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The document compares Analog and Digital communication systems, focusing on Baseband and Modulated communication techniques. It explains the necessity of modulation for effective transmission of low-frequency signals, detailing concepts such as carrier signals, modulation index, and bandwidth. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and drawbacks of Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM), along with examples and numerical problems for better understanding.

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4 views15 pages

com.2

The document compares Analog and Digital communication systems, focusing on Baseband and Modulated communication techniques. It explains the necessity of modulation for effective transmission of low-frequency signals, detailing concepts such as carrier signals, modulation index, and bandwidth. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and drawbacks of Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM), along with examples and numerical problems for better understanding.

Uploaded by

delix76139
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Comparison between Analog & Digital types of Communication system

Baseband & Modulated Communications system-

• Baseband ( Direct) communication-

When a communication system uses transmission of information directly into the medium ( i.e.
channel) like telephone, where digital information like binary code are directly transmitted
from one place to another place then it is called as Baseband communication.

e.g.- Original voice, video or data voltages are Baseband signal.

• Modulating Technique communication-

 In case of radio communication, T.V and satellite communication, it is not possible to


transmit the information directly into space due to certain practical difficulties & hence
they transmit signals using modulating techniques.

 It is widely used in long distance and wireless communication.


Various Terms used in Elex. Communication-

• Modulating/Baseband Signal-

The information ( AF or low frequency signal) which is to be super-imposed on a high


frequency ( RF signal) by the process of modulation is called as Modulating/Baseband
Signal.

• Carrier Signal-

The high frequency signal whose one of the characteristics ( amplitude/frequency/ phase) is
varied is called as Carrier Signal.

• Modulation-

The process in which one of the characteristics ( amplitude/frequency/ phase) of the high
frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of
information/audio /modulating signal is called as Modulation.

Types of Analog Modulation-

Continuous wave (CW) Pulse Wave Modulation

Necessity of Modulation:-

Information signal or Audio signal (20 Hz to 20 KHz), Human voice signals (300 Hz - 3 KHz)
are low frequency signals which are not transmitted into space directly into space due
following difficulties-

1) Increase in the length of Antenna-


For efficient Transmission & Reception , the height of the transmitting & receiving
antenna should be Quarter wavelength of the frequencies used.
𝐜
For ex. – If the frequency of the audio signal is 2 KHz, then 𝛌 = = 150 Km
𝐟
For better reception , length of antenna = λ / 4 = 37.5 Km, which is practically
impossible to built.
However, if this Audio signal is transmitted with the signal of 1 MHz frequency, then
the length of antenna would be reduced to 75 m which can be quiet easily designed.
2) Interference –
If the information or modulating signal is transmitted by more than one transmitting
station in particular area, then these signals get mixed up. In order to avoid this
interference , each signal should transmit signals on a separate carrier frequency.
3) Poor Reception –
The energy of the signal is directly proportional to its frequency. Hemce, low frequency
audio signal can’t travel over a long distance leading to poor reception of signal at the
receiver.
 To overcome the above difficulties Modulation process is required.

Amplitude Modulation (AM):-


AM Analysis:-
Conclusion:-

Thus all information is available only in the side band & carrier signal does not
contain any information .

Modulating Index or Depth of Modulation of AM (ma):-

The ratio of the modulating signal amplitude to the carrier signal amplitude is called as
modulating index or depth of modulation of AM.

It is given as, % ma = (Vm / Vc )*100

Significance of Modulating Index or Depth of Modulation-


Importance of sideband in AM:-
What is Bandwidth ? & its importance in communication

Bandwidth is the range of operating frequencies over which signals or data can be transmitted.

Importance of Bandwidth in communication :-

1) Bandwidth measures how much data can be transferred along a communications


channel. The more frequencies i.e. bandwidth available to the communications channel,
the more data that can be transferred at once.

2) In digital communication, bandwidth is generally measured in bits per second (bps). For
example, a bandwidth of 8 Mbps means that 8 megabits of data can be transferred at
once every second. thus, Bandwidth affects the speed of data transfer.

3) Bandwidth limits the no. of communication channels.

4) Bandwidth is important when accessing content is being delivered in real time (i.e. it is
live).

Advantages & Drawbacks of AM-

Advantages of AM:-

1. AM transmitters are less complex, hence it is simple to implement.

2. Demodulation of AM can be done using simple circuits consisting of diodes.

3. AM waves have low bandwidth.

Drawbacks of AM:-

1. Low Efficiency:- Only 20% to 30 % of total power is useful as the information is


available only in the sidebands, hence AM has low efficiency.

2. Noisy Reception:- The Amplitude of AM signal is easily affected by external


atmosphere.

3. Limited Operating Range:- Since useful power is very small, hence long distance
transmission is not possible.

4. Inferior Quality:- Because of limited B.W., the guard band is not present between the
adjacent stations & hence crossover distortion or Interference occurs in AM.
Numericals:-

Ex.1 :- An AM transmitter transmits an audio signal of 2 KHz /4 V by using carrier of of


1600 KHZ/ 6 V. Find Sideband frequencies, % modulation, Bandwidth of AM wave .
Also draw spectrum of AM.

Given- fc =1600 KHz; fm = 2 KHz ; Vc = 6 V & Vm = 4 V

To find- i) USB & LSB frequencies ii) % modulation iii) Bandwidth of AM wave

Solution-

iii) Band width of AM wave = 2 fm = 2*2 = 4 KHz


Modulating Index or Depth of Modulation of FM (mf):-
Modulating Index or Depth of Modulation of FM (mf):-

Frequency Spectrum for FM & Sidebanda in FM-


Various Terms in FM:-
1. Frequency deviation (δ or fd )-

The amount of change in carrier frequency produced by modulating ( message)


signal is called as frequency deviation.

∴ δ = fd = fmax - fc = fc - fmin

2. Centre Frequency (fc) or Resting Frequency-

The frequency of unmodulated carrier signal is called as Centre Frequency or Resting


Frequency.

After FM, carrier frequency changes from fmin = (fc-fd ) to fmax= (fc+fd )

3. Modulation Index or depth of modulation (mf)-

The ratio of frequency deviation(δ) to the modulating signal frequency (fm) is called as
modulation index or depth of modulation.

In F.M., mf is greater than 1 without causing distortion

4. Guard Bands-

In FM radio broadcast, the channel width is 150 KHz. On both the sides of the
channel, there are bands of 25 KHz each to avoid adjacent channel interference.
These bands are called as guard bands.

Max B.W of FM station = 200 KHz

5. Carrier Swing (C.S)-

Total Variation in carrier frequency from the lowest modulated signal frequency (fmin )
to the highest modulated signal frequency (fmax) is called as carrier swing.

C.S = fmax –fmin

= fd +fc – (fd – fc)

= 2fd or 2 δ
Numericals-
Ex 2. A radio signal having carrier wave of 100 MHz is frequency modulated by 5 KHz
audio wave causing frequency deviation of 15 KHz. Calculate the carrier swing and
modulation index. [March 2017 (Q.3 (A)-b)]

Ans- (i) C.S =30 KHz (ii)mf =3


Comparison between AM & FM-

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