An IoT based Electrical Battery Monitoring and Fire

Alarming System
Abstract:
Detection of fire in homes is necessary to avoid destruction of property due to fire accidents both natural
and with batteries. Detection of fire can prove to be very important as it could mean the difference
between life and death. Fires can occur from anywhere and at any point of time, hence the presence of
Fire Alarm System helps in keeping your family safe. Some people don’t see the need to have a fire alarm
system. They just assume that they could smell the fire and run out in time. The average time for a house
to burn down nowadays is just 60 seconds. So, by the time you smell the fire and try to run away, the fire
has probably engulfed the house. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of devices connected and
accessible through the internet. The ‘Thing’ in IOT could refer to any physical device, varying from a
toaster to an automobile. These devices can be connected through the internet and help us manipulate or
collect data from them. In this paper, we will be using a wide variety of sensors to detect the presence of
fire and alert its presence to the watchman and fire officials. It discusses in detail about the functions of
each module and its implementation in an elaborate manner. It also discusses the application of Iot
Technology in relation to fire detection technologies.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE TOOLS:

Software Tools:

1. Arduino IDE
Hardware Tools:

1. NODEMCU
2. FIRE SENSOR
3. Temperature Sensor
4. RELAY
5. AC PUMP Motor
6. BUZZER

1
 CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
Now days, IoT (Internet of Things) is a new revolution of the Internet and it provides a platform
for communication between objects where objects can organize and manage themselves. Internet
of Things (IoT) is the expansion of internet services because it allows daily life things to connect
with user and operate remotely from anywhere. We can describe IoT in simple words, when the
objects or things connected with each other using standard protocols and standard infrastructure
so that they can communicate between each other and all these objects/things can be monitored
and controlled by anywhere and anytime using internet. The IoT was began in the year 1998 and
the term Internet of Things was first called by Kevin Ashton in 1999 [4]. The Internet of Things
is a new area where it provides a privilege to communicate around the world. The objective of
IoT is Anything, Anyone, Anytime, Anyplace, Any service and any network. Fig.1 describes the
coupling of two things suppose its C’s and A’s which may be reveals, people and things can be
connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally by using in Any path/network
and Any service. This implies addressing elements such as Convergence, Content, Collections
(Repositories), Computing, Communication, and Connectivity in the context where there is
seamless inter connection between people and things and/or between things and things so the A
and C elements are present and tightly coupled

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused job.
Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine, mobile
phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a processor
and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the
embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The
embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose
computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing,
accounting, software development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems
is always fixed listed below:

2
· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different things. .
Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they do not
have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have
to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time. In
some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are
constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power
consumption has to be very low.

· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as very
high temperatures and humidity.

Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The embedded
system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very market
segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical
engineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation,
military and so on.

Consumer appliances: At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital
camera, digital diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and
air-conditioner, VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Today’s high-tech car
has about 20 embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning,
navigation etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are
powerful embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as
playing games and word processing.

Office automation: The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying
machine, fax machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

3
Industrial automation: Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control.
These include pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity
generation and transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out
specific tasks such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and
then take appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send
information to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where
human presence has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs.
The robots are now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated
tasks such as hardware assembly.

Medical electronics: Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system.
These equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices,
X-ray scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.

Computer networking: Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated

Services Digital Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay
switches are embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols.
For example, a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different
protocol stacks. The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze
the packets and send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion.
Most networking equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access
the networks, are embedded systems

Telecommunications: In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be

categorized as subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key
telephones, ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network
equipment includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers

4
(PADs), sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded
systems that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.

Wireless technologies: Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many
interesting applications using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the
last decade of the 20’h century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice
communication while we are on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can
now be used to access multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication
infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful
embedded systems.

Insemination: Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters
such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems.
Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to
miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy
testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security: Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect
our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems.
Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~
embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment- consumer
electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and
industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to
encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines.
Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user
authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security buildings.

5
Finance: Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for
transactions using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time
Money) machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and
memory; and it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic
wallet. Smart card technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list
goes on. It is no exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the
work of an embedded system!

Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing
Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The
software residing on the memory chip is also called the ‘firmware’. The embedded system
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above the

operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the
software specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is
advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application
software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.

6
Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long
time you don’t need to reload new software.

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are;

· Central Processing Unit (CPU)

· Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

· Input Devices

· Output devices

· Communication interfaces

· Application-specific circuitry

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its
main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory,

7
serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a
micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very
less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external
components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal processing is
involved such as audio and video processing.

Memory:

The memory is categorized as Random Access 11emory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

Input devices:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability.
There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no
easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to give a
specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded systems used
in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take inputs from sensors
or transducers 1’fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.

Output devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be
used to display some important parameters.

8
Communication interfaces:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may have to
transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one or a
few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE
1394, Ethernet etc.

Application-specific circuitry:

Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an embedded
system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to carry out the
necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through the 230 volts
main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the power
consumption is minimized.

9
 CHAPTER – II
LITERATURE SURVEY

Qingping Chi et al. [1], proposed a new method to design a reconfigurable smart sensor interface
for industrial WSN in IoT environment, which is CPLD i.e. complex programmable logic device
is adopted as the core controller which provides reading data in parallel and in real time with
high speed on multiple different sensor data. Complex programmable logic device solved all
previous problems like the current connect number, sampling rate, and signal types of sensors are
generally restricted by the device means each sensor connected to the device is required to write
complicated and cumbersome data collection program code. In this system the standard of
IEEE1451.2 intelligent sensor interface specification are used so that system can collect sensor
data intelligently. Fig. 3 shows the System’s block function design.

This system is based on IEEE1451 protocol and by combining with CPLD and the application of
wireless communication; it is very suitable for real-time and effective requirements of the high-
speed data acquisition system in IoT environment. The system achieved good effects in practical
application in taking real time monitoring of water environment in IoT environment as an
example and also more flexible and extensible.
Shifeng Fang et al. [2], presents an integrated approach to water resource management based on
geoinformatics including technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information
Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Enterprise Information Systems (EIS), and
cloud services. This paper also introduces a prototype IIS called WRMEIS i.e. Water Resource
Management Enterprise Information System that integrates functions such as data acquisition,
data management and sharing, modeling, and knowledge management. This system provides best
management for water security and flood for human society which is future for human life. This
system is combination of Snowmelt Flood Forecasting Enterprise Information System i.e.
SFFEIS, which is based on the Water Resource Management Enterprise Information System.

