Service (Short
USSD is similar to SMS (User Message Service) . USSD is used for
many purposes including mobile banking . For example, banking
customers can avail this service by dialing *99# on their phone . As
soon as the customer dials *99# on his mobile , an interactive message appears on the mobile screen.

A menu is displayed through which we can do basic banking like balance enquiry, fund transfer etc.
You can use the services. * 99 # is a common number in all telecom service providers . This service
works on the USSD channel and allows mobile banking transactions using Basic Feature Mobile

Phone . Mobile Internet Data Facility is not required to use USSD based mobile banking .

Card [Credit Card /Debit Card]

Debit Card- When you open a bank account , the bank issues a card which you can use to
withdraw money from an ATM or to pay for your expenses . With a debit card , you can
spend only the money that is currently kept in your account .
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Note- To make online payment through ATM Card or Debit Card, use 16 digit card
Number, 3 digit Card Verification Value and Card Expiry Date and Card Pin or OTP key
There is necessity.

Credit Card- Credit Card is a rectangular plastic card , which gives you credit based
Helps in doing transactions . Credit card was invented by John Biggins
It was done in 1946. Credit Cards provide a pre-defined credit limit to the customers
which can be used for shopping or any payment . Credit Card

Credit limit of Rs. 1000 is decided by the bank based on the customer 's credit score and monthly income
It has to be decided .

E-Wallet

E-wallet is a digital wallet which is used for electronic transactions .

It is used for various purposes including Online Shopping, Bill Payment, Recharge, Ticket Booking,

Money Transfer . It is a prepaid service . The full form of E-Wallet is Electronic Wallet . It is also known
as Mobile Wallet, Digital Wallet, Virtual Wallet . Whatever work you do

You can do all these things with the wallet in your pocket. Almost all the same things can be done with this digital

wallet as well. Mobile wallet provides you prepaid service . That means you have to put money in the wallet first.

You can then use the money available in your wallet to pay for the selected online services.
You can do this. Like- PayTM, PhonePe, PayZapp, MobiKwik, Google Pay etc.

Types of E-Wallet
1. Closed E-Wallets
2. Semi-Closed E-Wallets
3. Semi-Open E-Wallets
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4. Open E-Wallets
PayTM- PayTM is one of the largest mobile commerce platforms

and leading online payment apps in India , which provides its

customers with a digital wallet to store money and make instant
payments. Launched in 2010 , this e-wallet app works on a virtual
model and has a mobile marketplace where a customer can load

money and make payments to merchants who have an operational relationship with the company.
It was originally the number 1 digital wallet in India before UPI was introduced. Apart from doing
e-commerce transactions, this e-wallet app can also be used to make bill payments, transfer
money and avail services from businesses in the travel, entertainment and retail industries. They
now also have UPI enabled payments .

PhonePe- PhonePe was launched in 2015 and in just 4 years it has

crossed the 100 million downloads mark. From UPI payments to recharges,
money transfers to online bill payments, you can do it all on PhonePe . It

has a great user interface and is one of the safest and fastest online
payment experience in India.

PayZapp - PayZapp is a complete payment solution that gives you the power to

make payments in just one click. PayZapp lets you make payments right from your mobile,

It allows you to recharge DTH & data bills, pay electricity bills, compare
and book flight, bus and hotel tickets , do shopping, buy movie tickets,
music & grocery items, avail amazing offers on SmartBuy and send

money to anyone in your phone book.

PoS [Point of Sale]-

Point of Sale (PoS) is a system used at retail stores , from
where you conduct the sale of physical goods. Bills of goods
sold are paid through this . It was started in 1879 by James
Ritty . Both hardware and software are required to use PoS .
It has a thermal sensor .
Printer is used to print bills .
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Internet Banking
Internet Banking is a system which helps the customers to get financial and other benefits through their Net Banking.

Provides the facility to do non-financial transaction . Even if it is in any other bank

You want to transfer money, check transaction details or make bill payment .

You can do many more things with the help of Internet Banking . Internet Banking helps you

Allows to do 24*7 financial transactions . Money Transfer in Internet Banking

To do this, NEFT, RTGS or IMPS payment method is used .

Features of Net Banking

ÿ Net banking provides convenient access to various banking services.

