Assignment 1 Solution

Q.1. What is the membership value for a triangular membership function with parameters a=2,
b=5, and c=8 when x=4?

(a) 0.25

(b) 0.33

(c) 0.67

(d) None of the above

Solution: (c)
x−a
Explanation: The formula for the triangular membership function is: μ(x) = , if a ≤ x < b. For
b−a
4−2
x=4: μ(4) = = 2/3 = 0.67.
5−2

Q.2. For a triangular membership function with parameters a=1, b=4, and c=10, find the value of x
for which the membership value is 0.25.

(a) 2.00

(b) 1.75

(c) 2.50

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)
x−a
Explanation: Using the formula μ(x) = for a ≤ x < b: 0.25 = x−1 ⇒ x = 1.75.
b−a 4−1
Q.3. A triangular membership function has parameters a=3, b=7, and c=11. Which of the following
is true?

(a) The membership value is maximized at x=3.

(b) The membership value is maximized for x=11.

(c) The membership value is maximized at x=7.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (c)

Explanation: For a triangular membership function, the peak value of μ(x) = 1 occurs at b. Hence,
μ(x) is maximized at x=7.

Q.4. What is the membership value for a trapezoidal membership function with a=2, b=4, c=8,
d=10 when x=5?

(a) 1.00

(b) 0.75

(c) 0.50

(d) None of the above

Solution: (a)

Explanation: For b ≤ x ≤ c, the membership value of a trapezoidal function is 1. Since x=5 falls in
this range, μ (5) = 1.

Q.5. A trapezoidal membership function is defined by a=0, b=3, c=6, and d=9. What happens if c is
increased to 8?

(a) The plateau region with maximum membership value becomes longer.

(b) The plateau region with maximum membership value becomes shorter.

(c) The slope on the right side does not change.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (a)
Explanation: Increasing c extends the flat section (plateau) of the trapezoid where maximum
membership value μ(x) = 1.

Q.6. For a trapezoidal membership function with a=1, b=2, c=5, and d=7, find the x-value where
the membership value is 0.5 between c and d.

(a) x=5.5

(b) x=6.0

(c) x=6.5

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)
d−x
Explanation: For c ≤ x < d, the formula is: μ(x) = ,Substituting μ(x) = 0.5: x = 6.
d−c

Q.7. What is the membership value of a Gaussian membership function with mean c=6 and
standard deviation σ=2 when x=8?

(a) 0.7075

(b) 0.5065

(c) 0.6065

(d) None of the above

Solution: (c)
(x−𝔀)2
Explanation: The Gaussian membership function is μ(x) = e − 2σ2 . Substituting x=8, c=6, and
σ=2: μ (8) ≈ 0.6065.
Q.8. How does increasing the standard deviation σ in a Gaussian membership function affect its
shape?

(a) The curve becomes wider.

(b) The curve becomes narrower.

(c) The curve becomes steeper.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Increasing standard deviation σ results in a slower drop-off of membership values,

creating a wider curve.

Q.9. A generalized bell-shaped membership function is specified by [a=2, b=4, c=6]. If x=6, what is
the membership value?

(a) 0.50

(b) 1.00

(c) 0.75

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)
1
Explanation: The generalized bell function is μ(x) = , For x=6, μ(x) = 1.
x−𝔀 2b
1+| a |

Q.10. For a generalized bell-shaped membership function specified by parameters [a,b,c], what
happens if b is decreased?

(a) The curve becomes steeper.

(b) The curve becomes wider.

(c) The curve is not affected.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)

Explanation: Decreasing b reduces the exponent in the membership function, leading to a slower
decay and a wider curve.
 Assignment 2 Solution
Q.1. How does decreasing the parameter α affect the Left-Right membership function
defined using parameters [α, β,c]?

(a) It increases the flat region.

(b) It steepens the left slope.
(c) It widens the left slope.
(d) It reduces the value of c.
(e) None of these

Solution: (b)
Explanation: The parameter α controls the steepness of the left slope. Decreasing α
makes the left slope steeper, causing a faster transition to the peak value.

Q.2. Consider a Gaussian membership function defined using parameters mean μ=5
and standard deviation σ=1.5. How will the function change if the value of σ is twice?

(a) The function will become narrower.

(b) The peak value will shift to a higher position.
(c) The function will become wider.
(d) The peak value will decrease.
(e) None of these

Solution: (c)
Explanation: The parameter σ controls the spread (width) of the Gaussian function.
Doubling σ makes the function wider, while the peak position (controlled by μ) remains
unchanged.

Q3. What distinguishes Open Right from Open Left membership functions?

(a) Open Right has a decreasing membership value for x > α.

(b) Open Left has an increasing membership value for x > α.
(c) Open Right increases membership for α < x ≤ β, while Open Left decreases
membership in this range.
(d) There is no difference; they are interchangeable.
(e) None of these

Solution: (c)
Explanation: Open Right increases membership in the range α < x ≤ β, while Open Left
decreases membership in the same range.
Q.4. What happens to the membership value of an Open Right membership function
defined using parameters [α, β] as values at x-axis moves from α to β?

(a) It remains constant at 1.

(b) It increases linearly from 0 to 1.
(c) It decreases linearly from 1 to 0.
(d) It becomes undefined.
(e) None of these

Solution: (b)
Explanation: In an Open Right membership function, the membership value increases
linearly from 0 to 1 as x moves from α to β.

Q.5. In the Open Left and Open Right membership functions defined using parameters
[α, β], which parameter controls the transition width in both Open Left and Open Right
membership functions?

(a) α
(b) β
(c) β−α
(d) x
(e) None of these

Solution: (c)
Explanation: The width of the transition is controlled by the difference β−α, which
determines the range over which the membership value changes.

Q.6. For a Left-Right membership function defined using parameters [α, β,c], what
happens to the function's shape when c is shifted to the right?

(a) The entire function shifts rightward.

