Maths Mania

BIOLOGY
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 1. Cell and its types 1-5

2. tissues in plants and animals 6 - 10

3. Hierarchy of classification 11 - 19

Nervous, digestive, respiratory,

4. 20 - 30
circulatory and excretory system

5. Reproduction and its types 31 - 35

6. Nutrition 36 - 39

7. Diseases 40- 43

Important discoveries, persons and

8. 44
books

9. Important amino acids 45

10. Important one liners 46

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 Cell
A cell is the basic ‘’structural and
functional unit’’ of life.

Discovery :
Dead cell (cork) by Robert Hooke
(Father of cytology)in 1665.
Living cell (Pond -water) by Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek in 1674.

Important Discoveries

Robert Brown 1831 nucleus

Schwann and Scheiden 1839 Cell theory
Purkinjee 1839 Protoplasm
Rudolf Virchow 1858 Cells from pre existing cells
Fredrick Mischer 1869 Molecule discovery of DNA
Altman 1886 Mitochondria
Walter Fleming 1882 Chromosome
Camilo Golgi 1898 Golgi bodies
Watson and Crick 1953 Double helical structure of DNA

Cell Organelles and Their Functions Nuclear

membrane
Surrounds the nucleus.
Cell Cytoplasm Nucleolus: Produces
Cell wall
Provides shape Membrane Jelly-like substance ribosomes.
where cell Chromatin
and protection Semi-permeable organelles are material: thread
membrane that suspended. light structures
• Bacteria: visible during cell
controls the
division
Peptidoglycan entry and exit Nucleus Components : DNA
• Plants: of substances. Control center of and proteins, 23
Cellulose the cell that pair chromosomes,
(made of contains genetic
• Fungi: Chitin 22 pairs + 1 pair
proteins+lipids) material (DNA). (XX girl, XY boy)
Histone protein in
chromosomes

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 Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the cell” produce energy
(ATP) respiratory site of cell.
The diameter is usually between 0.5-1
micrometers.
Two membranes :
1. outer (porous)
2. inner (deeply folded)
ATP synthesis (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Has its own DNA and proteins.
ATP- “Energy currency of cell”
Cristae found.

Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved

in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER: Involved in lipid (fat) synthesis
and detoxification. Hepatocyte, main cell type Space
in the liver also has a lot of SER.
Cisternae
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum Ribosomes

Incoming
transport vesicles
Cis or forming Lumen Golgi Apparatus
face (containing
matrix)
“Post office” Transports, Modifies, sorts, and
Cisternae packages proteins for secretion.
Forming Cis - face in .
Golgian
vacuole
trans (concave) - face out

Coated Newly forming

vesicle vesicle

Vacuoles
Ribosome Storage sacs for water, food,
or waste.
Synthesize Larger in plant cells.
proteins. ( made
of proteins and
RNA Ribonucleic Peroxisome
Acid)
oxidative crystal and
detoxification

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 Membrane

Lysosomes

“Suicide bag” Formed in Golgi

bodies.
Hydrolytic Contain digestive enzymes to
break down waste which is
Enzyme

formed in rough endoplasmic

Lysosome
reticulum

Plastids
“Kitchen of cell” own DNA and proteins.
• Plasters are stack of thylakoids (chlorophyll is arranged)
grana light reaction.
• Fluid- stroma, dark reaction

Chloroplast Stores Chlorophyll

Amyloplast Stores Starch
Leucoplasts

Elaioplast Stores Fats

Aleuroplasts Stores Protein granules
Chromoplasts Stores Color Pigment
Sugarbeet — Betanin
Tomato — Lycopene
Carrot — Carotene

Prokaryotic cells
Lack a nucleus and cell Cell Types Eukaryotic cells
Have a well-defined
membrane circular DNA,
nucleus, linear DNA,
measuring around 0.1–5 diameters ranging from
μm in diameter (e.g. 10–100 μm (e.g. plant
bacteria). and animal cells).

Difference between plant and animal cells

Plant cells Animal cells
No cell wall or chloroplasts.
Have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large Small vacuoles & Irregular shape.
vacuoles. Note: Centrioles - (cell division)
Rectangular shape. cylindrical microtubule organising centre
9+0 structure of triple microtubules

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 Cell Division
Mitoses Phases: Meiosis Phases:
Interphase S Centrosome
DNA replication Interphase G2
Interphase G1 Interphase Chromosome
Preparation for
Cell growth and mitosis, more
normal function DNA is copied

(Refuction Division)
growth
G0 Prophase 1 Chromosomes pair up
Prophase
cell specialization, chromosomes

Meiosis 1
Recombination happens
no more divisions condense,
Cell Cycle Starts
nuclear Metaphase 1 Chromosomes line up at
membrane middle
Cytokinesis breaks down, Meiotic spindle
Cytoplasm divides, spindle fibers
resulting in two Chromosomes are pulled
form. Anaphase 1
daughter cells. apart
Metaphase
Chromosomes Telophase 1 & Cell pinches in the
Telophase align at the cytokinese middle
Nuclear membranes cell's equator
reform around the two Anaphase
sets of chromosomes Sister chromatids Prophase 2 2 daughter cells
are pulled apart to
opposite poles.

(Equational Division)
Metaphase 2 Chromosome lined up
at equator

Meiosis II
Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis: Anaphase 2 Sister chromatids
pulled apart

Mitosis: Meiosis: Telophase 2 & Cell pinches in the

One division, Two divisions, Cytokinesis middle

produces 2 identical produces 4 non- 4 daughter cells

diploid cells, for identical haploid cells,
growth and repair. for sexual
Occurs in somatic reproduction.
cells. Occurs in Germ cells.

Importance of Cell Division:

Mitosis: Growth, tissue repair, Meiosis: Genetic diversity in
asexual reproduction. sexual reproduction.

Key Steps in DNA Replication:

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its
DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of interphase.
1. Initiation – Helicase unwinds
DNA, SSBs stabilize strands, and
topoisomerase prevents
supercoiling.
2. Primer Binding – Primase
adds RNA primers.
3. Elongation – DNA polymerase
III synthesizes the leading strand
continuously and the lagging
strand in Okazaki fragments.
4. Primer Removal & Ligation – DNA polymerase I replaces primers with DNA, and
ligase joins fragments.
5. Termination – Replication stops at termination sites, telomerase prevents DNA
loss in eukaryotes.

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 Important Proteins and Their Functions:

Helicase: Unwinds the DNA double helix.

Primase: Synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis.

