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Elements of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Part 4

The document outlines the components and challenges of communication systems, including input transducers, transmitters, channels, receivers, and output transducers. It discusses the impact of channel impairments such as attenuation, distortion, noise, and interference on signal quality. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Shannon's Capacity Formula, emphasizing the relationship between bandwidth, signal strength, and communication capacity.

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Shoshi
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10 views18 pages

Elements of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Part 4

The document outlines the components and challenges of communication systems, including input transducers, transmitters, channels, receivers, and output transducers. It discusses the impact of channel impairments such as attenuation, distortion, noise, and interference on signal quality. Additionally, it introduces the concept of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Shannon's Capacity Formula, emphasizing the relationship between bandwidth, signal strength, and communication capacity.

Uploaded by

Shoshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Elements of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering

Communication Systems
Tanjima Tabassum Shoshi
Lecturer, EEE
Uttara University
Communication Systems
Communication Systems

Input Transducer

• Converts the message to electrical signal (baseband signal)


• Microphone, keyboard, camera etc.
• Bandwidth of the base band signal – depends on the type of input message
• System design depends on the type of input message
• Bandwidth of an information signal is the difference between the highest and the lowest
frequency contained in that signal; usually it is equal to the highest frequency
Communication Systems

Transmitter:
• Process the baseband signal to a suitable form for transmission over a channel
• Consists of several sub-systems: A/D converter, modulator, encoder etc.
• Consists of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, modulators, and other circuits
• Bandwidth of the transmitted signal – depends on the process in the transmitter; it is usually
the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies
Communication Systems

Channel:
Transmission medium that conveys the transmitted electrical/electromagnetic signal to
receiver
Channel types:
wired or wireless
1. Wired: twisted copper wire (telephone, DSL), coaxial cable (television, internet), optical
fiber (backbone)
2. Wireless: Microwave (Satellite and cellular), RF wave (Cellular, WiFi, WiMax, LTE)
Channel:

• Capacity: How much information can be sent in 1 s through a channel?


• Capacity depends on the bandwidth of the channel
• Bandwidth: Copper wire: 1 MHz, Coaxial cable: 100 MHz, Microwave/RF: GHz, Optical fiber: THz
• Attenuation, distortion, and noise are the main impairments
• Bandwidth of a communication channel is a difference between the highest and the lowest
frequency that the channel will allow to pass through it
• Bandwidth of a communication channel must be equal or greater than the bandwidth of the
information.
Communication Systems

Receiver:
• Processes the received signal such that the input signal can be recovered
• Consists of several reversed sub-systems of transmitter: D/A converter, demodulator, decoder
etc.
• Consists of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters, demodulators, and other circuits
Communication Systems

Output transducer:

• Convert the demodulated signal into output message (Voice, video, image, data, email etc.)
• Headphone, television, computer etc. are the output transducer
Challenges in Communication Systems
Challenges in Communication
❑ Channel impairments:
Attenuation, Distortion, Noise, Multi-user Interference
➢ The magnitude of the channel impairments depends on the type of channel

Attenuation:

➢ Signal attenuation or degradation exists in all media


➢ Increases with distance
➢ Wireless medium has the highest attenuation
➢ Optical fibers have less attenuation (as low as 0.2 dB/km)
Distortion:
❑ Signals distort during travel through medium
➢ Wire: frequency dependent attenuation

➢ Optical fiber: Delay differences in different modes, frequency dependent


attenuation, highest dispersion

➢ Wireless: Delay differences due to multi-path propagation, time dependent


randomness of particles, frequency dependent attenuation => highest
distortion

❑ Inter-symbol interference due to distortion

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Noise:

❑ Channel noise/ External noise


➢ Random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the
communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message

➢ Human made noise (automobile ignition radiation, microwave oven), natural noise (lightning)

➢ External noise can be minimized with proper design

❑ Receiver background noise/Internal noise


➢ Thermal noise and random emission in electronic devices

➢ One of the main problems in communication

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Challenges in Communication
Interference: Unwanted signal as like noise, but more structured

Interference of waves

➢ Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

➢ Co-channel interference (CCI)

➢ Adjacent channel interference (ACI)

➢ Inter-carrier interference (ICI)

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Noise

Noise:
❑ Any unwanted signal, whether audible or not
❑ Noise gets added to the signal and degrades the quality of signal

Noise and Interference:


Although they play a somewhat similar role in electrical systems, they are dissimilar
in nature in one important aspect

➢ Noise is usually composed of randomly occurring voltages, which are unrelated in


phase or frequency and may sometimes be of a very peaky nature

➢ Interference, on the other hand, is usually more structured than noise since it
arises as unwanted coupling from just a few signals (e.g., from other users) in the
network

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White Noise
❑ Both thermal and shot noise are characterized as white noise
❑ White noise means it contains noise of all frequency with a flat PSD
❑ This is approximately what you hear in empty AM radio channels , you see in empty TV channel

N0 N0
S( f ) = R( ) =  (t )
2 2

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Signal To Noise ration (SNR)

❑SNR is a measurement parameter in use that compares the level of


the desired signal to the level of background noise.
❑it is the ratio of signal power to the noise power,

❑ Often it is expressed in decibels.

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1. For a voice channel if the signal power level is -3dBm (0.5 mW) and noise level is
-20dBm (0.01 mW), calculate the SNR.
❑ Shannon's Capacity Formula (1948):
C = B log2 (1 + SNR), bps
C = capacity (bps), B = channel bandwidth (Hz),

❑ Capacity increases linearly with bandwidth, but only logarithmically with


signal strength
❑ Shannon's limit tells us what can be achieved. But, it tells nothing
on how to accomplish it

❑ Two primary resources in communications:


➢ Transmitted power (should be green, i.e., lower energy requirement)
➢ Channel bandwidth (very expensive)

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2. If the 300-3400 Hz channel has 1mW signal power and -40 dBm noise, what is Shannon’s capacity?

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