Formal Synthesis of Safety Controller Code for

Distributed Controllers 1st Edition Dirk Missal

download

https://ebookultra.com/download/formal-synthesis-of-safety-
controller-code-for-distributed-controllers-1st-edition-dirk-
missal/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks

at ebookultra.com
Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Hadoop For Dummies 1st Edition Dirk Deroos

https://ebookultra.com/download/hadoop-for-dummies-1st-edition-dirk-
deroos/

Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis Reagents for

Silicon Mediated Organic Synthesis 1st Edition Fuchs
Philip L.
https://ebookultra.com/download/handbook-of-reagents-for-organic-
synthesis-reagents-for-silicon-mediated-organic-synthesis-1st-edition-
fuchs-philip-l/

Programmable Controllers An Engineer s Guide Third Edition

Programmable Controllers E. A. Parr

https://ebookultra.com/download/programmable-controllers-an-engineer-
s-guide-third-edition-programmable-controllers-e-a-parr/

International Residential Code for One and Two Family

Dwellings 2006 1st Edition International Code Council
(Icc)) International Code Council
https://ebookultra.com/download/international-residential-code-for-
one-and-two-family-dwellings-2006-1st-edition-international-code-
council-icc-international-code-council/
SystemVerilog Assertions Handbook for Dynamic and Formal
Verification 1st Edition Ben Cohen

https://ebookultra.com/download/systemverilog-assertions-handbook-for-
dynamic-and-formal-verification-1st-edition-ben-cohen/

Conduct of Operations and Operational Discipline For

Improving Process Safety in Industry 1st Edition Center
For Chemical Process Safety (Ccps)
https://ebookultra.com/download/conduct-of-operations-and-operational-
discipline-for-improving-process-safety-in-industry-1st-edition-
center-for-chemical-process-safety-ccps/

Information and Communications Technology for Competitive

Intelligence Dirk Jaap Vriens

https://ebookultra.com/download/information-and-communications-
technology-for-competitive-intelligence-dirk-jaap-vriens/

Design and Analysis of Distributed Algorithms Wiley Series

on Parallel and Distributed Computing 1st Edition Nicola
Santoro
https://ebookultra.com/download/design-and-analysis-of-distributed-
algorithms-wiley-series-on-parallel-and-distributed-computing-1st-
edition-nicola-santoro/

Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services

Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry 1st
Edition Charles D. Reese
https://ebookultra.com/download/industrial-safety-and-health-for-
administrative-services-handbook-of-safety-and-health-for-the-service-
industry-1st-edition-charles-d-reese/
Formal Synthesis of Safety Controller Code for
Distributed Controllers 1st Edition Dirk Missal Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Dirk Missal
ISBN(s): 9783832599744, 3832599746
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 10.34 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
BAND 9

HALLENSER SCHRIFTEN ZUR

AUTOMATISIERUNGSTECHNIK

Hrsg.: H.−M. Hanisch

Dirk Missal
Formal Synthesis of Safety Controller
Code for Distributed Controllers

λογος
 Formal Synthesis of Safety Controller Code
for Distributed Controllers

Dissertation

zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)

vorgelegt dem

Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften der

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
als organisatorische Grundeinheit für Forschung und Lehre im Range einer Fakultät
(Ÿ75 Abs. 1 HSG LSA, Ÿ19 Abs. 1 Grundordnung)

von

Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Dirk Missal

geboren am 16. Dezember 1977 in Halle (Saale)

Gutachter
1. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Michael Hanisch
2. Prof. Dr. Zhiwu Li

Halle (Saale), den 24. 06. 2011

Reihe: Hallenser Schriften zur Automatisierungstechnik
herausgegeben von:
Prof. Dr. Hans-Michael Hanisch
Lehrstuhl für Automatisierungstechnik
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Theodor-Lieser-Str. 5
06120 Halle/Saale

email: [email protected]

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche

Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the
Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de

(Hallenser Schriften zur Automatisierungstechnik; 9)

c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2012

All rights reserved
ISBN 978-3-8325-3147-8

Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH

Comeniushof, Gubener Str. 47,
10243 Berlin
Tel.: +49 030 42 85 10 90
Fax: +49 030 42 85 10 92
INTERNET: http://www.logos-verlag.de
Preface
This work developed mostly during my work for the Chair for Automation Technology
at the Institute of Computer Science of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg.
I worked there on distributed controller design, formal modeling and formal synthesis of
controllers. The projects were founded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG and
supported by a number of persons. I want to thank those at the beginning of this work.
My rst thank I owe to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Hans-Michael Hanisch. His trust and
willingness to facilitate my work on the area of formal controller synthesis was essential for
this work. This work would not have been possible unless his specialist guidance support
as well as his motivation to push this work to success.
I thank Prof. Dr. Zhiwu Li for his interest on my work and his willingness to provide his
second advisory opinion.
Many thanks go to my former colleagues at the chair of automation technology for the
inspiring atmosphere and many interesting discussions. Special thanks to Dr.-Ing. Martin
Hirsch for interesting talks opening the view for related topics and Dipl.-Ing. Sebastian
Preusse for his language related hints and corrections. Further the collaboration with Prof.
Dr. Victor Dubinin gave a lot new impulses especially for the formal descriptions in this
work.
This thesis would not have been possible unless the support and the consideration of my
wife Carina and my parents and the balancing demand of my sons.

