Personality - 10th Edition

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 To Marlene

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Brief Contents
Preface xvii
About the Author xix

1 What Is Personality? 1

2 Personality Research Methods 13

3 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory,

Application, and Assessment 33

4 The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research 59

5 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian

­Theory, Application, and Assessment 81

6 The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research 109

7 The Trait Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 134

8 The Trait Approach: Relevant Research 165

9 The Biological Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 199

10 The Biological Approach: Relevant Research 227

11 The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 252

12 The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research 280

13 The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Theory,

Application, and Assessment 310

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 vi Brief Contents

14 The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:

­Relevant Research 340

15 The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 375

16 The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research 396

Appendix 415
Glossary 419
References 421
Name Index 487
Subject Index 505

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents
Preface xvii
About the Author xix

1 What Is Personality? 1
The Person and the Situation 2
Defining Personality 3
Six Approaches to Personality 4
Two Examples: Aggression and Depression 6
Personality and Culture 9
The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment,
and Research 11
Summary 12

2 Personality Research Methods 13

The Hypothesis-Testing Approach 15
Theories and Hypotheses 15
Experimental Variables 17
Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent
Variables 19
Prediction Versus Hindsight 21
Replication 21
The Case Study Method 22
Statistical Analysis of Data 24
Statistical Significance 25
Correlation Coefficients 25
Personality Assessment 28
Reliability 28
Validity 29
Summary 31

vii

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 viii Contents

3 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory,

Application, and Assessment 33
Freud Discovers the Unconscious 34
The Freudian Theory of Personality 37
The Topographic Model 37
The Structural Model 38
Libido and Thanatos 39
Defense Mechanisms 40
Psychosexual Stages of Development 43
Getting at Unconscious Material 46
Application: Psychoanalysis 49
Assessment: Projective Tests 51
Some Popular Projective Tests 51
Evaluation of Projective Tests 53
Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theory 55
Strengths 55
Criticisms 56
Summary 57

4 The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research 59

Dream Interpretation 60
The Meaning of Dream Content 61
The Function of Dreams 64
Interpreting the Evidence 65
Defense Mechanisms 65
Identifying and Measuring Defense Mechanisms 66
Developmental Differences 67
Defensive Style 69
Humor 70
Freud’s Theory of Humor 70
Research on Freud’s Theory of Humor 71
Hypnosis 74
What Is Hypnosis? 75
Hypnotic Responsiveness 78
Summary 80

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Contents ix

5 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian

Theory, Application, and Assessment 81
Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory 83
Alfred Adler 83
Striving for Superiority 84
Parental Influence on Personality Development 85
Birth Order 86
Carl Jung 87
The Collective Unconscious 88
Some Important Archetypes 88
Evidence for the Collective Unconscious 89
Erik Erikson 91
Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle 92
Karen Horney 96
Neurosis 97
Feminine Psychology 100
Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion 101
Assessment: Personal Narratives 103
Measuring Personality with Personal Narratives 103
Generativity and Life Stories 104
Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories 105
Strengths 105
Criticisms 106
Summary 107

6 The Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research 109

Anxiety and Coping Strategies 110
Coping with Anxiety 112
Types of Coping Strategies 112
How Effective Are Coping Strategies? 114
Coping Flexibility and Resilience 116
Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression 118
Frustration and Aggression 119
Displaced Aggression 121
Catharsis and Aggression 123

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 x Contents

Attachment Style and Adult Relationships 124

Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory 125
Adult Attachment Styles 126
Alternate Models and Measurement 128
Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships 129
Summary 132

7 The Trait Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 134
The Trait Approach 135
Important Trait Theorists 137
Gordon Allport 137
Henry Murray 140
Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure
of Personality 140
The Big Five 142
Ongoing Questions Related to the Big Five Model 147
The Situation Versus Trait Controversy 149
Criticism of the Trait Approach 149
In Defense of Personality Traits 151
Application: The Big Five in the Workplace 153
Assessment: Self-Report Inventories 155
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 156
Problems with Self-Report Inventories 156
Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Approach 161
Strengths 161
Criticisms 161
Summary 163

8 The Trait Approach: Relevant Research 165

Achievement Motivation 166
Gender, Culture, and Achievement 168
Attributions 169
Achievement Goals 170

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 Contents xi

Type A, Hostility and Health 174

Type A as a Personality Variable 175
Hostility and Health 176
Social Anxiety 179
Characteristics of Socially Anxious People 181
Explaining Social Anxiety 183
Emotions 184
Emotional Affectivity 185
Affect Intensity 188
Emotional Expressiveness 190
Optimism and Pessimism 193
Dealing with Adversity 194
Optimism and Health 196
Summary 197