(b) The flat region expands to the left.
(c) The slopes become steeper.
(d) The right slope becomes narrower.
(e) None of these

Solution: (a)
Explanation: Shifting c changes the centre point where the membership is maximized,
effectively translating the entire membership function to the right.
Q.7. If standard deviation σ value of a Gaussian membership function's is reduced by
half, which of the following is true about the shape of the function?

(a) The peak value shifts to the left.

(b) The function becomes narrower and sharper.
(c) The flat region of the function expands.
(d) The peak value decreases.
(e) None of these

Solution: (b)
Explanation: Reducing σ decreases the spread of the Gaussian, resulting in a narrower
and sharper function while maintaining the peak position.

Q.8. Which of the following functions can be used for 𝒇𝑳 and 𝒇𝑹 in a Left-Right
membership function?

(a) Exponential decay functions

(b) Linear functions
(c) Sigmoid functions
(d) All of the above
(e) None of these

Solution: (d)
Explanation: 𝒇𝑳 and 𝒇𝑹 can take various forms, such as linear, exponential, or sigmoid,
depending on the application and desired slope characteristics.

Q.9. What characteristic of a Gaussian membership function makes it different from a

Left-Right membership function?

(a) It has a fixed peak position.

(b) It is symmetric around its centre.
(c) It transitions from left to right slopes.
(d) It includes a flat region.
(e) None of these

Solution: (b)
Explanation: A Gaussian membership function is symmetric around its mean (μ), unlike
Left-Right functions, which include distinct regions such as flat sections and
asymmetric slopes.
Q.10. In a Left-Right membership function defined using parameters [α, β,c], which
parameter(s) directly influence the steepness of the right slope?

(a) Only β
(b) Only α
(c) α and β
(d) None of these

Solution: (a)
Explanation: The parameter β controls the steepness and width of the right slope
independently of α.
 Assignment 3 Solution

Q1. What is the key property of the fuzzy set union operation?

(a) It always returns to a null set when membership values are non-zero.
(b) It prioritizes elements with higher membership values.
(c) It calculates the sum of membership values for corresponding elements.
(d) None of the these.

Solution: (b)
Explanation: The union of two fuzzy sets computes the maximum membership value for each element,
emphasizing elements with higher membership values. It does not sum membership values, as that would
exceed the [0, 1] range.

Q2. How is the intersection of fuzzy sets affected when all membership values are equal in both sets?

(a) It results in a null set.

(b) The intersection equals the fuzzy set itself.
(c) The intersection values are 1.
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (b)
Explanation: The intersection of two fuzzy sets takes the minimum membership value for each element.
When all membership values are equal, the minimum remains the same, resulting in the same fuzzy set.

Q3. What happens when the difference between a fuzzy set from itself is computed?

(a) It always results in the null set.

(b) It results in the complement of the fuzzy set.
(c) It results in a set with all membership values halved.
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (d)
Explanation: The difference operation takes minimum between the membership values of one set and
complement of another set.
Q4. Which property of classical sets ensures that the union of a set with its complement results in the
universal set, but not for fuzzy sets?

(a) Idempotency
(b) Law of Excluded Middle
(c) Distributivity
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (b)
Explanation: In classical sets, the Law of Excluded Middle guarantees that every element is either in the set
or its complement, forming the universal set. In fuzzy sets, elements can have partial memberships, so the
union does not always result in the universal set.

Q5. In fuzzy set theory, what is the result of taking the complement of a set with all membership values of
1?

(a) The set remains unchanged.

(b) It results in a fuzzy set with all membership values equal to 0.
(c) It results in the universal set.
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (b)
Explanation: The complement of a fuzzy set is calculated as 1 - μ(x). If all membership values are 1, their
complements become 1 - 1 = 0.

Q6. What property ensures that fuzzy union is commutative?

(a) The order of sets does not change the result.

(b) Only membership values are summed.
(c) It ensures all membership values are multiplied.
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (a)
Explanation: The commutative property states that A ∪ B = B ∪ A. In fuzzy sets, since the union operation
takes the maximum membership value, the order of sets does not matter.
Q7. If a fuzzy set's membership function is μA(x) = 0.7, what is the double complement μA''(x)?

(a) 0.7
(b) 0.3
(c) 1.0
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (a)
Explanation: The double complement property ensures that taking the complement twice restores the
original membership value. Therefore, μA''(x) = μA(x) = 0.7.

Q8. In fuzzy sets, how does the associativity of union differ from that of intersection?

(a) Union is associative, but intersection is not.

(b) Intersection is associative, but union is not.
(c) Both union and intersection are associative.
(d) Neither union nor intersection is associative.

Solution: (c)
Explanation: Both union and intersection operations in fuzzy sets are associative, i.e., A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B)
∪ C and A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C.

Q9. For three fuzzy sets A, B, C, what is the result of A ∩ (B ∪ C) based on distributivity?

(a) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(b) (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
(c) (A ∪ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (a)
Explanation: The distributive property states that intersection distributes over union in fuzzy sets, so A ∩ (B
∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C).
Q10. When two fuzzy sets have no overlapping elements, what is their union membership value for the
same element?

(a) Equal to the higher membership value between the two sets.
(b) Always 0.
(c) The average of the membership values.
(d) None of the above.

Solution: (a)
Explanation: The union operation in fuzzy sets computes the maximum membership value for each
element, so even if there is no overlap, the union takes the higher of the two membership values.
 Assignment 4 Solution
Q1. Which property is shared by both classical sets and fuzzy sets when using standard
union/intersection operations?
(A) Idempotency
(B) Law of contradiction
(C) Law of excluded middle
(D) Absorption
Solution: (A)
Explanation: Idempotency (e.g., A∪A=A) holds in classical sets and fuzzy sets under max/min
operations. Laws of contradiction and excluded middle fail in fuzzy sets.

