Deeshri Thapa

2210712

MyClo : Revolutionizing Sustainable Fashion

BSc (Hons) Computer Science and Software Engineering

Final Report

Department of Computer Science and

Technology

The University of Bedfordshire

Supervisor: Manish Kumar Tamang

AY 24/25
 ASSIGNMENT TOP SHEET
Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies & Science
Department of Computer Science & Technology

Student Ref. No 2210712 Unit Code: CIS017-3

Unit Name: Deadline for Submission(s)
Undergraduate Project Friday 11th April 2025
Student's Surname: Thapa Student's Forename: Deeshri

Unit Leader's Name: Supervisor:

Enjie Liu Manish Kumar Tamang

Assignment Details:

Assessment 2: Final Report

Instructions to Student:

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Signature (Print Name): Deeshri Thapa Date: 11th April 2025

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CAAS confirmation...................................................................................................................

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Student Id: 2210712
MyClo

Abstract
MyClo is an innovative circular fashion platform designed to increase sustainability in
the fashion industry through the facilitation of buying, selling, and exchanging
secondhand clothing. Unlike conventional e-commerce platforms, MyClo incorporates
sentiment analysis into its recommendation engine to deliver personalized fashion
suggestions based on user reviews, preferences, and feedback. This integration enables
a more dynamic and individualized consumer experience, matching users with items
that align with their aesthetic preferences while considering the ecological impact of
fashion consumption. By focusing on secondhand clothing, MyClo challenges fast
fashion models, reduce waste, and promotes more sustainable fashion choices. This
thesis documents the development process, technical implementation, challenges
encountered, and future enhancements of the MyClo platform.
Keywords: Circular Fashion, Sentiment Analysis, Sustainable E-commerce,
Recommendation Systems, Laravel, React, ORM

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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor for their unwavering support,
insightful guidance, and invaluable feedback throughout the entire development process of the
MyClo platform. Their extensive knowledge and keen eye for detail played a pivotal role in
shaping the technical direction of the project. From helping to resolve complex architectural
challenges to offering constructive suggestions that significantly enhanced the platform’s
efficiency and scalability, their mentorship has been both inspiring and instrumental to the
success of this work.

I am also profoundly thankful to my peers and the early users who graciously dedicated their
time to test the application and share their experiences. Their honest feedback and thoughtful
suggestions were essential in identifying usability improvements and aligning the platform
more closely with real-world user expectations. Their contributions ensured that MyClo not
only functions effectively but also deliver a meaningful and user-centered experience.

To all who contributed their time, insights, and encouragement—I am sincerely grateful.

With sincere thanks,

Student Name: Deeshri Thapa

Student ID: 2210712

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 Table of Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... ii
Table for Figures ....................................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Proposed Solution ............................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Aim and Objective .......................................................................................................... 1
1.5 Target user ........................................................................................................................ 2
Primary Users..................................................................................................................... 2
Secondary Users................................................................................................................. 2
Tertiary Users ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Intellectual Changes ......................................................................................................... 2
2. Project Plan ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Gantt Chart ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Work Breakdown Structure .............................................................................................. 6
3. Literature Review............................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Circular Economy in Fashion .......................................................................................... 7
Transition from Linear to Circular Models ........................................................................ 7
3.1.1 Consumer Motivations and Behavior ....................................................................... 7
3.2 Challenges in Sustainable Fashion Adoption ................................................................... 7
Consumer Attitude-Behavior Gap...................................................................................... 7
3.2.1 Product Lifecycle Considerations ............................................................................. 7
3.3 Recommender Systems in Fashion E-commerce ............................................................. 8
3.3.1 Deep Learning Applications ..................................................................................... 8
4. Market Research ................................................................................................................ 9
4.1 Secondary Market Research ............................................................................................ 9
4.2 Primary Market Research .............................................................................................. 10
4.2.1 Survey Questions .................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 11
5. Artefact Planning ............................................................................................................. 17
 5.1 System Requirement ...................................................................................................... 17
5.1.1 Functional Requirement .......................................................................................... 17
5.1.2 Non-functional Requirement .................................................................................. 18
5.2 System Architecture Design ........................................................................................... 19
5.2.1 UML Design ............................................................................................................... 19
5.2.2 Activity Diagram ......................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Entity-relationship Diagram........................................................................................... 22
5.4 Database Schema ........................................................................................................... 23
5.5 UI (User Interface) ......................................................................................................... 27
6. Testing Plan ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.1 Unit Testing .................................................................................................................... 37
7. Evaluation Plan ................................................................................................................ 38
8. Development .................................................................................................................... 39
8.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 39
9. Testing .............................................................................................................................. 40
10. Evaluation .................................................................................................................... 52
10.1 User Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 52
10.2 Performance Analysis .................................................................................................. 53
11. Critical Analysis ........................................................................................................... 54
12. Limitations and Future Scope ...................................................................................... 55
13. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 56
14. References .................................................................................................................... 57
15. Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 59
15.1 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................... 59
15.2 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................... 65
15.3 Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................... 67
15.4 Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................... 68
 Table for Figures

Figure 1: Planning Phase Gantt Chart’ ...................................................................................... 4