DNA Ligase: Joins fragments

Topoisomerase: Relieves tension in the DNA ahead of the replication

fork by making temporary cuts to prevent supercoiling.

Osmosis & Diffusion

Diffusion Osmosis
Movement of molecules from high Diffusion of water through a selectively
to low concentration permeable membrane.
Movement of molecules high to low
concentration

Solute
molecules

Movement of solevent from

low to high solute
concentration

Low High Same concentration

concentration concentration (Equilibrium)

Osmosis has three kinds of medium:

Hypotonic
The medium surrounding the cell has a
higher concentration of water than the
cell. Cell gains water by osmosis as
outside solution is very dilute.
Cell swells up.

Hypertonic
The medium has lower concentration
of water than the cell, meaning that it
is a very concentrated solution, the cell
will lose water by osmosis.
Cell Shrinks
Isotonic
The medium has exactly the same
water concentration.
Cell remains same

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 Tissues in Plants &
Animals

Plant Tissues:
The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells covering all plant organs, including
stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It serves as a protective barrier
against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection.

Specialized epidermal cells include:

Guard Cells: These cells surround stomata (small pores) and control their
opening and closing, thereby regulating gas exchange and transpiration.
Cuticle: A waxy layer secreted by epidermal cells that covers the surface of
aerial parts of the plant, reducing water loss and protecting against pathogens

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Responsible for growth.
Large central vacuole.
Permanent Tissue
Vacoules and intercellular space absent.

Apical Meristem
• Location: Found at the tips Simple Complex
of roots and shoots. Permanent tissue Permanent tissue
• Function: Growth of a plant's
shoot and root tips. parenchyma
food storage tissue
Lateral Meristem
Aerenchyma - Contain intercellular
Location: Found along the
airy spaces which help to float eg:
sides of stems and roots.
aquatic plants
Responsible for secondary
Chlorenchyma - Contains
growth, leading to an
chlorophyll
increase in the
thickness/diameter of the Collenchyma
plant. Living an irregularly thickened at
• Function: Vascular cambium corners.
and cork cambium. little in intercellular spaces provides
mechanical strength, and flexibility
Intercalary Meristem allows bending of parts of plant.
• Location: Found between Example notes of leaves.
mature tissues, usually at the
base of leaves or internodes. Sclerenchyma
• Function: growth of internodes In Outer parts of plant dead cells
provides toughness, example coconut
husk

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 Simple Permanent Tissue

Parenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Complex
Permanent tissue

Xylem Phloem
One way conduction, conducts water Two way conduction, conducts food
and minerals (called translocation)
Components : xylemparenchyma- food Components : sieve tube, companion cells,
storage (only living tissue) Tracheids, phloem parenchyma-Food Storage, phloem
vessels, xylem fibres/schlerenchyma fibres/sclerenchyma - rigidity & support
(only dead tissue)

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 Animal Tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Tissue tissue tissue tissue

Epithelial Tissue
Covers and protects body surfaces.

Squamous Epithelium:
Lining of the heart, blood
vessels, air sacs of lungs.

Cuboidal Epithelium: Lining

of kidney tubules, glands.
Columnar Epithelium:
Lining of the stomach,
intestines.

Ciliated Epithelium: Lining

of the respiratory tract,
fallopian tubes.

Transitional Epithelium:
Lining of the urinary
bladder.

Glandular Epithelium:
Sweat glands, salivary
glands.

Dense Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue Areolar Tissue

(Connective Tissue) (Connective Tissue)

Squamous :
Simple squamous (found in
mouth and oesophagus )
Compact Bone Blood
(Connective Tissue) (Connective Tissue) Stratified squamous ( found
in skin )

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 Connective Tissue
Supports
and binds other tissues.

Loose Connective Dense Connective

Tissue Tissue
Adipose tissue - Located beneath the Tendons - Connects muscles to bones
skin, this fat tissue provides Ligaments - Connects bones to bones
insulation from heat and cold Cartilage -joints, ear, nose
Areolar tissue -Binds skin to Function: Provides support and flexibility,
muscles, around blood vessels and reduces friction.
nerves, and in bone marrow, repairs Blood - Transports oxygen, nutrients, and
tissues waste, involved in immune response.
Lymph - transports nutrients, hormones,
and waste products between blood and
body cells , helps in immunity.

Muscle tissue
Responsible for movement.

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Tissue Tissue Tissue
Structure: Long, Structure: Spindle- Structure: Branched,
cylindrical, shaped cells, single cylindrical cells with
multinucleated cells nucleus, no a single nucleus,
with striations striations. striations, and
(bands). Control: Involuntary intercalated discs.
Control: Voluntary (not under conscious Control: Involuntary
(under conscious control). (works
control). Function: Movement automatically).
Function: Movement of internal organs Function: Pumps
of bones, posture, (e.g., digestion, blood blood in the heart.
and locomotion. flow). Example: Heart
Example: Muscles Example: Muscles in muscle.
attached to bones the walls of the
(e.g., biceps, stomach, intestines,
quadriceps). blood vessels.

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 Nervous tissue
Transmits electrical impulses. Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves
Fundamental unit: Neuron
Sense stimuli: touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight

one liner

Mesosomes - In foldings of plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. Increase surface

area for enzyme activity and respiration, involved in DNA replication.

peroxisome - lipid metabolism, oxidation reaction to produce hydrogen peroxide.

Enzymes essential for DNA application in an animal cell are Topoisomerase, DNA
Ligase , DNA polymerase, DNA primase

DNA contains- Pentose sugar

5 kingdom classification - Robert Whittaker, 1969

Father of taxonomy - Carl Linnaeus

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 Hierarchy
of Classification

Kingdom —> Phylum —> class —> order —> family —> genus —> species

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista

unicellular, prokaryotic mostly unicellular eukaryotic

organisms organisms
Example - bacteria like often found in aquatic
Escherichia coli, Cynobacteria environments
(blue-green algae) , locomotion through appendages
Eubacteria, Nostoc and cell wall is absent, except Euglena.
anabena (fix Nitrogen) Can be autotrophic or heterotropic
Example unicellular algae,
diatoms, protozoa

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 Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Protozoa

Multicellular, except yeast,

Unicellular, mostly aquatic heterotrophs, cell wall made up of
Paramecium- Cilia helps in CHITIN.
movement. Lichen: Blue Green algae + fungi
Euglena- Flagella helps in in symbiotic relationship.
movement, amoeba Penicillin used in medicine.
pseudopodia false feet helps in Alexander Fleming discovered
movement. penicillin
YEAST used in bakery