10
This system contains operational database, Extraction-TransformationLoading (ETL),
information warehouse; in which it contains information management that allows any participant
play the role as a sensor as well as a contributor to the information warehouse, temporal and
spatial analysis, simulation/prediction models to predict the atmospheric condition, knowledge
management is useful for the taking decision; which is provided by both users and public play
the role of providing data and knowledge, and other functions. This system is a prototype water
resource management IIS which integrates geoinformatics, EIS, and cloud service. This system
provides the crucial importance of a systematic approach toward IISs for effective resource and
environment management.
Cheong, P. et al. [3], paper presents a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network node for the
ultraviolet i.e. UV detection of flame. This system is based on the sensor node; which is
composed of a ZnSSe UV photo detector and also contains current-sensitive front end including
a high-gain current-to-voltage amplifier with 120 dB and a logarithm converter, a transceiver
operated at a 2.4-GHz industrial, scientific, and medical band. For converting the ultraviolet
emission of flame into picoamperes the passive photo detector is designed or set in a such a way
that it will having a cutoff at 360 nm and system can detect the flame at the speed of 70 ms.
System also contains mixed signal processing for the speed of flame detection is as fast as 70 ms
and ZigBee transmission provides send data from the sensor to the central processor system or to
the application layer. The systems sensor node consumes only an average of 2.3 mW from a 3.3-
V supply. This system is tested under the condition such that the luminous flame was imaged
onto the sensor node with different angles ranging from -30° to 30° and distances of 0.1, 0.2, and
0.3 m enabling effective fire safety applications.
GauravTiwari and RiyazKazi [4], present Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial in
IOT Environment. Sensors are generally restricted by the device because of the current connect
number, sampling rate, and signal types and if required to connect devices required to write
complicated and cumbersome data collection programming code.to solve this problem this paper
provides the new method i.e. design a functional smart sensor interface for industrial WSN in
IoT environment, in this field programmable gate array device (FPGA) is adopted as a core-
controller. Fig. 4a and 4b shows the proposed system i.e. Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface for
Industrial in IOT Environment.

11
Field programmable gate array device read data in parallel and in real time with high speed on
multiple different sensor data and the standard of IEEE1451.4 intelligent sensor interface
specification is adopted for this design.
R. KarpagaPriya, T. KarpooraEswari, and K. Akilakumari [5], presents an Industrial WSN in
IOT Environment Interface with Smart Sensor Using ARM. This system is to develop a sensor
interface device is essential for sensor data collection of industrial Wireless Sensor Networks i.e.
WSN in Internet of Things (IoT) environment. In the proposed system ARM is adopted as the
core controller at the time of interfacing for industrial WSN in IoT atmosphere so that it will
scan information in parallel and in real time with high speed on multiple completely different
device information and for this Intelligent device interface specification is adopted. Different
Sensors are used to provide the values of Temperature, Vibration, Gas present in the industrial
environment, so that critical situation can be avoided and preventive measures are successfully
implemented. The result of the system gives values of Temperature is 67.4c. If Vibration and
Gas sensor is either Low or Medium, it means Low indicates that there is no gas and vibration,
and then Medium indicates there is a Gas and Vibration present.
Bharani M., Elango S., Ramesh S.M., and Preetilatha R. [6], presents an embedded system based
monitoring system for industries by interfacing sensors with ATmega Microcontroller. In this
system various sensors are being used for measuring the temperature, pressure, gas etc. In the
proposed system, sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller ATmega328p which provides a
highperformance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB flash memory
with readwhile-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, serial programmable, a byteoriented 2-wire serial interface, serial port, a 6-
channel 10- bit A/D, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. Using Zigbee the measured values are sent from monitoring
station to the controlling station and then sent via WAN to the Internet if needed. Received
values are compared with the threshold value if any mismatch is found then the workers will be
informed to take corrective measures.
S.Pandikumar and R.S. Vetrivel [7], presents an IoT and GSM based design of smart home
controlling system. This paper provides architecture, which enables the users to control and
monitor smart devices through internet and also it creates an interface between users and smart
home by using GSM and internet technologies, or it can say that it creates GSM based wireless

12
communication from the web server into the smart home. Users give commands through web
then the users inputs are converted into GSM-SMS commands, then these commands are sent to
embedded system module. This embedded system directly connect with devices through GSM
network, and finally the user commands are parsed and executed by microcontroller to control
any electronic objects like home appliances, lights, etc and it sends the acknowledgement.

CHAPTER – III
PROJECT INTRODUCTION

AIM:

The main objective of this system is to design a Fire monitoring and controlling system using
blynk application.

COMPONENTS

NODEMCU, IR Sensor, FIRE Sensor, Temperature sensor.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

We physically measure physical parameters in the environment like temperature, sensor

and light recognition which is exceptionally troublesome and mistaken. A typical individual
can't demonstrate any enthusiasm to gauge those physical parameters esteem. To maintain
a strategic distance from this trouble we are going for our proposed framework.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

This project describes the prototype of smart fire monitoring system, which ensures the safety
and security of the property.. By using IoT technology we send the sensors data to authorized
person.

13
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Node section:

POWER SUPPLY

IOT
NODEMCU MODULE
FIRE SENSOR

TEMPERATURE SENSOR BUZZER

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
AC PUMP MOTOR

Monitoring section:

MOBILE PHONE

APPLICATIONS : Data collection is the essential application of WSN and more importantly it
is the foundation of other advanced applications in IOT environment

14
ADVANTAGES : Sensor data acquisition interface equipment is one of the key Parts in IOT
applications.

CHAPTER – IV
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

Microcontrollers

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed
amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount
of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many
applications in which cost and space are critical.

Node MCU:

NodeMCU is a low-value open source IoT platform. It from the start included firmware that runs
on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems and stuff that relied on the ESP-12 module.
Later, keep up for the ESP32 32-cycle MCU was added.

NodeMCU is an open-source firmware for which open-source prototyping board plans are open.
The name "NodeMCU" joins "center point" and "MCU" (more humble than the average
controller unit). The clarification "NodeMCU" sagaciously talking proposes the firmware instead
of the related advancement packs.

Both the firmware and prototyping board plans are open source.

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware relies on the eLua errand, and
subject to the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, for
instance, lua-Jason and SPIFFS. As a result of resource objections, customers need to pick the
modules material for their undertaking and create a firmware custom fitted to their prerequisites.
Support for the 32-cycle ESP32 has in like manner been executed.

