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Differentiation
Date __________
Topics Covered: Differentiation
𝑑
1. If 𝑐 is some constant, then 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐) = 0.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥, where 𝑐is an constant, then = (𝑐𝑥) =𝑐 = 𝑐.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑢, where 𝑐 is a constant and 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦
4. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛 is a real number, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
5. If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛 , where 𝑛 is a real number and 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
6. If 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the functions of 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
7. If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the functions of 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑣 , where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the functions of 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 ) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
9. If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥), then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
10. If 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛−1 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
11. If 𝑦 depends on 𝑢 and 𝑢 depends on 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12. If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
13. If 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
14. If 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, then = (tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
15. If 𝑦 = cot 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (cot 𝑥) = − cosec 2 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
16. If 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (sec 𝑥) = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
17. If 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (cosec 𝑥) = − cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 1 1
18. If 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, then = log 𝑒 𝑒 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑(𝑢)
19. If 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑢, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 × 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑦
20. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , then = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
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1) Differentiate the following w.r.t.x. (i) 2002 (ii) 𝑒 −1 (iii) 𝜋 2 . (Ans. (i) 0, (ii) 0, (iii) 0)

1 −3 1
2) Differentiate the following with respect to x. (i) 𝑥 6 , (ii) (iii) √𝑥 (Ans. (i) 6 𝑥 5 , (ii) (iii) )
𝑥3 𝑥4 2√𝑥

4
3) Differentiate the following with respect to x. (i) 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + − 8; (ii) 5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3/4 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥.
𝑥2

8
(Ans. (i) 12𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − ; (ii) 12𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 −1/4 − 6𝑥 + 2)
𝑥3

𝑑𝑦 2𝑏
4) If 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 2 , find (Ans. )
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑏
5) If 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃, find . (Ans. − cot 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

6) A particle start from rest with a uniform acceleration. Its displacement after t seconds is given in
metres by the relation 𝑥 = 5 + 6𝑡 + 7𝑡 2 . Calculate the magnitude of its (i) initial velocity (ii) velocity at
𝑡 = 3𝑠 (iii) uniform acceleration and (iv) displacement at 𝑡 = 5𝑠. (Ans. (i) 6 m/s, (ii) 48 m/s,
(iii) 14 m/s, (iv) 210 m)

7) If the displacement 𝑥 of a particle (in metre) is related with time (in seconds) according to related
𝑥 = 2𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2, find the position, velocity and acceleration of a particle at the end of 2 seconds.

(Ans. 10 m; 14 m/s; 18 m/s2)

8) A metallic disc is being disc is being heated. Its area A (in m2) at any time t (in sec) is given by

𝐴 = 5𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 8. Calculate the rate of increase of area at 𝑡 = 3𝑠. (Ans. 34 m2/s)

9) A particle starts from origin with uniform acceleration. Its displacement after t seconds is given in
metres by the relation. 𝑥 = 2 + 5𝑡 + 7𝑡 2 . Calculate the magnitude of its (i) initial velocity, (ii) velocity at
𝑡 = 4𝑠 (iii) uniform acceleration (iv) displacement at 𝑡 = 5𝑠. (Ans. (i) 5 m/s, (ii) 61 m/s, (iii) 14 m/s 2,
(iv) 202 m)

10) The distance x of a particle moving in one dimension, under the action of a constant force is related
to time t by equation 𝑡 = √𝑥 + 3 where x is in metres and t in seconds. Find the displacement of the
particle when its velocity is zero. (Ans. Zero)

11) The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 2 , where 𝑎 = 8.5 𝑚 and 𝑏 = 2.5 𝑚𝑠 −2
and t is measured in seconds. What is the velocity at 𝑡 = 0𝑠 and 𝑡 = 2.0𝑠? What is the average velocity
between 𝑡 = 2.0𝑠 and 𝑡 = 4.0𝑠? (Ans. 0 ms-1; 10 ms-1; 15 ms-1)

12) The displacement 𝑥 (in m) of a body varies with time 𝑡 (in 𝑠) as 𝑥 = −(2/3) 𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 2. How long
does the body take to come to rest? (Ans. 12 second)