Kingdom Plantae

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 Thallophyta Bryophyta
Thallophytes are non-vascular plants.
Amphibians of plant kingdom root life
Characterised by a thallus, or
structures present called Rhizoids.
undifferentiated body, reproduce
Autotrophic, nonmotile found in Damp
through spores plants called ALGAE.
and moist areas. The plant body is
Eg - Spirogyra , Ulva, Chara, Ulothrix
thallus-like or differentiated into stem
CHLORELLA- Green algae
and leaf-like structures. Lack true
(i) Volvox (ii) Ulothrix
vascular tissues.
Phaecophyceae- Brown algae
Vegetative reproduction by
(i) Laminaria,
fragmentation, buds and gemmae.
(ii) Sargassum grass
Example:- A liverwort – Marchantia
(iii) Dictyota
(a) Female thallus
Rhodophyceae- Red algae
(b) Male thallus Mossesc Funaria,
(i) Porphyra
gametophyte and sporophyte
(ii)Polysiphonia
(d) Sphagnum gametophyte.
Cyanobacteria- blue green algae
Nostoc , anabena

Pteridophyta/Cryptogam

First terrestrial vascular plants that reproduce and spread through spores.
They are seedless and do not produce flowers
Example:- Ferns, horsetails and lycophytes, Equisetum, Pteris, Selaginella,
Marsilea plants (have hidden reproductive organs)

Spermatophyta

Gymnosperms:-
No flowers, seeds naked and not enclosed by any ovary wall
Eg:- Cycas and Pinus plants, Pine, Juniper, conifers, Ginkgo
Angiosperms:-
Flowering plants, fruits bear seeds

Monocotyledon : have only Dicotyledon: have two

one cotyledon in seed. cotyledon in its seeds
Ex: coconut, onion, Ex: hibiscus, papaya, mango,
sugarcane roses, sunflower, tomato

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 Important points

Plants which can survive in very less water are called as Xerophytes
Name the Japanese art of miniaturisation of trees is Bonsai
Plants with weak stem that cannot stand upright and spread on the ground are called
Creepers
Carrot is orange in colour because it contains Carotene
The ____is the stem like part of the leaf that joins the blade to the stem is Petiole
The part of the stem where a leaf arises is known as Node
Which is the smallest flower in the world? Wolffia
Chlorophyll contains Magnesium
.Which cell organelle is present only in plant cell? cell wall
The fleshy thalamus is edible in___ apple
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by: Colletotrichum falcatum
Leaves of the nettle plant secrete acid which causes a painful sting on touching. –
Methanoic acid
Xylem cells waterproof due to Lignin.

Animal Kingdom

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 Phylum Porifera Phylum Coelenterata
(Cnidaria)
Asymmetrical body, porous structure, Radial symmetry. Tentacles
and no true tissues. surround mouth, Body made of two
Irregular body With pores Or ostia for layers of cells (diploblastic).
entry of water containing oxygen and Possess stinging cells (cnidocytes)
food. for defense and capturing prey
Even tiny pieces of sponge can Stinging cells present
regenerate into full individual. Reproduction by budding or
Cells that line the spongocoels and sexual
canals in members of phylum Porifera Eg:- Hydra, jellyfish, corals, anemones,
are - Collar cells or Choanocytes. Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war),
Eg. - Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula
water sponge) and Euspongia (Bath (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and
sponge), Metazoa Meandrina (Brain coral).

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 Phylum Platyhelminthes/ Phylum Nematoda/
FLATWORMS Aschelminthes

Dorsoventrally flattened body Organ system

(ribbon like), Hooks and suckers organisation,Cylindrical, unsegmented
present, no coelom (acoelomates), bodies.
skeleton or anus Possess a pseudocoelom (false body
Unsegmented and Flame cells cavity).
present. Example: Elephantiasis (filarial worm)
Either free-living (Planaria) or roundworm, pinworm, Hookworm
parasitic (liver flukes). (Ancyclostoma)
Eg:- tape worm, liver fluke, planaria

Phylum Annelida Phylum Arthropoda

(Segmented Worms)
Largest phylum ( Largest Class - Insecta )
Bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry.
Segmented body with a true The Malpighian tubules present
coelom (body cavity). Phyla that has a triploblastic, segmented,
Locomotory organs paired and bilaterally symmetrical body
:parapodia (Nereis) Body divided into head, thorax , abdomen.
Excrete nephridia Body covered with cuticle (layer above
Example: Earthworms, Leech. skin) made of hard substance called chitin
Eg:-
1. Economically important insects – Apis
(Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer
(Lac insect)
2. Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes
(Mosquitoes)
3. Gregarious pest – Locusta (Locust)
4. Living fossil – Limulus (King crab)
Example: Insects (e.g., housefly, butterfly),
Spiders, Crabs, Crayfish, Silverfish
Cockroach - 13 chambered heart

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 Phylum Mollusca Phylum
Echinodermata
Second largest
Radial symmetry (in adults).
Bilateral symmetry.
Marine organisms with a spiny
Soft-bodied animals, most with a
skin.
hard external shell.
Water vascular system for
Presence of a muscular foot for
movement and feeding.
movement.
Have 5 arms or division of body
Example: Snails, Octopus, Mussels,
Eg:- Asterias (Star fish), Echinus
oyester
(Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily),
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) and
Ophiura (Brittle star), Starfish, Sea
urchins, Sea cucumber.

Phylum Chordata

Notochord is present
All chordates are triploblastic, coelomate and bilaterally symmetrical
Paired gills silts in pharynx

There are two subphyla in chordata

1. Protochordates
2. Vertebrata

Protochordata : do not have proper notochord. Nerve cord is present.

Example Herdmania , Amphioxus
Characteristics:
Bilateral symmetry.
Presence of a notochord (a flexible rod-like structure) at some stage.

Vertebrates (with a backbone): Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds,

Mammals.
Invertebrates (without a backbone): Tunicates, Lancelets.

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 Class Chondrichthyes Class Osteichthyes

Skeleton made up of cartilage Bony skeleton

Marine fish Found in both sea and fresh water
7 pairs of gill slits Gills for breathing covered by
Eg:- Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw operculum
fish), Carcharodon (Great white Eg:-Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish),
shark), Trygon (Sting ray). Hippocampus (Sea horse), Freshwater
– Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias
(Magur), Aquarium – Betta (Fighting
fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).