June 2011 Dirk Missal

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Model-driven controller design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem and methods of resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Safe Net Condition/Event Systems 7

2.1 Syntax of Safe Net Condition/Event Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Modular semantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Structural analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.1 State invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.2 Place invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.3 Event synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.4 Generalized state invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 Distributed Safety Control Functions 37

3.1 Distributed control structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4 Formal Plant Modeling 43

4.1 System example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Well-structured models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3 Controllable and observable plant elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 Behavior Specications 53
5.1 System specication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Distribution to modular specications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

6 Modular Synthesis of Locking Safety Controllers 59

6.1 Steps under partial markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2 Modular backward search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.3 Modular synthesis of distributed locking control functions . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.4 Performance of the modular backward search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

I
7 Synthesis of Forcing/Locking Safety Controllers 85
7.1 Synthesis of forcing/locking control functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.1 Partially enabled controllable steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Monolithic backward search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.1.3 Permissiveness of the backward search results . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.4 Forward step analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.2 Distribution and example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.3 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

8 Embedding Control Functions in IEC 61499 Function Blocks 111

8.1 IEC 61499 Basic Function Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.2 Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.2.1 Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.2.2 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.2.3 Execution Control Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.3 Use and extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

9 Conclusions and Outlook 123

A Appendix 127
A.1 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A.2 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.3 Function Block examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A.3.1 Ejection decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A.3.2 Ejection communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Bibliography 135

II
List of Figures
1.1 Formal model types overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Steps to be proceeded for controller function synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Example for an 𝑆 𝑁 𝐶𝐸 structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2 Example Net Condition/Event Module with the enabled local step 𝜉𝑀4 =
(𝑡1, 𝑡2, 𝑡6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Schematic illustration of a modular step in 𝑆 𝑁 𝐶𝐸𝑆 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Example of the vertical composition of modules with multiple intermediate
levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Result of the horizontal composition of the vertically composed module in
Figure 2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 Counter example to the converse of Theorem 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 Example net for event-synchronized places (𝑝3, 𝑝4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.8 Example net for state invariants with synchronizing sets. . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9 Example net containing a generalized state invariant. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.1 Adressed distributed control structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.2 Scheme of the modular synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Scheme of the monolithic synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.1 Modular production system overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.2 Testing station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3 Elementary structure of plant models (example lifting unit ). . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Example for the hierarchical model structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5 Aggregation of control inputs/outputs with plant outputs/inputs. . . . . . 49

5.1 Scheme of communication interconnections for distributed specication pred-

icates with k = 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6.1 Backward search to dene the uncontrollable pre-region of a predicate. . . 60

III
 6.2 Behavior model of the lifting unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.3 Example scheme of a modular backward step and it's results. . . . . . . . . 68
6.4 Schematic example of the creation and the composition of communication
predicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5 Partially composed 𝑆 𝑁 𝐶𝐸𝑆 model of the ejection unit. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.6 Resulting local backward graphs for the forbidden states 𝑓 3 and 𝑓 4 (extract
of Figure A.1 in the appendix). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.7 Local backward graphs for the forbidden states 𝑓 3 and 𝑓 4 containing ob-
servable state atoms only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

7.1 The uncontrollable pre-region for results with forcing and locking control
action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2 Example of an invalid transition 𝑡2 to a possible step {𝑡1} and a predicate
𝑝2 ∧ 𝑝3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.3 Scheme of the two types of cycles of forcing states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.4 Forcing/locking safety controller synthesis results for the example model and
the specications f1 and f4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

8.1 Structure of Basic Function Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

8.2 Structure of the local ejection controller with generated safety control func-
tion blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.3 Interfaces of the example FBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.4 ECCs of the example FBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.5 Example for the general alignment of nodes and arcs of a generated ECC. . 122

A.1 Results of the modular backward search without extension by event syn-
chronizations based on the forbidden states 𝑓 3 and 𝑓 4 (as in the example
Section 6.3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.2 Results of the monolithic backward search with extension by event synchro-
nizations based on the forbidden states 𝑓 3 and 𝑓 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
A.3 𝑆 𝑁 𝐶𝐸𝑆 model of the testing station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

IV
List of Tables
6.1 State invariants of the ejection and measuring unit models. . . . . . . . . . 79

7.1 Reduced local observable control functions according to 𝑓 1 and 𝑓 4. . . . . 107

7.2 Extended local observable control functions according to 𝑓 1 and 𝑓 4. . . . . 108

8.1 Example set of local control functions (example in Section 6.3). . . . . . . 114

A.1 Controllable and observable nodes of the lifting, ejection and measuring unit.127
A.2 Modular synthesized local control functions to the specied forbidden states
𝑓 3 and 𝑓 4 (example in Section 6.3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

V
VI
1 Introduction
Modern control systems in manufacturing are characterized by rising complexity in size
and functionality. They are highly decentralized and constitute a network of physically
and functionally distributed controllers collaborating to perform the control tasks. That
goes along with a further growing demand on safety and reliability.
The development to more complex systems leads to the need of systematic, more reliable
design methods on one hand and intensies the issue of computational complexity for such
methods on the other hand. Within the wide range of approaches for systematic controller
design, this work focuses on their model-based design. More detailed, approaches for formal
synthesis of control functions and their implementation are discussed in the following.
Theoretical approaches for the synthesis of controllers or supervisors are adopted to answer
the newly emerging challenges of distribution and communication. This includes topics like
the use of modular plant models that preserve information about the modular structure
of the plant, methods to specify forbidden or desired behavior locally instead of using
global specications and synthesis approaches for local controllers and their communication
structure instead of a global controller or supervisor.

