 Tier 1 ISPs:

These providers own and control a significant portion of the internet's backbone infrastructure,
including routers and other intermediate devices. They connect directly with other Tier 1 ISPs
through private peering, a "settlement-free" interconnection.
 Tier 2 ISPs:
These ISPs peer with other networks, but also purchase IP transit from Tier 1 ISPs to ensure full
access to the internet.
 Tier 3 ISPs:
These providers strictly purchase IP transit from Tier 1 or Tier 2 ISPs, meaning they don't own
or control any part of the internet backbone.

ISPs and the different types of services

ISPs provide the following internet services:
Cable. This service uses coaxial cable -- the same type of cable that delivers TV. Cable internet
has low latency, which is good for users who need less delay or lag time. Cable has a download
speed of 10 to 500 Mbps and an upload speed of 5 to 50 Mbps.
Fiber. Fiber internet uses fiber optic cable to transmit data to provide much faster speeds compared
with cable or digital subscriber line (DSL). Fiber has download speeds of 250 to 1,000 Mbps and
upload speeds of 250 to 1,000 Mbps. Fiber is good for online gamers and other heavy internet
users.
DSL. DSL connects users to the internet using a telephone line. It is widely available, but is slowly
being replaced by more reliable broadband connections such as cable and fiber. DSL is slower and
offers download speeds of 5 to 35 Mbps and upload speeds of 1 to 10 Mbps. It is a good option
for users in rural areas and those who mainly surf the web or stream TV on only one device.
Satellite. Satellite internet access works through the use of communication satellites. Ground
stations relay internet data as radio waves to and from satellites that are likely in low Earth orbit
and to farther ground stations. Satellite is slower, with download speeds of 12 to 100 Mbps and
upload speeds of 3 Mbps, but it is a good option for users in remote areas.
Most ISPs offer a combination of these services.
What are examples of ISPs?
According to independent research by BroadbandNow and data from the FCC, there are more than
2,900 ISPs in the U.S. These ISPs offer a variety of services. The top five ISPs by estimated
population covered include HughesNet, Viasat Internet, AT&T Wireless, Verizon and T-Mobile.
World Wide Web

World Wide Web (WWW), the leading information retrieval service of the Internet (the worldwide
computer network). The Web gives users access to a vast array of mass media and content—via
the deep web, the dark web, and the commonly accessible surface web—that is connected by
means of hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that link related
pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to them.
Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and thereby access other documents
that contain additional information pertaining to that word or phrase. Hypermedia documents
feature links to images, sounds, animations, and movies. The Web operates within the Internet’s
basic client-server format; servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to
other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are programs that request documents
from a server as the user asks for them. Browser software allows users to view the retrieved
documents. Special browsers and platforms such as Tor allow users to do so anonymously.

A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in HyperText Markup
Language (HTML) and is assigned an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
The World Wide Web gained rapid acceptance with the creation of a Web browser called Mosaic,
which was developed in the United States by Marc Andreessen and others at the National Center
for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois and was released in September 1993.
Mosaic allowed people using the Web to use the same sort of “point-and-click” graphical
manipulations that had been available in personal computers for some years. In April 1994
Andreessen cofounded Netscape Communications Corporation, whose Netscape Navigator
became the dominant Web browser soon after its release in December 1994.
BookLink Technologies’ Internetworks, the first browser with tabs, in which a user could visit
another Web site without opening an entirely new window, debuted that same year. By the mid-
1990s the World Wide Web had millions of active users.

Portals-steps to build
Creating a web portal can open up new opportunities for your business in terms of how you share
special announcements, deals, and data with stakeholders. If you’ve embarked on software
modernization recently, developing one can support your operations after migrating to the cloud.
Take supporting stakeholders, for example. Through a web portal, you can help your customers,
employees, vendors, partners, patients, and/or members to log in and interact with your
organization securely and in a more personalized manner. It will help you provide better customer
service, optimize business processes, and is easy to manage.
What is a Web Portal?
A web portal is a secure, online, and single access point for organized information. It usually
involves users logging in to access their profiles as members.