Class Amphibia Class Reptilia

Live on land but lay eggs in water Land Animals lay eggs on
where the life history is completed land,Body covered with scales
Adapted to both life in water and Eg:- Chelone (Turtle), Testudo
land (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree lizard),
Breathe with lungs Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus
Example - Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator),
Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra Hemidactylus (Wall lizard),
(Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless Poisonous snakes – Naja (Cobra),
amphibia). Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).
3 chambered heart 3 chambered heart
Crocodile - 4 chambered heart

Class Aves

Aerial mode of life, Light bones, Aves

are warm-blooded animals and have
Four-chambered heart, Beak for
feeding, Wings for flying
Eg:- Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon),
Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio(Ostrich),
Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin),
Neophron(Vulture).

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 Class Mammalia

Mammary glands for producing milk for young, body covered

with hair, Hairy skin
Eg:-
Oviparous (egg laying) - Ornithorhynchus (Platypus)
Viviparous (birth to young one) - Macropus (Kangaroo),
Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey),
Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant),
Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin), Balaenoptera
(Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

Cyclostomata

jawless vertebrates,
example : hog, fis lamprey

Important points

Radial symmetry in Cnidaria and Echinodermata

Segmented body in Annelida, arthropoda and chordata
Heliophytes are plants that grow best in full sunlight, while sciophytes grow best
in low light or shade.
A water-retaining compound produced in large quantities by marine brown and
red algae is Hydrocolloid
At least a half of the carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by Algae
Chlorella, a green algae, rich in protein is also known as Space algae
Red algae reproduces vegetatively by Fragmentation
The algae which is also called kelp and found in the deep sea is Laminaria
In brown algae, food is stored as Laminarin or mannitol
(Note - Laminarin or mannitol is a complex carbohydrate)
Chlorella is an algae that grows in Fresh water
Unicellular algae, such as Chlamydomonas, absorb dissolved oxygen directly
from the surrounding water through the process of diffusion like Amoeba
Chlamydomonas is an example of – Algae

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 Human Nervous
System

Dendrites
acquires information and receive
impulses from other neurons.
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
an insulator cover Terminals
around the axon.

Direction of nerve
impluse

Cell Body
Information acquired Axon Axon
travels through it as
Synapse
Longest fiber on cell
electrical impulse. Hillock body is axon. It
gap between two neurons.
Electrical signal is
transmits electrical
converted into chemical
impulse from cell body
signal for onward
to dendrite of next
transmission
neuron.

Human nervous system consists of -

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system: nerves

Brain
Protected by skull called
“Cranium” and three
membranes called “Meninges” .

The space between membranes

is filled by cerebrospinal fluid
which protects from shocks.

Brain weight 1300 - 1400

grams.

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 Brain

Fore Brain Mid Brain Hind Brain

Largest part of the brain Controls involuntary Trick: (CPM)- Non-med
(FTH) actions, such as change subjects
Thinking part of the brain. in pupil size, reflex
responsible for voluntary movements, vision and Cerebellum - controls
actions like talking or hearing posture and balance
moving objects.
pons - connects brain
Cerebrum- and spinal chord
largest part of the human brain.
Two hemispheres called cerebral Medulla oblongata -
hemispheres, cerebrum controls (Involuntary actions)
voluntary motor actions, learning controls automatic
and memory. nervous system,
respiration, heartbeat,
digestion.
FRONTAL LOBE: muscular activity

PARIETAL LOBE: touch, smell, taste

temperature

OLFACTORY LOBE: visual reception

TEMPORORAL LOBE: auditory

reception
Reflex Action
Definition: Involuntary and
Thalamus- Pain and sensation immediate response to a
stimulus.
Hypothalamus- Example: Touching a hot
Body temperature, hunger, thrust object and quickly pulling
and sleep your hand away.

Pathway:
Stimulus → Sensory Receptor
→ Sensory Neuron → Spinal
Cord (Interneuron) → Motor
Neuron → Effector (muscle).

Reflexes are controlled by the

spinal cord, bypassing the
brain for quicker responses
Note : Olfactory indicators:
onion, vanilla, etc

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 Endocrine Glands

Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.

Pituitary Gland: Thyroid Gland: Pancreas:

"Master gland," controls Regulates metabolism
Regulates blood
other glands and through thyroxine
functions like growth and hormone. ( Iodine sugar through insulin
reproduction. regulates the release) and glucagon.
Growth hormone- deficiency causes goitre
Somatotropin
less amount-
dwarfism. Gonads
Adrenal Glands: Ovaries in females,
Excess amount-
Produce adrenaline for
acromegaly Testes in males
"fight or flight" responses.
Deficiency causes- Produce sex
Addison’s disease hormones (estrogen,
progesterone,
testosterone).

Coordination in Plants

Plant Hormones (Phytohormones):

Regulate growth, development, and
responses to stimuli.
Auxins: Promote cell elongation,
especially in roots and shoots.
Gibberellins: Stimulate growth
and seed germination.
Cytokinins: Promote cell
division.
Abscisic Acid: Inhibits growth
and promotes dormancy.
Ethylene: (Gaseous hormone)
Regulates fruit ripening and
plant aging.

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 Tropism: The growth of plants in response to environmental stimuli.
Phototropism: Roots show -ve whereas shoots show +ve phototropism. Growth
toward light.
Geotropism: Roots show +ve whereas shoots show -ve geotropism. Growth in
response to gravity.
Hydrotropism: Growth toward water.
Chemotropism: Growth of pollen tube towards ovule

Nastic movement: not growth related ,movement by touch

Example: movement of touch me not plant

Important Points

Which cells in our body have the least regenerative power? Brain Cells
Which is longest cells of human body? Nerve Cells
The tissue in man where no cell division occurs after birth is nerves
The colour of the eye depends upon the pigment present in Iris
__ controls the size of pupil (amount of light entering) in human eye?
Iris
An adult human body bas __ bones. - 206.
The longest bone in the human body is Femur
The strongest / longest bone of the body is present in the Thigh
Which is the hardest substance in the human body? Enamel (tooth)
How many 'canine teeth' does an adult human have? 4
-is a vestigial organ in human body -Tailbone /Wisdom teeth
The science dealing with the study of teeth is Odontotology

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 Human Digestive
System

Digestion: The process of breaking down food into simpler forms (nutrients)

Alimentary Canal:
A long tube where digestion occurs, from the mouth to the anus.

Mouth/buccal cavity:
Food is ingested and
mechanically broken down
by teeth. Saliva,
containing the enzyme
amylase, starts the
breakdown of starch.

Esophagus: A muscular
tube that moves food from
the mouth to the stomach
by peristalsis (wave-like
muscular contractions).