1.1 Model-driven controller design

Formal controller design methods are based on formal behavior models. The formal charac-
ter of such models allows the use of mathematical operations and rules to analyze or modify
them. The result of formal model-based methods are a formal controller model and infor-
mation about its properties. Formal statements or models are denite while non-formal
or semi-formal statements have to be interpreted. Hence, the correctness of statements
and operations on formal models can be analyzed and proven. Further, all model-based
methods have the advantage that the system behavior can be analyzed without inuencing
the real system, without complete observation of a real system and with useful abstraction
from reality.
2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

On the other hand, model-based design methods add specic issues as there are - amongst
others - the cost for the modeling itself, the challenge of nding a suitable application
abstraction, the mathematical complexity of the analysis and the assignability of the results
back to real systems. All these points are discussed for the introduced approaches in this
work.

The term formal model subsumes a wide range of model types and dierent application ar-
eas. There are three main groups of models. First are discrete models describing behavior-
based on system states and state transitions. The second group are continuous models rep-
resenting behavior in terms of dierential equations as for example linear system equations.
A combination of those two are hybrid models. They combine system's state representa-
tion with continuous behavior models enabled in an active state. A simplied overview
on model types is given in Figure 1.1. The model used in this work is based on Petri net
elements. The higher Petri nets are highlighted therefore.

Model Types

Discrete Models Hybrid Models Continuous Models

Explicit State Implicit State i.e. Linear System

Representation Representation of Equations

i.e. Finite State

Petri Nets
Machines

High-level Petri Nets High-level Petri Nets

Colored Petri Nets
without Time with Time Model

Figure 1.1: Formal model types overview.

Formal model-based analysis and design methods subsume the simulation with formal mod-
els, formal verication and formal controller synthesis. The formal model is used to test or
respectively verify the behavior of a controller model in closed loop with a model of the plant
behavior in simulation and verication.
1.2. PROBLEM AND METHODS OF RESOLUTION 3

The used controller is designed manually in

Forbidden
most cases. The idea of formal controller syn- Plant
Plant
Forbidden
Behavior
Behavior
thesis is to generate a controller model au-
tomatically from a model of the uncontrolled Modelling
Modelling Formalization
Formalization
plant behavior and a given specication of de-
sired or forbidden behavior. Any formal syn- Formal
Formal Formal
Formal
Model
Model Specification
Specification
thesis approach proven to be correct leads au-
tomatically to a correct controller model ac- Distributed
Distributed
Synthesis
Synthesis
cording to the given specication. The ex-
ecutable controller code should be generated Distributed
Distributed
Controller
ControllerModel
Model
automatically from the controller model in the
next step. The steps of controller synthesis are Code
CodeGeneration
Generation
shown in Figure 1.2. The controller synthesis
for distributed control functions and their im- Basic
BasicFunction
Function
Blocks IEC61499
plementation are addressed in this work. The Blocks IEC61499

approaches discussed in the following are based

on a discrete model with implicit state repre- Figure 1.2: Steps to be proceeded for con-
sentation and are exemplied on a manufactur- troller function synthesis.
ing example.

1.2 Problem and methods of resolution

The area of controller design in general and controller synthesis in particular has shown
a strong movement during the last years. New potential for application of distributed
controllers is driven by software and hardware development.

First fundamental work on controller synthesis was published by the group of P.J. Ramagde
and M.W. Wonham introducing the supervisory control theory [WR84, RW87b]. Supervi-
sors are controllers coordinating dierent machines or machine parts to avoid undesirable
behavior or/and deadlocks. Last is also addressed in works on deadlock prevention in so
called exible manufacturing systems [BK90, LZ09, ZL10].

