Ministry of Higher Education

Higher Technological Institute

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Communication 2
EEC 223
Group 1

Submitted To:
Dr. Suzan El Garhy & Eng. Asmaa Elsayed

Submitted by: Osama jamal

Id:32021074

I
 Table of Contents
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... II
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... III
1. Introduction: ........................................................................................................................... 1
2. System Components:............................................................................................................... 1
3. MATLAB Code: ...................................................................................................................... 1
4. MATLAB implementation: ..................................................................................................... 3
5. Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................. 3

II
 Abstract
Delta Modulation (DM) is a simplified method of analog-to-digital signal conversion that
efficiently encodes the difference between successive samples. This report explores the principles
and implementation of Delta Modulation in digital communication systems. The process involves
sampling an analog signal and encoding the changes between samples as binary output,
reducing the bit rate compared to traditional Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The report details
the design of a Delta Modulation system using MATLAB, demonstrating the generation of a
message signal, the modulation process, and the subsequent demodulation to recover the
original signal. Through simulations, we analyze the performance of Delta Modulation under
various parameters, highlighting its advantages in bandwidth efficiency and simplicity. The
findings indicate that DM is particularly suited for applications requiring low data rates, such as
voice transmission and telemetry, making it a valuable technique in modern digital
communication systems.

III
1. Introduction:
Delta Modulation is a simple form of digital encoding, where only the change between
samples is encoded, rather than their absolute values. This reduces the complexity and
bandwidth requirements.

2. System Components:
a. Message Signal:
➢ An analog signal (sine wave in this case) is generated to simulate the information
we want to transmit.
b. Delta Modulation Process:
➢ The signal is sampled, and based on whether the current sample is higher or
lower than the previous one, the DM signal is generated using a fixed step size.
c. Demodulation Process:
➢ The received DM signal is processed to retrieve the original message by
incrementing or decrementing the previous sample based on the DM signal.

3. MATLAB Code:
% Optimized Delta Modulation Implementation in MATLAB
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
Ts = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
t = 0:Ts:1; % Time vector
fm = 10; % Frequency of the message signal (Hz)
Am = 1; % Amplitude of the message signal (V)

% Message Signal (Analog)

message_signal = Am * sin(2 * pi * fm * t);

% Delta Modulation parameters

step_size = 0.1; % Fixed step size for modulation
num_samples = length(message_signal);
dm_signal = zeros(1, num_samples); % Preallocate DM signal
prev_sample = 0; % Previous sample initialization

% Delta Modulation Process using Vectorization

for i = 1:num_samples
if (message_signal(i) > prev_sample)
dm_signal(i) = 1; % Increase
prev_sample = prev_sample + step_size; % Update previous sample
else
dm_signal(i) = 0; % Decrease
prev_sample = prev_sample - step_size; % Update previous sample
end
end

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% Plotting the results
figure;

% Message Signal
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, message_signal, 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Message Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Delta Modulated Signal

subplot(3,1,2);
stairs(t, dm_signal, 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Delta Modulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('DM Signal');
grid on;

% Demodulation
demodulated_signal = zeros(1, num_samples);
prev_sample = 0; % Reset previous sample for demodulation

for i = 1:num_samples
if (dm_signal(i) == 1)
prev_sample = prev_sample + step_size; % Increase
else
prev_sample = prev_sample - step_size; % Decrease
end
demodulated_signal(i) = prev_sample; % Update demodulated signal
end

% Reconstructed Signal
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, demodulated_signal, 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

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4. MATLAB implementation:
The provided MATLAB code initializes parameters, generates the message signal,
performs delta modulation, and then demodulates the signal.
The results are plotted in three subplots: the original message signal, the delta-modulated
signal, and the demodulated signal.

5. Conclusion:
In conclusion, Delta Modulation (DM) presents a compelling method for converting
analog signals into digital formats while maintaining efficiency in bandwidth usage. This
report has demonstrated the fundamental principles of Delta Modulation, showcasing its
capability to encode the differences between successive samples rather than their
absolute values. The MATLAB implementation illustrated the complete process—from
signal generation and modulation to demodulation and signal recovery.

The advantages of Delta Modulation, such as its simplicity and reduced bit rate
requirements, make it particularly suitable for applications where bandwidth constraints
are critical, such as voice encoding and low-rate telemetry systems. Although DM may
exhibit limitations in terms of signal fidelity and susceptibility to error under varying
conditions, its effectiveness in specific contexts underscores its relevance in modern
digital communication.

Future work could explore enhancements to DM, such as adaptive step size techniques,
which could improve performance and robustness. Overall, Delta Modulation remains a
foundational technique in digital communications, providing a practical solution for
efficient data transmission.