15
The prototyping gear consistently used is a circuit board filling in as a twofold in-line assembling
(DIP) which joins a USB controller with a truly unassuming surface-mounted board containing
the MCU and social event mechanical party. The choice of the DIP plan considers fundamental
prototyping on breadboards. The approach was from the start relied on the ESP-12 module of the
ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC empowered with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 focus, everything
thought about used in IoT applications

NodeMCU was made not long after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systemsbegan making the ESP8266. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong presented
the focal report of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Following two months, the endeavor reached
set an open-hardware stage when originator Huang R presented the Gerber record of an ESP8266
board, named devkit v0.9. Sometimes starting there on, Tuan PM ported the MQTT client library
from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC stage, and zeroed in on the NodeMCU project, by then
NodeMCU had the decision to help the MQTT IoT show, using Lua to get to the MQTT trained
professional. Another monster update was made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the
u8glibto the NodeMCU project, attracting NodeMCU to beneficially drive LCD, Screen, OLED,
even VGA shows.

3.1. ESP8266 Arduino Core

As Arduino. cc began ending up being new MCU sheets reliant on nonAVR processors like the
ARM/SAM MICROCONTROLLERS and used in the Arduino Due, they expected to change the
Arduino IDE with the objective that it would be generally easy to change the IDE to help
substitute toolchains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be referenced for these new processors. A
"middle" is the blend to orchestrate an Arduino C/C++ source record for the goal MCU's
machine language. Some ESP8266 fans developed an Arduino social class for the ESP8266 WiFi
SoC, noticeably called the "ESP8266 mcu. This has form a focal programming development
stage for the undeniable ESP8266-based modules and improvement sheets, including
NodeMCUs.

3.2. WI-FI: The WI-FI module used in this undertaking is ESP8266. It follows TCP/IP stack and
is a focal processor which is less in cost. This focal processor licenses microcontroller to
interface with a WI-FI relationship, by using Hayes style request affiliations are done or made
through TCP/IP partnership. ESP8266 has 1MB of trademark impacted, single-chip contraptions
masterminded to relate WI-FI. Espressif structures are the creators of this module, it is a 32 digit

16
microcontroller. There are 16 GPIO sticks in this module. This module follows the RISC
processor. It has a 10 cycle DAC. Later Espressif structures passed on a thing progress kit(SDK)
which is used to program on the chip, so another microcontroller isn't used. A piece of the SDK's
is Node MCU, Arduino, Micro Python, Zerynth, and Mongoose OS. SPI, I2C, I2S, UART are
used for passing on between two sensors or modules.

Figure 3.1. :Wi-Fi module

NodeMCU is an open-source IoT stage. It consolidates firmware that abrupt

spikes notable for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and stuff which relies
on the ESP-12 module. The articulation "NodeMCU" usually implies the firmware rather
than the DevKit. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It relies on the eLua
undertaking and subject to the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, for instance, lua - Jason, and spiffs.

17
Fig 3.2. Node MCU

18
 Fig 3.3. Node MCU Pin Configuration

Chapter 4

IoT Technology and Applications

4.1 Introduction

IoT improvement unexpectedly helps the IoT application that is centered on the heap commercial
enterprise employer and precise clients, while networks and gadgets permit connectivity of
bodily subjects. IoT software offers dependable vital device-to-human and device-to-tool
communique. IoT tool programs need to ensure that records are received and properly acted
consistent with a suitable precise way, a smooth example is that of logistic software program
software monitoring that has the transported reputation of products which incorporates herbal
merchandise, sparkling products, meat, and dairy terms. Moreover, inside the path of logistics,
brilliant control of weather change, wonder and humidity are frequently monitored and
appropriate moves are strategically and definitely made to keep gadgets spoilage from a long
distance even as the connection is out of courage. To claimed that "a few examples of IoT
programs in lifestyles can be placed in the clever environment, clever Greenhouse, clever cities,
clever Water, smart Metering, safety and Emergency, commercial manipulate, domestic
Automation and virtual health". '
IoT' is therefore stationed on devices that could look at sensed information and then transmit it to
the individual. k. IoT annoying situations as said in a preceding look, there are some annoying
conditions that IoT format needs to stand in the coming future generation. All of the devices,
nodes related in associate in nursing IoT format desires to have substantially low latency over
dependable hyperlinks. Because of the big style of IoT devices and the usage of several
frequency bands, there can be a disaster in spectrum houses. Although IoT gadgets are growing
daily that consumes exceptionally lesser strength, even though there can be a large quantity of
greenhouse gasoline emission due to all of those devices. In the end, IoT structure now does not
actually have to be price powerful but furthermore, they should be able to help heterogeneous
applications and gadgets.
As said above in IoT stressful situations, IoT applications can have some extra smooth wants to
tackle, for instance, device addressing, protection, Scalability, Mobility, Anchor-masses a great

19
deal much less sending and so on. As noted, IoT packages include several heterogeneous
gadgets, and but, content material safety is a key problem that plays a top-notch role.

A preceding study has indicated the annoying situations of each IoT and ICN in their past test,
this beyond having a look at endeavors to combine them wherein IoT illustrate the great
annoying situations and as an alternative, ICN illustrates the remarkable answers. Even though
they observe defined to start with how one of a kind ICN competencies can cope with IoT
problems and after that, some use times and contextual investigations are examined.

4.2. Limitations

The device has the following barriers:

1. Compatibility: As of now, there can be no preference for tagging and tracking with sensors. A
uniform concept much like the USB or Bluetooth is needed which need to not be that hard to do.

2. Complexity: there are various opportunities for failure with complex systems. For instance,
every you and your associate may also moreover acquire messages that the milk is over and
every one of you can grow to be shopping for the equal. That leaves you with double the amount
required. Or there may be a software program software worm causing the printer to order ink
more than one time whilst it calls for a single cartridge.

3. privateers/protection: privateers is big trouble with IoT. All the statistics need to be encrypted
genuinely so records approximately your financial repute or how a whole lot of milk you devour
isn’t unusual information at the paintings place or together at the side of your pals.
Four. Safety: there is a threat that the software program can be hacked and your personal records
misused. The possibilities are endless. Your prescription being changed or your account
information being hacked might also additionally want to place you at the chance. Consequently,
all the safety dangers grow to be the purchaser’s obligation.

20
4.3. Ethernet:

Ethernet is a circle of relatives of pc networking generation for nearby vicinity networks (LANs)
commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has in large issue
replaced competing burdened out LAN technologies.
Structures speaking over Ethernet divide a movement of information into man or woman packets
known as frames. Everyone consists of delivering and tour spot addresses and mistakes-checking
statistics certainly so damaged information may be detected and re-transmitted.
The requirements define numerous wiring and signaling variations. The actual 10BASE5
Ethernet used coaxial cable as a shared medium. Later the coaxial cables have been modified
with the beneficial aid of twisted pair and fiber optic links collectively with hubs or switches.
Facts costs had been periodically improved from the actual 10 megabits in step with 2d, to a
hundred gigabits steady with 2nd.

