GRADE 9; PRE-TECHNICAL

STUDIES NOTES
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 STRAND ONE: FOUNDATION OF
PRE-
TECHNICAL STUDIES.
SUB-STRAND: SAFETY ON RAISED PLATFORMS.
 A raised platform in the workplace is any elevated surface or structure where workers stand to
perform tasks.
 It could be something like a ladder, scaffold, or lift that helps them reach higher areas safely.
 Examples or Types of Raised platforms; ladders, trestles steps, stands mobile raised platforms,
work benches and ramps.

Roles of the ladder, trestles,steps,ramps,stands,work benches as raised platforms

1.Ladder:
Provides a portable way for workers to reach elevated areas, such as shelves or high walls.

2. Trestles:
Used to support work surfaces or planks for tasks like painting or construction, giving workers a
stable elevated surface.

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3. Steps:
Offers a small, portable platform for reaching slightly elevated areas, useful for quick, short tasks.

4. Ramps:
Allows easy access for people or equipment to move between different levels, often used for
loading and unloading.

5. Stands:
 Provides a stable, elevated support for tools, equipment, or materials, often adjustable
to different heights.

6. Work Benches:
Serves as an elevated surface for performing tasks like assembling, cutting, or working with
materials at a comfortable height.

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Risks associated with working on raised platforms. Definition
of Risk:
 Risk is the chance or possibility that something bad or harmful could happen. It’s the likelihood
of facing danger, injury, or loss.
Risks Associated with Working on Raised Platforms:
1. Falling from Heights:
 The biggest risk is falling off the platform. This can lead to serious injuries or even death.
2. Slips and Trips:
 Raised platforms can become slippery due to rain, oil, or loose objects, increasing the risk
of losing balance.
3. Equipment or Tools Falling:
 Tools or materials can fall off the platform, possibly injuring people below.
4. Platform Collapse:
 If the platform is overloaded or not set up properly, it can collapse, putting everyone on it
in danger.

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5. Electrocution:
 If the platform is near power lines, there is a risk of electric shock or electrocution.
6. Weather-Related Risks:
 Strong winds, rain, or ice can make working on raised platforms more dangerous by
affecting balance and stability.
7. Unstable Surface:
 If the ground or surface where the platform is set up is uneven or soft, it can shift or
tip, increasing the chance of accidents.
8. Lack of Proper Guardrails:
 Without guardrails or safety barriers, there’s a higher chance of falling off the edges of
the platform.
9. Limited Visibility:
 Poor lighting, fog, or dust can make it harder to see, increasing the chances of missteps or
slips. 10.Fatigue:
 Working at heights can be physically and mentally tiring, which might lead to mistakes
or slower reactions to hazards.
11. Improper Use of Safety Gear:
 If workers don’t wear harnesses correctly or use the wrong equipment, the effectiveness
of safety measures is reduced.
12. Overcrowding:
 Too many people on a small platform can make it unstable, increasing the risk of falls or tipping.
 Taking steps to understand and control each of these risks can greatly improve safety
when working on raised platforms.
Ways of minimizing risks related to working on raised platforms.
Here are some ways to minimize these risks:
1. Use Safety Gear:
 Always wear safety harnesses and helmets to protect yourself in case of a fall.
2. Check Equipment:
 Ensure that the platform, ladder, or scaffold is stable, secure, and in good condition before use.
3. Keep the Area Clean:
 Remove any objects that could cause someone to slip or trip. Keep the platform dry to prevent
slips.

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4. Don’t Overload the Platform:
 Make sure the platform can safely hold the weight of people and equipment on it.
5. Use Guardrails:
 Install guardrails or safety barriers on raised platforms to prevent
falls. 6.Training:
 Make sure everyone using the platform has proper training on how to use it safely.
7.Watch Out for Weather Conditions:
 Avoid working on raised platforms during strong winds or rain, as this can make the
platform more dangerous.
 By following these precautions, the risk of accidents and injuries can be greatly reduced.

Iimportance of observing safety when working on raised platforms.

1. Prevents falls and serious injuries.
2. Ensures a stable working environment.
3. Reduces the risk of equipment or tools falling.
4. Promotes compliance with safety regulations.
5. Protects workers and others around the platform.
6. Increases overall productivity by preventing accidents.
7. Reduces the likelihood of costly medical or legal issues.
8. Enhances worker confidence when safety is prioritized.
9. Protects against structural collapse of the platform.
10. Ensures proper use of safety gear, like harnesses and guardrails.

