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Image Processing Lecture 4

The document discusses the ISO settings in digital cameras, explaining how lower ISO values result in less sensitivity to light while higher values increase sensitivity but also introduce digital noise. It also covers the exposure triangle, which includes ISO, aperture, and shutter speed, and their effects on image quality. Additionally, it touches on image sampling, quantization, and spatial resolution, emphasizing the importance of pixel values and intensity levels in digital imaging.

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Frank Fang
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7 views22 pages

Image Processing Lecture 4

The document discusses the ISO settings in digital cameras, explaining how lower ISO values result in less sensitivity to light while higher values increase sensitivity but also introduce digital noise. It also covers the exposure triangle, which includes ISO, aperture, and shutter speed, and their effects on image quality. Additionally, it touches on image sampling, quantization, and spatial resolution, emphasizing the importance of pixel values and intensity levels in digital imaging.

Uploaded by

Frank Fang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Large Low ISO

ISO values values


The ISO refers to how sensitive the digital sensor in
your camera is to light. The lower the ISO number, the
less sensitive it is to light. Setting a higher ISO number
increases the sensitivity of your camera sensor to light.
Most cameras have ISOs ranging from about 50 or 100
ISO right up to 16,000 ISO or higher.
The higher the ISO used, the more digital noise will be
present in the image. Digital noise results in a graininess
that can have a negative effect on image quality.
Exposure Triangle

Exposure

Exposure
Exposure
Exposure Triangle

Exposure

Exposure
Exposure
ISO ISO
Aperture Aperture
Shutter Speed Shutter Speed

Underexposure Overexposure
Image with motion

Shutter Aperture Depth of Field


Dark Image
Speed (underexposure) ISO Noise
Image Acquisition

Image Image
Restoration Compression

Image
Enhancement
Morphological
Processing
Image
Modelling
(Transforms)
Segmentation
Image
Acquisition
Object
Recognition
Real life scene
Colour Image Representation
Processing & Description
Face Detection/Identification

Shutter
Depth Bright Image Speed
Aperture
of Field (overexposure)
ISO
Motion Tracking Dark Image
(underexposure)

Blurring Shutter Dark Image


Speed (underexposure)
Depth Bright Image
Aperture
of Field (overexposure)
Exposure Triangle
=w

Sensor width=35mm
Length covered by pixel=5mm
Altitude=10m
Focal length of Lens=75mm
Determine the minimum spatial
resolution for the camera. AOV

=h

FOV
Basics of Digital Cameras
Iris
Image Sampling and Quantization
Cannot record image values for all (x,y).
Sample/record image values at discrete (x,y).
Sensors arranged in grid to sample image.
Image Sampling (Spatial)
N samples

M samples
Digitizing the coordinates values is call sampling.
Image Quantization

Digitalizing the amplitude values is call quantization .


Representation of Image as Discrete
Function
• After spatial sampling and quantization, an
image is a discrete function.
Representing Image
• Image data structure is 2D array of pixels
values.
• Pixels values are gray levels in range 0-255
when using 8 bits to represent a pixel.
Spatial Resolution
• Number of pixels that composes an image (Graphic
designers talk about dots per inch (DPI)).
• Determine how coarse/fine sampling was carried
out. M=2000
N=1000
Spatial Resolution
Spatial resolution
Intensity Level Resolution
• Number of intensity levels used to represent a
pixels.
• Related to the number of bits used to store a
pixel value.
For smaller intensity levels appear ridge-like structures in areas of constant intensity
(false countering) .

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