4.4. ETHERNET CABLE RJ45

As you take into account that its commercial enterprise employer launch, Ethernet has retained
an excellent diploma of compatibility. Competencies alongside aspect the forty eight-bit MAC
deal with and Ethernet frame layout have stimulated considered one of a type networking
protocols
Ethernet first of all competed within large element proprietary structures, Token Ring and Token
Bus. due to the fact, Ethernet changed into able to adapt to marketplace realities and shift to a lot
less expensive and ubiquitous twisted-pair wiring, those proprietary protocols soon decided
themselves competing in a market inundated via Ethernet merchandise and via way of the give
up of the Eighties, Ethernet become surely the dominant community era. Within the machine,
3Com has grown to be a primary agency that three hundred and sixty-five days commenced out
promoting adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, in addition to Multibus-based definitely Intel and
solar Microsystems laptop structures. This has emerged as accompanied brief using DEC's
Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC provided and used internally to assemble its very non-

21
public corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes through 1986, making it considered
one of the most crucial laptop networks inside the worldwide at that element.

4.5. Evolution:

Ethernet developed to embody higher bandwidth, advanced media get right of entry to control
strategies and unique bodily media. The coaxial cable turned into changed with element-to-thing
hyperlinks related via Ethernet responders or switches to lessen installation costs, growth
reliability, and beautify manipulation and troubleshooting. Many versions of Ethernet stay in
normal use.
Ethernet stations speak using manner of way of manner of sending each certainly one of a type
records packets: blocks of data for my part dispatched and brought. As with fantastic IEEE 802
LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC deal. The MAC addresses are used to specify
every holiday spot and the supply of every data packet. Ethernet connects link diploma
connections, which can be told as the use of each holiday spot and delivery address. On receiving
the data of a transmission, the receiver makes use of the vacation spot deal to decide whether or
no longer the transmission applies to the station or needs to be ignored. Network interfaces
typically do no longer take shipping of packets addressed to distinctive Ethernet stations.

Adapters which programmed with a globally unique cope with. An Ethertype vicinity in each
person is utilized by the going for walks system on the side of receiving station to pick out the
right protocol module (i.e. the net protocol module). Ethernet frames are stated to be self-
identifying, due to the frame kind. Self-figuring out frames makes it feasible to intermix multiple
protocols on an equal bodily network and forward a single pc to use more than one protocol
together. However, the top-notch replaces in Ethernet, all generations of Ethernet (apart from
early experimental variations) use the identical frame formats (and consequently the equal
interface for better layers) and can be quite surely interconnected via bridging.

22
4.6. ETHERNET (TCP/IP PROTOCOL)

Ethernet is a circle of relatives of computer networking generation generally applied in nearby

region networks (LAN), metropolitan vicinity networks (guy), and huge vicinity networks
(WAN). [1] It has to turn out to be commercially added in 1980 and primary standardized in
1983 as IEEE 802.3,[2]and has given that been touchy to help higher bit expenses and longer
hyperlink distances. Through the years, Ethernet has in large detail modified competing
careworn LAN era which includes token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET.
The ideal 10BASE5 Ethernet makes use of coaxial cable as a shared medium, even as the extra
modern Ethernet versions use twisted pair and fiber-optic links alongside hubs or switches. Over
the path of its history, Ethernet statistics transfer expenses had been prolonged from the real 2.
Ninety-four megabits in keeping with 2d (Mbit/s)[three] to the cutting-edge one hundred gigabits
steady with 2nd (Gbit/s). The Ethernet requirements incorporate several wiring and signaling
variations of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.
Systems speaking over Ethernet divide a flow of data into shorter portions called frames. Anyone
includes supply and excursion spot addresses, and errors-checking records so that broken frames
may be detected and discarded; most usually, higher-layer protocols reason retransmission of out
of area frames. As constant with the OSI version, Ethernet offers services as an awful lot as and
which include the statistics link layer. [4]
Considering the truth that its business launch, Ethernet has retained a terrific degree of backward
compatibility. Capabilities which encompass the forty-eight-bit MAC cope with and Ethernet
body layout have inspired specific networking protocols. The number one possibility for a few
uses of modern-day-day-day LANs IEEE 802.11.

Data:

Ethernet emerges as evolved at Xerox PARC inbetween 1973 and 1974.[6][7] It has become
inspired via manner of the use of ALOHAnet, where Robert Metcalfe had studied as a part of his
Ph.D. dissertation.[8] The concept become first documented in a note that Metcalfe wrote on

23
May 22, 1973, in which he named it after the disproven aluminiferous ether as an "omnipresent,
absolutely-passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves".[6][nine][10] In 1975.
In 1976, after the gadget turns out to be deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a
seminal paper
Metcalfe left Xerox from starting his career to June 1979 to shape 3Com.[6][14] He glades
digital device enterprise (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to artwork collectively to sell Ethernet as an
elegant. The so-known as "DIX" extensive, for "digital/Intel/Xerox", particular 10 Mbit/s
Ethernet, with 48-bit excursion spot and delivery addresses and a global 16-bit Ether type-kind
region. It grows to be published on September 30, 1980, as "The Ethernet, a nearby location
network. Statistics hyperlink Layer and physical Layer specs".[15] version 2 modified into
posted in November 1982[16] and defines what has to turn out to be known as Ethernet II.
Formal standardization efforts proceeded on equal time and resulted inside the eBook of IEEE
802.three on June 23, 1983.[2]
Ethernet to begin with competed within big problem proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token
Bus. because of the truth Ethernet grow to be able to adapt to marketplace realities and shift to
less highly-priced and ubiquitous twisted-pair wiring, the ones proprietary protocols quickly
decided themselves competing in a market inundated with the beneficial resource of Ethernet
merchandise, and, by using the usage of the prevent of the Nineteen Eighties, Ethernet became
sincerely the dominant network technology.[6] within the gadget, 3Com has ended up a primary
corporation. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that 12
months started out selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, similarly to Multibus-primarily
based sincerely Intel and solar Microsystems computer structures.[17]:9 This has become
observed rapid through internally to build its private organization network, which reached over
10,000 nodes thru 1986, making it without a doubt one of the maximum important laptop
networks within the worldwide at that component.[18] An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM
laptop emerges as released in 1982, and, with the beneficial aid of 1985, 3Com had provided
100,000.[14] Parallel port primarily based absolutely completely Ethernet adapters have been
produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and domestic windows. Through the early Nineties,
Ethernet has to turn out to be so ordinary that it has grown to be a need-to-have function for
contemporary pc systems, and Ethernet ports started to appear on a few laptop systems and most
workstations. This method changed substantially speeded up with the introduction of 10BASE-T

24
and its fairly small modular connector, at which difficulty Ethernet ports appeared even on low-
save your motherboards.
thinking about then, Ethernet generation has advanced to meet new bandwidth and market
requirements.[19] in addition to pc systems, Ethernet is now used to interconnect domestic tools
and distinctive private gadgets.[6] it's miles used in commercial enterprise packages and is brief
changing legacy statistics transmission structures in the worldwide's telecommunications
networks.[20] thru 2010, the market for Ethernet devices amounted to over $16 billion in line
with 12 months.