ÿ Customers can easily check account balance and transaction history.

ÿ Online bill payments and fund transfers are simple and efficient.
ÿ Net banking provides a secure environment for banking transactions.
ÿ Customers have a unique login ID and password for their account.
ÿ Net banking enables customers to apply for loans or insurance online.
ÿ Customers can manage their debit/credit transactions and update addresses through Internet Banking

Can do it.

ÿ Easy to block work or update primary and secondary address through Net Banking
Is.

Benefits of Net Banking

ÿ Net banking is available 24*7 .

ÿIt provides easy fund transfer facility.

ÿ
It provides convenience in doing banking transactions.
ÿ
Customers can easily track their transaction history with just a few clicks.
ÿ Net banking is secure and requires a password to use it.
, as ordering cheque books, checking account balances and obtaining passbooks
ÿ Non-financial functions such
The activities can be done easily through net banking.

NEFT (National Electronic Fund Transfer)

NEFT is a nation-wide payment system , with the help of which we can do without going to a bank

You can transfer money from one bank account to another bank account electronically .
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NEFT Services were started by RBI in November 2005. There are many transactions in NEFT
A set of transactions is created, which is called a batch, and the transactions are executed batch-wise.

Earlier NEFT Transactions Banking was available for a few hours only , but on 16th
From December 2019 , the time limit for fund transfer through this has been made 24*7 .

There is no upper or lower limit on the amount to be transferred through this medium .
To transfer funds from Help we have to login to our Internet Banking or Mobile Banking

You can do this, and send funds using the following documents .

Like- Name of the Beneficiary, Account Number, IFSC Code (Indian

Financial System Code).

RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement)

RTGS is a fund transfer method through which money is transferred on real time basis without any delay.

But money is sent. RTGS Service was started by RBI in March 2004. RTGS

Service Present Time from Monday to Saturday ( except 2nd and 4th Saturdays ) morning
Available from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm . Transfer via RTGS

The minimum amount is Rs 2 Lakh and there is no upper limit .

IMPS (Immediate Payment Service)

IMPS is a Real Time Payment Service , which is available 24*7 hours . This Service is National

It was launched on 22 November 2010 by the Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) , which
Customers are provided with PPI (Prepaid Payment ) Authorized by Banks and RBI
It gives the authority to transfer money immediately through Instrument Issuers . In IMPS
Fund transfer can be done in two ways-

ÿ Beneficiary 's Name, Account Number and IFSC Code.

ÿ MMID and Mobile Number.

Note- MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) is a 7 digit number, which is issued by banks .
It is a habit.

IFSC Code (Indian Finance System Code)

The full form of IFSC Code is Indian Finance System Code . IFSC
The code is mainly used for NEFT, RTGS and Online Fund Transfer .
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IFSC Code is a special type of 11 digit code . It is an Indian financial system code. It is called

It is issued to identify a specific branch of a bank. Apart from this, IFSC code is also used

It is used to accurately identify the recipient's bank while transferring money. There are a total of 11

characters in the IFSC code . The first four characters in it indicate the name of the bank.

The fifth digit of the IFSC code is 0. It is kept in reserve for future use.

The last 6 digits tell about the bank branch. You can find out the IFSC code of your bank branch by clicking on the bank's IFSC code .

You can find out through Passbook, RBI Website , Check Book or by visiting Bank Branch

Can be done.

Online Bill Payment

Online Bill Payment Customer can make his utility payment through Digital Banking

There is a facility provided to make utility payment online . Customer can pay for his light online.
Bill, Mobile Bill , Water Bill, Insurance Payment etc. Various Utility Payment Digital

You can do this through banking from your home at any time . Currently, the facility of online bill payment is

This trend is increasing very fast. Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, etc. are available for Online Bill Payment .
Credit Card, Debit Card, e-Wallet etc. can be used.

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Chapter 9- Overview of Cyber Security

Introduction to Cyber Security

Cyber Security provides security to computer systems and networks from theft or
loss of hardware or electronic data as well as disruption or misuse of the services
provided by them. Cyber Security is a technology whose
It is used to protect data from hackers or any other threats .

