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Per Unit System

The document discusses the Per-Unit System representation in power systems, which normalizes electrical quantities to simplify calculations and comparisons. It outlines base quantities, key formulas, and advantages of using this system, particularly in fault analysis and transformer stages. Additionally, it contrasts the Per-Unit System with Per Phase Representation, highlighting their definitions, purposes, and applicability.

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Jay Meena
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4 views11 pages

Per Unit System

The document discusses the Per-Unit System representation in power systems, which normalizes electrical quantities to simplify calculations and comparisons. It outlines base quantities, key formulas, and advantages of using this system, particularly in fault analysis and transformer stages. Additionally, it contrasts the Per-Unit System with Per Phase Representation, highlighting their definitions, purposes, and applicability.

Uploaded by

Jay Meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEC-208: POWER SYSTEMS-I

EEN-660 HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNIQUE

Per-Unit System Representation

Prepared by:
Dr. Asha Sharma
05-04-2025 POWER SYSTEMS-I 1
Introduction

• A method to normalize electrical quantities.

• Expresses voltage, current, power, impedance as fractions of base values.

• Widely used in power system analysis.


Why Use the Per Unit System?
• Simplifies complex power system calculations.

• Makes component comparison easier.

• Eliminates voltage level conversions.

• Keeps values manageable (around 1.0).


Base Quantities
1. Base Power (S_base): MVA or kVA

2. Base Voltage (V_base): kV

3. Base Current (I_base): Derived from power & voltage

4. Base Impedance (Z_base): Derived from voltage & power


Key Formulas
• Base Current (I_base): I_base = S_base / (√3 × V_base)

• Base Impedance (Z_base): Z_base = (V_base)² / S_base

• Per Unit (pu): pu = Actual Value / Base Value


Changing Base Values
Formula for Conversion:
Z_pu_new = Z_pu_old × (V_base_old² × S_base_new) / (V_base_new² × S_base_old)

Useful for different voltage levels/machine ratings.


Advantages of Per Unit System
• Simplifies calculations in 3-phase systems.
• Essential in fault analysis.
• Easy comparison of component ratings.
• Consistency across transformer stages.
Aspect Per Unit System Per Phase Representation
Definition Normalizes electrical quantities Analyzes one phase of a
relative to base values. balanced 3-phase system.
Purpose Simplifies calculations by Simplifies analysis by
converting values to focusing on one phase,
dimensionless units. leveraging symmetry.
Voltage Levels Handles multiple voltage levels Focuses on one phase;
Handling easily, no conversion after voltage levels in actual
transformer stages. units.
Use Case Used in comparing equipment Used for balanced 3-phase
ratings, fault and stability studies. system analysis.
Units Unit-less (per unit fraction). Actual physical units (volts,
amps, ohms, etc.).
Applicability Both balanced and unbalanced Mostly for balanced
systems; systematic across systems; simplifies system
transformers. size.
Calculation Reduces calculation complexity, Simplifies by reducing 3-
Complexity especially in large systems. phase to one phase, values
in actual units.
Typical Example Impedance of transformer Analyzing A-phase of a
expressed as 0.1 pu. balanced network.
Thank You
Email: [email protected]

Website page: https://iitr.ac.in/~ee/asha_sharma

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/asha-sharma-ph-d-iitk-7366b0114/

Office: 214B, EED, IITR

+91-1332-285636

05-04-2025 POWER SYSTEMS-I 11

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