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 SUB-STRAND 2.

HANDLING HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES.

 Hazardous Substances: These are materials that can cause harm to people, animals, or
the environment if not handled carefully. They may be poisonous, flammable, or
corrosive.
 Poisonous: Substances that can make you sick or even be deadly if you eat, drink, breathe in,
or touch them. Examples include pesticides or certain chemicals used in cleaning.

 Flammable: These are substances that can easily catch fire if exposed to heat or a
spark. Examples include gasoline, alcohol, and paint thinners.

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  Corrosive: These are substances that can cause damage by wearing away or "eating through"
materials, including skin or metal. Examples include strong acids like battery acid and

bleach.

Hazardous Substances Found in the Environment:

1. Poisonous: Pesticides used in farming, certain wild mushrooms, and industrial chemicals
released into air or water.
2. Flammable: Gasoline (in fuel stations and vehicles), alcohol, and natural gas used for
cooking. 3.Corrosive: Industrial waste like acids from factories, bleach, and some cleaning
products.
 These substances can be dangerous, so they need to be handled and disposed of with care
to avoid accidents and pollution.
Hazardous Substances Found in the Environment
1.Poisonous Substances:
 Pesticides and herbicides used in farming.
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 Industrial chemicals that may leak into rivers or soil.
 Heavy metals like lead and mercury from industrial waste.

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2. Flammable Substances:
 Gasoline and diesel fuel used for transportation.
 Alcohol in products like hand sanitizers and some cleaners.
 Natural gas used for cooking or heating.
3. Corrosive Substances:
 Strong cleaning products like bleach or drain cleaners.
 Industrial acids (e.g., sulfuric acid from batteries).
 Household products containing strong acids or bases.
Safe Ways to Handle Hazardous Substances
1. Wear Protective Gear: Use gloves, masks, goggles, or even aprons when handling
hazardous substances to avoid skin contact or inhalation.
2. Proper Storage: Keep hazardous materials in clearly labeled, sealed containers and store them
in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight and sources of heat.
3. Avoid Mixing Chemicals: Some substances, like bleach and ammonia, create toxic fumes
when mixed, so it’s essential to keep them separate.
4. Follow Disposal Instructions: Dispose of hazardous waste according to local guidelines to
prevent contamination of soil or water. Never pour chemicals down the drain unless it’s safe
to do so.
5. Ventilate When Using Indoors: Open windows or doors to allow fresh air to circulate,
especially when using flammable or strong-smelling products.
6. Use Only in Well-Ventilated Areas: When handling substances that release fumes, work
outdoors if possible or in areas with good airflow.
Importance of Observing Safety When Handling Hazardous Substances
1. Protects Health:
 Proper handling prevents exposure to toxins that could cause serious health issues
like poisoning, respiratory problems, burns, or even cancer.
2. Environmental Protection:
 Correctly storing and disposing of hazardous substances prevents pollution of air, soil,
and water, protecting wildlife and plant life.
3. Prevents Accidents and Fires:
 Following safety measures reduces the risk of accidental fires or chemical reactions that
could harm people and property.

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4. Legal Compliance:
 Observing safety rules helps individuals and companies follow laws designed to protect people
and the environment from harm.
5. Promotes Community Safety:
 When everyone follows safety guidelines, it ensures that hazardous substances do not pose
risks to the larger community.

SELF-EXPLORATION AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT.

Self-Exploration:
 This means discovering your own interests, strengths, and what you enjoy doing. It’s learning
about yourself to make better choices for your future.
Self-exploration is necessary for career development because;
 it helps you understand who you are, what you enjoy, and what you're good at.
 This knowledge is important because it guides you in choosing a career that makes you
happy and successful.
When you explore yourself, you can:
 Identify Strengths and Interests: Knowing what you're good at and what excites you helps
you focus on careers that match your abilities.
 Set Realistic Goals: Understanding yourself makes it easier to set achievable career goals
that align with your skills and passions.
 Increase Confidence: When you know your talents, you feel more confident in your abilities
and decisions.
 Make Better Choices: Self-exploration helps you avoid careers that might make you unhappy
or stressed. Instead, you can choose paths that motivate and inspire you.
 In short, self-exploration is like a map that helps you find the right career journey for yourself.
Career Development:
 This is the process of learning and planning for a job or career that fits your skills and interests.
 It includes studying, getting experience, and setting career goals.
Talents and Abilities.
 A Talent is a natural ability that allows you to do a particular task with or without guidance.
 An Ability is a skill that a person learns through a lot of practice.