Figure 2: Development Phase Gantt Chart ................................................................................ 4
Figure 3: Work Breakdown Structure ........................................................................................ 6
Figure 4:Survey response 1 ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5: Survey response 2 ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6:Survey response 3 ..................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Survey response 4 .................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8: Survey response 5 ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 9: Survey response 6 ..................................................................................................... 14
Figure 10: Survey response 7 ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 11: Survey response 8 ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 12: Survey response 9 ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 13:Survey response 10 .................................................................................................. 16
Figure 14: Use Case Diagram .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 15: Activity Diagram .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 16: Erd .......................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 17: Signup UI ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 18: Login UI ................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 19: Product Details UI .................................................................................................. 30
Figure 20: Customer Dashboard UI ......................................................................................... 30
Figure 21: My Cart UI ............................................................................................................. 31
Figure 22: User Profile UI ....................................................................................................... 32
Figure 23: Upload Product UI.................................................................................................. 33
Figure 24: Order History UI .................................................................................................... 34
Figure 25: Admin dashboard UI .............................................................................................. 35
Figure 26: Admin Info-order UI .............................................................................................. 35
Figure 27: Admin Info-customer UI ........................................................................................ 36
Figure 28: Admin Store-setting UI ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 29: Unit test code .......................................................................................................... 40
Figure 30: Unit test code .......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 31: Unit test result ........................................................................................................ 41
Figure 32: AdvancedAuthTest.php .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 33: AdvancedAuthTest.php .......................................................................................... 43
Figure 34: AdvancedAuthTest.php .......................................................................................... 44
Figure 35: AdvancedAuthTest.php .......................................................................................... 45
Figure 36: AdvancedAuthTest.php .......................................................................................... 46
Figure 37: Empty input field .................................................................................................... 47
Figure 38: Already existing email ............................................................................................ 48
Figure 39: Invalid credentials .................................................................................................. 48
Figure 40: Login before adding to cart .................................................................................... 49
Figure 41: uploading products error ........................................................................................ 50
Figure 42: Search functionality ................................................................................................ 50
Figure 43: Review .................................................................................................................... 51
Student Id: 2210712
MyClo

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
There are some problems regarding fashion industry to discuss, and the main problems that
they deal with are overproduction and over consumption. This could possibly be the answer to
these questions: this is the circular fashion in contemporary phenomenon, the idea of effective
reuse and recycling garments (Brismar, 2017).The planned business model which aims to
support circular fashion– people selling or exchanging used clothes, thus MyClo. Basing on
the subjective way of providing recommended items, MyClo is trying to increase the user
experience using Object–Relational Mapping (ORM).

1.2 Problem Statement

As a result of this development, waste and corporate malfeasance have piled up in the fashion
business. Most online shopping conventional platforms use conventional recommendation
techniques that ignore the emotions of users. Under this oversight, the recommendations
offered to the users are not appealing to users, which greatly degrades their level of use and
satisfaction. Furthermore, these current recommendation systems approaches address the
numeric values without considering the detailed user preferences and behavior, leading to a
limitation of learning the user preferences (Brismar, 2017).

1.3 Proposed Solution

MyClo is an implementation of circular fashion system with an ORM technology driven
recommendation system, utilized for analyzing users’ behavior and preference. Thus, MyClo
takes into consideration reviews as well as ratings for establishing the relationship between a
user, and the garments he owns. ORM models are used to classify the user preferences correctly
and in a fine-grained manner to map the user behavior patterns to the database entities and thus
improve the recommendation system on the platform. These are in the form of a synergy of
user behavior analysis with collaborative filtering to generate complex recommendations (Lu,
n.d.).

1.4 Aim and Objective

The main vision behind MyClo is to build a platform that resonates with the values of the
ebudgies in terms of reducing waste as punters make their fashion decisions.
• Creating an adaptive computing system that provides the recommendations of user
preferences as a manager of users with the aid of efficient ORM.
• Creating an environment of the marketplace, where the users themselves will go to such
an extent as to make it a trusted environment by reporting any bad or fake account or
mitigating the account.
• It is trading, buying and exchanging used clothes, so promoting responsible
consumption.
• To make it evaluate and align with the users’ feedback and preference patterns, try
comparing the recommendation system’s effectiveness to accuracy or F1 scores.

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1.5 Target user

Primary Users
• Environmentally conscious consumers seeking sustainable fashion options
• Fashion enthusiasts are looking to refresh their wardrobes affordably
• Individuals wanting to sell unwanted clothing items
Secondary Users
• Fashion influences promoting sustainable consumption
• Fashion retailers exploring circular business models
• Sustainability advocates monitoring market trends
Tertiary Users
• Researchers studying consumer behavior in circular fashion
• Environmental organizations tracking sustainability metrics
• Fashion industry analysts monitoring market evolution

1.6 Intellectual Changes

• Designing a database structure that efficiently handles complex relationships
between users, products, and transactions
• Ensuring platform security while maintaining a seamless user experience
• Optimizing system performance to handle large volumes of product listings and
user interactions
• Balancing technical complexity with user-friendly design principles

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2. Project Plan
The MyClo project plan describes a 14-week structured development plan to develop an
innovative circular fashion marketplace. A step-by-step process of this comprehensive plan is
started by market research and requirement gathering to understand the user needs and circular
fashion trends before planning a based detailed system architecture. The development phases
start from building a resilient Laravel backend with embedded sentiment analysis
functionalities and a responsive React frontend that presents a clean user interface. Analogous
to this process, documentation will be thorough in each phase so that they are supported in the
development process, as well as in the final thesis submission. Through correlating all these
features, this methodical method ensures that MyClo is a platform that implements the key
features of secure buying and selling secondhand clothing, personalizing recommendations
based on sentiment and promoting sustainable fashion, whilst showing competence in
technology and environmental sustainability.

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2.1 Gantt Chart

Figure 1: Planning Phase Gantt Chart’

The Research and Planning Phase, (2024 Q4) is aimed at identifying project objectives,
customer needs, and requirements. Major activities include topic identification, the market
outline, weekly status reports of the weekly progress, literature search, and the determination
of technical solutions, as well as a contextual report. It forms the basis of development for this
phase.