Cyber Security
Present era is the era of computers and in this era we can keep our Personal Information,
Official, banking and other information in the form of data on computers and other devices
is stored . A part of that data may be sensitive information , even if it
Be it Intellectual Data, Financial Data, Personal Information or any other type of data , Cyber
With the help of security , all the data present on the internet and system can be kept safe
and can be saved from being stolen.

Types of Cyber Attacks-

1. System Based Attacks ÿ

Virus ÿ
Warm ÿ

Trojan Horse ÿ
Backdoors
2. Web Based Attacks ÿ

DNS Spoofing ÿ
Fishing ÿ
Denial of Service ÿ Man

in the Middle Attacks(MiTm) ÿ Brute Force

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1. System Based Attacks

Virus- Computer Virus is a type of computer program that damages all the data and
files present in the computer. The full name of VIRUS is Vital Information Resources
Under Siege . Once a virus enters the computer, it automatically spreads throughout
the computer and corrupts all the programs present in the computer . The virus has
the ability to create a copy of itself due to which it spreads easily from one computer to
another. The first computer virus was coined by Robert in 1971.
Thomas developed it. Its name was Creeper .

Warm- Warm is similar to a virus. It is a sub-class of virus. It spreads through email networks.

Spreads from one computer to another Worms can transfer the infection from one
computer to another using the user's email address book This can paralyze the
computer It completely stops working

Trojan Horse- Trojan horse is a harmful computer program that takes control of our
system and performs malicious actions . Trojans cannot create their own copy like a
virus but they can install the virus in the system . Trojan horse is called a malicious program.
It is also called Trojan . People download Trojan by mistake thinking that the file is
correct but it is not so, rather it is a trick to trap people.
ÿ A Trojan can delete system files and data.

ÿ Can steal important information and topics. ÿ Can

lock the system . ÿ Can
download and install malware . ÿ Can start robbing

the system. ÿ Can infect CDs . ÿ

Can show messages on the
system screen . ÿ Can close programs.

2.Web Based Attacks

DNS Spoofing - DNS Spoofing, also commonly referred to as DNS cache poisoning, is a
cyber attack where DNS records or communications are tampered with and diverted to redirect

users to a different IP address. In a spoofing attack, traffic from a web server is redirected to
spoof sites that may look like the web site the end user was trying to access. These attacks

can occur effortlessly without any indication to the user that the attacker is trying to access the website
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What's going on? When users reach the fake site, they might be asked to enter their
login credentials or reveal sensitive data such as credit card data, bank account
numbers and social security information . Attackers can then use this information to
gain access to corporate networks to extort money, data and identities or to launch
other attacks.

Phishing - Phishing attack is a type of cyber attack that is done to deceive you and
try to snatch or know your personal and important information, such as passwords,
bank details, credit card number, Aadhaar card number etc. In this, the attacker
pretends to be someone you can easily trust. They can send you an email, text
message, or phone call that you will think is from your friend, a company or a
government agency. If you click on a link or open an attachment in an Email, Text
Message, or share information over a phone call, you could lose money, your identity ,
your data, or other important information, which could cause serious harm to you.

Brute Force - Brute Force Attack is a process which is mostly used by hackers to
find out the enemy ID and Password .

Securing PC
To secure PC (Laptop / Desktop) from Virus Programs , the following things should be
kept in mind -

ÿ Keep your operating system and software updated.

ÿ Always use licensed software. ÿ Be

cautious online and do not click on suspicious links.
ÿ Backup your system.

ÿ Take care to keep your environment safe and secure.

ÿ Install antivirus software to protect your PC. ÿ Adjust your
browser settings.
ÿ Enable firewall.
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Securing Browser & Web Security

Web Security is a process by which the website and web browser present on the
internet are protected. In simple words, web security is a security that is used to protect
the data present in the network or computer system.

Web security is also used to provide security to VPN (Virtual Private Network). When you are
accessing a website from a web browser, then also web security works to protect your data from
hackers.

In today's time, we have many such tools using which we can keep our data safe. For example
WAF (Web Application Firewall), Black Box Testing Tool , White Box Testing Tool and Fuzzing
Tool, and Antivirus etc.