Stomach: Food is mixed

with gastric juices
containing hydrochloric
acid and digestive enzymes
(e.g., pepsin) to break
down proteins. Inner lining
of MUCUS protects from
the acid.

Sphincter muscle – allows

food to pass to small
intestine

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 Small Intestine:
Villi: Tiny hair-like structures in the small intestine that increase surface area for
absorption.
Composed of three parts—
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum.
Bile juice enzyme secreted by liver turns the medium basic a pancreatic juice
from pancreas
Contain 3 types of enzymes

Trypsin - converts protein to amino acids

Amylase - breaks carbs
Lipase - emulsified fat into glycerol and fatty acids

Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts from undigested food. It forms and
stores feces.

Anus: The opening through which feaces are expelled from the body.

Accessory Organs:
Liver: Produces bile, which helps in the emulsification of fats (breakdown of
fat into smaller droplets). Stores carbohydrates as glycogen
Pancreas: Secretes pancreatic juice containing enzymes (lipase, amylase,
protease) that help in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Gall bladder: Stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small
intestine to aid fat digestion.
Digestive Enzymes
Amylase: Breaks down carbohydrates (starch) into simpler sugars.
Produced in: Salivary glands (in mouth), pancreas (in small intestine).
Protease (Pepsin): Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Produced in: Stomach (pepsinogen converted to pepsin).
Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Produced in: Pancreas.

important points

Digestion starts in the mouth with mechanical breakdown and the action of
enzymes (amylase).
The stomach secretes gastric juices, including pepsin, for protein digestion.
The small intestine is the primary site -for nutrient absorption, aided by enzymes
from the pancreas and bile from the liver.
The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces, which are expelled through
the anus.

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 Human Respiratory
System
types of respiration

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs in presence of oxygen Occurs in absence of oxygen

Respiratory Tract :
Nostrils: Air enters the body through the nostrils, where it is filtered by nasal
hairs and mucus.
Pharynx: The throat, where the air from the nostrils passes down to the
trachea.
Larynx (Voice Box): Located at the top of the trachea, it contains vocal cords
that produce sound when air passes through.
Protruding voice box in males called Adam’s apple
Trachea (Windpipe): A tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, made of
cartilage to keep it open.
Rings of cartilage : Prevents trachea from collapsing
Bronchi: The two tubes that branch off from the trachea and carry air into
each lung.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches of the bronchi, leading to the alveoli.
Alveoli: (balloon like) Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange (oxygen
and carbon dioxide) takes place.
Lungs: The main organs of respiration, where the alveoli are located.
Diaphragm: A dome-shaped muscle below the lung

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 Process of Breathing
Inhalation (Inspiration):
Air enters the lungs when the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and
the rib cage expands. This increases the volume of the chest cavity.
Exhalation (Expiration):
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, and the rib cage contracts. This
reduces the chest cavity volume.

Gas Exchange in the Lungs

In the Alveoli:
This exchange occurs by diffusion—a process where gases move from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Breathe in:
nitrogen 78%
oxygen 21%
carbon dioxide 0.036%

Breathe out:
nitrogen 78%,
oxygen 16%
carbon dioxide 4.4%

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 Human Circulartory
System
Blood Plasma Red Blood Cells (RBCs) / Erythrocytes:
The liquid portion of blood (about 55% Description: Biconcave, flexible cells
of blood volume). responsible for oxygen transport
Composition: (about 45% of blood volume).
Water (90%): Solvent for Main Function: Carry oxygen from
transporting substances. the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide
Proteins (8%): Includes: from tissues to lungs.
1. Albumins Key Features:
2. Globulins Contain hemoglobin (a protein
3. Fibrinogen that binds to oxygen).
No nucleus (in mammals) to
maximize space for hemoglobin.
Lifespan: About 120 days.

White Blood Cells (WBCs) / Leukocytes:(ameoboid Platelets / Thrombocytes:

shape)
Involved in blood clotting.
Description: Part of the immune
system, defending the body against Key Proteins Involved:
infections (less than 1% of blood Fibrinogen: Converts into fibrin to
volume). form a clot.
Life span of WBCs is 13 - 20 days. Platelet-derived growth factor
Types of WBCs: (PDGF): Stimulates healing of
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, damaged tissue.
Eosinophils, Basophils

Important:-
Plasma (55%): Water, proteins, nutrients, waste, hormones.
Red Blood Cells (45%): Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
White Blood Cells (<1%): Immune defense.
Platelets (<1%): Blood clotting.

Blood group type

Blood group was discovered
by Karl Landsteiner
Rh Factor Positive meaning
protein present.
Rh Factor negative meaning
protein absent.

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 Blood Circulation

Arteries: Carry blood away

from the heart (thick
walls, high pressure).
Trick: Arteries Away from the
heart.

Veins: Carry blood towards

the heart (thin walls, low
pressure).
Trick: Veins Visiting the heart.

Capillaries: Very thin

vessels where the exchange
of gases and nutrients
occurs.

Types of Circulation:

Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flows between the heart and lungs.

Mnemonic: "Pulmonary = Pump to the Lungs."

Systemic Circulation: Blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body.
Mnemonic: "Systemic = Send to the System."

Points to Remember
Pacemaker - artificial heart
Sphygmomanometer - To Measure arterial blood pressure
Systole: Heart contracts, 120 mm of Hg pressure
Diastole: Heart relaxes, 80 mm of Hg pressure
Superior and inferior vena cava: from body to right atrium carry deoxygenated
blood
Pulmonary artery - from right atrium to right ventricle through tricuspid walve,
from right ventricle to lungs
Pulmonary vein - from lungs to left atrium, from left atrium to left ventricle
through mitral valve
Aorta: from left ventricle to body, largest artery

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 Human Excretory
System
Kidney :
Basic unit nephron millions of nephron present in
one kidney, right kidney is slightly lower than left
kidney.
Kidney stone made up of calcium oxalate.
The primary organs that filter blood to remove
waste and excess substances.
Ureters: Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys
to the bladder.
Bladder: A storage organ for urine.
Urethra:The tube through which urine is excreted from
the body.
Renal vein: Kidney to heart , deoxygenated blood

Dialysis: Artificial process to remove the waste from blood when both the
kidneys malfunction
Nephron: Glomerulus - ultrafiltration filters everything
Bowman capsule - absorption and removal of nutrients or urea
Urine component
water 95%,
urea 2%
pH 4.5 to 5

Yellow due to Urobilin or Urochrome

Yellow solid waste from anus due to Bilirubin

One liners

Kupffer cells found in livers of mammals , provides ability of regeneration.