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 Differences between Talent and Ability.
TALENT ABILITY/SKILL
Gift of God. Acquired and developed
Possessed by few people. Many people can possess it through learning.
Requires recognition. Requires development.
Requires guidance and coaching. Requires training.
Ways of Nurturing Talents and Abilities
1. Practice Regularly: Spend time improving your skills through practice. For example, if you’re
good at art, draw regularly.
2. Seek Guidance: Find a mentor, coach, or teacher who can help you improve. They can give
you tips and help you grow your talent.
3. Set Goals: Set small goals to reach a bigger goal. This helps you stay focused and
keep improving.
4. Get Training or Education: Take courses, workshops, or extra classes to learn more about
your area of interest.
5. Find a Supportive Community: Join groups or clubs where people have similar interests.
This helps you learn from others and stay motivated.
6. Observing and identifying a talent.
7. Providing resources to cultivate interests on talents and abilities.

Relating Talents and Abilities to Career Pathways.

1. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics):
 If you are good with numbers, problem-solving, or technology, STEM careers could be a fit.
Talents in logical thinking, designing, or building can lead to careers in engineering,
medicine, IT, or research.

2. Social Science:
 If you enjoy helping people, solving social issues, or studying human behavior, social
sciences might be for you.
 Talents like empathy, communication, and critical thinking are useful in careers like
teaching, psychology, law, and social work.

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 3. Creative Arts:
 If you love drawing, acting, singing, or creating things, creative arts could be a good
pathway. Talents in artistic expression, imagination, and storytelling can lead to careers in
music, art, drama, and media.
Career Opportunities Related to Talents and Abilities
1. Musical Talent: Careers like musician, music teacher, sound engineer.
2. Artistic Talent: Careers like artist, graphic designer, animator, or interior
designer. 3.Mathematical Ability: Careers like accountant, data analyst, engineer.
4. Communication Skills: Careers in journalism, teaching, marketing, or law.
5. Athletic Skills: Careers as an athlete, coach, personal trainer, or sports journalist.

Ethical and Unethical Practices Related to the Use of Talents and Abilities Ethical
Practices:
 Involves using your talents in a responsible, honest, and fair way.
 For example, giving credit to others’ work, working hard to improve, and using your talents
to help others.

Unethical Practices:
 Involves using talents in dishonest or unfair ways, such as cheating, copying others’ work,
or misusing skills to harm others.
 For instance, using one’s communication skills to spread false information.
Ethical Practices Related to the Use of Talents and Abilities
1. Honesty: Using your abilities truthfully and not cheating or exaggerating your skills.
2. Respect for Others: Acknowledging others’ efforts and collaborating fairly.
3. Integrity: Following rules and using your talent to help others or make a positive impact.
4.Accountability: Taking responsibility for your actions and improving your skills through
hard
work.
Unethical Practices:
1. Cheating or Plagiarism: Copying others’ work and claiming it as your own.
2. Exploitation: Taking advantage of others for personal gain, like underpaying someone for
their talent.

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3. Spreading Misinformation: Using skills like writing or speaking to spread false or
harmful information.
4. Harmful Use: Using talents in ways that harm others, such as creating dangerous products or
using knowledge of technology for hacking.
 Using talents ethically is important because it builds trust, respect, and can positively
impact others.
 Unethical use damages trust and can harm people and society.

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 STRAND: COMMUNICATION IN PRE-
TECHNICAL STUDIES.
SUB-STRAND: OBLIQUE PROJECTION.
Oblique Projection.
 Oblique projection is a type of drawing technique where an object is shown in 3D by
projecting it onto a flat surface, such as a piece of paper.
 In this projection, the front of the object is drawn true to size, and the other parts of the
object are drawn at an angle, usually 45 degrees, and stretched to show depth.

Characteristics of Oblique Drawing in Technical Fields:

1. Front View: The front of the object is drawn in its actual shape and size, showing all
details clearly.
2. Angle: The other views are drawn at an angle to give the object depth, commonly 45 degrees.
3. Uneven Scale: The depth dimension can be drawn using full size (cavalier projection) or half
size (cabinet projection), which affects how realistic the drawing looks.
4. Straight Lines: Straight lines are used to represent edges, making it easier to visualize and create
the object in real life.