Securing Smart Phone

Smart phones are also a favorite target of hackers like computers . Many types of
personal information are saved in smart phones such as pictures, location, banking
applications, social media applications etc. All these information need to be kept
secure . To keep the smart phone secure , the following things should be kept in mind-
ÿ
Keep strong
privacy. ÿ Use only trusted apps. ÿ
Update phone and apps regularly. ÿ Backup
phone data. ÿ Set up

remote Wi-Fi. ÿ Wi-Fi

and hotspot security. ÿ

Understand app permissions before accepting them etc.

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Machine Translated by Google

Chapter 10- Overview of Futureskills and

artificial intelligence

Futureskills
The skills required to do a particular job today may become outdated in the future .
That is why NASSCOM (National Association of Software and Service
Companies have created a platform where IT Professionals can enroll themselves
and learn many Emerging Technologies like IOT, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence .
Futureskills is a platform for IT Professionals to upgrade their skills . It was launched
on 19 February 2018 .

IoT (Introduction to Internet of Things)

The full name of IoT is Internet of Things . It is used to transfer data from one device
to another device with the help of sensors, software and technology .
In Internet of Things , Things means, “ all the things connected to the internet which
we use daily in our life like- mobile phone, smart watch, fan installed in the house, car
etc.” We can access all these things by connecting them to the internet. Kevin Ashton
is called the inventor of IoT because he used this word for the first time in 1999.
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How IoT Works

Just as the Internet has changed the way we work and communicate with each other by connecting us through the

World Wide Web , the purpose of IoT is to transform the way we work and communicate with each other at the same time .

This connectivity has to be taken to the next level by connecting the devices to the Internet ,
where human to machine and machine to machine can converse with each other .

Advantages of IoT (Internet of Things) – Advantages of Internet of Things

Easy Access- It is very easy to access IoT . With the help of IoT , we can get the necessary
information sitting in any corner of the world. To get the information, we should have the

facility of Internet Connection and Smart Device . With the help of which we can easily get
any type of information.

Automation- IOT gives a lot of boost to Automation . Automation means that those tasks
which do not require human intervention are completed. IOT devices are capable of
completing any task automatically .

Monitor- Using IoT, we can easily monitor any kind of thing . Such as monitoring the quantity
of air, monitoring the temperature, monitoring the air quality and monitoring your product etc.

Speed- The speed of transferring data in IoT devices is very fast. These devices transfer

data from one device to another device at a very fast speed .

Disadvantages of IoT (Internet of Things) - Internet of Things

Kasan

Security & Privacy- The biggest disadvantage of IoT is that it involves the problem of
security. That is, the user's data is not completely secure . Most IoT devices
These devices are connected to the Internet . Due to which these devices can be hacked by
hackers . Due to which hackers can easily steal user data.

Complexity – Designing, developing, and maintaining technologies in IoT is very difficult

and complex .

Unemployment- Nowadays most of the work is done by machines running on IoT . Due to
which there is no need for labour work . This increases unemployment.
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Big Data Analytics

Every user on the Internet is creating data, such
as while shopping online , posting on social media ,
traveling using GPS system , etc. The collection of
all these data is called Big Data . In Big Data
Analytics, all these data are collected and analyzed.
Data is analyzed so that some pattern or useful
information can be extracted. Companies use Big
Data Analytics to increase their revenue . Big
Data Analytics is applied in many sectors . Such
as Banking, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Educations,
Online advertisements, Social Media etc.

Types of Big Data

Structured Data- Structured Data is very simple to store and access. This data is in a
small format . That is why it is mostly used in the business field.

Unstructured Data- It does not have any specific format or structure . That is why it is
very difficult to process it . A lot of data is collected in it. It includes all types of files like
Text Files, Image Files, Audio etc.
Files, Video Files, Social Media Posts etc. are present.

Semi-Structured Data- It is formed by combining both types of data. That means here
both types of data are present. Like in this we get to see some Structured Data and
some Unstructured Data . Both types of Datasets are present in it. Example- Web
Applications.

Benefits of Big Data

ÿ With its help, companies or organizations can make decisions in the right way . ÿ
With its help, problems like errors in companies can be detected quickly. ÿ With
the use of big data, you can know the preferences of people and at the same time
customer service also improves.
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ÿ Its use increases your ability. ÿ

The use of big data saves time.