4.7. STANDARDIZATION:

In February 1980, IEEE began venture 802 to standardize community place networks (LAN).
[14][22] The "DIX-organization" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Artist (Intel), and Bob Prints
(Xerox) submitted the so-known as "Bluebook" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the
LAN specification.[15] Similar to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported via IBM) and Token Bus
(decided on and henceforward supported thruway of good-sized motors) have been also
considered as applicants for a LAN high-quality. Competing proposals and a large interest in the
initiative introduced an approximately sturdy war of phrases over which era to standardize. In
December 1980, the organization turned the break up into 3 groups, and standardization
proceeded one after the opposite for every belief. [14]
Delays within the requirements device located at the chaos once the market advent of the Xerox
film superstar computer and 3Com's Ethernet LAN merchandise. With such industrial company
implications in thoughts, David Liddle (elegant supervisor, Xerox place of work systems) and
Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported an offer of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens personal Networks)
for an alliance within the developing workplace communique marketplace, which encompass
Siemens' help for the global standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm,
Siemens' consultant to IEEE 802, rapidly accomplished a broader beneficial resource for
Ethernet beyond IEEE via the established order of a competing undertaking company
"community Networks" inside the ECU necessities body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA
TC24 with its enterprise human beings reached an agreement on a huge for CSMA/CD-based
totally completely clearly at the IEEE 802 draft.[17]:8Because the DIX perception modified into
most technically complete and due to the short movement took via ECMA which decisively

25
contributed to the acknowledgement of opinions inside IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD well-
known have emerged as authorized in December 1982.[14] IEEE published the 802.3 modern-
day days as a draft in 1983 and as a well-known in 1985.[23]
Approval of Ethernet on the global degree emerge as completed thru the usage of a comparable,
pass-partisan motion with Fromm because the liaison officer strolling to combine with
worldwide Electro technical fee (IEC) Technical Committee 83 (TC83) and worldwide business
enterprise for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 90 seven Sub Committee 6
(TC97SC6). The ISO 8802-three elegant has grown to be posted in 1989.

EVOLUTION

Ethernet advanced to encompass better bandwidth, superior media get proper of entry to govern
techniques and considered one in all a kind bodily media. The coaxial cable modified into
changed with detail-to-detail hyperlinks associated thru Ethernet repeaters or switches.[25]
Ethernet stations communicate via the use of sending every unique facts packet: blocks of
statistics in my opinion dispatched and added. The MAC address are used to specify each
vacation spot and the delivery of each data packet. Ethernet establishes hyperlink diploma
connections, which can be defined as the use of every holiday spot and supply address. On
reception of a transmission, the receiver makes use of the vacation spot deal to decide whether or
now or not or no longer the transmission applies to the station or needs to be omitted. A
community interface generally does now not get keep of packets addressed to special Ethernet
stations. [b]Adapters come programmed with a globally precise deal.
An EtherType place in anybody is used by the walking tool at the receiving station to select out
the proper protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol model collectively with IPv4). Ethernet
frames are said to be self-figuring out, because of the body type. Self-figuring out frames makes
it feasible to intermix multiple protocols at the identical bodily network and allow an unmarried
laptop to use a couple of protocols together.[26] however, in the evolution of the Ethernet era, all
generations of Ethernet (apart from early experimental versions) use equal body codecs. [27]
blended-tempo networks can be constructed with the usage of Ethernet switches and repeaters
assisting the favored Ethernet versions

26
Because of the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-lowering fee of the hardware needed to the manual
it, and the reduced panel vicinity wanted through twisted-pair Ethernet, most producers now
construct Ethernet interfaces right away into laptop motherboards, eliminating the want for
installation of a separate community card.
Ethernet LAN capabilities:
• Bus topology, burdened out LAN in IEEE 802.three bodily layer ultra-modern
• 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (uncovered and Shielded wires), and four Gbps (in twisted-pair
wiring mode)
• Broadcast medium─ Passive, compelled connections based genuinely.
• Body format just like the IEEE 802.2
• SNMP (smooth network control Protocol) Open the machine (therefore lets in a device of
various specs)
• Everyone associated with a not unusual verbal exchange channel within the network will
no longer be idle, waits and tries again.
• Multi get admission to is like in a Packet-switched network

Ethernet Local Area Network

• Passive, connection-based absolutely definitely
• Media get admission to control (MAC) forty-eight-bit deal with for transmitting and
forwarding frames on same LAN simplest.
• can also use multicast addressing─for sending frames to all or a few pick out sorts of
Ethernet gadgets
Connectivity to net
 Deal with desire Protocol (ARP) for solving 32 bits net protocol
Addresses with the forty-eight-bit excursion spot host media cope with. RARP (opposite ARP)
Header Bytes in Ethernet frame
 A statistics for transmission fragments into the frames.
 The body has a header.
 First of all, the header has 8 bytes, which defines a preamble.
 Then the header has six bytes (48-bits) of holiday spot MAC deals with.
 Six bytes (forty-eight-bits) of the deliver MAC deal with observe the destination MAC.
Information in Ethernet body:

27
 • Then there are six bytes. The ones are for the type vicinity. Those are meaningful
extremely good for the higher network layers and the period definition.
• Minimum seventy bytes and most 1500 bytes of facts comply with the duration
definition.
• In the long run, there are four bytes for CRC check for the body series check

LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the

temperature (in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected
to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more
accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self heating and does not
cause more than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies
by 10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale
factor is 0.01V/ oC

Pin No Function Name

1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc

2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output

3 Ground (0V) Ground

28
FIG: TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM35

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature.
Linearity defines how well over a range of temperature a sensor’s output consistently changes.
Unlike thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of 0.5°C accuracy and has
wide temperature range. its output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.