Figure 2: Development Phase Gantt Chart

I had initially planned to start with frontend development for MyClo, and build the user
interface first, and then connect it to the backend. Consequently, as the project progresses, I
have realized that starting with the backend would be much stronger, a more solid foundation
for the platform. Afterwards, I revamped my timeline to put backend tasks at the top, such as
designing a database, writing out the first bits of some APIs, along with the first layer of an
authentication system, and then implementing the user interface. With this shift in terminology,
I ensured writing the core functionalities of the platform including secure user authentication,
transaction processing, etc. were structurally set which subsequently helps in a sounder
integration to the frontend.
But the backend development phase was longer than expected for several unforeseen reasons.
There was more than I expected in implementing secure user authentication systems with
technologies such as JWT (JSON Web Tokens) and OAuth, which I had to do to guarantee that
these systems were both secure and scalable. Secondly, establishing optimal database queries
to achieve a smooth and functional transition of the actions of the user and the product also
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came with careful planning and execution particularly in accordance with security
vulnerabilities, if any. It also became a challenge to optimize API response times so to deliver
a smooth user experience. The delays in the backend phase had an impact on the frontend
development as the latter had started later than expected as a result. Thus, integration and
testing phases were also delayed, and I had to adjust my timeline and workflow to
accommodate more time spent with backend work. This feeling of defeat only fueled our
determination to build the backend more solidly so that the MyClo’s foundation would be built
upon a solid ground resulting in a more robust and scalable platform in the future.

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2.2 Work Breakdown Structure

Figure 3: Work Breakdown Structure

Based on the workflow of the "MyClo" project, there are two main phases including Research
and Planning and Development. In the research part, objectives for the project are set, literature
is reviewed, the concept of circular fashion and sustainable trends are described, they are
researching target audience by market analysis, competitor analysis and user personas. It
concludes with requirement gathering phase, selecting a technical stack, approval of a project
proposal and contextual report. This is deployment phase which includes platform architecture
creation, creating wire frame and Ui/UX prototyping, backend structures with user
managements system and API integration. ORM techniques for user preferences, feedback and
rating responses are provided. The final stages include checking, debugging, increasing
interactivity, the final version of the prototype and the final demonstration. It brings together a
long-term solution and the required client needs, a critical need in today’s environment.

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3. Literature Review
This literature review discusses the meeting point of circular economy concepts and
sustainable strategies within the fashion sector. The literature reviewed here
investigates consumer behavior, recommendation systems, and sustainable business models
that have the potential to make the conventionally linear
fashion sector an environmentally friendly one.

3.1 Circular Economy in Fashion

Transition from Linear to Circular Models
The clothing industry is coming under increasing
scrutiny given its massive environmental and social impact, especially with the advent of fast
fashion that produces a high volume of textile waste. Various research works identify that the
circular economy (CE) presents a regenerative alternative to conventional linear business
models founded on resource extraction and mass production (Bocken, 2016).The CE presents
a cyclical model of production and consumption that incorporates product reuse and
recycling processes to minimize waste and environmental impact.
3.1.1 Consumer Motivations and Behavior
Research by (Machado, 2024) provides an integrative framework describing consumer
motivations in secondhand fashion consumption. Economic rationale (buying quality products
at low prices), critical/ethical assumptions (environmental consciousness), hedonism, and
recreational aspects are the motivational drivers. Consumers have interrelated motives, such
as emotional attraction and product differentiation as well as monetary gains.
This understanding is crucial for those retailers who seek to enter the secondhand market
segment, as it calls for an attunement to consumer values to move towards a more sustainable
economic model (Machado, 2024).The research highlights the need to analyze these
interconnected motivations in order to strengthen the understanding of behaviors in the
fashion consumption context and determine factors that would promote sustainable
consumption behaviors for textiles and clothing.

3.2 Challenges in Sustainable Fashion Adoption

Consumer Attitude-Behavior Gap
Despite increasing knowledge regarding environmental issues, academic journals point out that
there is a wide gap between consumers' attitudes and actions regarding sustainable fashion
practices. (Wiederhold, 2018) clarifies that although consumers are willing to adopt sustainable
practices, their purchasing behaviors tend to contradict such expressed interests. The gap is
especially wide among women, who value environmental concerns more than men when
buying recycled clothing.
3.2.1 Product Lifecycle Considerations
(Goldsworthy, 2017) introduces the concept of 'fast' and 'slow' materials in fashion, helping to
understand environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle. The research suggests
greater critical analysis at both design phase and end-of-life recovery/recycling strategies. The
Speedcycle model presented provides proof that optimization of physical durability, in-use
duration extension, and end-of-life recyclability optimizes contributions towards
environmental burden minimization.

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3.3 Recommender Systems in Fashion E-commerce

3.3.1 Deep Learning Applications
Recent approaches to fashion recommendation systems incorporate deep learning techniques,
particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which improve recommendation
accuracy through their ability to extract features from images. (Balakrishna, 2024) highlights
the effectiveness of deep ensemble classifiers that interpret outputs from various established
models like MobileNet and DenseNet, increasing the reliability of recommendations with
accuracy rates up to 96% compared to the 8% accuracy of traditional approaches
The literature review recognizes the increasing attention to circular economic principles in the
fashion industry because of growing environmental pressure and consumers' awareness. While
advancements have been made in sustainable business model innovation and technology to
support circular fashion, the challenges lie in consumer behavior, supply chain transparency,
and adopting recommender systems to support sustainable consumption.
Future research needs to bridge the gap between attitudes and behavior of consumers, develop
recommended systems to promote sustainable fashion consumption, and design holistic
strategies involving all stakeholders of the fashion community.