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5. Simple to Understand: Oblique projection is simpler to draw compared to other 3D
projection methods like perspective, making it easy to understand and use for quick
sketches.

Steps for Drawing Shaped Blocks in Oblique Projection:

i. Step 1: Draw the front view of the object as it appears in real life. This is drawn to scale.
ii. Step 2: From the edges of the front view, draw lines at the chosen angle (typically 45 degrees)
to represent the depth.
iii. Step 3: Measure and mark the depth along the angled lines. The depth can be full scale (cavalier)
or reduced (cabinet).
iv. Step 4: Complete the shape by drawing the final back edges of the object, ensuring all lines
are connected properly.
v. Step 5: Add any necessary details like dimensions or text labels.

Difference Between Cavalier and Cabinet Oblique Projection:

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Cavalier Projection:
 The depth is drawn at full scale.
 This gives a more exaggerated, less realistic look because the depth appears longer than in real
life.
Cabinet Projection:
 The depth is drawn at half the scale of the front view.
 This creates a more realistic appearance of the object, as the depth is less exaggerated.

Uses of Oblique Projection in Society:

1. Product Design: Oblique projection is used to visualize products or machines in 3D for design
and manufacturing purposes.
2. Architecture: Architects use oblique projection to sketch buildings and their features, such
as windows and doors, to quickly convey their designs.
3. Engineering: Engineers use oblique projection to represent parts of machines or structures to
understand their shape and construction.
4. Education: Oblique projections help students and learners understand how 3D objects look
by simplifying complex shapes and structures.
 This technique is useful because it provides a clear, simple way to show depth and dimensions
in a 2D drawing.
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Oblique drawing is used in various fields for practical and visual purposes.
Here are some common uses:
1. Product Design:
 Oblique drawing helps designers quickly sketch 3D objects, such as products or
machines, showing the front view clearly while adding depth to the design.
2. Engineering and Technical Drawings:
 Engineers use oblique drawings to represent mechanical parts or components, especially when
they need to show both the front and depth of an object without complex perspective views.
3. Architecture:
 Architects use oblique projections to show buildings, rooms, or layouts in a simplified
3D format, which helps in visualizing how the structure looks from different angles.

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4. Illustrating Assembly Instructions:
 Oblique drawings are often used in manuals to show how parts fit together, giving a clear
view of the front and depth of the objects.
5. Education:
 In educational settings, oblique projection is used to teach students how to visualize
and understand 3D shapes on a 2D surface.
 It's easier to create and interpret than other 3D techniques like perspective drawings.
6. Cartography:
 Oblique drawings can be used in map-making or land surveys to represent topography,
showing both the ground level and elevation changes.
 Overall, oblique drawing is favored in situations where clarity and simplicity are more
important than precise realism.
 It’s particularly useful for technical fields that need a fast, straightforward way to represent
3D objects.

VISUAL PROGRAMMING.
Meaning of Visual Programming:
 Visual programming is a type of programming where you create software by
manipulating graphical elements instead of writing lines of code.
 It uses pictures, icons, and diagrams to represent actions or operations.
 For example, you can connect blocks that represent different tasks to build a program, similar
to solving a puzzle.
Application Areas of Visual Programming Software:
Visual programming software is used in many areas, such as:
1. Education:
 It’s used to teach coding to beginners or kids, as it simplifies programming concepts with drag-
and-drop features.
 Programs like Scratch help students learn programming logic without writing code.
2. Game Development:
 Visual programming tools allow game designers to create interactive elements and simple
games without needing to write complex code.

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 Tools like Unity's visual scripting help in creating game mechanics visually.

3. Automation:
 In business or industries, visual programming helps automate tasks.
 Software like Microsoft Power Automate allows users to create workflows using visual
blocks to automate processes like data entry or email management.
4. Data Analysis:
 Software like Tableau or KNIME uses visual programming to help users analyze data and
create reports without needing to write code, making it easier to work with data.
5. Robotics:
 Visual programming is often used in robotics for controlling robots and devices.
 It allows users to control robotic systems using a flowchart-like interface, which is easier than
traditional coding.
How to Develop an Application Using Visual Programming Software:
 To develop an application using visual programming software, follow these steps:
 Step 1: Choose a Visual Programming Tool: Select a software tool like Scratch, Blockly,
or Node-RED.
 Step 2: Define Your Goal: Decide what you want your application to do. For example, it
could be a simple game, a website, or an automation task.
 Step 3: Design the Flow: Use the drag-and-drop blocks or icons to design the flow of
your program. Each block represents a function or action.
 Step 4: Connect the Blocks: Link the blocks in the correct order to represent the logical
sequence of tasks or actions.
 Step 5: Test Your Program: Run the program to see if it works as expected. You can tweak
or add more blocks to improve functionality.
 Step 6: Finalize and Deploy: Once the application works as intended, you can deploy it or share
it with others.
Use of Visual Programming in Day-to-Day Life:
Visual programming is used in several ways in daily life:
1. Creating Personal Automations:
 People can use visual programming tools to automate tasks like turning on lights,
sending emails, or scheduling reminders.