The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range.It draws only 60 µA from
its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. LM35 Operates from 4 to 30
volts.

Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output of sensor is 280 mV then temperature
is 28 degree C. so by using a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the degree temperature.
For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2 of IC 741 by using preset or potentiometer.
Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to activate or deactivate a device at
a particular margin temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for indication of both low
(Green) and high (Red) temperature.

29
 Circuit Diagram of temperature sensor

Working: The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature by 10 mV per degree.
This varying voltage is feed to a comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are among the
most widely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. It has
two input inverting (-) and non-inverting (+) and one output pin. We have used IC741 as non-
inverting amplifier which means pin 3 is the input and the output is not reversed. This circuit
amplifies the difference between its input terminals.

As a comparator, Bistable output of an op amplifier is as follows :-

Part list:
IC LM35, IC LM741
Resistance: 10K Ohms, 470 Ohms X 2Pcs
Preset or P.O.T of 2K Ohms
LED 2pcs (Red and Green)
9V Battery with Snap
Switch, wire
*By making this Temperature Sensor Project, student will be capable of making many similar

30
project i.e Automatic room heater controller, determine hotness of Tea or Coffee to
avoid burning your tongue,Automatic Fan Controller etc.

FIRE SENSOR

There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that
uses optical sensors to detect flames. There are also ionization flame detectors, which use current
flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors.

Infrared Flame Detector

Infrared (IR) flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band. Hot gases emit a specific spectral
pattern in the infrared region, which can be sensed with a thermal imaging camera (TIC) a type of thermo
graphic. False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the area as
well as blinding from water and solar energy. A typical frequency where single frequency IR flame

detector is sensitive is in the 4.4 micrometer range. Typical response time is 3-5 seconds.

RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.A type of relay that can handle the
high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays
control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform

31
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overloadfaults; in modern electric power systems
these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Fig 6.1: Automotive-style miniature relay, dust cover is taken off

BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:

Fig 6.2: Simple electromechanical relay

Fig 6.3: Small relay as used in electronics

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an
iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and

32
one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the
yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a
spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this
condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open.
Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in
the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the
circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit
board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB

33
 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

6.0. Arduino IDE compiler:

Arduino is an open-deliver electronics platform based mostly on smooth-to-use hardware

and software utility. Arduino boards can observe inputs - slight on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and flip it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an
LED, publishing a few components online. You could tell your board what to do by
sending a hard and fast of commands to the microcontroller at the board. To do so that
you use the Arduino programming language (based totally mostly on Wiring), and the
Arduino software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of lots of obligations, from regular gadgets to
complex medical gadgets. A worldwide community of makers - college students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and specialists - has collected spherical this open-deliver
platform, their contributions have brought as much as a terrific amount of available
know-how that can be of terrific assist to novices and experts alike.

Arduino has become born on the Ivrea interaction format Institute as a clean tool for
instant prototyping, geared towards university college students without a historic past in
electronics and programming. As quickly as it reached a miles wider community, the
Arduino board started converting to conform to new dreams and traumatic situations,
differentiating its provide from smooth eight-bit boards to merchandise for IoT

Programs, wearable, three-d printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards
are without a doubt open-deliver, empowering clients to assemble them independently
and ultimately adapt them to their unique dreams. The software program, too, is open-
supply, and its miles growing thru the contributions of customers globally.

The advantages of the Arduino IDE utility are

1. much less steeply-priced

2. The clean smooth programming surroundings

34
3. Extensible software program application utility and hardware

Arduino IDE

Fig Using Arduino IDE app

35
36
The Arduino venture gives the Arduino blanketed development surroundings (IDE), it really is a
go-platform software program software developed in the programming language Java. It is
developed to introduce programming application with software improvement.

It includes a code editor with features in conjunction with syntax highlighting, brace matching,
and automatic indentation, and offers a simple one-click mechanism to collect and load packages
to an Arduino board. A software program written with the IDE for Arduino is known as a "cool
lively film".

Arduino IDE permits the languages C and C++ the use of special hints to set up code. The
Arduino IDE materials a software program software library called Wiring from the Wiring task,
which offers many, not unusual enter and output techniques. a massive Arduino C/C++ cool
animated film embodies abilities that might be compiled and related with a utility stub vital()
into an executable cyclic government software:

• Setup (): a feature that runs as fast as on the start of software and which can initialize
settings.

• loop (): a characteristic called time and again until the board powers off.

• Writing Sketches

• Report

• Edit

• Caricature

• Equipment

• help

• Sketchbook

• Tabs, more than one documents, and Compilation

• importing

37
• Libraries

• Hardware

• Serial screen

• Possibilities

• Language assist

• Forums

The Arduino Software (IDE) - carries a text editor for writing code, a message location, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for all functions, and a group of menus. It joins to the Arduino
and Genuino hardware to add packages and talk with them.

6.1. WRITING SKETCHES:

Packages written utilizing Arduino software application program (IDE) are called sketches.
Those sketches are written inside the textual content editor and saved with the document
extension .ino. The editor has capabilities for slicing/pasting and for searching/changing textual
content. The message area gives comments while saving and exporting and presentation errors.
The console shows text output thru the use of the Arduino software program (IDE), together with
complete error messages and distinctive records. The lowest right-hand nook of the window
suggests the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons permit you to verify and
upload packages, create, open, and keep sketches, and open the serial show.

38
• verify

Assessments your code for compiling it.

• upload

Compiles your code and uploads it to the board. See importing below for facts.

• Notice: if you are using an of doors programmer together with your board, you may hold
down the "shift" key for your pc while the usage of this icon. The textual content will trade to
"add the use of Programmer"

• New

Creates an ultra-modern caricature.

• Open

In case you need to open a caricature overdue under the listing, use the document | Sketch book
menu as an alternative.

• hold

Saves your cool animated film.

• Serial display

Opens the serial screen.

Additional instructions are decided inside the five menus: record, Edit, caricature, gear, and help.

File:

• New

Creates today's instance of the editor, with the naked minimum form of a sketch already in the
area.

39
 Figure no:6.1. Create a new sketch

• Open

Allows loading a caricature file surfing via the pc drives and folders.

• Open current-day

Provides a brief listing of the maximum ultra-modern sketches, equipped to be opened.

• Sketchbook

Suggests the contemporary-day sketches in the sketchbook folder shape; clicking on any call
opens the corresponding cool animated film in a modern-day editor instance.

40
• Examples

Any instance supplied with the useful aid of the Arduino software program application (IDE) or
library suggests up on this menu item. All of the examples are based on a tree that lets in clean
get proper of entry to by way of the usage of subject matter or library.