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4. Market Research
4.1 Secondary Market Research
Circular fashion is an attempt to fix and conquer the main flaw of the production and usage of
clothes and textiles within the linear system. There is growth in the consciousness of the
consumption to ecological conservation, technological advancement in recycling, and
sensitivity of sustainable fashion in the industry.
The size of the circular fashion market of the globe was USD 6.09 billion in the year 2023 and
is expected to reach USD 11.00 billion in the coming years, i.e., 2030, with a CAGR of 8.8 %
in the years 2023- 2030. It is a result of an increase in the matter of environmental
consciousness, improved textile recycling facilities, and growing government rules concerning
sustainability. (Anon., 2024)
Competitor Landscape
1. Established Platforms: ThredUP, Poshmark and Depop are some of the best-known
marketplaces incorporating circular fashion. While these platforms are operating in the
same industrial vertical, their purpose is to sell secondhand clothes and there are
different structures:
• ThredUP: Described as macromania for its huge amount of goods offered and
convenient interface, it raises questions about the products’ quality provided.
• Poshmark: Uses a social selling model which incorporates activities aimed at
selling within a social context, but this has the disadvantage of unpredictability
of sellers.
• Depop: Specifically suitable for youth consumer groups and concentrates on
second-hand products, However, interface designs may be considered not very
user-friendly.
2. Emerging Brands: Not to mention, newcomers have been pouring in towards floaters
to focus on sustainability and the ideal production procedures. With environmentally
aware buyers, the products that contain recycled material, or the companies that are
inclined towards upcycling are becoming more popular.
However, it is currently still positive in general to consumers’ attitude towards circular fashion,
more particularly in millennials. Various research has been done which proves that many
consumers are interested in green products and are ready to pay more for green products.
Though, some common problems involve the quality of products from the beginning, where
they come from, as well as shopping on these platforms. (Ltd., 2023)

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4.2 Primary Market Research

4.2.1 Survey Questions
As part of my market research on the primary market for MyClo, I carried out a survey to gain
insights from individuals who regularly manage personal wardrobes and fashion-conscious
users. The survey was conducted to understand their clothing organization habits, the
challenges they face while managing their closet, and the potential interest in a digital wardrobe
management solution like MyClo. The following are the key questions that were included in
the survey:
• How often do you organize your wardrobe?
• Do you face difficulty deciding what to wear daily? (Yes/No/Sometimes)
• Have you ever forgotten you owned a clothing item much later?
(Frequently/Occasionally/Never)
• How many clothing items do you estimate you own? (Less than 30 / 30–60 / 61–100 /
100+)
• Have you used any digital wardrobe or fashion organization app before? (Yes/No)
• If yes, which app(s) have you used, and what was your experience like?
• What features would be most useful to you in a digital closet app? (Multiple selections
allowed – e.g., outfit suggestions, weather-based recommendations, tracking usage,
sharing looks, etc.)
• Would you be interested in using a digital app to manage and organize your wardrobe?
(Yes/Maybe/No)
• How do you currently plan your daily or event-based outfits? (Mentally / On paper /
Using photos / Not at all)
• Would you prefer a feature that suggests outfits based on weather, occasions, or your
preferences? (Yes/No)
• Which device would you most likely use an app like MyClo? (Smartphone / Tablet /
Laptop)
• Would you be willing to pay for a premium version of such an app? (No / Yes – specify
preferred range)
These survey questions helped me identify the everyday challenges people face with wardrobe
management and assess the potential demand for an intuitive, AI-powered closet organizer like
MyClo. The responses played a key role in shaping the features, user interface, and value
proposition of the application, ensuring that it directly addresses user pain points while
enhancing their daily clothing decisions.

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4.2.2 Data Analysis

From this survey, the research seeks to establish the following regarding users, shopping and
sustainable and circular fashion. The collected responses will be used to build an understanding
of the target user and inform the conception of MyClo, a circular fashion platform built using
NLP for recommendation. The results will feed directly into the decisions made by MyClo
regarding the development of further features and services which will be shaped to
accommodate the user’s needs but at the same time will be oriented in encouraging more
sustainable fashion.
1. What is your age group?

Figure 4:Survey response 1

Insight: The aim is to determine the ages of the target customer base and
to study the resulting preferences by different age groups.
2. What is your primary occupation?

Figure 5: Survey response 2

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To recognize possible occupational patterns in the dressing of modern individuals, one has to
determine the professional activities of the users.
3. What factors are most important when purchasing second-hand clothing?

Figure 6:Survey response 3

To identify the educational level of the audience regarding sustainable

fashion practice and to specify the areas where MyClo
can bridge the audience's knowledge gaps.

4. How often do you buy second-hand clothing?

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Figure 7: Survey response 4

The purpose of this survey was to quantify the frequency of thrift shopping behavior among
consumers and assess the demand for second-hand fashion options.
5. What type of fashion do you typically prefer?

Figure 8: Survey response 5

Insight: To determine decision attributes influencing the choice of the online consumer and
to design important factors for improving online shopping experience.

6. How familiar are you with the concept of circular fashion?

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Figure 9: Survey response 6

Insight:
To understand the determinants, such as affordability and economic efficacy, of purchasing se
cond-hand clothing, emphasizing these elements in promoting the site becomes essential.
7. What factors matter while engaging in using pre-owned clothes?

Figure 10: Survey response 7

Insight: To identify what most concerns users while using the site to purchase second-
hand garments – what matters to them most (it could be quality, cost or the second-
hand garments store location.

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8. What features would you mostly use on a circular fashion platform?

Figure 11: Survey response 8

Insight: To rank target application features such as buying, swapping, or renting

clothes according to the level of users' interest and potential frequency of use.
9. How important is recommending products?

Figure 12: Survey response 9

To gauge how large the need for the functionality of the artificial intelligence suggestions is
and how it should be utilized prominently.

10. What are your primary motives to buy second-hand clothing?

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Figure 13:Survey response 10

Deciding decisions are attributes influencing the online purchaser's decision and
designing important factors improving online shopping experience.

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5. Artefact Planning
5.1 System Requirement
5.1.1 Functional Requirement

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5.1.2 Non-functional Requirement

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5.2 System Architecture Design

5.2.1 UML Design

Figure 14: Use Case Diagram

The system mentioned in MyClo Use case diagram is MyClo, which is Interacted by the two
main actors User and Admin. Each of the actors that engage with the application to manage
their personal digital closets are users. Then we can achieve various actions such as register
and login, browse items in user’s closet, add new clothing pieces, update or delete the existing
clothing pieces, or view outfit suggestions. Users can search for specific items and are able to
view detailed information about each of the pieces. Most of these actions require that the user
performs the action, and include relationship for deriving the union from the actions to show
that action must occur while logged in.
However, the Admin actor is responsible for the management of the system at a larger level.
Basically, admins can manage user accounts, view the user’s activities, and sometimes even do
something with the settings of the system. As a matter of fact, these are administrative tasks
which ensure that the system’s integrity and user management is taken care of. The diagram is
written in standard UML using include and extend relationships to indicate the dependences
and the optional functionalities between various use cases. The diagram in a nutshell explains
how the users of different groups interact with the MyClo system and the capabilities they have.