Controlling the computational complexity of synthesis approaches has been the main issue
from the beginning [Sre96]. Modular enhancements were developed shortly after introduc-
tion of the supervisory control theory [RW87a, LW88] to address the issue of computational
complexity. An overview of Discrete Event Systems (abbr. DES) and control theory is given
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 That this Countrey is term’d New France, First discovery.
from having been discover’d by the French,
at least more fully than before, there needs no question to be made;
but whether Joannes Verrazanus, under Francis the First of France,
or Sebastian Cabot before spoken of, were the first in this Discovery,
may admit of something of dispute: the Cabots indeed, (for John the
Father is by some mention’d to have accompanied his Son) who by
all are own’d the first Discoverers of New-found-Land and Terra de
Baccalaos, are also commonly reputed to have first found out the
Province of New France, together with some parts adjacent, though
perhaps it might be upon this Ground that Terra de Nova, or New-
found-Land, not being known at first to be an Island, New France
and that might be taken for one continu’d Province; and it appears so
much the more probable, because Canada, or Nova Francia, is by
some call’d Terra Nova; however it be, or whoever were the first
Adventurers, Quarteri and Champlain are the two French-men that
have gain’d so much fame by making a more ample and particular
search into these parts, that this Province may seem from thence to
have sufficient claim to the Title of New France, whereof that part
more especially so call’d, lies on the North-side of the River Canada,
and Southward to Terra Corterealis. The Winter is here very long,
and so much the more severe by reason of a cold North-West Wind
which blows most part of the Winter Season, and brings with it so
thick a Snow, that it continues upon the Ground most commonly till
after May. The Countrey is for the most part wooddy, but in the
Champain parts thereof very fruitful of Corn, and all sorts of Grain,
especially Pulse: It hath also Fish, Fowl, wild Deer, Bears, Marterns,
and Foxes in abundance, and of Hares such plenty, that one of the
little Islands belonging to this Province, is by the French nam’d L’Isle
des Lievres, or The Island of Hares: But the most peculiar
Commodity belonging to this Countrey is the Esurgnuy, a kind of
Shell-Fish, extraordinary white, and approv’d of singular vertue for
the stanching of Blood; to which purpose they make Bracelets of
them, not onely for their own use, but also to vend them to others;
but John de Laet and others have observ’d no other than a
superstitious use of them amongst the Salvages, in their Funeral
Rites for the Dead: the manner of their taking it is very remarkable;
for when any one is condemn’d to die, or taken Prisoner, they cut off
all his fleshy parts in long slices, and then throw him into the River,
where they let him lie twelve hours, and at last pulling him out again
find his Wounds full of Esurgnui. Quadus and Maginus make
mention of three ancient Towns, namely Canada (denominated as
the Province, from the River) Hochelai and Hochchelaga, giving
Name to a Territory about it, which Geographers either take no
notice of, or make some question of the being of such Towns;
however, a late Describer of the West-Indies, not mentioning the
other two, gives this description of the last, viz. Hochchelaga:
“This City (saith he) said to be the Seat and Residence of a King of
this Country whom the Natives, at least some of them, acknowledge
and reverence, carrying him sometimes in great pomp upon their
Shoulders sitting upon a Carpet of Beasts Skins, is situate far within
Land, at a distance of six or seven Leagues from the River Canada,
and is a kind of fortifi’d place, encompass’d about with a threefold
Range of Timber Ramparts one within another, of about two Rods
high from the Ground, with cross Planks, or pieces of Timber jutting
out, on purpose to hinder an Enemy’s Scaling or getting up; towards
the top there is as it were a Scaffold or Gallery fram’d, from whence
they may throw down Stones of which there is always good store
ready, or what else to annoy the Assailants: It hath one onely Gate
for Entrance, and that likewise well fortifi’d after their manner:
There are guess’d to be in it fifty or sixty great Houses, built (as the
maner of the Americans that live in Houses usually is) in a square
Figure, each side being about fifty Foot long, or more, and sixteen or
twenty broad, but not many Stories high; and in the midst of the
Court or void space, a place to make their Fire, and do other
necessary work about it. Moreover the Territory round about this
Town is both rich in Soil, and pleasant in Prospect.”
Besides these three above-mention’d Towns there are several
others, which are not untaken notice of in the most modern
Descriptions and Maps, viz. 1. Stadac, or Stadacone, somewhat
Westward of a small Isle call’d The Isle d’Orleance; 2. Quebeque,
which being made a Colony of the French, and the Natives expell’d,
came to be Entituled St. Croix; 3. Tadoussac, which lies in that part
of the Countrey denominated from the River Saguenay, and by some
call’d at this day Nouvelle Biscaye, a delightful place, and full of
stately Trees, and hath likewise a good and safe Haven, capable of
receiving twenty Ships; 4. Trois Rivieris, or three Rivers; 5. Monreal;
6. Sillery; 7. Richelieu; besides two strong Castles or Forts,
Franceroy and St. Lewis; the First built by Monsieur Robeval at his
Landing here, about the Year 1540. the other design’d for a Colony,
in the Year 1611. by Monsieur Champlany, but hinder’d by the
Invasion of the Iroquois. The smaller Rivers that run out of the
Gulph of St. Lawrence, and the grand River Canada towards the
North, on which side chiefly lies this Province, are, 1. Chichesedec, 2.
St. Margarite, 3. Lesquemin, 4. Saquenay, before-mention’d, 5.
Montonne; and on the South side, the River Mary. The principal
Tribes of the ancient Natives of this Countrey were; on the North
side of Canada the Canadans, the Betisiamites, the Hurons, the
Algoniquins, the Quenongebins, the Algoingequins, the
Attagopantans, the Atticameques, the Nipisiriniens; and on the
South side, the Etechemins, and the chief Heads or Princes of these
Tribes were call’d Sagamores.
Jaques Quartier Complementing their Strange Fish nam’d
King Agouthanna, took up his Quarters a Chaousarou.
whole Winter at St. Croix, a Sandy Promontory, overflow’d by the
River Canada, into which falls the Lake de Champlain, grown round
about with Chestnut Trees; in it breeds the strange Fish call’d
Chaousarou, generally ten Foot long, with Heads like Sharks, and
two rows of Teeth in their Mouths, their Skins full of strong Scales,