• keep

Saves the caricature earlier then, a call might be supplied in a "shop as.” window.

• save as...

Let’s in to maintain the cutting-edge cool animated film with a wonderful name.

• Internet page Setup

It suggests the net page Setup window for printing.

• Print

Sends the cutting-edge cartoon to the printer in step with the settings defined in net web page
Setup.

• Options

Opens the possibilities window wherein a few IDE settings may be customized, because of the
fact that language of the IDE interface.

• give up

Closes all IDE windows. The identical sketches open whilst give up turned into chosen can be
robotically reopened the subsequent time you begin the IDE.

• Edit

Write the program.

41
• Undo/Redo

is going decrease once more of 1 or extra steps you did at the equal time as editing; while you
skip decrease returned, you can move in advance with Redo.

• duplicate

Duplicates the selected text inside the editor

• Reproduction for discussion board

• Reproduction as HTML

• Paste

Places the contents of the clipboard on the cursor feature, in the editor.

• select all

Selects and highlights the complete content material of the editor.

• Statement/Uncomment

Places or gets rid of the // observation marker at the start of every decision online.

• increase/lower Indent

Adds or subtracts an area at the beginning of each decided online, transferring the textual content
one area at the proper or disposing of an area on the start.

• locate

Opens the discover and update window in which you could specify the text to search inside the
cutting-edge-day comedian strip in keeping with numerous alternatives.

• locate next

Highlights the fact that is trying to find the item within the known window, relative to the cursor
role.

42
• discover preceding

Highlights the seek item within the discover window relative to the cursor position.

Caricature:

• verify/acquire

Assessments your comic strip for errors compiling it; it's going to document reminiscence
utilization for code and variables in the console vicinity

Fig 6.2. verify/compile

43
• upload

This may overwrite the bootloader at the board; you could want to use device > Burn Bootloader
to restore it and be capable of add to the USB serial port another time. However, it permits you
to apply the overall functionality. To acquire this a system -> Burn Bootloader command needs
to be accomplished.

Fig 6.3.load the binary file

44
• Export Compiled Binary

Saves a .hex record that can be saved as an archive or sent to the board using various equipment.

• encompass Library

Gives a library on your caricature with the aid of placing #encompass statements at the
beginning of your code. For more facts, see libraries under. Moreover, from this menu item, you
could get proper access to the Library

• add report...

Adds a supply file to the comedian strip (it will be copied from its present-day area). the present-
day day document seems in an ultra-present day tab in the cool animated film window.
Documents may be eliminated from the strip the normal use of the tab menu available clicking
on the lower triangle icon below.

Device:

• Automobile layout

This formats your code properly: i.e. indents it simply so beginning and remaining curly braces

• Archive comedian strip

Documents a replica of the current-day cool lively movie in .zip format. The archive is placed in
the equal listing because of the comedian strip.

• Recovery Encoding & Reload

Fixes viable discrepancies in most of the editor char map encoding and exceptional on-foot
structures char maps.

• Board

Pick out the board which you're the use of. See underneath for descriptions of the numerous
boards.

• Port

45
This menu consists of all the serial devices (real or digital) for your device. It wants to routinely
refresh each time you open the top-stage equipment menu.

• Programmer

For choosing a hardware programmer whilst programming a board or chip and not the usage of
the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you may not need this, however, if you're burning
a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you could use this.

• Burn Bootloader

The gadgets on this menu will allow you to burn a bootloader on to the mcu on an Arduino
board. This isn't always required for use of an Arduino uno or Genuino board but is beneficial if
you purchase an extremely-cutting-edge ATmega microcontroller (which usually comes without
a bootloader). Ensure which you've decided on the right board from the boards' menu in advance
than burning the bootloader on the reason board. This command additionally sets the proper
fuses.

Help:

Right here you find out easy access to several files that encompass the Arduino software
program utility (IDE). You’ve got have been given get proper of entry to Getting started,
Reference, this manual to the IDE and distinct files regionally, without an internet connection.
The documents are a neighborhood reproduction of the internet ones and can hyperlink once
more to our online net internet web page.

• DISCOVER IN REFERENCE

This is the pleasant interactive characteristic of the assist menu: it straight away selects the
applicable net page in the close by a duplicate of the Reference for the characteristic or command
beneath the cursor.

46
 LANGUAGE SUPPORT

SERIAL MONITOR:

Indicates serial facts being despatched from the Arduino UNO or Genuino board (USB or serial
board). To ship data to the board, enter textual content and click on on on at the "supply" button
36 2336 or press enter. Choose out the baud price from the drop-down that fits to Serial. 12
Begin in your comic strip. Be conscious that on domestic home windows, Mac or Linux, the
Arduino UNO or Genuino board will reset whilst you join with the serial display.

You could also interface to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, and so on (see the 12
interfacing net page for information). Possibilities: A few picks can be set inside the options
dialog (determined under the Arduino menu on the 36 Mac, or document on home windows and

47
Linux). The relaxation can get in the options file, 12 whose region is confirmed in the choice
conversation.

Arduino software (IDE) consists of the built-in to beefit for the forums in the following listing,
all primarily based on the AVR mcu. The Boards manager included inner the fashionable set up
allows to feature assist for the growing variety of new boards based totally on special cores like
Arduino UNO, Arduino 0, Edison, Galileo and so on.

• Arduino Yùn

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input pins, 20 virtual I/O, and
7 PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Uno

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with automobile-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and
6 PWM.

An ATmega168 strolling at 16 MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with automobile-reset. Has eight analog inputs.

• Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560

An ATmega2560 has a frequency of at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset, 16 Analog In, 54

virtual I/O, and 15 PWM.

• Arduino Mega

An ATmega1280 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, 16 Analog In, fifty 4 virtual I/O,
and 15 PWM.

• Arduino Mega ADK

An ATmega2560 on foot at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset, sixteen Analog In, fifty-four digital
I/O, and 15 PWM.

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• Arduino Leonardo

An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and seven
PWM.

• Arduino/Genuino Micro

An ATmega32u4 has a frequency of 16 MHz with car-reset, 12 Analog Input, 20 virtual I/O, and
seven PWM.

• Arduino Esplora

ATmega32u4 jogging at sixteen MHz with car-reset.

• Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 has a frequency of 16 MHz with vehicle-reset, eight Analog In, 14 virtual I/O,
and six PWM.

• Arduino Ethernet

Equal to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet defend An ATmega328 jogging at 16 MHz with car-
reset, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino Fio

ATmega328 jogging at eight MHz with automobile-reset. equal to Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini
(3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ATmega328, 6 Analog In, 14 virtual I/O, and 6 PWM.