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5.2.2 Activity Diagram

Figure 15: Activity Diagram

The activity diagram describes the system's flow of

operations as inferred from the given Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) and use case
diagrams. It starts with the login process, an activity common to both users and administrators.

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Once authentication is successful, users (i.e., students) can do a range of activities such
as item or closet browsing, item searching, viewing item details, submitting documents,
and course registration or product exchange. These activities are supported by the
system backend that manages user data, product information, as well as transaction data like
cart and wishlists products.
Administrators, on the contrary, possess greater levels of privilege. At login, they can manage
users, see user activities, create courses or universities, and handle student applications or
product data. The diagram utilizes several "include" relationships to indicate shared
dependencies, such as login and data validation, which must be fulfilled prior to permitting
specific activities. In summary, the diagram accurately captures interactions between different
system
users with required features, providing functionality as well as authority allocation across diff
erent roles.

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5.3 Entity-relationship Diagram

Figure 16: Erd

The given figure shows an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) for an e-commerce website,
likely featuring clothing swapping or rentals. The user’s table is at the hub of this diagram and
is connected to several entities, such as shipping_details, carts, Wishlist, product_swap, and
reviews. This connection implies that users can engage in a range of interactions, such as having
shipping details, placing products in both carts and wishlists, participating in product swaps,
and posting reviews. The products table is associated with categories, meaning every product
belongs to a particular category and may have brand metadata. The carts table simplifies the
addition of products characterized by variants, quantities, and prices by users. The wishlists
maintain products of interest as well as their rental type and duration. product_swap and
shipping_details tables handle product swap and shipping logistics between users, respectively,
while reviews capture user ratings of products. In addition, the image contains a few
typographical errors and inconsistencies in formatting, indicating that the diagram may require
improvement to render it more understandable and consistent.

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5.4 Database Schema

Table Users

Table Categories

Table Brands

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Table Products

Table Wishlist

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Table_Carts

Table Shipping_details

Table Rental_products

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Table Product_swap

Table Reviews

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5.5 UI (User Interface)

MyClo's user interface was developed with React, a robust JavaScript library that enables
the development of dynamic and interactive web applications. React's component-based
architecture enabled modular development of key UI
elements, thereby enhancing maintainability and scalability.
The design system and the first prototype were developed with Figma, a collaborative
interface design tool that facilitated rapid wireframing, visual consistency, and real-time
feedback. This design-focused process enabled the envisioning of user flows, optimizing the
user experience, and seamlessly transitioning the prototype to reusable React
components. Utilizing Figma as a tool for prototyping together with React
for coding ensured the final user interface was usable as well as up to standard for
today's modern designs.

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Figure 17: Signup UI

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Figure 18: Login UI

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Figure 20: Customer Dashboard UI Figure 19: Product Details UI

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Figure 21: My Cart UI

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Figure 22: User Profile UI

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Figure 23: Upload Product UI

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Figure 24: Order History UI

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Figure 25: Admin dashboard UI

Figure 26: Admin Info-order UI

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Figure 27: Admin Info-customer UI

Figure 28: Admin Store-setting UI

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6. Testing Plan
The MyClo platform shall be tested before its use to model: the functionality, the efficiency,
and the satisfaction of various users during a process of implementation device. To prove that
some parts of the application and their interfaces are working as it is supposed, Unit Testing
and Integration Testing will be used.

6.1 Unit Testing

This test can be used to test if each of the units related in the specified way and worked well as
it was meant to be. The developers will come up with test cases that should have been written
during the initial stage of implementation:
• Validate functional correctness.
• Fix problems at module level.
• Facilitate smooth integration with other components.
Unit testing will be the main part of the testing statement and tools like PHP Unit for the Laravel
component and Jest to check if the application is working as expected (GeeksforGeeks, 2019)
.

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7. Evaluation Plan
Therefore, the strategy of evaluation for MyClo will be effectiveness, relevancy, adoption, and
improvement for the organizational goals. This strategy will have two focal points, such as how
this application is able to address users by effectively providing performance, usability, and
error tracking mechanisms (Community, 2024). Quantitative metrics as well as qualitative
feedback will be used in the evaluation framework to create a holistic picture of how much the
platform performed and how satisfied the users were.
With this approach, performance will be read as response time, uptime, system throughputs,
and real time monitoring will occur using Google Analytics and New Relic respectively
(Bugsnag, 2022).All database query execution time, API response latency and server resource
utilization will be measured, and platform’s backend performance metrics will maintain there.
The frontend performance will be evaluated by evaluating metrics such as page load time, Time
To Interactive and Rendering efficiency on several different devices and network conditions.
Among the many user engagement metrics to be evaluated will be duration of sessions, number
of active users and bounce rates. We will also monitor the user interaction patterns such as
navigation paths, feature usage frequency, what is the conversion rate for the key action like
purchasing or listing items. These would all be able to be identified as areas of the application
that could be improved right after gathering user’s surveys or usability testing (RevDeBug,
2024).
Visitors and visitor duration, UV, active users and bounce rates will allow us to understand
specific places to improve user engagement. We’ll get insights about users’ emotional
responses to different aspects of the platform by doing sentiment analysis of their user review
and feedback. The surveys and usability tests will provide the dire benefit of feedback
regarding improvement in the user satisfaction. For example, we will try out testing on the main
features to discover which application has more engaging and satisfied users and will make
data-based decisions all through the development lifecycle.
The future of a sustainable fashion marketplace is assured, so that MyClo can continually
evolve and adapt by continuously improving this comprehensive evaluation strategy to align
with the evolving needs of the users and the mission of fostering sustainable fashion through
this intuitive, reliable digital marketplace.