which are sufficient Shields against Swords and Lances, are great
devourers of other Fish and Fowls, which they take after this
manner, viz. they swim amongst Reeds or Canes, and lie still with
their Mouths open; whereat the Birds sitting down upon them, are
immediately swallow’d.
The Natives of Nova Francia anoint their bodies with Oil; in the
Summer they go naked, and in the Winter mantle themselves in
Furs. Their Warlike Accoutrements are Darts and Clubs, but chiefly
great Shields. They are revengeful, cruel, and fraudulent; their
Women common to all Men, from fifteen to twenty, after which,
Marrying, they become very Chaste. Their Diet is Indian Corn, fresh
and salt Fish, Venison, Buffalo’s and Beavers flesh; wiping their
Fingers (when greasie) on their Heads, or their Dogs backs, which
wait for the Scraps.
At that season when the Corn covers the Strange proof of
ground, to any heighth, they eat Cockles, Valor.
Dogs, dead Caryon, and the Skins Wonderful opinion
wherewith they Clothe themselves. When of God.
they have eaten their fill, they tabering on Flood.
their Bellies, cry, Tapoue Mikispoun, that Sorcerers.
is, Verily I am satisfi’d. They give their Sick They boast their
a speedy Cure, either immediately killing Extract from
them, or inhumanely exposing them to the Heaven.
Woods, to be devour’d by ravenous Beasts, Their strange
but if they die suddenly, they in howling Relation concerning
tone pronounce Ove, Ove, thereby to chase it.
the Souls of the Deceas’d out of their Huts; As also of the
they stick the bodies on Woodden Prongs, Creation, and Souls
of the Deceased.
cover them with Bark, and lay their Clothes
and Arms by them; all what remains of the Strange Rock.
Funeral Feasts is burnt, whereas at other Thunder.
times, what e’re is brought on their Table Thakabech an Idol.
they eat, though ready to burst. They make Funeral-Feast.
the first Proofs of their Valour by
undergoing a most prodigious Torment, in this manner; Two by
consent tie their naked Arms together, on which they suffer burning
Sulphur to be pour’d, till the flesh starts from the bone; if either of
them shrink, or pull back his Arm, he is accounted by them ever after
as an ignominious and base Coward. They call God Atahocan, and
believe that one Messou first drowning the world by a general
Deluge, restor’d it again after a wonderful manner, viz. Messou
hunting with Wolves, they scented a Deer which being closely
pursu’d, leap’d into a neighboring Pool, the Wolves following it, were
drown’d; Messou coming thither, stood amaz’d at a Bird, which
inform’d him, that the Wolves were pluck’d down, and held fast in
the bottom by horrible Monsters, whereupon he diving, the Pool
immediately began to swell, and at last the whole surface of the Earth
to be overflow’d. Messou afterwards let a Raven flie to fetch a Clod of
Earth, but in vain, for all the Land lay drown’d in Water; at last a Rat
diving to the bottom, brought a lump of Earth, out of which Messou
restor’d the World; shot Arrows into Trees, which became fruitful
Branches. Here also reside an innumerable many Sorcerers, call’d
Pillotoa’s, which sometimes being possess’d with a Frenzy, scourge
themselves in a terrible manner, insomuch that the Blood runs down
by their sides: These People are held in great esteem, for they boast
themselves to have their Original from Heaven upon this occasion,
viz. Ataensic, a certain great Queen or Goddess, residing above the
Stars, had a sick Husband, who Dreamt that he should be restor’d to
his former health so soon as he could but taste of the Fruits which
grew on a Tree, whereby the Family of Heaven were kept alive, but
that the Tree must needs be cut down, which Ataensic obeying, gave
onely two blows, when the Tree, to her great amazement, fell out of
Heaven down to the Earth; there being by this means nothing more
left to eat in Heaven: Ataensic follow’d the fallen Tree, and being big
with Child, bare a Daughter, which growing up to years, was
Deliver’d of two Daughters, viz. Taoviscaron and Jouskeha, the
eldest of which slew the youngest: By these Fables we may discern
their obscure knowledge of Noah’s Flood, Eve’s Fall, and Cain’s
Murder. No less ridiculous is that which they believe concerning the
Creation, viz. That the Waters were inclos’d within a Frog, which
Jouskeha causing to be cut open, all Streams and Rivers issuing out,
had their Original from thence: This done, Jouskeha open’d a Pit, out
of which came all sorts of Beasts; they ascribe a Bodily shape to the
Soul, as also Immortality, but that they live together in a great
Village towards the West; from which removing sometimes, they
knock at the Doors of their former Friends in the Night, and sow
deserted Grounds: That the Journey towards the Village in which the
Souls reside is very strange; the Highway thither beginning at a Rock
nam’d Ecaregniendi, where they first Paint their Faces, which done,
they go to a Hut inhabited by an old Man, nam’d Osotrach, who
takes the Brains out of the Souls Head; after which they walk to a
broad River, which they cross on a narrow Plank or Bridge, on which
a Dog encountring, forces them to leap into the Water, which carries
them down to the foremention’d Village. They acknowledge one Oki
for the Governor of the Sea, and seasons of the Year: They also
Religiously Worship the Rock Tsankchi Arasta, which they believe
some ages ago was once a Man, but afterward Transform’d into a
Rock, in which a Dæmon resides, who can make their Journies either
successful or dangerous, wherefore they offer him Tobacco. Their
opinion of Thunder is likewise very ridiculous, for they say that the
Devil endeavoring to vomit a horrible Serpent, by straining to
evacuate the same, rents the Clouds, and occasions Thunder. Lastly,
They relate of a Dwarf call’d Thakabech, who climb’d on the top of a
Tree, which by his blowing thereon grew so high, that it touch’d the
Clouds, and Thakabech easily stept into them, where he found all
sorts of delight and pleasure; but having a Sister on Earth, descended
again along the Tree, and fetching his Sister, conducted her above
the Stars; mean while, Thakabech going in the Night to see if he had
taken any thing in his Net which he had pitch’d, found it full of Fire,
and observing the same very narrowly, saw that he had taken the
Sun, but durst not approach the same, by reason of its great heat; but
making a Mouse, sent her to gnaw the Net in pieces, and set the Sun
at liberty. Every twelfth year they keep an extraordinary great
Funeral-Feast; for on the Set-time they flock from all parts to the
appointed place, every one carrying thither the Bodies or Bones of
their Deceas’d Friends, wrapt up in Clothes, and hang them over
their Meat, which they eat singing; such fond and Superstitious
Conceits make up the Religion of these poor deluded People.

