Scribd
Upload
11 views16 pages

Lecture 2 - Control Systems - Terminologies and Examples

The document outlines key terminologies and concepts related to control systems, including definitions of systems, control systems, controlled variables, and manipulated variables. It also provides a historical overview of control systems development from ancient mechanisms to modern applications in various fields. Examples of modern control systems, such as automobile steering and aircraft control, are illustrated to demonstrate practical applications.

Uploaded by

anonexe796
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views16 pages

Lecture 2 - Control Systems - Terminologies and Examples

The document outlines key terminologies and concepts related to control systems, including definitions of systems, control systems, controlled variables, and manipulated variables. It also provides a historical overview of control systems development from ancient mechanisms to modern applications in various fields. Examples of modern control systems, such as automobile steering and aircraft control, are illustrated to demonstrate practical applications.

Uploaded by

anonexe796
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Lecture 2

Control Systems –
Terminologies and Examples
Dr. D. Saravanakumar,
Associate Professor,
Centre for Automation,
Vellore Institute of Technology - Chennai Campus.
Email: [email protected]

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 1


Terminologies

System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.

Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system


configuration that will provide a desired response.

Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and
output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the
process.

Input Process Output

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 2


Terminologies
Controlled Variable– It is the quantity or condition that is measured
and Controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the control
system.

Manipulated Variable– It is the quantity of the condition that is


varied by the controller so as to affect the value of controlled variable.

Control – Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of


the system and applying the manipulated variable to the system to
correct or limit the deviation of the measured value from a desired
value.

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 3


Terminologies
Manipulated Variable

Input
or Output
Set point Controller Process Or
or Controlled Variable
reference

Disturbances– A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect


the value of the system. It is an unwanted input of the system.
• If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called
internal disturbance. While an external disturbance is generated
outside the system.

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 4


Basic Elements of a Feedback
Control System

Error signal
Control variable Manipulated
e=Ysp-Ym
variable
Comparator
Set Point/ + Final Control Process/
Desired Controller
- Element System
value Ysp Actual/
Measured value
Ym
Measurement
system

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 5


Control Systems - History
Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism
Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator

Water-level float regulator


Watt’s Flyball Governor
(18th century)

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 6


Control Systems - History
• 18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed
control of a steam engine.
• 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering
ships.
• 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of
controlled systems
• 1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design
linear closed-loop control systems
• 1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed
• 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and
• 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed.
• Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of
modern control theory includes such non-engineering systems such
as biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 7


Examples of Modern Control Systems

(a) Automobile steering


control system.
(b) The driver uses the
difference between the
actual and the desired
direction of travel
to generate a controlled
adjustment of the
steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-
of-travel response.

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 8


Examples of Modern Control Systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 9


Examples of Modern Control
Systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 10


Examples of Modern Control
Systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 11


Examples of Modern Control Systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 12


Examples of Modern Control
Systems

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 13


Examples of Modern Control Systems

Aircraft control system

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 14


Motor Speed Control – Open loop

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 15


Motor Speed Control – Closed loop

17-Dec-24 BMHA312L Control System Winter 2024-25 Dr. D. Saravanakumar 16

You might also like