Q2. What is the dual of De-Morgan’s Law for fuzzy sets under standard operations?
(A) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵̅
(B) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Only (A) holds in fuzzy logic
Solution: (C)
Explanation: De-Morgan’s Laws are duals: complement of union equals intersection of
complements, and vice versa, which hold in both classical and fuzzy sets.

Q3. Which distance metric is commonly used to compute dissimilarity between fuzzy sets?
(A) Hamming distance
(B) Euclidean distance
(C) Manhattan distance
(D) Both (A) and (B)
Solution: (D)
Explanation: Both Hamming (sum of absolute differences) and Euclidean (root of squared
differences) distances are used for fuzzy sets.

Q4. Which condition is necessary for a fuzzy set to qualify as a fuzzy number?
(A) Non-convexity
(B) Normality (height = 1)
(C) Asymmetric membership
(D) Discrete support
Solution: (B)
Explanation: Fuzzy numbers must be normal (at least one element with membership 1) and
convex.
Q5. How is subtraction of two fuzzy numbers typically performed?
(A) Using the extension principle with max-min operations
(B) By subtracting membership values directly
(C) Using probabilistic sums
(D) Only for triangular fuzzy numbers
Solution: (A)
Explanation: Arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers use the extension principle, where
subtraction involves max-min over all pairs z=x−y.

Q6. What does an alpha-cut (𝛼-cut) of a fuzzy set represent?

(A) Elements with membership ≥ 𝛼
(B) Elements with membership ≤ 𝛼
(C) The complement of the fuzzy set
(D) The union of all membership values
Solution: (A)
Explanation: An 𝛼-cut is the crisp set of elements with membership values greater than or
equal to 𝛼

Q7. Which statement differentiates fuzzy logic from probability theory?

(A) Fuzzy logic handles uncertainty in membership; probability handles likelihood of events
(B) Both quantify uncertainty identically
(C) Probability uses membership functions
(D) Fuzzy logic requires mutually exclusive sets
Solution: (A)
Explanation: Fuzzy logic models partial truth (e.g., "somewhat tall"), while probability
models likelihood of occurrence.

Q8. Which operation represents the composition of fuzzy relations R and S?

(A) max−min composition
(B) min−max composition
(C) Arithmetic product
(D) Cartesian product
Solution: (A)
Explanation: Fuzzy relation composition uses max−min: 𝜇{𝑅°𝑆} (𝑥, 𝑧) =
max[min⁡(𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜇𝑆 (𝑦, 𝑧)]
𝑦
Q9. What is the membership value of a triangular fuzzy number at its peak point?
(A) 0
(B) 0.5
(C) 1
(D) It varies
Solution: (C)
Explanation: Triangular fuzzy numbers are normal (peak membership = 1) and convex.

Q10. Which term describes a fuzzy set like "high temperature" in linguistic variables?
(A) Primary term
(B) Universe of discourse
(C) Membership function
(D) Linguistic hedge
Solution: (A)
Explanation: "High temperature" is a primary term in linguistic variables, representing a
fuzzy set over a universe of discourse.
 Assignment 5 Solution

Q1. When multiplying two triangular fuzzy numbers, what is a possible outcome?
(a) Always a triangular fuzzy number
(b) A trapezoidal fuzzy number
(c) A crisp number
(d) Not guaranteed to maintain triangular shape
Solution: (d)
Explanation: Multiplication can distort the triangular shape, potentially violating
convexity or normality.

Q2. Which property ensures that a fuzzy set’s α-cuts are intervals?
(a) Normality
(b) Convexity
(c) Symmetry
(d) Completeness
Solution: (b)
Explanation: Convexity guarantees that α-cuts are intervals, a key requirement for fuzzy
numbers.

Q3. For continuous fuzzy numbers, division involves:

(a) Summing membership values
(b) Integrating over the domain
(c) Subtracting supports
(d) Multiplying α-cuts
(e) None of the above
Solution: (e)
Explanation: For continuous fuzzy numbers, division is performed using α-cut arithmetic,
meaning the division operation is carried out at each α-cut level. Given two fuzzy numbers
A and B (where, B does not contain zero), their division is computed as:
This means:
• Membership values are not summed (eliminating option a).
• Integration is not required for division (eliminating option b).
• Subtracting supports does not define division in fuzzy arithmetic (eliminating
option c).
• Multiplying α-cuts is incorrect, as division follows interval arithmetic at α-cuts
(eliminating option d).
Since none of the given choices correctly describe the division of fuzzy numbers, the
correct answer is (e) None of the above.

Q4. Dividing two fuzzy numbers might result in:

(a) A non-convex set
(b) A non-normal set
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Always a valid fuzzy number
Solution: (c)
Explanation: Division can violate both convexity and normality, disqualifying the result
as a fuzzy number.

Q5. Why is the universe of discourse critical in fuzzy arithmetic?

(a) To enforce binary logic compatibility
(b) To limit operations to meaningful ranges
(c) To speed up computations
(d) To ensure symmetry
Solution: (b)
Explanation: The universe of discourse (UoD) is the complete range of values that a
variable can take. In fuzzy arithmetic, the UoD is crucial because it defines the domain
within which fuzzy sets and their operations are valid. Fuzzy logic operates on degrees of
truth rather than binary (crisp) logic, so enforcing binary compatibility is not the purpose
of UoD. The UoD ensures that fuzzy arithmetic operations remain within a logically and
contextually appropriate range. While a well-defined UoD may improve efficiency, its
primary role is not to speed up computations but to maintain meaningful calculations.
The UoD does not necessarily ensure symmetry in fuzzy arithmetic. Thus, the correct
answer is (b), as the universe of discourse primarily limits fuzzy operations to meaningful
ranges.

Q6. The complement of a fuzzy set A with membership 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 0.7 is:
(a) 0
(b) 1/0.7
(c) 1 - 0.7
(d) 0.7²
Solution: (c)
Explanation: The basic fuzzy complement is defined as: 1-𝜇𝐴 (𝑥).

Q7. If Sugeno’s complement parameter λ approaches infinity, what happens?