Disadvantages of Big Data ( Disadvantages of Big Data)

ÿ Storing big data may cost a lot. ÿ Big data may be used for wrong
purposes. ÿ Big data helps in increasing Social
Stratification . ÿ Analyzing big data violates the privacy rules of users. ÿ Big
data is mostly in unstructured form. Due to which analyzing it is very important.

It is difficult.

Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing provides various services through the Internet , such as data
Storage, Servers, Database, Networking and Software etc. Cloud-based storage
With the help of cloud computing , files can be stored in a remote database . And whenever
required, they can be accessed using the internet . Cloud computing services reduce the cost.

Advantages of Cloud Computing-

ÿ Cost- It reduces the cost of purchasing hardware and software . ÿ Speed- In this the
resources can be accessed within minutes . ÿ Scalability- In this we
determine the requirements of resources as per the business requirements .
can be increased or decreased.

ÿ Security-Cloud Seller Policies , Technologies that strengthen our data security

And provide a comprehensive set of controls .

ÿ Reliability - stands for continuity of data backup and recovery
It is expensive and very fast .
Types of Cloud-
ÿ Public Cloud- Anyone can use it . ÿ Private
Cloud- It is for personal use of a company or person . ÿ Hybrid Cloud- Hybrid Cloud is a
combination of Public and Private Cloud .
Public Cloud and Private Cloud are made up of a combination. In this cloud there are Public and Private

Both clouds have their own characteristics.

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Cloud Computing Services-

IaaS- Its full name is Infrastructure as a Service . This is a service model in which hardware, networking
and storage services are made available to the customer in a cloud environment.

PaaS- The full form of PaaS is Platform as a Service . It is a service provider that gives the customer a
platform on which they can easily build, manage and deliver software applications.

Saas- The full form of Saas is (Software as a Service) . It is a special computing service which is used to
distribute applications and services over the Internet.

Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality means experiencing things through our computer that are not actually present. It is about
manipulating objects in that world and bringing them to life through it.
Eligibility to navigate is felt. Virtual Reality is often used in 3D
Environment is used for applications related to High Visual Multimedia etc. Virtual Reality gives you the
feeling of being in the world generated by the computer .

Use of Virtual Reality- ÿ Virtual

Reality is being used a lot in video games . Because in video games which
The scene appears absolutely real wherever it happens.
ÿ Virtual Reality is also doing well in the field of education . Through which students can get more
sensitive and useful experiences on various subjects. ÿ Virtual
Reality has done wonders in the field of entertainment . In today's time, you can watch all 3D movies,

You must have watched this TV show . Which is very amazing. Which gives the users a lively and almost real life.
Provide computable experiences .

ÿ Virtual Reality is also being used a lot in the medical field . With its help, surgical training has become
very easy these days. Patients can get any kind of hard surgery through Virtual Reality .
Training can be explained easily.

Features of Virtual Reality ÿ Immersion -Immersion is an important aspect here because

it makes the user feel as if they are actually present there and are alive in that environment. ÿ Interactive

- Virtual Reality allows the user to interact with the world . The

user can hold, see, hear and perform other actions with the objects in the virtual reality .
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ÿ Exporable - This technique works to show everything in greater detail. So that you can explore
everything as much as possible and you can find everything here really real.

artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology whose aim is to develop human-like thinking and
decision making ability in machines. And Artificial Intelligence is used to make intelligent
Effort is put into making machines that can behave like a human , think like a human ,
and be able to take decisions.

History of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence was invented in 1956 by John McCarthy who is known as the
father of Artificial Intelligence. John McCarthy was an American Computer Scientist
and Researcher . He joined a workshop at Darkmouth College in 1956. He did that.
There was important information about artificial .

