DEVELOPMENT

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT?

• Development is a comprehensive term that means the growth of an economy along with
improvement in non-economic goals such as health, education, peace etc.
• Different persons can have different developmental goals
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.

WITH EXAMPLE EXPLAIN HOW DIFFERENT PEOPLE CAN HAVE DIFFERENT

DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS

 Different people seek different things. They seek things that are most important for them,
i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires. For example:-
 Landless rural labourers may seek for More days of work and better wages; local school
is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination
and they too can become leaders in the village
 Prosperous farmers from Punjab may seek for Assured a high family income through
higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they
should be able to settle their children abroad.

WITH EXAMPLE EXPLAIN HOW DIFFERENT PEOPLE CAN HAVE

CONFLICTING DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS

 In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.
 A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares
in the household work. Her brother may not like this.
 Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals.
They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

• The first and foremost the most important goal of any individual is more income
• Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination.
 • In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more
consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live.
• For instance, if you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to
consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working
atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may
offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however,
may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will
reduce your sense of security and freedom.

MIXED GOALS WITH EXAMPLE

• For development, people look at a mix of goals.

• It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and
society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of
jobs or run a business.
• Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but
also about other important things in life.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

• National Development is a comprehensive term that means the growth of an economy

along with improvement in non-economic goals such as health, education, peace etc for
nation as a whole.
• Different persons can have different national developmental goals

• What may be national development for one may not be national development for the
other. It may even be destructive for the other.

TOTAL INCOME WHY AND IT IS NOT SUCH A USEFUL MEASURE.

• The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us
the total income of the country.
• However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure.
Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what
an average person is likely to earn.
PER CAPITA INCOME

The average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
The average income is also called per capita income.

WHY PCI IS NOT A SOLE MEASURE OF DEVELOPMENT

‘AVERAGES’ ARE USEFUL FOR COMPARISON, THEY ALSO HIDE DISPARITIES

 For example, let us consider two countries, A and B. For the sake of simplicity, we have
assumed that they have only five citizens each.

 Even though both the countries have identical average income, country A is preferred
because it has more equitable distribution. In this country people are neither very rich
nor extremely poor.
 On the other hand most citizens in country B are poor and one person is extremely
rich. Hence, while average income is useful for comparison it does not tell us how this
income is distributed among people.

WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT

 In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used
in classifying countries.
 Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above in 2019, are
called high income or rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or
less are called low-income countries.
 India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita
income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
 The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small
countries, are generally called developed countries.
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA
Apart from income for comparing different countries health and education are also important
goals that are considered.

In the example of Haryana Panjab and Bihar So, if per capita income were to be used as the
measure of development, Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least
developed state of the three. And if we compare the three states using other criteria i.e.
Education and health Kerala will be considered as most developed. As Kerela even though lag
behind Haryana in PCI but basic facilities of health and education are far more better in Kerala

Hence we can consider Kerala as more developed

Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular year.

Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Public facilities are those provided by government because many people are not able to
purchase these facilities, they may be highly payable costs and without these important facilities
resulting in difficulties faced like inadequate Healthcare, poor nutrition job, education etc.

Some of the public facilities are:

• The public distribution system (PDS) which provide their average quality of food
grains and other essential items to the weaker section of the population at subsidised
price.
• Government schools, hospitals and dispensaries.
• Providing safe drinking water to all.
• Preventing infectious diseases.
• Ensuring pollution free environment.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

• Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used
along with income as a measure of development.
• For instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based
on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• The countries are ranked and this position list is called as HDI.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool used to
measure a country's overall achievement in its social and economic
dimensions.
• The social and economic dimensions of a country are based on the health
of people, their level of education attainment and their standard of
living.

Criteria used by the Human Development Report: HEATH EDUCATION

INCOME-
• Per capita income
• Literacy rate

• Life expectancy at birth

WHY PCI IS CALCULATED IN DOLLARS
Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also
done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any
country.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Sustainable development is the development of a count or world not only at present, but
development which is to be continued and maintained for future generations.
• It promotes an efficient use of natural resources.
• Sustainability helps in maintaining ecological balance.
• It lays emphasis on quality of life and promotes conservation of life saving resources.
OVERUSING RESOURCES

• 'Overusing a Resource' means more uses of the resource than it is replenished by the
nature.
 • Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by
nature. However, even these resources may be overused. In the case of groundwater, if
we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this
resource.
• This is what Indian states have done. For example, farmers of Punjab have overused the
groundwater. This has lead to lowering of the water table.

CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DO NOT RESPECT

NATIONAL OR STATE BOUNDARIES. JUSTIFY THE STATEMENT

• Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.

This issue is no longer a regional or national issue.
• Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the
mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the environment.
• These days it is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world.
• Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global
matter of thinking and finding the solutions