In a normal human respires in a minute ___ is 14 - 18 times.
The saliva secreted in the mouth digests- Starch.
Which is the largest gland in human body? - Liver.
In which organ of human body are carbohydrates stored as glycogen? Liver.
Normal blood pressure of man is __ :-120/80 mmHg.
Which scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize for describing the human ABO blood
group system? Karl Landsteiner.
A person with the blood group ___ is considered to be a universal donor - O
negative.
Normal temperature of a human body is 98.7°F or 37°C.
Bombay Blood group (very rare) discovered by Y.M. Bhende ,Mumbai in 1952.

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 Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction: Involves a Sexual Reproduction: Involves two

single parent, offspring are parents (male and female),
genetically identical. offspring inherit traits from both.

Asexual Reproduction

Binary Fission:
The parent cell divides into two equal
daughter cells.
Example: amoeba, paramecium, leishmania

Multiple Fission:
divides into multiple off springs
Example: Plasmodium ( malarial parasite)

Budding:
A small bud forms on the parent, detaches,
and develops into a new organism.
Example: Yeast, Hydra

Spores
Sporangium
Spore Formation:
Special reproductive cells (spores) are
produced that can develop into new
organisms.
Example: Fungi (e.g., bread mold), Ferns food Source

Hyphae

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 Fragmentation:
Multicellular organisms, breaks into
half which is not fully develop and
becomes a new one.
Example: spirogyra and. sea anemone

Regeneration
Repairs or regenerates the
missing part of body only for
simple multicellular organisms.
Example: Hydra, planaria

Vegetative Propagation:
New plants grow from parts
of the parent plant like
stem,roots etc.
Example: Potato (through
tubers), Begonia (through
leaves).

Tissue culture:
Scientific or artificial vegetative
propagation
Example: snake plant

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 Sexual Reproduction

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg).
Offspring show genetic variation.

Human Reproduction:
Male Reproductive System: Includes testes (produce sperm), scrotum, penis,
seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.
Function: Sperm is produced in the testes, stored in the epididymis, and delivered
through the urethra during ejaculation.

Female Reproductive System: Includes ovaries (produce eggs), fallopian tubes,

uterus, and vagina.
Function: Eggs are produced in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes.
If fertilized, the egg implants in the uterus.

male
reproductive
system

female
reproductive
system

Menarche: first menstrual period (puberty and fertility) a female experience

occurs between the ages of 12 and 13

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 Menopause: stage in a woman's life when she can no longer get pregnant
because her menstrual periods permanently stop occurs between the ages of
45 and 55

Reproduction In Plants

Female reproductive Parts:

Stigma: The sticky top
part that captures
pollen.
Style: The tube that
connects the stigma to
the ovary.
Ovary: Contains ovules
(eggs) and is where
fertilization occurs.
Ovules: The female
gametes (eggs) that,
when fertilised, develop
into seeds.

Male reproductive Pats:

Filament: A long, thin stalk that supports the anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen that produces and releases pollen, containing male
gametes.

Sexual Reproduction: Involves the formation of flowers, pollination, fertilization,

and seed formation.
Male Gametes: Pollen (produced in anthers).
Female Gametes: Ovules (found in the ovary).

Pollination:
The transfer of pollen from
the anther to the stigma of
a flower. It can occur
through self-pollination or
cross-pollination.
Example: Transfer of pollen
in flowers like lilies, cross-
pollination in apple trees.

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 Fertilisation:
The fusion of pollen (male gamete) with the ovule (female gamete) to form a
zygote, which grows into an seed.

Development of Zygote:
After fertilisation, the zygote undergoes cell division to form an embryo, which
develops in the uterus.After embryo foetus forms which distinct body parts.
Chromosomes in a human 46 pairs : 23
Girl: XX
Boy: XY

Post-fertilisation changes:
Zygote divides several times and forms an embryo inside the ovule.The ovule
develops a tough coat and changes into the seed.
The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.
Petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma shrivel and fall off.

One liners

Parthenogenesis: A form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an

embryo without being fertilized by a sperm.
Metamorphosis: A biological process involving an abrupt change in the animal’s
body structure due to cell growth and differentiation.
Example : Frogs, butterfly, etc.
Colostrum: The first form of Brest milk that is released by the mammary gland
after giving birth.
Sporophyte Stage is prominent in the group of - Vascular Plant
Blue, red and purple pigments found in plants, flowers, fruits, and tubers are -
Anthocyanins
The structure that produces and hold sperm cells in bryophytes (non-vascular
plant) and ferns is called Antheridium
The transport of male gametes in bryophytes and pteridophytes occurs through -
Water
The microscopic, single - celled photosynthetic organism, known as the primary
producers of the ocean is - Phytoplankton
In the context of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) principle of The principle of
complementarity governs the process of Transcription .
What is the term used for pollination by wind? - Anemophily
The floral part that produces pollen grains is- anther
The innermost part of a flower is called the: Pistil
The pollination of maize takes place by: Pollination by air
Which is a male part of a flower? Stamen
Which is the usual reproductive part of a plant? - flower

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 Nutrition

Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitic Nutrition Symbiotic Nutrition

Organisms feed on Organisms obtain food Organisms live
decaying organic matter from living hosts, often together and share
(e.g., fungi and harming them (e.g., nutrients for mutual
bacteria). tapeworms in humans). benefit (e.g., lichens or
mycorrhizal fungi
with plants).

Nutrition In Animals

Macronutrients

FATS: High energy storage , Storage in adipose tissue

Types of Fats –
Fats can be saturated- single bond (solid at room temperature, e.g., butter)
unsaturated-double/triple bond (liquid at room temperature, e.g., olive oil)
trans fats (artificial, e.g., margarine).

Proteins: Body building nutrients

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds.
Eg: leucine , histidine, lysine and tryptophan are essential amino acids.
Functions – Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, enzymes,
hormones, immune response, and transporting molecules.

Carbohydrates: Provide Energy

types of carbohydrates :
monosaccharide
disaccharide
Benedict’s test : sugar present, or not

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 Micronutrients

Vitamins invented by Sir F.G. Vitamin term was coined by

Hopkins Casimir Funk

Vitamin A
Other Name: Retinol
Deficiency Disease: Night blindness, Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), Immune system
weakening.

Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2
Other Name: Thiamine Other Name: Riboflavin
Deficiency Disease: Beriberi (affects Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis
nervous system, heart), Wernicke- (cracked lips, sore throat, and
Korsakoff syndrome. inflamed tongue).