How Does it Work?

A web portal usually pulls information from different places and organizes it in a central location
where it can be accessed by users. This information can be related or unrelated. It can also display
as categorized data, links, services, and interactive elements.
Often, portals (such as ecommerce portals, customized web portals, etc.) personalize the
information each user accesses to what they need to gain inside the platform. For instance, an
educational institution can have separate portals for students and their parents, as in the case of
Stanford University’s example below. Each user group would want to access unique information
from the other, necessitating different web-based portal setups.
Web Portal Uses: What are the Types of Web Portals?
You can use web portal development experts to create custom b2b portal applications for your
unique needs. Some examples of web portal uses include:
SharePoint portal development
Business partner portals
E-learning portals
Ecommerce customer portals
Membership group portals
Vendor portals for supplier-related information
Patient portals for accessing sensitive personal healthcare data (which need to be FDA- and
HIPAA-compliant if you’re in the US, for example)
Self-service portals for customers
Business partner portals
Better user experience

Advantages of Using Portals

Portals setup provides the following benefits to the user:

  Aggregation – The user can go to a single place for all content and applications.
 Customization – The preferences for a user determine how the portal looks and feels.
 Personalization – The user can obtain content that is specific to their interests and needs.
 Organization – The user can arrange the content and applications to make better sense of
the information.
 Integration – The user can work with multiple applications and content sources in a
unified fashion.

Enterprises information portal

An enterprise information portal (EIP) is a platform that helps organizations support and
connects processes, people, and information. It provides employees, partners, and consumers
with a single and secure information gateway as well as a knowledge base. An enterprise
information solution interface is frequently web-based, allowing for fast deployment,
centralized management, and ergonomics that are straightforward and user-friendly.

An enterprise information solution's primary functions are integration and presentation. An

enterprise information solution should be able to take data from many sources and change it in
the portal.

An enterprise information portal includes the following features:

 Integration - offers a unified navigation gateway for numerous systems and components.
 Customization- allows people to modify their surroundings.
 Access control and security -the capacity to limit access to certain materials and services
as needed. The EIP administrator can configure the access controls to meet the needs of
the company.
 Single sign-on - users and other systems can be granted single sign-on capabilities.
 Categorization and collaboration - allows users to categorize all information and
collaborate regardless of physical location.
 Personalization - Personalization is possible depending on the role and job function.
Users are provided with matching content, and matching services are used.
 Advantages of Enterprise Information Portal (EIP)

 Improve communication and collaboration: Employee information plans (EIPs) can

offer a venue for communication and information sharing. This may contribute to greater
internal communication inside the company and better decision-making.
 Increase employee satisfaction: By giving employees a single point of access to
information and services, EIPs can aid in boosting employee satisfaction. Employees may
be more productive and feel more appreciated as a result.

Disadvantages of Enterprise Information Portal (EIP)

 Cost: EIP implementation and maintenance can be costly. For companies with tight
finances, this can be a significant obstacle.
 Security risks: Security attacks may target EIPs. This is because they frequently include
sensitive data that an attacker could use to access a company’s systems or data.
 Data overload: Users may find EIPs to be overwhelming if they are not properly
organized and designed. Due to their frustration, users might not take full use of the EIP
as a result.
 E-commerce & online publishing

 What it is:
Online publishing in e-commerce refers to the process of creating, editing, and distributing
digital content, such as e-books, articles, blogs, magazines, and other written materials,
through electronic means.
 E-commerce Context:
In an e-commerce setting, publishers disseminate content related to products or services to
consumers, which can include advertisers, tech and media companies, blogs, social media
channels, or affiliates.