Sect. V.
Accadia, or Nova Scotia.

N ova Scotia, or New Scotland, formerly call’d Accadia, is

commonly accounted a part of New France, (viz. that part
which lying on the South side of the River Canada, and shooting
South-Easterly into a bosom of the Sea, forms it self into a Peninsula,
between the Gulph of St. Lawrence, and the Bay Francoise)
nevertheless, because of the different concernments of this part of
the Countrey, in regard the right of claim to several places in this
district, most especially of all Nova Francia besides, hath been long
in dispute between Us and the French, it will be most convenient to
Treat of it apart; and because the Series of Affairs, from its first
discovery, till of late years, appears faithfully represented on the
English part, in a Remonstrance Address’d to the King and Council
by Sir Lewis Kirk, and his Brother John Kirk Esquire; it will not be
amiss (onely adding some few things upon occasion) to follow exactly
the Narration of Affairs, deliver’d in the said Remonstrance to this
effect.
 “1. The whole Tract or Space of Land in America, lying on either side of the
River Canada, which a long time since were known by the Names of Nova Francia,
and Nova Scotia, were at first discover’d and found out by the English, in the time
of Henry the Seventh, King of England; which Expedition was first undertaken at
the Command and Charges of that King; afterwards further’d and carry’d on by the
favorable Aspect of Queen Elizabeth; so that in process of time, for many years
together, the said Tract of Ground, with absolute Priviledge of free Commerce, fell
under the Jurisdiction and Power of the Crown of England: Neither was it unto
any other Christian Princes, or their Subjects more clearly known or discover’d,
untill about the year 1600. some of the French understanding the benefit arising by
Traffique in the River of St. Lawrence, having formerly seiz’d upon that Tract of
Land, situate on the North side of the said Floud or River Canada, did afterwards,
in Anno 1604. (under the Conduct of Peter de Gua, Lord of Monts, who in the year
1606. was follow’d by Monsieur de Pourtrincourt) Possess themselves of
L’Accadie, lying on the South side of the said River, naming the whole Nova
Francia, challenging to themselves for many years, at least de facto, the Possession
thereof, with sole liberty of Commerce there.
“2. In Anno 1621. King James of England looking upon the Possession gotten
there by the French, as upon an Invasion, did by his Letters Patents Grant unto Sir
William Alexander a Scotchman (Created afterwards Earl of Sterling, by King
Charles the First) L’Accadie, by the Name of Nova Scotia; who in the year 1622,
and 1623. after Sir Samuel Argal had driven out Biard and Masse, and
demolishing their Fort, carry’d them Prisoners to Virginia; having obtain’d the
Possession thereof, they Planted a Colony therein, and kept Possession for about
two years after, until such time, as upon the Marriage of his Majesty King Charles
the First, with the Lady Henrietta Maria, the said L’Accadie, or Nova Scotia, was
by Order of the King of England return’d into the Possession of the French.
“3. Afterwards a War arising between his Majesty King Charles the First, and
Lewis the XIII. Anno 1627. and 1628. Sir David Kirk and his Brethren and
Relations of England, did by vertue of his Majestie’s Commission, send to Sea (at
their great charge) first three, afterwards nine Ships, with Warlike Preparations for
recovering of the Possession of the said Lands, lying on either side of the said River
Canada, and to expel and eject all the French Trading in those Parts, wherein they
had good Success; and in Anno 1627. did there seize upon about eighteen of the
French Ships, wherein were found a hundred thirty five Pieces of Ordnance,
design’d for relief of the Royal Fort in L’Accadie, and Quebeck in Nova Francia,
under the Command of Monsieur de Rocmand, and Monsieur de la Tour, Father
of de la Tour, Governor of the said Royal Fort, whom, together with the said Ships
and Guns, they brought into England; and in the year 1628. they Possess’d
themselves of the whole Region of Canada or Nova Francia, situate on the North
side of the River, together with the Fort or Castle of Quebeck, Sir Lewis Kirk being
then constituted Governor of the place, the French being then either expell’d or
convey’d into England, and the Arms of the King of England being publickly there
erected, and every where plac’d; and before the year 1628. it was brought to pass
by the said Sir William Alexander, (assisted both by the advice and charge of the