(a) Complement approaches 0
(b) Complement approaches 1
(c) Complement equals 1 - μ
(d) Complement becomes undefined
Solution: (a)
1−𝜇
Explanation: For large λ, 𝑁(𝜇) = 1+𝜆𝜇 approaches 0 (if μ > 0).

Q8. In Yager’s complement, if w=2, the complement of μ=0.5 is:

(a) √1 − 0.52
1
(b) (1 − 0.5)2
(c) 1 − 0.5

(d) √0.5
Solution: (a)
1
Explanation: Yager’s formula: 𝑁(𝜇) = (1 − 𝜇 𝑤 )𝑤 . For w=2: √1 − 0.52 = √0.75.

Q9. Which T-norm produces the highest membership value for intersection between
𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) =0.6 and 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) =0.8?
(a) Minimum
(b) Algebraic product
(c) Bounded product
(d) Drastic product
Solution: (a)
Explanation: Minimum (0.6) is the largest T-norm value here.

Q10. Which axiom is unique to T-norms but not S-norms?

(a) 𝑇(1, 𝑎) = 𝑎
(b) 𝑆(0. 𝑎) = 𝑎
(c) Associativity
(d) Non-decreasing
Solution: (a)
Explanation: The boundary condition 𝑇(1, 𝑎) = 𝑎 ensures compatibility with crisp logic
for T-norms.
 Week 6 : Assignment 6 Solution
Q.1. What is the dual of a T-conorm (S-norm) in fuzzy logic?

(a) T-norm

(b) Z-norm

(c) G-norm

(d) F-norm

(e) None of the above

Answer: (a) T-norm

Explanation: T-norms (for intersection) and S-conorms (for union) are duals. For
example, De Morgan’s laws link them: 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏) = 1 − 𝑆(1 − 𝑎, 1 − 𝑏)

Q.2. In the Dombi’s class of T-norms, the parameter 𝜆 ranges in:

(a) (0,1)

(b) (1, ∞)

(c) (−∞, ∞)

(d) [0, ∞)

(e) None of the above

Answer: (e) None of the above

Explanation: Dombi’s class of T-norm uses 𝜆 ∈ (0, ∞).

Q.3. In the Dubois-Prade’s class of T-norm, the parameter 𝛼 ranges in:

(a) [0, ∞)

(b) (−1, 1)

(c) [0, 1]

(d) (0, ∞)

(e) None of the above

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Dubois-Prade’s class of T-norm uses 𝛼 ∈ [0,1].

Q.4. In the Yager’s class of S-norm, the parameter 𝑤 ranges in:

(a) [0, ∞)

(b) (−1, 1)

(c) [0, 1]

(d) (0, ∞)

(e) None of the above

Answer: (d)

Explanation: Yager’s class of S-norm uses 𝑤 ∈ (0, ∞).

Q.5. In the Yager’s class of S-norm, increasing parameter 𝑤 leads to:

(a) Higher membership values

(b) Lower membership values

(c) No effect on membership values

(d) Random fluctuations

Answer: (b) Lower membership values

Explanation: Higher 𝑤 in Yager’s class of S-norm lowers the membership function

values.

Q.7. The Cartesian product 𝐴 × 𝐵 is equivalent to:

(a) All subsets of 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

(b) All ordered pairs (𝑎, 𝑏) where 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵

(c) The intersection 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵

(d) The union 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Cartesian products combine elements from each set into ordered pairs,
e.g., (𝑎1 , 𝑏2 ).
Q.8. If set 𝐴 has 5 elements and set 𝐵 has 2 elements, how many ordered pairs are in
𝐴 × 𝐵?

(a) 7

(b) 10

(c) 12

(d) 25

Answer: (b)

Explanation: The total pairs = |𝐴| × |𝐵| = 5 × 2 = 10.

Q.9. How do crisp relations differ from fuzzy relations?

(a) Crisp relations use binary membership values

(b) Crisp relations allow partial membership

(c) Crisp relations are always symmetric

(d) Crisp relations ignore set boundaries

Answer: (a)

Explanation: Crisp relations are Boolean (0 or 1), while fuzzy relations use values in
[0,1].

Q.10. For the intersection of two crisp relations, membership values are determined by:

(a) Taking the minimum

(b) Taking the maximum

(c) Averaging

(d) Summing

Answer: (a)

Explanation: Intersection in crisp relations uses 𝑚𝑖𝑛, while union uses 𝑚𝑎𝑥.
 Week 7 : Assignment 7 Solution

Q.1. What is the result of projecting a 3D fuzzy relation onto two dimensions?

(a) Increased granularity in membership values

(b) Elimination of all membership degrees

(c) A 2D fuzzy relation with retained variables

(d) Expansion of the universe of discourse

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Projection reduces dimensionality by retaining selected variables, e.g.,

converting a 3D relation to 2D.

Q.2. When projecting a fuzzy relation 𝑅(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) onto 𝐴 and 𝐵, the universe of discourse
becomes:

(a) The Cartesian product of 𝐴 × 𝐵 × 𝐶

(b) The Cartesian product of 𝐴 × 𝐵

(c) The union of 𝐴 and 𝐵

(d) A subset of 𝐶

Answer: (b)

Explanation: The projection restricts the universe to the retained variables’ Cartesian
product.

Q.3. In projecting a fuzzy relation 𝑅(𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 ) onto 𝑋1 and 𝑋3, the value of 𝑘 (no. of
dimensions) is:

(a) 2

(b) 1

(c) 3

(d) 0

Answer: (a)

Explanation: 𝑘 = 2 since two dimensions (𝑋1 , 𝑋3 ) are retained.

Q.4. The cylindrical extension of a fuzzy set 𝐴 into a higher-dimensional space:

(a) Reduces membership values

(b) Assigns the original membership values across new dimensions

(c) Deletes redundant variables

(d) Requires normalization

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Cylindrical extensions replicate membership values across added

dimensions.