Vitamin B3 Vitamin B5
Other Name: Niacin (Nicotinic acid) Other Name: Pantothenic Acid
Deficiency Disease: Pellagra
(dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia).

Vitamin B6 Vitamin B7
Other Name: Pyridoxine Other Name: Biotin
Deficiency Disease: Microcytic anemia, Deficiency Disease: Hair loss,
irritability, depression, confusion. dermatitis

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 Vitamin B9 Vitamin B12
Other Name: Folate (Folic acid) Involved in red blood cell formation,
Deficiency Disease: Megaloblastic neurological function and DNA synthesis
anemia, neural tube defects in embryos Other Name: Cobalamin
(spina bifida). Deficiency Disease: Pernicious anemia,
nerve damage, fatigue.

Vitamin C Vitamin D
Other Name: Ascorbic Acid
Other Name: Calciferol
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy (bleeding
Deficiency Disease: Rickets (in children),
gums, weakness, and poor wound
Osteomalacia (in adults), osteoporosis.
healing).

Vitamin E Vitamin K
Other Name: Tocopherol Other Name: Phylloquinone (K1),
Deficiency Disease: Neurological Menaquinone (K2)
problems, muscle weakness, Deficiency Disease: Excessive
bleeding, easy bruising, and impaired
blood clotting.

water soluble: B and C

Fat soluble: A,D,E,K

Minerals:
Calcium
Function: Bone and teeth formation, muscle function, nerve transmission.
Deficiency: Osteoporosis, rickets, muscle cramps.
Sources: Dairy products, leafy greens, fortified foods.

Iron
Function: Essential for hemoglobin, oxygen transport in the blood.
Deficiency: Anemia, fatigue, weakness.
Sources: Red meat, beans, spinach, fortified cereals.

Magnesium
Function: Muscle and nerve function, energy production, bone health.
Deficiency: Muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue.
Sources: Nuts, seeds, whole grains, leafy greens.

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 Nutrition In Plants

Macronutrients Micronutrients

Nitrogen (N)
Iron (Fe)
Phosphorus (P)
Manganese (Mn)
Potassium (K)
Zinc (Zn)
Calcium (Ca)
Copper (Cu)
Magnesium (Mg)
Boron (B)
Sulfur (S)
Molybdenum (Mo)
oxygen
Chlorine (Cl)
Carbon
Nickel (Ni)
Hydrogen

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert
light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.
The requirements for photosynthesis are:
Light
Water (H₂O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
Chlorophyll
Temperature
The general reaction for photosynthesis is:
6CO2v+ 6H2O+ light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 ​+ 6H2​O + light energy →
C6H12​O6 ​+ 6O2​

Note :-

Stomata are small pores on the surface of leaves that allow gas
exchange and transpiration , while guard cells are specialized cells that
control the opening and closing of stomata.

One Liners
Turgor pressure causes enlargement, and elongation of growth cells in plants.
Garlic is a good source of manganese and selenium.
Chloroplast have thylakoids, which have chlorophyll.
Severe deficiency of food and nutrition nutrition causes Marasmus

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 Diseases
Communicable disease: Non-communicable Chronic disease:
A disease that can disease: A long-lasting disease
spread from person A disease that cannot that persists for a year
to person; be transmitted between or more;
Example - influenza people. Example - heart disease.
Example - diabetes

Epidemic: Endemic: Pandemic:

A sudden outbreak of a A disease regularly found A widespread occurrence
disease affecting many in a particular area or of an infection disease over
people in a specific area. population. a whole country or the
Example -Ebola Example - malaria in world at a particular time.
outbreak sub-Saharan Africa.

Bacteria
Prokaryotes , unicellular and living genetic material is called genome.
Can be treated using antibiotics.

Tuberculosis (TB) – Mycobacterium tuberculosis, airborne, affects lungs and other

organs.
Vaccine- BCG (Bacilius Calmette Guerin)
Pneumonia – Streptococcus pneumoniae, transmitted via droplets, causes severe
lung infection.
Cholera – Vibrio cholerae, contaminated water, leads to severe dehydration and
diarrhoea. Death known as blue death
Tetanus/Lock jaw – Clostridium tetani, transmitted through open wounds, causes
muscle spasms and lockjaw.
Typhoid Fever – Salmonella Typhi, contaminated food/water, causes fever,
abdominal pain, and weakness.
Leprosy – Mycobacterium leprae, prolonged close contact, affects skin and
peripheral nerves, causing disfigurement.
Diphtheria – nose and throat infection
Gonorrhea – Neisseria gonorrhoeae, sexual contact, causes painful urination and
possible infertility.
Meningitis
Whooping Cough (Pertussis) – Bordetella pertussis, airborne droplets, causes severe
coughing fits.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) – Escherichia coli, fecal contamination, causes
painful urination and kidney infections.

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 Virus

Genetic material in coded in a protein envelope called as capsid : DNA, RNA

Behaviour as nonliving outside, become active after getting into a host cannot
be treated with antibiotics

Influenza (Flu) – Influenza virus, airborne droplets, causes fever, body aches, and
respiratory symptoms.
COVID-19 – SARS-CoV-2, airborne, causes respiratory illness and can lead to
severe complications.
Jaundice
HIV/AIDS – ( human immuno deficiency virus) , blood/sexual contact, attacks the
immune system, leading to AIDS (acquired immuno deficiency syndrome ) ELISA
TEST enzyme linked immuno sorbent Assay
Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B virus, blood/sexual contact, causes chronic liver disease
and cancer risk.
Measles – airborne, highly contagious, causes fever and rash
Smallpox – airborne/direct contact, causes severe skin lesions, eradicated via
vaccination.
Chickenpox – airborne/direct contact, causes itchy rash, vaccine available.
Polio – Poliovirus, fecal-oral route, can cause paralysis
Rabies – Rabies virus, animal bites, fatal if untreated, affects the nervous
system.
Dengue Fever – Dengue virus, Aedes mosquitoes, causes high fever, joint pain, and
bleeding.
Zika Virus – Zika virus, Aedes mosquitoes/sexual contact, linked to birth defects
in newborns.
Ebola Virus Disease – Ebola virus, direct contact with bodily fluids, causes
hemorrhagic fever and high fatality.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) – HSV-1 (oral), HSV-2 (genital), direct contact,
causes painful sores.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – HPV, sexual contact, linked to cervical cancer
and genital warts, vaccine available.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) – H5N1 virus, direct contact with infected birds, can
cause severe illness and death in humans.