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8. Development
The development phase involves designing, building, and testing MyClo's core functionalities
to ensure seamless user experience and robust platform performance.
• Frameworks and Tools
o Frontend: React.js for dynamic and responsive UI.
o Backend: Laravel (PHP) to handle API requests and business logic
o Database: MySQL for efficient data storing and retrieval.
o ORM: Laravel's Eloquent ORM for efficient database mapping and queries.
• Development Workflow
o Utilize Agile practices for iterative and incremental development.
o Incorporate unit testing and integration testing using tools.
o Version control with Git and GitHub for managing codebases efficiently.

8.1 Methodology
MyClo's development followed an iterative approach, beginning with essential features and
gradually adding more complex functionality. Initially planned as a MERN stack application
(MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js), the project shifted to using Laravel for the
backend while maintaining React for the frontend after determining that Laravel offered more
robust authentication, database management, and API handling capabilities.
The development process prioritized backend implementation before frontend development to
ensure core functionalities like user authentication, database management, and payment
processing were secure and scalable. This approach, though causing initial delays in visual
development, resulted in a more stable foundation for the platform.
Development phases included:
1. Research and Planning: Investigating circular fashion trends, sentiment analysis
techniques, and competitor platforms to establish project requirements and technical
specifications.
2. Backend Development: Implementing user authentication, database schema, API
endpoints, and transaction processing using Laravel. Security measures including JWT
authentication, OAuth integration, and data encryption were implemented to protect
user information.
3. Frontend Development: Creating a responsive and intuitive user interface using React
and Tailwind CSS, with a focus on accessibility and ease of navigation.
4. Sentiment Analysis Integration: Developing and implementing algorithms to analyze
user reviews and feedback for personalized recommendations.
5. Integration and Testing: Connecting frontend and backend components, testing API
endpoints, and ensuring system stability across different user scenarios.
6. Optimization: Refining database queries and API responses to improve performance
and user experience based on feedback from testers and the supervisor.
Throughout development, continuous communication with the supervisor provided valuable
guidance for architectural decisions and technical implementations, particularly regarding
security concerns and recommendation algorithm optimization.

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9. Testing

Figure 29: Unit test code

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Figure 30: Unit test code

Figure 31: Unit test result

The AuthTest class thoroughly tests the basic behaviors of the authentication system in the
application. It tests that the users are logged in successfully with the correct

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credentials and that the authentication algorithm is functioning. It also tests that login attempts
with incorrect passwords are correctly rejected, making it secure. Lastly, the
test also verifies that the users are logged out successfully and the session is terminated. Using
Laravel's testing capabilities such as Auth: attempt, assertAuthenticatedAs, and
assertGuest, and the RefreshDatabase trait, the tests are executed in isolation
and mimic actual situations. Tests passing in all instances means that the login and
logout are properly implemented and secure.

Figure 32: AdvancedAuthTest.php

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Figure 33: AdvancedAuthTest.php

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Figure 34: AdvancedAuthTest.php

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Figure 35: AdvancedAuthTest.php

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Figure 36: AdvancedAuthTest.php

In the course of my analysis of Laravel’s authentication testing architecture, I observed a

particular responsibility that AdvancedAuthTest.php in our apps’ test suite has to play. This file
is unlike other traditional tests that test routes or controllers, which test the Auth facade
functionality which is the basis of our authentication system. I developed a few tests to verify
core authentication mechanism that doesn’t depend on frontend implementation. A key area of
focus in the test suite is to address several important behaviors: successful authentication with
valid credentials, rejection of invalid attempts at login, functionality of proper and correct
logout and effective use of session state with regard to user identity verification. For auth
facade, I setup tests around essential methods and I structured tests around that.
I structured tests around essential Auth facade methods including:
• Auth::attempt() - validating credential verification
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• Auth::login() - ensuring direct user authentication

• Auth::logout() - confirming session termination
• Auth::check() - verifying authentication status
• Auth::user() - retrieving authenticated user information
• Auth::id() - confirming correct user identification
Testing strategy to Auth facade and not specific routes allows me to establish a foundation that
makes sure that at its most fundamental level our authentication logic works. It adds to our
AuthTest.php file in this complementary way that adds to coverage of additional authentication
scenarios, without affecting our current application architecture. This is the methodology I am
confident in using to test our application’s security mechanisms to ensure our authentication is
robust no matter how users interact with the system.

Figure 37: Empty input field

Test No. Date of test Purpose of Input data Expected Actual result
test Result
1. 6/4/2025 Empty input One empty Show error
field input field warning

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Figure 38: Already existing email

Test No. Date of test Purpose of Input data Expected Actual result
test Result
2. 6/4/2025 Already Sign-up with Show error
existing already warning
email logged in
email

Figure 39: Invalid credentials

Test No. Date of test Purpose of Input data Expected Actual

test Result result
3. 6/4/2025 Invalid Logging in Show error
credentials with invalid warning
credentials

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Figure 40: Login before adding to cart

Test No. Date of test Purpose of Input data Expected Actual result
test Result
4 9/4/2025 Login before Adding to Need to Login box
adding cart without create an appears
products to logging in account
cart

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Figure 41: uploading products error

Test No. Date of test Purpose of Input data Expected Actual result
test Result
5 9/4/2025 Uploading Required to Error to Error
product error fill all input upload message
fields product

Figure 42: Search functionality

Test No. Date of test Purpose of test Input data Expected Actual result
Result
6 9/4/2025 Search Looking for Error Error
functionality unrelated message message
product
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Figure 43: Review

Test No. Date of test Purpose of test Input data Expected Actual result
Result
7 9/4/2025 Review Empty Error Error
functionality review field message message

