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772.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS77
27. Since y = (x + 9)/3, the ordered pairs are 38. Domain {1, 2, 3, 4}, range {2, 4, 8, 16}
(x, (x + 9)/3). Thus, there are no two ordered
pairs with the same first coordinate and differ- 39. Domain (−∞, ∞), range {4}
ent second coordinates. We have a function. 40. Domain {5}, range (−∞, ∞)
√ √
28. Since y = 3
x, the ordered pairs are (x, 3
x). 41. Domain ( , );
−∞ ∞
Thus, there are no two ordered pairs with the since |x| ≥ 0, the range of y = |x| + 5 is [5, ∞)
same first coordinate and different second co-
ordinates. We have a function. 42. Domain (−∞, ∞);
since x2 ≥ 0, the range of y = x2 + 8 is [8, ∞)
29. Since y = ±x, the ordered pairs are (x, ±x).
Thus, there are two ordered pairs with the 43. Since x = |y| − 3 ≥ −3, the domain
same first coordinate and different second of x = |y| − 3 is [−3, ∞); range (−∞, ∞)
coordinates. We do not have a function. √ √
√ 44. Since y − 2 ≥ −2, the domain of x = y − 2
30. Since√y = ± 9 + x2 , the ordered pairs are √
is [−2, ∞); Since y is a real number whenever
(x, ± 9 + x2 ). Thus, there are two ordered y ≥ 0, the range is [0, ∞).
pairs with the same first coordinate and
different second coordinates. We do not √
45. Since x − 4 is a real number whenever x ≥ 4,
have a function. √
the domain of y = x − 4 is [4, ∞).
√
Since y = x − 4 ≥ 0 for x ≥ 4, the range is
31. Since y = x2 , the ordered pairs are (x, x2 ).
[0, ∞).
Thus, there are no two ordered pairs with the
6x + 2 f (x + h) − f (x) 4(x + h) 4x
=
h h
68. [4(x + 2) − 2] − [4x − 2] = 8 =
4h
h
69. 3(x2 + 2xh + h2 ) − (x + h) − 3x2 − x =
= 4
3h2 + 6xh − h
70. (4x + 4h − 2) − 4x + 2 = 4h 78.
f (x + h) − f (x)
1 (x + h) − 1 x
2 2
71. The average rate of change is =
h h
1
4, 000 − 16, 000
= −$2, 400 per year. 2h
5 =
h
1
72. The average rate of change as the number of =
2
cubic yards changes from 12 to 30 and from 30
to 60 are 79.
948 − 528 3h
= $14 per yd3 , respectively. =
60 − 30 h
73. The average rate of change on [0, 2] is = 3
h(2) − h(0) 0 − 64 80.
= = 32 ft/sec.
−
2− 0 2− 0
f (x + h) f (x) 2(x + h) + 3 + 2x 3
− − −
The average rate of change on [1, 2] is =
h h
h(2) − h(1) 0 − 48
= = − 48 ft/sec. −2h
2− 1 2− 1 =
h
The average rate of change on [1.9, 2] is = −2
812.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS81
ft/sec. 2x + h + 1.
822.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS82
82. Let g(x) = x2 − 2x. Then we get 87. The difference quotient is
√ √ √ √
g(x + h) − g(x) x+h+2 x+2 x+h+2+ x+2
= =
−
·√ √
h h x+h+2+ x+2
(x + h)2 − 2(x + h) − x2 + 2x (x + h + 2) − (x + 2)
= = √ √
h h( x + h + 2 + x + 2)
2xh + h2 − 2h h
=
h = √ √
h( x + h + 2 + x + 2)
2x + h − 2.
1
= √ √
x+h+2+ x+2
83. Difference quotient is
x+h x
84. Difference quotient is
−
= 2 2
x+h x
(x + h)2 − (x + h) + 3 − x2 + x − 3 h +
= 2 2
h
2xh + h − h
2 h
=
h = 2
= 2x + h − 1 x+h x
h +
2 2
85. The difference quotient is 1
=
√ √ √ √ x+h x
3 x+h − 3 x 3 x+h +3 x 2 +
= · √ √ 2 2
h 3 x+h +3 x
1
9(x + h) − 9x = √ √ √
= √ √
h(3 x + h + 3 x) 2 x+h+ x
9h
= √ √ 89. Difference quotient is
h(3 x + h + 3 x)
3 1 1
832.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS83
= √ √ − x(x + h)
x+h + x = x+ h x ·
x(x + h)
h
−2 x + h + 2 x −2 x + h − 2 x −h
=
· √ √ =
h −2 x + h − 2 x xh(x + h)
4(x + h) − 4x
= √ √ −1
=
h(−2 x + h − 2 x) x(x + h)
4h
= √ √
h(−2 x + h − 2 x)
−2
= √ √
x+h + x
842.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS84
90. Difference quotient is 96. a) When d = 100 ft, the atmospheric pressure
is A(100) = .03(100) + 1 = 4 atm.
3 3
− x(x + h) b) When A = 4.9 atm, the depth is found by
= x+h x
· solving 4.9 = 0.03d + 1; the depth is
h x(x + h)
3x − 3(x + h) 3.9
= d= = 130 ft.
xh(x + h) 0.03
−3h 97.
=
xh(x + h)
(a) The quantity C(4) = (0.95)(4) + 5.8 =
−3
= $9.6 billion represents the amount spent
x(x + h) on computers in the year 2004.
91. Difference quotient is (b) By solving 0.95n + 5.8 = 15, we obtain
9.2
3 3
n= ≈ 10.