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 For example, you could use tools like IFTTT to automatically post your social media updates.
2. Building Simple Apps:
 People without coding experience can create their own apps or games using visual
programming tools like App Inventor or Thunkable.
3. Control Smart Devices:
 Visual programming is used in controlling smart devices in homes.
 Tools like SmartThings or Home Assistant allow users to automate home appliances like
lights, thermostats, or security systems without writing code.
4. Education:
 Kids can use visual programming languages like Scratch to create stories, games, or animations,
helping them learn logic and problem-solving without needing to know traditional
programming languages.
 In short, visual programming makes technology more accessible to everyone, allowing people to
create software and automate tasks without deep programming knowledge.

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 STRAND: MATERIALS FOR
PRODUCTION.
SUB-STRAND: WOOD.
Definition of Wood:
 Wood is a natural material that comes from trees. It is made up of cells and fibers, which
help trees stand up straight and grow tall.
 Wood is used for building, making furniture, and many other
things. Types of Wood:

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1. Hardwood: Comes from trees that have broad leaves, like oak, mahogany, and teak.
2. Softwood: Comes from trees that have needles and cones, like pine, cedar, and fir.

Examples of Hard and Softwood:

 Hardwood: Oak, Mahogany, Teak
 Softwood: Pine, Cedar, Fir

Physical Characteristics of Hardwood.

1. Denser: Hardwoods are heavier and harder.
2. Durable: They last longer and are strong.
3. Grain patterns: Usually have intricate grain designs.
 Examples: Oak, Mahogany.

Physical Characteristics of Softwood.

1. Lighter: Softwoods are less dense and lighter.
2. Less durable: They are easier to carve and shape but not as long-lasting.
3. Smoother grain: The grain tends to be simpler and straighter.
 Examples: Pine, Cedar.

METHODS OF WOOD PREPARATION:

1. Conversion:
 This is the process of cutting trees into logs and then turning those logs into usable wood pieces.
 This can be done in various ways:
a. Sawmilling: Cutting logs into planks or boards.
b. Rough sawing: Making the wood into larger pieces that can be shaped later.

2. Seasoning:
 This is the process of drying the wood to remove moisture. Fresh wood (green wood) can be
too wet, which makes it weak or likely to crack.
 Seasoning helps the wood last longer and be easier to work with.

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a. Air seasoning: Allowing wood to dry in the open air.
b. Kiln seasoning: Using a heated oven to speed up the drying process.

Relating Types of Wood to Their Uses in the Community:

 Hardwood: Because it is strong and durable, hardwood is used for furniture, flooring,
and building structures that need to last long, like doors and window frames.
 Softwood: Since softwood is easier to shape and lighter, it is used for making paper,
boxes, construction framing, and furniture that doesn’t need to last as long.

Uses of Wood in Daily Life:

1. Building Materials: Wood is used to make houses, furniture, and even bridges.
2. Tools: Some tools like handles of hammers, axes, and gardening tools are made of wood.
3. Paper: Wood pulp is used to make paper.
4. Fuels: Wood can be burned for cooking or heating.
5. Crafts: Wood is used for carving statues, toys, and decorative items.
6. Musical Instruments.
 Many musical instruments, such as pianos, violins, guitars, and drums, are made from wood.
 Its resonance and sound qualities make it an ideal material for producing rich, clear tones.