E-publishing is helpful in producing documents containing text, static or dynamic pictures,

graphics, audio, video, and graphs. tables or a combination of any or all of these with the assistance
of the Data Processing System. Nowadays, e-publishing has become more and more common to
distribute books, journals, magazines, and newspapers to readers through tablet reading devices.
There are no network electronic publications such as reference publications such as encyclopedias
and reference publications relied on by most users. Today however network distribution is strongly
associated with electronic publishing. Electronic publishing does not generate a hard copy,
unlike Desktop publishing.

Benefits of Online Publishing

There are many benefits of online publishing, including:

1. Reach a global audience: Digital publications will find that they can reach readers all over the
world with just a few clicks.
2. Cost-effective: There are no printing or distribution costs associated with online publishing, so it
can be a very cost-effective way to get your work out there.
3. Immediate feedback: Readers can leave comments and feedback on your work almost
immediately, which can be extremely valuable for getting constructive criticism and improving
future work.
4. Increased visibility: E-publishing can help increase the visibility of your work, which can lead
to more readers and followers. Folks can find you easily with a wifi connection, even using their
smartphone, laptops, or e-reader to access your published content.

Types of Content for Online Publishing

There are many different types of content that can be published online, from blog posts and
articles to eBooks and audio files. The best way to determine what type of content will work best
for your online publication is to consider your audience and what they are looking for. Here are
some popular types of content for online publishing:
Blog Posts: Blog posts are a great way to share your thoughts and ideas with the world. They
can be about any topic you like, and you can easily incorporate images, videos, and links into
your post to make it more engaging.

Articles: Articles are similar to blog posts, but they tend to be more informative in nature. If you
have expertise on a particular subject, writing articles can be a great way to share your
knowledge with others.

Digital Magazines: Digital or online magazines generally follow the format you would expect
from a traditional, in-print magazine…only, they are entirely online. An example would be The
Ecclesiestical Review, an arts and culture magazine.

eBooks: eBooks are a great way to share longer pieces of writing with your audience. They can
be downloaded and read on various devices, increasing functionality and convenience for busy
people who want to learn more about a certain topic.

Online publishing and advertising encompass various strategies and approaches, from creating
and distributing content to promoting products and services online. Here's a breakdown:

Online Publishing:

Definition:

Online publishing involves creating, sharing, and distributing content (like articles, books,
multimedia) through the internet, optimized for various devices.

Content Formats:

Includes nonfiction resources, fictional novels, short stories, plays, and multimedia magazines.

Platforms:

Various platforms and software are used for online publishing, including blogs, websites, social
media, and specialized publishing tools.

Online Advertising Strategies:

Definition:

Online advertising, also known as digital advertising, uses the internet to promote products and
services to target audiences.
Types of Online Advertising:

Social Media Advertising: Displaying ads on social media platforms.

Content Marketing: Creating and distributing valuable content to attract and engage customers.

Email Marketing: Sending commercial messages directly to potential or existing customers'

email inboxes.

Search Engine Advertising (SEM): Using paid search ads to appear in search engine results
pages (SERPs).

Display Advertising: Using banner ads and retargeting on websites and other platforms.

Mobile Advertising: Targeting users on mobile devices.

Influencer Marketing: Collaborating with influencers to promote a brand.

Native Advertising: Paying a media organization to publish postings featuring a brand's

products.

Geofencing Advertising: Targeting users based on their location.

Remarketing: Reaching users who have previously interacted with a brand.

Advertising Strategies:

Targeted Advertising: Reaching specific demographics, interests, and behaviors.

A/B Testing: Experimenting with different ad creatives and targeting options to optimize
performance.

Data Analytics: Tracking and analyzing ad performance to identify what works and what doesn't.

Online Advertising in ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning):

Integration:

ERP systems can be integrated with online advertising platforms to streamline marketing
campaigns and track performance data.

Benefits:

Improved Efficiency: Automate tasks like ad creation and targeting.

Better Data Analysis: Gain insights into campaign performance and customer behavior.
Enhanced Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Integrate advertising data with CRM
systems to personalize customer interactions.