− (x + h + 2)(x + 2) 0.95
= x+h+2 x+2
·
h (x + h + 2)(x + 2) Thus, spending for computers will be $15
3(x + 2) − 3(x + h + 2) billion in 2010.
=
h(x + h + 2)(x + 2) 98.
−3h
= (a) The quantity E(4) + C(4) = [0.5(4) + 1] +
h(x + h + 2)(x + 2)
−3 9.6 = $12.6 billion represents the total
= amount spent on electronics and comput-
(x + h + 2)(x + 2)
ers in the year 2004.
92. Difference quotient is (b) By solving
√
2a and height 3a.
94. a) A = πr 2 b) r= c) C = 2πr
π
2 C
C πd
d) d = 2r e) d= f) A=
π 4 A B
A
g) d = 2
π Thus, the height of the circle
√ centered at C
95. C = 50 + 35n from the horizontal line is 3a + 2a. Hence,
862.1 FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS86
by using a similar reasoning, we obtain that 102. When r = 1.4 and h = 0.1, we obtain
height of the highest circle from the line is
√ A(1.5) − A(1.4)
2 3a + 2a ≈ −16.1
0.1
√
or equivalently (2 3 + 2)a. The amount of tin needed decreases by approx-
100. In the triangle below, P S bisects the 90-angle imately 16.1 in.2 if the radius increases from
1.4 in. to 2.4 in.
at P and SQ bisects the 60-angle at Q.
If r = 2 and h = 0.1, then
A(2.1) − A(2)
≈ 8.6
0.1
a The amount of tin needed increases by about
8.6 in.2 if the radius increases from 2 in. to 3
S
in.
d
450 900 300
P R Q
2.1 Linking Concepts (c) The first table shows the difference between
consecutive average rates of change for the
(a) The first graph shows U.S. federal debt D U.S. federal debt.
versus year y
10-year periods difference
debt
1940-50 & 1950-60 3.4 − 20.6 = −17.2
6000 1950-60 & 1960-70 9.0 − 3.4 = 5.6
1960-70 & 1970-80 52.8 − 9.0 = 43.8
1970-80 & 1980-90 229.8 − 52.8 = 177.0
3000 1980-90 & 1990-00 245.9 − 229.8 = 16.1
200
(d) For both the U.S. federal debt and population,
the average rates of change are all positive.
100
year (e) In part (c), for the federal debt most of the
1940 1970 2000
differences are positive and for the population
most of the differences are negative.
(b) The first table shows the average rates of
change for the U.S. federal debt (f ) The U.S. federal debt is growing out of control
when compared to the U.S. population. See
10 − year period ave. rate of change part (g) for an explanation.
1940 − 50 257−51 = 20.6
10
1950 − 60 291−257 = 3.4 (g) Since most of the differences for the federal
10
1960 − 70 381−291
= 9.0 debt in part (e) are positive, the federal debts
10
1970 − 80 909−381 are increasing at an increasing rate. While the
10 = 52.8
1980 − 90 3207−909 = 229.8 U.S. population is increasing at a decreasing
10
5666−3207 rate since most of the differences for popula-
1990 − 2000 10 = 245.9
tion in part (e) are negative.
1960 − 70 203.3−179.3
10
≈ 2.4
1970 − 80 226.5−203.3
10
≈ 2.3
1980 − 90 248.7−226.5
10
≈ 2.2
1990 − 2000 274.8−248.7
10 ≈ 2.6
832.2 GRAPHS OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS83
3. True
1
x
4. True, since f (−4.5) = [−1.5] = −2. -2 1
-2
5. False, since the range is {±1}.
9. False, since the range is the interval [0, 4]. 4. Function x − y = 2 includes the points (2, 0),
(0, −2), (−2, −4), domain and range are both
10. True (−∞, ∞)
y
2.2 Exercises
1. Function y = 2x includes the points (0, 0), (1, 2),
domain and range are both (−∞, ∞)
y x
-2 2
4 -2
2 -4
x
1 2 5. Function y = 5 includes the points (0, 5),
(±2, 5), domain is (−∞, ∞), range is {5}
y
6
2. Function x = 2y includes the points (0, 0), 4
(2, 1), (−2, −1), domain and range are both
(−∞, ∞) x
y -5 5
1
x 6. x = 3 is not a function and includes the points
-2 2
-1 (3, 0), (3, 2), domain is {3}, range is (−∞, ∞)
y
x
2 4
-3
842.2 GRAPHS OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS84
√
7. Function y = 2x2 includes the points (0, 0), 11. Function y = 1 + x includes the points (0, 1),
(±1, 2), domain is (−∞, ∞), range is [0, ∞) (1, 2), (4, 3), domain is [0, ∞), range is [1, ∞)
y y
2
1
x x
1- 1 1 4
√
8. Function y = x2 − 1 goes through (0, −1), 12. Function y = 2 − x includes the points (0, 2),
(±1, 0), domain is (−∞, ∞), range is [−1, ∞) (4, 0), domain is [0, ∞), range is (−∞, 2]
y
y
4
1 x
1 4
x
-1 1
−4
9. Function y = 1 − x2 includes the points (0, 1), 13. x = y2+ 1 is not a function and includes the
(±1, 0), domain is (−∞, ∞), range is (−∞, 1] points (1, 0), (2, ±1), domain is [1, ∞), range
y is (−∞, ∞)
y
x 1
-1 1
x
1 2
-1
-4
2
x
−1 1
x
−4 -1 1
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