Q.5. If a fuzzy set 𝐴 with variables 𝑋, 𝑌 undergoes cylindrical extension to include 𝑍, the
number of variables becomes:

(a) 2

(b) 1

(c) 3

(d) Unchanged

Answer: (c)

Explanation: The extension adds 𝑍, increasing variables from 2 to 3.

Q.6. Which property is not exclusive to fuzzy relations?

(a) Law of Contradiction

(b) Idempotency of intersection

(c) Commutativity of union

(d) Associativity of composition

Answer: (a)

Explanation: The question “Which property is not exclusive to fuzzy relations?”

does not guarantee that the property in question must hold in fuzzy relations. In the
context of the question, “not exclusive to fuzzy relations” means that the property in
question either does not necessarily hold in fuzzy relations or is not uniquely tied to fuzzy
relations (i.e., it might hold in other settings or under classical set theory as well). So,
option (a) is correct. Law of Contradiction is not exclusive to fuzzy relations because it
applies only in crisp relations, i.e., 𝑅 ∩ 𝑅̅ = 𝑂 in crisp relations does not hold in fuzzy
relations, i.e., 𝑅 ∩ 𝑅̅ ≠ 𝑂

Q.7. Which property does not hold for both fuzzy and crisp relations?

(a) Law of excluded middle

(b) Involution

(c) Distributivity of union over intersection

(d) None of the above

Answer: (a) and (d)

Explanation: In the question "does not hold for both fuzzy and crisp relations." could be
interpreted in two ways: either a property that does not hold in either fuzzy or crisp
relations (invalid in both) or a property that does not hold for both simultaneously (i.e., it
holds in one but not the other). So, (d) or (a) can be correct as per the interpretation.

Q.8. The extension principle is used to:

(a) Calculate the height of a fuzzy set

(b) Normalize fuzzy membership values

(c) Define fuzzy Cartesian products

(d) None of the above

Answer: (d)

Explanation: The extension principle is a basic concept of fuzzy set theory that provides
a general procedure for transforming a fuzzy set from one universe of discourse to
another universe of discourse provided we have point-to-point mapping of a function.

Q.9. In the extension principle, 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) represents:

(a) The pre-image of 𝑦 under 𝑓

(b) The inverse membership function

(c) The complement of 𝑦

(d) A normalized output

Answer: (a)

Explanation: 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) represents the pre-image of 𝑦 under 𝑓. It denotes the set of all points
in the universe of discourse 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦. This is a fundamental concept in
the extension principle, which is used to transform fuzzy sets under a given function.
Q.10. Using the extension principle, a fuzzy set 𝐴 defined over the universe of discourse
𝑋 can be mapped to another universe of discourse 𝑌 via mapping function 𝑓 by:

(a) Averaging membership values across 𝑋

(b) Applying Boolean logic to 𝑓(𝑥)

(c) Taking the maximum of 𝐴’s membership values over 𝑓 −1 (𝑦)

(d) Ignoring 𝑓 −1

Answer: (c)

Explanation: The membership value of an element 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 in the new fuzzy set 𝐵 is

determined by taking the maximum membership value of all elements in 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 as:

𝜇𝐵 (𝑦) = max 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)

{𝑥∈𝑓 −1 (𝑦)}

This ensures that the membership value of 𝑦 in 𝐵 is the highest membership value
among all 𝑥 in 𝑋 that satisfy 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦.
 Week 8 : Assignment 8 Solution

Q.1 Which composition operation uses the product of membership values instead of the
minimum?

(a) Max-average composition

(b) Max-min composition

(c) Max-product composition

(d) Min-max composition

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Max-product replaces the min operation with multiplication, e.g., 𝜇𝑅∘𝑆 (𝑥, 𝑧) =
max(𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦) ⋅ 𝜇𝑆 (𝑦, 𝑧)).
𝑦

Q.2 What is the dimension of the fuzzy relation matrix resulting from max-min composition
of a 2 × 5 matrix and a 5 × 3 matrix?

(a) 2 × 5

(b) 5 × 3

(c) 2 × 3

(d) 3 × 5

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Composition of an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix with an 𝑛 × 𝑝 matrix yields an 𝑚 × 𝑝 matrix.

Q.3 In max-product composition, the combined membership value for (𝑥, 𝑧) is derived by:

(a) Taking the minimum of products

(b) Taking the maximum of sums

(c) Taking the maximum of products

(d) Taking the minimum of sums

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Unlike max-min, max-product uses multiplication for combining membership

values.
Q.4 The statement 𝑅 ∘ (𝑆1 ∩ 𝑆2 ) ⊆ (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆1 ) ∩ (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆2 ) describes:

(a) Associativity

(b) Weak distributivity over intersection

(c) Monotonicity

(d) Idempotency

Answer: (b)

Explanation: This property ensures compositions distribute over intersections as subsets.

Q.5 If 𝑅1 ⊆ 𝑅2 and 𝑆1 ⊆ 𝑆2, monotonicity implies:

(a) 𝑅1 ∘ 𝑆1 ⊆ 𝑅2 ∘ 𝑆2

(b) 𝑅1 ∘ 𝑆1 = 𝑅2 ∘ 𝑆2

(c) 𝑅1 ∘ 𝑆1 ⊇ 𝑅2 ∘ 𝑆2

(d) No relationship exists

Answer: (a)

Explanation: Monotonicity preserves subset relationships through composition.

Q.6 For fuzzy relations 𝑅, 𝑆1, and 𝑆2 , distributivity over union states:

(a) 𝑅 ∘ (𝑆1 ∪ 𝑆2 ) = (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆1 ) ∪ (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆2 )

(b) 𝑅 ∘ (𝑆1 ∩ 𝑆2 ) = (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆1 ) ∩ (𝑅 ∘ 𝑆2 )

(c) 𝑅 ∪ (𝑆1 ∘ 𝑆2 ) = (𝑅 ∪ 𝑆1 ) ∘ (𝑅 ∪ 𝑆2 )

(d) None of the above

Answer: (a)
Explanation: Union distributes over composition, unlike intersection.