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

ÿ In the field of e-commerce- AI technology is used for e-commerce i.e. online

shopping . It is used by AMAZON company. With its help, chatbots are created in
apps and websites . Chatbots can talk directly to the customer. We do not need
any human for this.
ÿ In the field of education- AI technology is also used in the field of education so that better

education can reach the people. Through this, a teacher can easily teach any child about computer.
You can teach by showing animation and graphics . AI technology Productivity and Digital
It promotes education . Its aim is to make education easier.
ÿ In the field of Human Resources- It is also used to reduce Human Resources so
that the production of the product can be done in more quantity. Because humans
cannot do any work for 24 hours. But AI 's digital device or machine has the ability
to work for 24 hours.
ÿ In the field of Agriculture- It is used to check the quality of crops and soil in the
field . With the help of AI technology, the deficiencies in the soil can be identified.
And that soil can be improved. So that a good crop can be produced.
ÿ In the field of Gaming- The use of AI in gaming has increased a lot these days.
Like it is used in chess and puzzle games . Since AI has the ability to think, it is
used in brain games .
Machine Translated by Google

Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages-

ÿ LISP (List Processing) ÿ

R Programming ÿ
Python ÿ
Java
ÿ Prolog etc.

Social and Mobile

Social Media is a platform (Website or Mobile Application) where we can create
our accounts and share photos, videos etc. with our family, friends, colleagues etc.
You can share it . Like Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp etc. Use of social media
It is done on mobile devices because mobile is very portable .

Blockchain Technology
Blockchain is a distributed database that keeps records of all transactions or
digital events that are executed and shared among participating parties .
Blockchain is the backbone technology of digital crypto currency Bitcoin. blockchain
The technology first came to light when Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008
A White Paper was published on “Bitcoin- Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System” .

How Blockchain Technology Works-

Bitcoin is a popular example of Blockchain. Bitcoin is a Cryptocurrency , and its
Digital properties are used to do online transactions . In this, every
The transaction remains secure through digital signature .

Use of Blockchain Technology-

ÿ Blockchain Internet of things. ÿ

Smart Device. ÿ
Banking System. ÿ
Passport. ÿ
Blockchain Healthcare. ÿ
Personal identification. ÿ Birth,
Marriage and death Certificate.
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3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing

3D Printing is a technology through which 3D
models of various things can be produced. By
using a 3D printer , we can make any 3D model.
Objects like ball, chair, bottle etc. can be
produced. 3D printing is also known as additive
manufacturing printers. 3D model of any object ,
CAD
It is created by software or 3D Object Scanner .

The 3D printer was invented by Chuck Hull in 1984. This printer is easy to use and is
capable of printing high quality graphics or pictures .

Advantages of 3D Printing-
ÿ Easily Accessible- It is very easy to access it. User can use it with great ease. ÿ Faster Production
- This printer can print objects

and things in a few hours. Compared to other printers , it works at a very fast speed. ÿ Cost-
Effectiveness - This printer is very cheap. 3D printers are very light, due
to which its transportation cost is reduced and we get it at cheap prices. ÿ Performance- The

performance of 3D printer is very good. It does not get damaged quickly.

And you can work for a long time without stopping.

3D Printing
ÿ Space Engineering ÿ
Education ÿ
Construction and Architecture ÿ
Biomedical Engineering ÿ
Robotics
Machine Translated by Google

Robotics Process Automation

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is an Automated Software Tool or Software
RPA is a technology by which software robots can be created. These robots are capable of
performing various kinds of tasks. This is an advanced technology which will change the lifestyle
of this world in the coming times. These robots made from RPA technology are capable of
learning tasks just like humans.

Applications of RPA-

ÿ Banking Service
ÿ HR Service in Companies ÿ
Customer Service ÿ
Healthcare etc.

Advantages of RPA-

Security- With RPA , you don’t have to worry about data and information leaks as data access
is well controlled. Sensitive data is always a matter of concern for companies. Bots don’t
understand the importance of this sensitive data and hence they don’t differentiate between any
data and protect it from breaches.

Low Cost - Costs can be reduced by delegating tasks. Software robots perform tasks at a lower
cost than a full-time employee.

Better Customer Experience – RPA usage ensures easy and seamless access to
your customers
Machine Translated by Google

You can find the question answers of all these chapters on the website .
PDF of Chapter Wise Question Answer will be included.

It takes a lot of hard work to make notes, so if you can pay some fee 50, 100, 200 rupees

which you think is reasonable, if you are able to Thank you...

Making notes takes a lot of hard work, so if you can pay some fee Rs. 50, 100, 200

whatever you feel is right , if you are capable,

Thank you.
Machine Translated by Google

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