said Kirk) that in the parts of L’Accadie, or Nova Scotia, on the South side of the
River Canada, the whole place, with the Forts thereon built, being by him subdu’d,
presently came under the Power of the King of England; that Region on the South
side falling into the Possession of the said Sir William Alexander, and that on the
North side, into the Possession of the Kirks.
“4. On March 29. 1632. a Peace being concluded between King Charles the First,
and Lewis the XIII. it was amongst other things on the part of the King of England
agreed, That all the Forts, as well in L’Accadie as in Nova Francia, should be
restor’d into the Possession of the Subjects of the French King, which was exactly
perform’d on the part of the English, though to the great damage of the Kirks; but
on the part of the French, although it was agreed, as in the fourth and fifth Articles
of Peace is set down, (to which reference is had) yet nothing was ever perform’d of
their parts; so that the Kirks did thereupon suffer loss, to the value of five thousand
Pounds Sterl. which were to be paid them by Monsieur de Cane a French-man, but
remain unpaid to this day.
“5. Anno 1633. the King of England taking notice, that although the Forts and
Castles, according to the League, were deliver’d up into the Possession of the
French, (especially such as had been erected during their Possession thereof) yet
that his English Subjects were not to be excluded from Trade or free Commerce, in
those Regions that were first Discover’d and Possess’d by his Subjects, did, with
the advice of his Council, by his Letters Patents, Dated May 11. 1633. upon
consideration had of the Expences, which the said Kirks had laid out upon the
reducing of that Countrey with the Fort of Quebeck, to the value of 50000lb.; and
also of their ready obeisance in resigning up the same on his Royal Command,
Grant unto Sir Lewis Kirk, and his Brother John Kirk and his Associates, for the
term of thirty one years (not yet expir’d) full Priviledge, not only of Trade and
Commerce in the River Canada, and places on either side adjacent, but also to
Plant Colonies, and build Forts and Bulwarks where they should think fit.
“6. By vertue of which Commission, Sir Lewis Kirk and his Brother John Kirk,
and his Associates, in the Moneth of February next following, viz. in 1633. set forth
a Ship call’d The Merry Fortune, Laden with Goods of a considerable value,
consign’d to those parts, where during her Trading there, without any just offence
given; and in time of Peace, she was by the French forceably seiz’d on, and carry’d
into France and her Lading, as if she had been lawful Prize, Confiscated;
whereupon the Kirks suffer’d loss, to the value of twelve thousand Pounds. And
although the Lord Scudamore, Ambassador in France, by the King of Englands
special Command, and the said John Kirk being there in Person, by the King’s
Command, did often earnestly urge, that the Moneys due to the said Kirks, and the
said Ship, with her Lading, might be restor’d, which for no other cause had been
seiz’d upon and sold, but only for that by the King’s Commission she was found
Trading at Canada; yet he could obtain nothing, but after some years fruitless
endeavors return’d into England without accomplishing his desires.
 “7. In the year 1654. Cromwel, although an unjust Usurper of the Government,
yet upon consideration of the Premises, taking a just occasion for requiring the
Possession of L’Accadie, sends forth several Ships under the Command of one
Sedgwick, who by vertue of the Authority granted him by Cromwel, assaulted and
subdu’d the aforesaid Forts in Nova Scotia, and restor’d them into the Possession
of the English: And although in the year 1655. a League of firm Peace and Amity
being concluded between Cromwel and the French King, the French Ambassador
did often urge the Restitution to the Possession of the French; yet for the same
causes aforesaid, which had mov’d Cromwel to seize upon them, it was thought fit
still to retain the Possession of them; and although according to the purport of the
twenty fifth Article of the Peace, Commissioners on both sides were to be
appointed for the deciding and determining that Controversie; yet nothing was
done therein, neither did the Commissioners ever meet within three Moneths, as in
the twenty fourth Article of the Treaty was provided and agreed: So that now the
case is very clear, that the Possession to the English remains firm and just, and
that the Forts and Bulwarks before specifi’d, are without all peradventure under
the Power and Jurisdiction of the King of England.”