13) The height 𝑦 and the distance 𝑥 along the horizontal, for a body projected in the vertical plane are
given by ; 𝑦 = 8𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 and 𝑥 = 6𝑡. What is initial velocity of the body? (Ans. 10 ms-1)
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14) The displacement of a particle along X-axis is given by 𝑥 = 3 + 8𝑡 + 7𝑡 2 . Obtain its velocity and
acceleration at 𝑡 = 2𝑠. (Ans. 36 ms-1; 14 ms-2)

15) A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement 𝑠 at any time 𝑡 is given by 𝑠 =
𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 4 metres. Find the velocity, when the acceleration is zero. (Ans. – 9 ms-1)

16) The displacement of particle is zero at 𝑡 = 0 and it is 𝑥, at 𝑡 = 𝑡. It starts moving in the positive x-
direction with a velocity which varies as 𝑣 = 𝑘 √𝑥, where 𝑘 is a constant. Show that velocity is directly
proportional to time.

17) The position of an object moving along x-axis is given by 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 2 , where 𝑎 = 8.5 𝑚, 𝑏 = 2.5 𝑚𝑠 −2
and 𝑡 is measured in seconds. What is its velocity at 𝑡 = 0𝑠 and 𝑡 = 2𝑠? What is the average velocity
between 𝑡 = 2𝑠 and 𝑡 = 4𝑠? (Ans. 15.0 ms-1)

18) The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x-axis is given by 𝑥 = 18𝑡 + 5𝑡 2 . Calculate :

(i) the instantaneous velocity at 𝑡 = 2𝑠, (ii) average velocity between 𝑡 = 2𝑠 and 𝑡 = 3𝑠, (iii) instantaneous
acceleration. (Ans. (i) 38 ms-1; (ii) 43 ms-1; (iii) 10 ms-2)

19) The displacement 𝑥 of a particle varies with time 𝑡 as 𝑥 = 4𝑡 2 − 15𝑡 + 25. Find the position, velocity
and acceleration of the particle at 𝑡 = 0. When will the velocity of the particle become zero? Can we
call the motion of the particle as one with uniform acceleration? (Ans. 1.875 s)

20) The velocity of a particle is given by the equation, 𝑣 = 2𝑡 2 + 5𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 . Find (i) the change in velocity
of the particle during the time interval between 𝑡1 = 2𝑠 and 𝑡2 = 4𝑠 (ii) the average acceleration during
the same interval and (iii) the instantaneous acceleration at 𝑡2 = 4𝑠. (Ans. (i) 24 cms-1, (ii) 12 cms-2,
(iii) 16 cms-1)

21) The displacement 𝑥 of a particle at time 𝑡 along a straight line is given by 𝑥 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑡 + 𝛾𝑡 2 . Find the
acceleration of the particle. (Ans. 2𝛾)

22) A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its x-coordinate varies with time 𝑡 as 𝑥 = 2 − 5𝑡 +
6𝑡 2 . Find the initial velocity of the particle. (Ans. – 5 units)

23) The displacement 𝑥 of a particle along X-axis is given by 𝑥 = 3 + 8𝑡 2 + 7𝑡 2 . Obtain its velocity and
acceleration at 𝑡 = 2𝑠. (Ans. 36 ms-1, 14 ms-1)

24) The distance travelled by a particle moving along a straight line is given by 𝑥 = 180𝑡 + 50𝑡 2 metre.
Find :(i) the initial velocity of the particle (ii) the velocity at the end of 4𝑠 and (iii) the acceleration of
the particle. (Ans. (i) 180 ms-1, (ii) 580 ms-1, (iii) 100 ms-1)
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Integration

𝑥𝑛 + 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+ 1
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥.

3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 .

4.(i) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥.

− cos 𝑛𝑥
(ii) ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
.

5. (i) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥

sin 𝑛𝑥
(ii) ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
.

6. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥.

7. ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥.

8. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥.

9. ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥.

1) The acceleration of a particle in ms-2 is given by 𝑎 = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2, where time 𝑡 is in seconds. If the

particle starts with a velocity 𝑣 = 2 ms-1 at 𝑡 = 0, then find the velocity at the end of 2𝑠. (Ans. 18
ms-1)

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