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7. Packaging.
 Wood is used to make boxes, crates, and pallets for storing and shipping goods.
 Wooden packaging is strong and provides protection for fragile items during transport.
8. Sporting Goods.
 Wood is used in making various sports equipment like baseball bats, cricket bats, hockey
sticks, and even ski poles.
 Its balance of strength and weight makes it ideal for these items.
9. Garden Tools.
 Many garden tools, such as rake handles, shovel handles, and hoe handles, are made from
wood because it is lightweight yet sturdy.
10. Household Items.
 Items like cutting boards, wooden spoons, serving trays, bowls, and furniture are made
from wood.
 They are both functional and aesthetically pleasing in daily use.
11. Toys.
 Wooden toys, such as puzzles, blocks, and dolls, are safe, durable, and environmentally friendly.
 They are often preferred for young children as they are non-toxic and long-lasting.
12. Shelving and Storage.
 Wood is often used for shelves, cabinets, and storage units.
 It provides a strong and attractive way to organize homes and offices.
13. Windows and Doors.
 Wood is used to make window frames, doors, and shutters due to its durability and
insulating properties.
14. Flooring.
 Hardwood floors are popular for their strength, beauty, and long-lasting nature.
 Wood is often used for flooring in homes, offices, and public spaces.
15. Decorative Items.
 Wood is commonly used for making picture frames, mirrors, and other decorative
home accessories.
 It brings a natural look to the interior design.
16. Fencing.

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 Wooden fences are widely used to enclose properties. Wood’s natural strength and ability
to withstand outdoor conditions make it a good material for fences.
17. Construction Forms and Shoring(process of supporting building).
 In construction, wood is used for temporary structures like formwork and shoring to
support concrete during the building process.
18. Fireplaces and Mantels.
 Wooden mantels are commonly found around fireplaces, adding warmth and charm to
living spaces.
 Firewood is also essential for heating and cooking.
19. Baskets and Wickerwork.
 Wood, especially thin, flexible pieces, is used in weaving baskets and other woven items
for storage and decoration.
20. Wooden Utensils.
 Wooden spoons, spatulas, and ladles are commonly used in cooking because they do not
scratch cookware and are gentle on non-stick surfaces.
 Wood is an incredibly versatile material that continues to be essential in various aspects of
life, offering both practicality and aesthetic appeal.
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Importance of wood in day to day life

 Wood plays an important role in our daily lives due to its versatility, strength, and sustainability.
 Here are some key reasons why wood is important:
1. Building and Construction
 Wood is widely used in construction for building houses, bridges, and other structures.
 It is strong, durable, and an excellent material for creating walls, floors, and roofs.
2. Furniture.
 Most furniture, such as tables, chairs, cabinets, and beds, is made from wood.
 It is valued for its beauty, variety of textures, and the ability to be easily shaped.
3. Sustainable Resource.
 Wood is renewable and can be replenished if harvested sustainably.
 Trees can be replanted, and wood products can be recycled, making it an eco-friendly material
compared to other building materials like plastic or metal.

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4. Paper Production.
 Wood is used to make paper, which is essential for writing, printing, packaging, and
even cleaning.
 Without wood, we wouldn't have paper for books, newspapers, or notebooks.
5. Fuel.
 Wood is used as a source of energy in the form of firewood.
 It has been a traditional and reliable source of heating and cooking fuel, especially in rural areas.
6. Crafts and Art.
 Wood is commonly used for making various art pieces, sculptures, toys, and household items.
 Its natural beauty and ease of carving make it perfect for crafting.
7. Transportation.
 Wooden materials are used in making vehicles like canoes, boats, and even parts of vehicles
like dashboards.
 Wood’s lightness and strength make it suitable for some transportation needs.
8. Insulation.
 Wood has natural insulating properties, which help keep homes warm in winter and cool
in summer, making it an effective material for energy conservation.
9. Health Benefits
 Wooden items, such as beds, desks, and shelves, contribute to better indoor air quality
compared to synthetic materials, making wood a healthier option for home furnishings.
10. Cultural and Traditional Importance.
 Wood has cultural significance in many communities, where it is used in rituals,
temples, traditional artifacts, and ceremonial items, playing a key role in preserving
traditions.
 In summary, wood is indispensable in daily life for its uses in construction, furniture, energy,
art, and many other aspects, offering both practical benefits and aesthetic value.

HANDLING WASTE MATERIALS.

What are waste materials in the environment?
 Waste materials are things that people no longer need or use, and they are thrown away.
 These materials can harm the environment if not handled properly.
 They include items like plastic, food scraps, chemicals, and old electronics that end up in

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landfills, oceans, or other places in nature.

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Waste materials found in the environment:
a. Plastic waste: Bottles, bags, and packaging.

b. Food waste: Leftover food, peels, and scraps.

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