Q.7 Which property is not required for a fuzzy tolerance relation?

(a) Reflexivity

(b) Symmetry

(c) Transitivity
(d) All diagonal elements = 1
Answer: (c)

Explanation: Tolerance relations need reflexivity and symmetry; transitivity defines

equivalence relations.

Q.8 In a reflexive fuzzy relation, the membership value 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑥) is:

(a) Always 0

(b) Always 1

(c) Equal to 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦)

(d) Dependent on other elements

Answer: (b)

Q.9 If 𝜇𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0.7 in a symmetric fuzzy relation, then 𝜇𝑅 (𝑏, 𝑎) is:

(a) 0.3
(b) 0.7

(c) 1

(d) Undefined

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Symmetry requires 𝜇𝑅 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝜇𝑅 (𝑏, 𝑎).

Q.10 A fuzzy relation with 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑥) = 0.5 for some 𝑥 cannot be a tolerance relation because
it violates:

(a) Symmetry
(b) Transitivity

(c) Reflexivity
(d) Distributivity

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Reflexivity mandates 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑥) = 1 for all 𝑥.

 Week 9 : Assignment 9 Solution

Q.1 A linguistic variable "Speed" has the term set {Slow, Moderate, Fast}. What does this
term set represent?

(a) Numerical ranges like 0-100 km/h

(b) The universe of discourse for speed

(c) Labels describing possible linguistic values

(d) Membership functions for each value

Answer: (c)

Explanation: Term sets are linguistic labels (e.g., Slow, Moderate), not numerical ranges or
membership functions.

Q.2 Syntactic rules (G) in linguistic variables are used to:

(a) Assign membership degrees to terms

(b) Generate new linguistic values (e.g., "Very Hot")

(c) Define the universe of discourse

(d) Calculate fuzzy intersections

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Syntactic rules govern term generation, e.g., adding modifiers like "Very."

Q.3 The semantic rule (M) for a linguistic variable specifies:

(a) How to combine terms logically

(b) The membership function for each linguistic value

(c) The physical units of the variable

(d) The number of terms in the set

Answer: (b)

Explanation: Semantic rules link linguistic values to membership functions (e.g., 𝜇𝐻𝑜𝑡 (𝑥)).
Q.4 If a linguistic variable "Active" with the universe of discourse 𝑋 = {10, 20, 30, 40} is
defined as:

Active = 0.8/10 + 0.6/20 + 0.4/30 + 0.2/40

What will be the value of "Very Active"?

(a) 0.64/10 + 0.36/20 + 0.16/30 + 0.04/40

(b) 0.89/10 + 0.77/20 + 0.63/30 + 0.45/40
(c) 1.6/10 + 1.2/20 + 0.8/30 + 0.4/40
(d) 0.8/10 + 0.6/20 + 0.4/30 + 0.2/40

Answer: (a)

Explanation: "Very" squares membership values:

0.82 = 0.64, 0.62 = 0.36, 0.42 = 0.16, 0.22 = 0.04.

Q.5 If a linguistic variable "Shy" with 𝑋 = {5, 6, 7, 8} is defined as:

Height = 1.0/5 + 0.7/6 + 0.5/7 + 0.3/8

What will be the value of "More Or Less Shy"?

(a) 1.0/5 + 0.49/6 + 0.25/7 + 0.09/8

(b) 1.0/5 + 0.84/6 + 0.71/7 + 0.55/8
(c) 0.5/5 + 0.35/6 + 0.25/7 + 0.15/8
(d) 0.0/5 + 0.3/6 + 0.5/7 + 0.7/8

Answer: (b)

Explanation: "More Or Less" uses square roots.

Q6. If a linguistic variable "Naughty" with 𝑋 = {15, 25, 35, 45} is defined as:

Naughty = 0.9/15 + 0.6/25 + 0.3/35 + 0.1/45

What will be the value of "Very Very Naughty"?

(a) 0.81/15 + 0.36/25 + 0.09/35 + 0.01/45

(b) 0.97/15 + 0.77/25 + 0.55/35 + 0.32/45
(c) 1.8/15 + 1.2/25 + 0.6/35 + 0.2/45
(d) 0.656/15 + 0.129/25 + 0.008/35 + 0.0001/45

Answer: (d)

Explanation: "Very Very" applies fourth power to the membership values.

Q.7 If a linguistic variable "Happy" with 𝑋 = {50, 60, 70, 80} is defined as:

Happy = 1.0/50 + 0.8/60 + 0.6/70 + 0.4/80

What will be the value of "NOT(Happy)"?

(a) 0.0/50 + 0.2/60 + 0.4/70 + 0.6/80

(b) 1.0/50 + 0.8/60 + 0.6/70 + 0.4/80
(c) 1.8/50 + 1.2/60 + 0.6/70 + 0.2/80
(d) 0.0/50 + 0.1/60 + 0.6/70 + 0.8/80

Answer: (a)

Explanation: "NOT" uses 1 − 𝜇(𝑥)

Q.8 If fuzzy sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are defined as:

𝐴 = 0.7/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.3/3 + 0.1/4

𝐵 = 0.4/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3 + 1.0/4

What is 𝐴 AND 𝐵?

(a) 0.4/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.3/3 + 0.1/4

(b) 1.0/1 + 0.8/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.4/4
(c) 0.7/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3 + 0.1/4
(d) 0.0/1 + 0.1/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4

Answer: (a)

Explanation: AND uses min(𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐵 ).

Q.9 If fuzzy sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 are defined as:

𝐴 = 0.7/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.3/3 + 0.1/4

𝐵 = 0.4/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3 + 1.0/4

What is 𝐴 OR 𝐵?