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10. Evaluation
10.1 User Evaluation
The users positively evaluated MyClo through their feedback because the system delivered
personalized recommendations additionally it enabled simple transaction processes. Users
found sentiment analysis features highly useful because these capabilities generated
personalized fashion suggestions based on what they previously engaged with on the system.
User satisfaction increased when the platform delivered fashion recommendations that matched
individual styles therefore enhancing their shopping satisfaction.
The system needs improvement according to customer feedback focused on two specific
aspects.
• Users experienced slight delays before product listings completed their initial load in
situations where they browsed through extensive inventory collections. Users
encountered a brief delay before being able to use the site which might affect their
overall site experience
• Users experienced difficulties when accessing complex features through their mobile
devices because of poor responsiveness during product list browsing and filter
applications. The platform elements failed to adapt properly when displaying different
screen dimensions thus creating complications for users using small screens.
• Users face challenges when moving back and forth between the purchasing and selling
parts of the platform. The current navigation sequence required improvements because
simultaneous buyers-sellers encountered structural interruptions in their user journey
yet received a suggestion for better blocking logic.
The accumulated data points helped developers modify the platform while building versions
after the initial release. The enhancements based on user input demonstrated concrete
improvement within user satisfaction metrics particularly concerning mobile interface speed
and usability.

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10.2 Performance Analysis

The MyClo system successfully performed well when tested against different critical
procedural scenarios during performance testing.
• The system achieved its goal to handle a big number of active user sessions at once
without performance reduction. The high traffic volumes did not affect response times
which stayed within optimal boundaries.
• Multiple transactions could run at the same time on the platform, which permits users
to perform purchases while checking out and making returns without interruptions.
• MyClo operated effective large-scale product inventory browsing by providing users
with quick and powerful search capabilities regardless of its extensive product base.
Users rated the sentiment analysis recommendations positively because their accuracy
surpassed expectations when 85% of users found suggested products suitable to their
preferences. The platform delivered trustworthy recommendations to users because of its
precise understanding of customer needs and preferences. The system presented reliable
performance during testing because transaction success rates stayed higher than 95%
throughout every assessment period. The platform demonstrates dependability through
transaction processing and system reliability as well as user-friendly design which results in a
high rate of successful transactions.
User satisfaction along with technical performance demonstrates MyClo's strong resistance
which enables future development through feedback analysis of both qualitative and
quantitative nature.

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11. Critical Analysis

As a saleable com, MyClo had strengths, limitations and technical evolutions which allowed
insight into the development and deployment of a sustainable fashion platform. This evaluation
looks at the project’s fundamental core competencies, technical constraints and principal
deviations from the original planning, which verifies that the project could be flexible to adapt
and make strategic decisions.
Sentiment analysis features are the most innovative part of MyClo’s recommendation engine.
This makes the platform different than other secondhand clothing services, as users are getting
better product suggestions that are more relevant and personalized for them and it boosts
engagement. Its initial project vision also emphasizes circular fashion in which it supports
buying, selling, and swapping pre-owned clothing and this fits in perfectly with the circular
fashion model that it also struck.
The one other significant strength I would say is that the platform’s architecture in terms of
security allows for safe transactions, laying the foundation for further enhancements such as
later introduction of blockchain smart contracts. MyClo successfully progresses through
technology towards the sustainable consumption of textiles by combining it with personalized
user experience empowered by user behavior analysis and ORM based logic.
However, it was found in the development phase that some limitations remained unachieved.
The clothing swap feature added a huge amount of complexity to the development and doubled
the timeline. While having an ORM based query system was advantageous in the long run,
there was an issue regarding the performance, regarding the response time and scalability
initially. As a result, that strategic shift resulted in the switch from the originally planned
MERN stack to Laravel + React. As a solo developer who works with backend on Node.js,
especially for authentication, the API routing and data management, I found the backend
implementation a challenge. Laravel’s built in tools and structured framework made the
maintainability cleaner and accelerated feature implementation.
Furthermore, the original idea of developing a natural language processing (NLP) based
recommendation engine was exchanged for an ORM one after it was realized in practice. Since
the NLP model relied significantly on analyzing user generated text, it was unable to obtain the
required data, consume computational time and did not play nicely with other parts of the
system. On the other hand, the solution based on ORM, was scalable and predictable, as it
allowed structured interaction and rating data to be used. It provided a rather less viable solution
in scope and budget within the project, even though it reduced the depth of personalization in
sentiment analysis.
In short, MyClo implemented a technological approach that met the requirements of sustainable
fashion, offering technical and strategic experiences of its own.

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12. Limitations and Future Scope

Current limitations include:
• Incomplete Feature Implementation: Key components such as clothing swap and
rental functionalities are still under development, limiting the platform’s full circular
economic potential.
• Limited Sustainability Integration: External sustainability metrics are not fully
integrated, reducing transparency and holistic tracking of environmental impact
• Scalability Constraints: The current infrastructure requires optimization to efficiently
support a growing and potentially international user base.
• ORM-Based Recommendation Challenges:
o Data Quality and Availability: ORM-based systems rely heavily on the quality
and volume of interaction data. Poor or biased data can reduce recommendation
accuracy (Kazem, 2023)
o Preference Ambiguity: Users often express preferences in abstract or
inconsistent ways, making it difficult to map them to concrete database entities.
This can lead to misaligned or suboptimal recommendations (Anon., 2024).
o User Engagement Variability: The system may disproportionately favor
certain demographics or product categories, reducing variety in user
experiences and overall inclusiveness (Kazem, 2023).
To overcome these limitations and enrich the user experience, MyClo has a strategic roadmap
for innovation and scalability:
• AI-Driven Recommendations: Integrating sentiment analysis with deep learning
algorithms for more refined user personalization
• Blockchain Security Integration: Using smart contracts for increased transaction
security and fraud prevention
• Scalability Enhancements: Improving infrastructure to handle increased user numbers
and cross-border transactions
• Gamification and Community Engagement: Including sustainability challenges,
interactive elements, and loyalty benefits
• Mobile Application Development: Creating native mobile apps to enhance
accessibility across devices
• Improved Recommendation Framework: Continued development of ORM-based
recommendations combined with user behavior analysis to deliver more context-aware
and accurate suggestions while actively mitigating bias and scaling challenges