• Arduino BT w/ ATmega328

ATmega328 has a frequency of sixteen MHz. The bootloader burned (four KB) consists of codes
to initialize the on-board Bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 digital I/O, and 6 PWM.

• LilyPad Arduino USB

An ATmega32u4 frequency at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, four Analog In, nine digital I/O, and
four PWM.

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• LilyPad Arduino

An ATmega168 or ATmega132 walking at 8 MHz with vehicle-reset, 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual

I/O, and 6 PWM.

• Arduino seasoned or Pro Mini (5V, sixteen MHz) w/ ATmega328

An ATmega328 taking walks at sixteen MHz with vehicle-reset. Identical to Arduino

Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328; 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O and six PWM.

• Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168

An ATmega168 frequency at 16 MHz without car-reset. Compilation and add is identical to

Arduino Diecimila ATmega168, however, the bootloader burned has a slower timeout (and
blinks the pin thirteen LED three times on reset); 6 Analog Input, 14 virtual I/O, and six PWM.

• Arduino robotic manage

An ATmega328 frequency at 16 MHz with vehicle-reset.

• Arduino robotic Motor

An ATmega328 on foot at sixteen MHz with automobile-reset.

• Arduino Gemma

An ATtiny85 frequency at eight MHz with automobile-reset, 1 Analog In, three digital I/O, and
more than one PWM.

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BLYNK APP

How Blynk Works?

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display
sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various
widgets we provide.
2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynkj server locally. It’s open-
source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with
the server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 4.1: Blynk interfacing

4.2 Arduino Ide Setup Process

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into
the Arduino Module. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

The node MCU needs some external libraries for accessing the commands for it. For instating
node MCU library the fallowing link must be placed in the board manager which is present in
options tools of the arduino IDE software.

The link is :
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

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 Fig 4.2 : Installation of nodeMCU board

4.3 blynk library

Download the latest Blynk_Release_vXX.zip file from the GitHub page:
Blynk library should be installed manually. Follow the instructions:

1. Unzip the Blynk_Release_vXX.zip archive. You will notice that archive contains several
folders and several libraries.
2. Copy all of these libraries to your sketchbook folder of Arduino IDE.
To find the location of your sketchbook folder, go to top menu in Arduino IDE:
Windows: File → Preferences

The structure of your your sketchbook folder should now look like this, along with your other
sketches (if you have them):

Fig 4.3 : Installing Blynk library

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5.1 PROCEDURE FOR CREATION AND CONNECTING BLYNK
TO MICRO CONTROLLER
1. Create a Blynk Account
After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account is
separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have one.
We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.

Fig 5.1 : Creation of blynk account

2. Create a New Project

After we have successfully logged into our account, start by creating a new project.

Fig 5.2 : Creation of a project

3. Choose Hardware
Select the hardware model that we will use.

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 Fig 5.3 : Selection of controller

4. Auth Token
Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect our hardware to our smart phone.
Every new project that we create will have its own Auth Token. We will get Auth Token
automatically on your email after project creation. we can copy it manually. Click on devices
section and selected required device : and we see the token.

Fig 5.4 : Generation of auth token

5. Blynk Tools Creation

Required tools are taken and laced in proper positions. Various tools, Switches, joysticks, sliders,
etc are available. The required video display, two joysticks, one button and GPS tools are taken.

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 Fig 5.5 : App Appearance

6. Internal Of Joystick
Limits for the joystick are given and the refresh rate is also given so that the value is changed
very frequently.

Fig 5.6 : Internal of Joystick

APPLICATIONS : Data collection is the essential application of WSN and more importantly it
is the foundation of other advanced applications in IOT environment

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ADVANTAGES : Sensor data acquisition interface equipment is one of the key Parts in IOT
applications.

CHAPTER – VIII
CONCLUSION
56
Now a day applications of Internet are increasing and IoT is the new era of the internet where
daily life all things connected to internet and can be monitor & can be operate remotely from
anywhere. This Project provides objectives of IoT, most of the application domains where IoT is
used and the system architecture of IoT. Literature Survey provides the different Iot based
existing system and gives details about the system.

CHAPTER – IX
REFERENCES

57
[1] Qingping Chi, Hairong Yan, Chuan Zhang, Zhibo Pang, and Li Da Xu, “A Reconfigurable
Smart Sensor Interface for Industrial WSN in IoT Environment”, IEEE Transactions on
IndustrialInformatics, Vol. 10, NO. 2, MAY 2014, pp. 1417-1425.
[2] Shifeng Fang, LidaXu ; Huan Pei ; Yongqiang Liu ; Zhihui Liu ; Yunqiang Zhu ; Jianwu Yan
; and Huifang Zhang, “An Integrated Approach to Snowmelt Flood Forecasting in Water
Resource Management”, Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions, Volume:10 ,Issue: 1, April
2013, pp. 548 – 558.
[3] Cheong, P., Ka-Fai Chang, Ying-Hoi Lai, Sut-Kam Ho, Iam-KeongSou, and Kam-Weng
Tam, “A ZigBeeBased Wireless Sensor Network Node for Ultraviolet Detection of Flame”,
Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Volume 58 , Issue: 11, February 2011, pp. 5271 –
5277.
[4] Dr. V. Bhuvaneswari, Dr. R Porkodi, “The Internet of Things (IoT) Applications and
Communication Enabling Technology Standards: An Overview”, International Conference on
Intelligent Computing Applications, 2014, pp. 324-329
[5] R. KarpagaPriya, T. KarpooraEswari, and K. Akilakumari, “Industrial WSN in IOT
Environment Interface with Smart Sensor Using ARM”, International Journal of Advance
Research in Science And Engineering (IJARSE), Vol. No.4, Special Issue (02), February 2015,
pp. 204-215.
[6] Bharani M., Elango S., Ramesh S.M., and Preetilatha R., “An Embedded System Based
Monitoring System For Industries By interfacing Sensors With ATmega Microcontroller”
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering
(IJARECE) Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2014, pp. 1472-1474.
[7] GauravTiwari, RiyazKazi,”Realization of the Functions of Autonomic Smart Sensor Interface
for Industrial in IOT Environment”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Software Engineering, (IJARCSSE) Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2015, pp. 878-883.
[8] S. Pandikumar and R.S. Vetrivel,“ Internet of Things Based Architecture of Web and Smart
Home Interface Using GSM”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology(IJIRSET), Volume 3, Special Issue 3 , March 2014, pp. 1721-1727.

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