(a) 0.4/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.3/3 + 0.1/4

(b) 0.7/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3 + 1.0/4
(c) 0.7/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.8/3 + 0.1/4
(d) 0.0/1 + 0.1/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4

Answer: (b)

Explanation: OR uses max(𝜇𝐴 , 𝜇𝐵 )

Q.10 The term "Slightly Heavy" is obtained by:

(a) Concentrating ("Very") the fuzzy set

(b) Dilating the fuzzy set

(c) Taking the complement

(d) Intersecting with another set

Answer: (b)

Explanation: "Slightly" corresponds to dilation, which broadens the membership function

(e.g., square root).
 Week 10 : Assignment 10 Solution

Q.1 If a contrast intensifier is applied, what happens to membership values of 0.6 and
0.4?

(a) 0.6 increases, 0.4 decreases

(b) 0.6 decreases, 0.4 increases

(c) Both increase

(d) Both decrease

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Contrast intensifiers amplify values above 0.5 (0.6 becomes higher) and
reduce values below 0.5 (0.4 becomes lower).

Q.2 Given fuzzy set 𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.9/3 + 0.6/4, what is the membership value
at 𝑥 = 2 after INT(𝐴) ?

(a) 0.16

(b) 0.32

(c) 0.64

(d) 0.81

Solution: (b)

Explanation: For 𝜇𝐴 (2) = 0.4 ≤ 0.5, the membership value after applying contrast
2
intensification will be 2(𝜇𝐴 (2)) = 2 × 0.42 = 2 × 0.16 = 0.32.

Q.3 For the fuzzy set defined in Q.2., What is the membership value at 𝑥 = 4, for the fuzzy
set obtained by INT(𝐴)?

(a) 0.36

(b) 0.72

(c) 1.00

(d) 0.68

Solution: (d)
Explanation: For 𝜇𝐴 (4) = 0.6 ≥ 0.5, the membership value after applying contrast
2
intensification will be 1 − 2(1 − 𝜇𝐴 (4)) = 1 − 2(0.4)2 = 0.68.

Q.4 For the fuzzy set defined in Q.2., What is the membership value at 𝑥 = 1, for the fuzzy
set obtained by INT(𝐴)?

(a) 0.16

(b) 0.52

(c) 1.00

(d) 0.08

Solution: (d)

Explanation: For 𝜇𝐴 (1) = 0.2 ≤ 0.5, the membership value after applying contrast
2
intensification will be 2(𝜇𝐴 (1)) = 2 × 0.22 = 2 × 0.04 = 0.08

Q.5 For the fuzzy set defined in Q.2., What is the membership value at 𝑥 = 3, for the fuzzy
set obtained by INT(𝐴)?

(a) 0.06

(b) 0.12

(c) 0.98

(d) 0.68

Solution: (c)

Explanation: For 𝜇𝐴 (3) = 0.9 ≥ 0.5, the membership value after applying contrast
2
intensification will be 1 − 2(1 − 𝜇𝐴 (3)) = 1 − 2(0.1)2 = 0.98.

Q.6 For the fuzzy set defined in Q.2., What will be the completement of INT(𝐴)?

(a) 0.92/1 + 0.68/2 + 0.02/3 + 0.32/4

(b) 0.08/1 + 0.32/2 + 0.98/3 + 0.72/4

(c) 1.00/1 + 1.00/2 + 1.00/3 + 1.00/4

(d) 0.50/1 + 0.50/2 + 0.50/3 + 0.50/4

Solution: (a)
Explanation:

𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝐴) = 0.08/1 + 0.32/2 + 0.98/3 + 0.68/4

The complement would be 0.92/1 + 0.68/2 + 0.02/3 + 0.32/4.

Q.7 In "IF humidity is low, THEN cooling is high," identify the antecedent and
consequence.

(a) Antecedent: humidity is low; Consequence: cooling is high

(b) Antecedent: cooling is high; Consequence: humidity is low

(c) Both are antecedents

(d) Both are consequences

Solution: (a)

Explanation: The antecedent is the "IF" part, and the consequence is the "THEN" part.

Q.8 Which component converts a crisp input like "70 dB" into terms like "loud"?

(a) Defuzzifier

(b) Fuzzifier

(c) Inference Engine

(d) Rule Base

Solution: (b)

Explanation: The fuzzifier maps crisp inputs (e.g., 70 dB) to fuzzy sets (e.g., "loud").

Q.9 Which component converts aggregated fuzzy outputs into a single crisp value?

(a) Fuzzifier

(b) Defuzzifier

(c) Membership Function Generator

(d) Rule Evaluator

Solution: (b)

Explanation: The defuzzifier translates fuzzy results (e.g., "high risk") into precise
actions (e.g., "shutdown").
Q.10 Fuzzy logic is useful because it:

(a) Requires exact numerical precision

(b) Uses binary true/false values

(c) Handles ambiguous or partial information

(d) Avoids linguistic descriptions

Solution: (c)

Explanation: Fuzzy reasoning manages uncertainty by using linguistic terms (e.g.,

"warm," "slow") instead of rigid thresholds.
 Week 11 : Assignment 11 Solution

Q.1. Who developed the Mamdani fuzzy model, and in which year?

(a) Lotfi Zadeh, 1965

(b) E. H. Mamdani, 1975
(c) John Villa, 1980
(d) Nelson R. Morgan, 1990
Solution: (b)

Q.2. In the Mamdani fuzzy model, what type of rules are used?

(a) Crisp if-then rules

(b) Probabilistic rules
(c) Fuzzy if-then rules
(d) Deterministic rules
Solution: (c)

Q.3. Which of these are stages in the Mamdani fuzzy inference process?

(a) Fuzzification and rule evaluation

(b) Aggregation and defuzzification
(c) Membership function normalization
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Solution: (d)

Explanation: The Mamdani model involves fuzzification, rule evaluation, aggregation, and
defuzzification.