9  he Biological Approach: Theory, Application,

T
and Assessment 199
Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality 201
The Structure of Personality 201
A Biological Basis for Personality 203
Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity
and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems 204
Temperament 208
Temperament and Personality 208
Inhibited and Uninhibited Children 210
Evolutionary Personality Psychology 213
Natural Selection and Psychological Mechanisms 214
Anxiety and Social Exclusion 215
Application: Children’s Temperaments and School 216
Temperament and Academic Performance 217
Matching Temperament and Teaching 218
Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral
Asymmetry 219
Measuring Brain Activity 219
Cerebral Asymmetry 220
Individual Differences in Cerebral Asymmetry 221

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 xii Contents

Strengths and Criticisms of the Biological Approach 223

Strengths 223
Criticisms 224
Summary 225

10 
The Biological Approach: Relevant
Research 227
Heritability of Personality Traits 228
Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences 229
Interpreting the Heritability Findings 234
Extraversion–Introversion 235
The Heritability of Extraversion 236
Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level 238
Extraversion and Happiness 239
Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection 242
What Men Look for in Women 243
What Women Look for in Men 247
Conclusions and Limitations 250
Summary 251

11 The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application,

and Assessment 252
The Roots of Humanistic Psychology 254
Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach 255
Personal Responsibility 255
The Here and Now 256
The Experience of the Individual 256
Personal Growth 257
Carl Rogers 257
The Fully Functioning Person 257
Anxiety and Defense 259
Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard 260
Abraham Maslow 261
Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs 261
Misconceptions About Maslow’s Need Hierarchy 265
The Study of Psychologically Healthy People 265

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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 Contents xiii

The Psychology of Optimal Experience 267

Optimal Experience 267
Finding Happiness in Everyday Activities 268
Application: Person-Centered Therapy 270
Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique 272
Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach 276
Strengths 276
Criticisms 277
Summary 278

12 The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research 280

Self-Disclosure 281
Disclosure Reciprocity 283
Self-Disclosure Among Friends and Romantic Partners 284
Disclosing Men and Disclosing Women 285
Disclosing Traumatic Experiences 285
Loneliness 288
Chronically Lonely People 291
The Causes of Loneliness 293
Self-Esteem 294
Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure 295
Contingencies of Self-Worth 297
Self-Esteem and Culture 300
Solitude 302
Time Alone 303
Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude 306
Summary 309

13 The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:

Theory, Application, and Assessment 310
Behaviorism 311
Basic Principles of Conditioning 315
Classical Conditioning 315
Operant Conditioning 316
Social Learning Theory 320
Social-Cognitive Theory 322

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 xiv Contents

Reciprocal Determinism 323

Imagination and Self-Regulation 324
Observational Learning 324
Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy
in Psychotherapy 327
Behavioral Explanations of Psychological Disorders 327
Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy 329
Self-Efficacy 331
Assessment: Behavior Observation Methods 333
Direct Observation 334
Self-Monitoring 334
Observation by Others 336
Strengths and Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning
Approach 336
Strengths 336
Criticisms 337
Summary 338

14 
The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research 340
Gender Roles 341
Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity 343
Gender Type and Well-Being 345
Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships 346
Social Pressure to Act Masculine or Feminine 349
Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion 350
Observational Learning of Aggression 352
Bandura’s Four-Step Model 352
Mass Media Aggression and Aggressive Behavior 356
Violent Video Games 358
Learned Helplessness 360
Learning to Be Helpless 361
Learned Helplessness in Humans 362
Some Applications of Learned Helplessness 362
Locus of Control 366
Locus of Control and Well-Being 367
Locus of Control and Health 370
Summary 373

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents xv

15  he Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application,

T
and Assessment 375
Personal Construct Theory 376
Personal Construct Systems 377
Inadequate Personal Constructs 379
Cognitive Personality Variables 380
Cognitive Representations of the Self 381
Self-Schemas 381
Possible Selves 386
Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy 387
Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy 388
Assessment: The Repertory Grid Technique 391
Strengths and Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach 394
Strengths 394
Criticisms 394
Summary 395

16 The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research 396

Cognitions and Aggression 397
General Aggression Model 397
Reactive Aggression in Boys 400
Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal 402
Emotional Memories 402
Memories About Relationships 404
Cognitions and Depression 407
Negative Schemas 408
Negative Cognitive Style 411
Summary 414

Appendix 415
Glossary 419
References 421
Name Index 487
Subject Index 505

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.