Starting To Read ECGs The Basics Complete PDF Download
Starting To Read ECGs The Basics Complete PDF Download
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There are several textbooks comprehensively covering the field of ECG interpreta-
tion and this book does not attempt to replicate these texts. The purpose of this book
is to provide a concise, practical and systematic guide to interpretation of ECGs for
the beginner. It not only covers how to perform an ECG but also basic interpretation
of a normal ECG before progressing onto the effects of anatomical abnormalities of
the heart on the ECG. More complex rhythm abnormalities are described and illus-
trated to ease understanding. The ECG should always be interpreted whilst consid-
ering the clinical presentation of the individual subject from whom it was recorded.
The ECG is part of diagnosis and management. Clinical scenarios affecting the
ECG are also described in the last two chapters. Each chapter concludes with a quiz
for reflective learning and a summary of key points from the chapter. The authors
should be congratulated for producing a well presented and easy to understand text
which will be useful to medical students, nurses and other allied professionals not
only as a starter text but also as an immediate bedside reference manual.
vii
Preface
The ECG is one of the most widely available diagnostic tests used in clinical prac-
tice today. Since the first use of the ECG there has been a wealth of books available
on the subject, aimed at all sorts of different experience levels and healthcare prac-
titioners. With such a wealth of material already available you may ask yourself
what is special or different about this book.
The authors have tried very hard to write a book that is aimed at the absolute
beginner. Many make this claim, but we have really tried to strip everything back to
essential basics. We pick simple methods that can be used easily in clinical practice.
We do not assume any prior knowledge. Above all we wanted the book to be easy
to read and attractive, using many photos, images and diagrams to illustrate points
and aid in memory retention. We constantly revisit and remind the reader of infor-
mation already covered to reinforce knowledge. We gradually build on the informa-
tion given throughout the book, so as not to overload the reader with too much in
one go.
This book aims to give the beginner just what they need to know, including infor-
mation about how to record good quality ECGs. We hope to avoid information
overload, although extra information and points of interest are included in informa-
tion boxes.
We hope you will find this book easy to read, informative, and a useful aid in
building your ECG knowledge and confidence in interpretation, whatever your clin-
ical role may be.
ix
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the following for their help, support and encouragement in
the writing of this book:
Dr. Sarah C Clarke MA, MD, FRCP, FESC, FACC
Consultant Cardiologist and Clinical Director of Cardiac Services
Dr. Sandeep Basavarajaiah MBBS, MRCP, MD
Cardiology Specialist Registrar for your kind permission to let us use your ECGs.
Peter Lewis, for providing additional ECGs.
Bruce Davies, for the fantastic original book graphics.
Sheila Turner, lead for core and clinical education.
For her contribution to this book.
Sally Scott, for her endless patience of Alwyn’s laptop use.
Monika Golas, for all her support and encouragement.
xi
Contents
xiii
xiv Contents
The ST Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The QT Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Summary of Key Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 Quality Issues Pertaining to ECG Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The aVR Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
R Wave Progression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Calibration Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Artifact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Muscle/Somatic Tremor Artefact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
60-Cycle Interference/AC Mains Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Baseline Wander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Other Forms of Artefact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ECG Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Summary of Key Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Principles of ECG Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Basic Quality Control Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The P Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The PR Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
The QRS Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The ST Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The T Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
The QT Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Electrical Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Normal ECG and Normal Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Bradycardia +/− Large R Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Leads aVR and V1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Sinus Arrhythmia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Q Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
T Wave Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Summary of Key Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5 Chamber Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Physiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Atrial Abnormality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Contents xv
Hypothermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Digoxin Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Pulmonary Embolism (PE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Summary of Key Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
10 Acute Coronary Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors for CHD . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
STEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Evolution of STEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
NSTEMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) and Chest Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Summary of Key Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Online Figures
Fig. 2.3 ECG showing various additional information, including the machines
attempt to derive a diagnosis
Fig. 3.2 Normal 12-lead ECG recorded with standard lead positioning
Fig. 3.3 Same ECG with limb leads swapped over. Note: positive aVR while
lead I, II and aVL are now negatively deflected
Fig. 3.6 Misplaced chest leads causing a change in R wave progression
Fig. 3.11 Somatic muscle tremor in multiple leads, seen predominantly in leads
II and III
Fig. 3.12 60-cycle interference/AC mains interference
Fig. 3.13 Baseline wander
Fig. 3.14 Artefact mimicking atrial flutter
Fig. 4.12 A normal ECG
Quiz 4.7
Quiz 4.8
Quiz 4.9
Fig. 5.10 Increased QRS voltage
Fig. 5.13 RVH with associated ST-T wave abnormalities (strain), and right axis
deviation. ECG taken from a 32 year old female with congenital pul-
monary stenosis
Fig. 5.14 Biventricular hypertrophy. Voltage criteria for LVH found in frontal
plane with tall R waves in lead V1
Fig. 5.15 ‘Athletes heart’, physiological LVH
Quiz 5.7
Quiz 5.8
Fig. 6.20 Atrial Fibrillation as seen in lead II
Fig. 6.21 12 lead ECG showing Atrial Fibrillation
Fig. 6.23 Atrial Flutter, as seen in lead II
Fig. 6.27 WPW syndrome type A
Fig. 6.28 LGL syndrome
Fig. 6.31 VT
Fig. 6.37 Ideoventricular rhythm
xix
xx Online Figures
Quiz 6.7
Quiz 6.8
Quiz 6.9
Quiz 6.10
Quiz 6.11
Fig. 7.3 LBBB
Fig. 7.5 RBBB
Fig. 7.8 1st degree AV block
Fig. 7.12 3rd degree AV block and atrial fibrillation
Quiz 7.7
Quiz 8.7
Fig. 9.5 Digitalis effect
Fig. 10.9 Anterior lateral STEMI
Fig. 10.10 Anterior STEMI
Fig. 10.11 Inferior STEMI
Quiz 10.7
Quiz 10.8