Q.4. The Mamdani model was first experimentally applied to regulate:

(a) A robotic arm

(b) A steam engine and boiler
(c) A solar power plant
(d) A hydraulic press

Solution: (b)

Explanation: The model’s first practical use was stabilizing a steam engine and boiler system.
Q.5. For the rule “IF pressure is high AND temperature is low THEN valve is open”, what type of
rule is this?

(a) Single rule with multiple antecedents

(b) Single rule with single antecedent
(c) Multiple rules with single antecedent
(d) Multiple rules with multiple antecedents

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Two antecedents (“pressure is high” AND “temperature is low”) make this a single
rule with multiple antecedents.

Q.6. In a Mamdani rule with antecedents intersecting at weights 𝑤1 = 0.9 and 𝑤2 = 0.4, what is
the truncated weight using max-min?

(a) 0.90
(b) 0.40
(c) 0.36
(d) 1.30
Solution: (b)

Explanation: Max-min uses the minimum value: min(𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ) = min(0.9, 0.4) = 0.4 .

Q.7. Given 𝑤1 = 0.6 and 𝑤2 = 0.7 , what is the weight using max-product composition?

(a) 0.42
(b) 0.60
(c) 0.70
(d) 1.30

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Max-product multiplies the weights: 𝑤1 × 𝑤2 = 0.6 × 0.7 = 0.42.

Q.8. If a trapezoidal output is defined with parameters [4,7,9,12], what will be the defuzzified crisp
output using the mean of maximum?

(a) 8
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) 12

Solution: (a)

Explanation: The maximum plateau spans 7 to 9 for trapezoidal output. Hence, the crisp output
7+9
using the mean of maximum would be: = 8.
2
Q.9. If a trapezoidal output is defined with parameters [4,7,9,12], what will be the defuzzified crisp
output using the smallest of maximum?

(a) 4
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) 12

Solution: (b)
Explanation: The smallest value in the maximum plateau spanning from 7 to 9 is 7.

Q.10. If a trapezoidal output is defined with parameters [4,7,9,12], what will be the defuzzified crisp
output using the largest of maximum?

(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 9
(d) 12

Solution: (c)
Explanation: The largest value in the maximum plateau spanning from 7 to 9 is 9.
 Week 12 : Assignment 12 Solution

Q.1. A TSK model has rules:

Rule 1: IF 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1

Rule 2: IF 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀 𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑁 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 3

Membership functions:

𝑥(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀) = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑥; [2, 4, 6])

𝑥(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻) = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑥; [5, 7, 9])

𝑦(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀) = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑦; [3, 5, 7])

𝑦(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻) = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒(𝑦; [8, 10, 12])

For 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 11, which rules will be applicable?

(a) Rule 1
(b) Rule 2
(c) Both
(d) None

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Calculate memberships:

3−2 6−3
𝑥(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑥=3 = max (min ( , ),0 ) = 0.50 ; 𝑥(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑥=3 = 0.00
4−2 6−4

11−8 12−11
𝑦(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑦=11 = 0.00 ; 𝑦(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑦=11 = max (min (10−8 , 12−10) , 0 ) = 0.50

Rule 1 is applicable.

Q.2 Using the given TSK model in Q.1, for 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑦 = 6, which rules will be applicable?

(a) Rule 1
(b) Rule 2
(c) Both
(d) None

Solution: (b)

Explanation:
6−5 9−6
𝑥(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑥=6 = 0.00 ; 𝑥(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑥=6 = max (min (7−5 , 9−7) , 0 ) = 0.50

6−3 7−6
𝑦(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑦=6 = max (min (5−3 , 7−5) , 0 ) = 0.50 ; 𝑦(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑦=6 = 0.00

Rule 2 is applicable.
Q.3. For inputs 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the firing strength using
max-min?

(a) 0.50
(b) 0.00
(c) 0.25
(d) 0.75

Solution: (b)

Explanation: Membership values for 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2 are zero for all terms. No rules will fire, hence 0.00.

Q.4. For 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 9 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the firing strength using max-min?

(a) 0.50
(b) 0.00
(c) 0.25
(d) 0.75

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Rule 1 will be applicable.

9−8 12−9
𝑥(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑥=4 = 1.00 (peak of triangle) ; 𝑦(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑦=9 = max (min (10−8 , 12−10) , 0 ) = 0.50

Firing strength = min(1.00, 0.50) = 0.50.

Q.5. For 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 9 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the firing strength using max-
product?

(a) 0.50
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.75
(d) 1.00

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Rule 1 will be applicable.

9−8 12−9
𝑥(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑥=4 = 1.00 (peak of triangle) ; 𝑦(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑦=9 = max (min (10−8 , 12−10) , 0 ) = 0.50

Firing strength = 1.00 × 0.50 = 0.50.

Q.6. For 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑦 = 5 using the TSK model given in Q.1., which rules will be applicable?

(a) Rule 1
(b) Rule 2
(c) Both
(d) None

Solution: (b)

Explanation: 𝑥(𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻)|𝑥=7 = 1.00; 𝑦(𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑈𝑀)|𝑦=5 = 1.00. Hence, Rule 2 will be applicable.

Q.7. For 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑦 = 5 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the firing strength using max-min?

(a) 1.00
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.00
(d) 0.75

Solution: (a)

Explanation: 𝑤1 = 1.00, 𝑤2 = 1.00. Firing strength = min(1.00,1.00) = 1.00.

Q.8. For 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑦 = 5 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the firing strength using max-
product?

(a) 1.00
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.00
(d) 0.25

Solution: (a)

Explanation: 𝑤1 = 1.00, 𝑤2 = 1.00. Firing strength1.00 × 1.00 = 1.00.

Q.9. For 𝑥 = 7 and 𝑦 = 5 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the output 𝑧 using max-min
composition?

(a) 10
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 12

Solution: (b)

Explanation: Rule 2 gives 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 3 = 5 + 3 = 8.

Q.10. If Rule 1 fires for 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 9 using the TSK model given in Q.1., what will be the output 𝑧 using
max-min composition?

(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 9

Solution: (a)

Explanation: Rule 1 gives 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3.