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13. Conclusion
The MyClo application proves at all levels that a circular fashion system can exist by
combining personalized recommendations and sentiment analytics. Users can acquire
secondhand apparel through this platform which tackles major sustainability issues in fashion
independent of individual style types.
Throughout its development MyClo helped our team learn important lessons that involved
technology development combined with research methods and project administration expertise.
The implementation of React, Laravel and recommendation algorithms served to improve
technical abilities and the process simultaneously developed capabilities in planning and
adaptation and problem-solving.
MyClo progresses sustainable fashion consumption models by using technology to improve
usability and maintain environmental responsibility. The framework based on circular fashion
concepts together with ORM recommendation systems constitutes a practical model for
sustainable e-commerce innovation (Dang CN, 2021).
The analysis of user behaviors gets enhanced when implemented with classic recommendation
approaches including collaborative filtering (Kazem, 2023). The system faces continuing
obstacles such as data quality imperfections alongside algorithmic bias along with scalability
limitations that should be effectively handled for the system to maintain fairness and
effectiveness.
The future development of ORM database performance and structure needs attention with
parallel development of algorithms to detect and fight recommendation system bias (Anon.,
2024). The platform will achieve its community marketplace potential and sustainable large-
scale fashion goals by enhancing these components.

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14. References
Anon., 2024. Global Circular Fashion Market Size & Share Analysis. [Online]
Available at: https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/global-circular-
fashion
[Accessed 02 02 2025].
Anon., 2024. Global Circular Fashion Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends..
[Online]
Available at: https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/global-circular-
fashion-market
[Accessed 2024].
Balakrishna, B. S. a. S., 2024. Enhanced content-based fashion recommendation system
through. [Online]
Available at: https://fashionandtextiles.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40691-024-00382-
y
[Accessed 01 02 2025].
Bocken, N. B. C. a. P. I., 2016. Product design and business model strategies for a circular
economy.. Journal of Cleaner Production, 97(01), pp. 1-6.
Brismar, A., 2017. What is Circular Fashion?. [Online]
Available at: https://greenstrategy.se/circular-fashion-definition/
[Accessed 01 02 2025].
Bugsnag, 2022. How to Save Time & Accelerate Development with Error Tracking. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bugsnag.com/blog/how-to-save-time-accelerate-development-with-
error-tracking
Bugsnag, 2022. How to Save Time & Accelerate Development with Error Tracking. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bugsnag.com/blog/how-to-save-time-accelerate-development-with
[Accessed 01 03 2025].
Community, B. S., 2024. Best Error Tracking Tools in 2024. [Online]
Available at: https://betterstack.com/community/comparisons/error-tracking-tools/
Community, B. S., 2024. Best Error Tracking Tools in 2024. [Online]
Available at: https://betterstack.com/community/comparisons/error-tracking-tools/
[Accessed 01 03 2025].
Dang CN, M.-G. M. P. F., 2021. An Approach to Integrating Sentiment Analysis into
Recommender. [Online]
Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8402473/
[Accessed 01 03 2025].
GeeksforGeeks, 2019. Unit Testing | Software Testing. [Online]
Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/unit-testing-software-testing/
[Accessed 3 December 2024].
GeeksforGeeks, 2019. Unit Testing | Software Testing. [Online]
Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/unit-testing-software-testing/
[Accessed 01 02 2025].

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Goldsworthy, D. K., 2017. The Speedcycle: a design-led framework for fast and slow circular
fashion. Design for Next ..
Kazem, R. I., 2023. Landscape view of recommender system techniques based on sentiment
analysis. Int. J. Nonlinear , Volume 14, pp. 1539-1546.
Ltd., C. T., 2023. The rising trend of circular fashion.. [Online]
Available at: https://choicetextile.com/the-rising-trend-of-circular-fashion/
[Accessed 29 Novemebr 2024].
Ltd., C. T., 2023. The rising trend of circular fashion.. [Online]
Available at: https://choicetextile.com/the-rising-trend-of-circular-fashion/
[Accessed 01 04 2025].
Lu, Y. e. a., n.d. An Approach to Integrating Sentiment Analysis into Recommender Systems..
[Online]
Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/3/1208
[Accessed 01 02 2025].
Machado, M. O. d. A. S. B. L. a. B. G., 2024. Second-hand fashion market: consumer role in
circular. Consumer Studies, 38(6), pp. 670-677.
Pang, B. a. L. L., 2008. Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends in
Information Retrieval, pp. 36-45.
Raygun, 2024. .Error Tracking & Crash Reporting Software. [Online]
Available at: https://raygun.com/platform/crash-reporting
[Accessed 01 04 2025].
Raygun, 204. Error Tracking & Crash Reporting Software. [Online]
Available at: https://raygun.com/platform/crash-reporting
RevDeBug, 2024. Error Tracking. [Online]
Available at: https://revdebug.com/error-tracking/
Wiederhold, M. &. M. L. F., 2018. Ethical consumer behaviour in Germany: The attitude-
behaviour. International Journal of Consumer Studies, pp. 419-429.
Zhang, Y. J. R. Z. Y. a. L. Y., 2019. Personalized recommendations based on deep sentiment
analysis.. Knowledge-Based Systems, pp. 36-45.

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15. Appendix
15.1 Appendix 1
Proposal from RMET

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15.2 Appendix 2
Ethics Form

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15.3 Appendix 3
Questions Responses conducted in RMET:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfYXtLmADLP5TZqyYAAgIn5YL0O2XlZwsB
F3CyVULaioy7U8g/viewform?usp=sf_link

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15.4 Appendix 4
Weekly Progress Report from UG

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