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 Fungi

Athlete's Foot – causes itching, scaling, and redness on feet.

Ringworm – causes circular, scaly rashes on skin, nails, and scalp.
Aspergillosis – Aspergillus species, inhalation of airborne spores, causes
respiratory symptoms and can be severe in immunocompromised individuals.
Scabies - skin disease
Baldness
Asthma

Protozoa

Malaria – Plasmodium species, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, causes

fever, chills, and can be fatal if untreated. ( VIVAX TEST) (25th April malaria
day)
Amoebiasis – Entamoeba histolytica, fecal-oral transmission, causes dysentery
and liver abscesses.
Leishmaniasis/ Kala azar – Leishmania species, transmitted by sandflies, causes
skin ulcers and can lead to organ damage if untreated.
Sleeping sickness - Trypanosoma, Tse Tse fly

Genetic Disorders

Caused due to gene malfunction

Down syndrome - Caused by an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), results in
developmental delays, intellectual disability, and distinct physical features.
Thalassaemia
Sickle Cell anaemia
Colour blindness
Turner syndrome X chromosome is missing seen only in female
Albinism ( no melanin)
Angel man Syndrome
klienfelter Syndrome (Presence of an extra copy of X chromosome In males)

Plant diseases

By bacteria: Bacterial Blight (caused by Xanthomonas species) & Bacterial Wilt

By virus: Tobacco mosaic & Barley yellow dwarf
By fungi: Late blight of potato & rust of wheat

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 Important points

The cells which are responsible for the production of antibodies are -lymphocytes
The heat treatment applied to milk before distribution to stabilise and to remove
disease causing bacteria is - Pasteurisation
Full form of the infectious disease SARS is - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
The radioactive Strontium-90 causes - skin cancer
The disease that has been eradicated from the world is - Small pox
An organism that transmits disease from one individual to another is called :-
Vector
Malaria can be cured with a drug "quinine" extracted from - Cinchona tree
Who discovered that Malaria was caused by female Anopheles mosquito? -Ronald
Ross
Itai-Itai - excess cadmium
Black foot - arsenic
Minmata - poisoning of mercury
Kwashiorkor - deficiency of proteins
Housefly spreads - Typhoid
The Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk and the Oral Polio
Vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin
Zoonotic disease: disease which can be spread among humans and animals both
Example COVID-19
Hyponatremia - abnormally low sodium in blood.
Glaucoma - Hereditary eye disease eye pressure high
Trachoma - Bacterial
Burning feet syndrome - vit B5
Retrovirus - RNA genetic material

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 Important Discoveries
& Persons

Parthasarathy Iyengar - Father of Indian phycology

Discovery of Cells - Robert Hooke (1665) Father of cytology
Theory of Evolution/ Theory of Natural Selection - Charles Darwin (1859)
Heredity and Genetic Inheritance - Gregor Mendel (1865)
Structure of DNA (Double Helix Model) - James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)
Discovery of Ribosomes - George Palade (1955)
Discovery of Mitochondrial Function - Peter Mitchell (1961)
Discovery of Lysosomes - Christian de Duve (1955)
Discovery of Insulin - Frederick Banting & Charles Best (1921)
Triple helical structure of collagen - G.N. Ramachandran
Structure of protein - Linus Pauling and Robert Corey
Discovery of lipids - E Gorter and F Grandel (1925)
Coined term chromatin - Walther Flemming (1882)
Coined term gene - Wilhelm Johannsen
Laws of Hereditary: Johann Gregor Mendel
Polio vaccine - Johan E. Salk
Vitamin - Casmir Funk
Insulin/ Diabetes - Banting
Chicken pox vaccine - Edward Jenner
Hormones by EH Starling
Pyramid of Numbers term coined by Charles Elton in 1972
BCG vaccine Leon Calmette
Ecology term by Ernest Hackel
Ecosystem term by Arthur Tansley

Important Books

Systema Naturae - Carolus Linnaeus 1735

On the Origin of Species (1859) – Charles Darwin
The Selfish Gene (1976) – Richard Dawkins
The Structure of DNA (1953) – James D. Watson & Francis Crick
The Double Helix (1968) – James D. Watson
The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae - FE Fritsch 1935

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 Important Amino Acids

Essential amino acids - 9

Non-essential amino acids - 11
Alanine: Involved in glucose metabolism and provides energy to muscles.
Glutamine: Supports immune function, gut health, and nitrogen metabolism.
Glycine: Acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and aids in collagen synthesis.
Leucine: Essential for muscle protein synthesis and regulates blood sugar
levels.
Lysine: Important for protein synthesis, collagen formation, and calcium
absorption.
Tryptophan: Precursor for serotonin and niacin, regulates mood and sleep.
Methionine: Sulfur donor, involved in methylation and detoxification.
Phenylalanine: Precursor for neurotransmitters like dopamine and
norepinephrine.
Valine: Promotes muscle growth, energy production, and supports mental
function.
Arginine: Produces nitric oxide for blood flow, wound healing, and immune
support.
Aspartic Acid: Plays a role in the urea cycle and acts as a neurotransmitter.

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 Important One Liners

Most important protein component in milk - casein

In honey bees the females are diploid having 32 chromosomes males are
haploid with 16 chromosomes.
Gonyaulax belong to Dinoflagellates
The size of PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms) ranging from 0.1 to
0.3 mm
Hair, nails, horns , hoofs made of Keratin
Metal in insulin : Zinc
Clove obtained from flower bud.
The pigment that gives human skin, hair and eyes their colour is called:
Melanin
Which bacteria is responsible for the formation of curd? - Lactobacillus
Acidophillus
Fiber diet includes - Cellulose
Cholesterol is related to - Fats
___is the sweetest sugar. - Fructose
The form of carbohydrate which is synthesised in plants - Glucose
Muscles fatigue occurs due to accumulation of - Lactic acid
IODINE solution is used to test the presence of - Starch
Animal protein ( meat and fish) is called first class protein because it is
- rich In essential amino acids
What name was assigned to the world's first clone of an adult Sheep by
the British scientists? - Dolly
An EEG is a test used to evaluate the electrical activity in the brain. __ is
the full form of EEG. - Electro-encephalo-gram
The colour of cow's milk is slightly yellow due to the presence of -
Carotene
____is used in the treatment of cancer? Chemotherapy
Vaccine for Small pox was discovered by - Edward Jenner
___is a hormone at regulates the amount of glucose (level of sugar) in the
blood - Insulin
Normal fasting blood sugar level per 100 ml of blood in man is - 80-
100mg

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