Since the Restauration of his present Majesty, the French

Ambassador representing unto the King the Pretensions of the
French unto the several Forts and other places in Accadie, and
urging the non-performance of the Articles of Agreement between
Oliver Cromwel and the French King, mov’d the King of England, As
a profess’d Enemy to all Violence, for a Restitution of all the Forts
and other places which were then in the possession of the English:
Not long after which, whether upon the Ambassadors request, or
upon other important Affairs intervening, or upon what other
ground soever it were, the French were suffer’d to re-enter on the
foresaid places, and do yet keep Possession of them, till such time as
the English claim under the just Title of the Kirks, shall meet with
some fit occasion of being reviv’d.
That which we suppose gives the French so much the more
confidence in their claim of this Country, is their presumption upon
the Expedition of James Quartier, whom they will have to be the first
Discoverer, if not Possessor, not onely of the Isle of Assumption, but
also of this Coast of Nova Francia, not taking notice it seems of
Sebastian Cabot, under Henry the Seventh.
The chief places of Note in this Countrey, are, 1. Port Royal, a
Colony of French, said to have been Planted there by Monsieur de
Montz in 1604. by report, capable of receiving a thousand Ships; and
in 1613. (the French being driven out by Sir Samuel Argal, Governor
of Virginia, who took Prisoners Biard and Masse, and demolish’d
the Fort at Port Royal) given by Patent, as aforemention’d, to Sir
William Alexander; afterwards by him sold again to the French; then
in the time of Oliver Cromwel re-taken by Major Sedgwick; lastly,
re-possess’d by the French. 2. St. Luke’s Bay, or Portua Mouton. 3.
Gaspe, or Gachepe. 4. The Haven of Passepay. 5. The Bay de Toutes
Isles. 6. The Fort de la Heve. 7. The Cape of Sable. Within the
Southern Point Forchu, lies the Isle Longu, which boasts of a Silver
Mine.
The most noted People of the ancient Inhabitants of Accadie were
the Iroquois, lying most South-Westerly upon the Sea Coast, who
us’d to drive a great Trade in Beavers and other Commodities.
Westerly before the River Chovacoet lies Bacchus Isle, full of
Vineyards.
The Inhabitants thereof differ very much Remarkable
from other Salvages, for they shave all the manner of living.
Hair from the Crown of their Head, wear long Locks behind, pleited
together, and stuck full of Feathers, Paint their Faces black and red,
and go arm’d with Clubs, Bows, Pikes, and Arrows pointed with Fish-
bones: They Till their Ground very handsomly, and divide their
Fields with Hedges; they Plant Tobacco, Vines, Cabbages, Maiz, and
divers Colour’d Beans; the stalks of the Maiz serve in stead of Poles
for their Beans to run up upon.
Beyond Cape de Rocher lies the brave Harbor Beauport, which is
secur’d from all Winds by an Isle which lies in the midst of it. The
Countrey Manur’d in most places, and Fruitful, feeds store of Men
and Cattel.
The Haven of Malabar is surrounded in a manner with little Huts,
cover’d with Mats, which in the Middle of the Room have a hole for
the Smoke to go out at. The Southern shore is Sandy, and very
dangerous.
For the more full exemplification of what concerns this part of
Nova Francia, we shall conclude with an account of all Material
Passages relating to the French, from their own Narrations as
followeth.
 The first discoverer of this Coast was Jaques Quartier’s
Quartier, sent out Anno 1534. by the French King, Expedition.
Francis the First, in which Expedition he spent five Scurvy, when
Months; and going from thence to St. Male, known.
discover’d the Inlet Lawrence, Terreneuf, and
Natiscotec. The following year prosecuting his Exploit of de la
Voyage, he Sail’d into the great River Canada, and Roque.
Winter’d near St. Croix, where he lost divers of his Men by the Scurvy, a Distemper
till that time altogether unknown; and such was his condition, that none of his
Men had escap’d with life, had not the Inhabitants taught him to cure the same
with the Bark and Leaves of the Tree Annedda; with which many recovering,
Quartier Weigh’d Anchor, and treacherously carry’d the King Donnacona with
many of his Nobles, Prisoners to France; but most of them dying, Quartier
brought only a few of them back with him in his third Voyage, six years after the
first, when arriving in the Haven St. Croix, he cast up a strong Fort, which he
nam’d Charlesbourg Royal, where he staid a whole Winter. Joan de la Roque,
whom the French King had made Governor of Quartier’s new-discover’d
Countries, Sailing thither with three Ships, met with Quartier’s Fleet near
Terreneuf; from whence he was then going home, because he saw no hopes of
subduing the Salvages with so small a Force as he had brought with him from
France. But de la Roque endeavoring to make a further discovery of Canada, Sail’d
up the River Saguenay, where spending both time and Money, he was
Commanded home by the French King, and the fruitless Expeditions lay dead till
about 1604.
When Peter de Monts obtaining Letters Patents to Of de Monts.
Trade for Furs in the foremention’d Countries, Sail’d Of Poutrincourt.
with two Ships beyond Accadie, up St. Lawrence
Bay, where he Landed on the Isle St. Croix, where of ninety seven Men, with which
he staid there a whole Winter, he lost thirty five; but having fresh Supplies sent
him from France, he remov’d to Port Royal, where leaving forty Men, he return’d
home; these forty being reduc’d to twenty three, and in great want, walking along
the Sea-shore in a despairing condition, espy’d a Ship coming up with full Sail,
which upon nearer approach, prov’d a French Vessel, of which Poutrincourt was
Commander, who receiving his wretched Countrey-men with great joy, took them
with him to Port Royal, being sent thither on purpose to settle a Plantation in
Accadie: Meanwhile the Letters Patent granted to Monts, being call’d in, the first
Planters in Port Royal were forc’d to desert the same, and return home; and also
Poutrincourt returning, came back again three years after to Port Royal, where
finding the Houses standing as he had left them, he Manur’d the Countrey all
about, and endeavoring to Plant Christianity among the Natives, Christen’d among
others an Accadian Lord, who was above a hundred years old; all which
Poutrincourt Sailing back to France, related at the Court.
The Jesuits being also inform’d thereof, obtain’d Remarkable
leave of the Queen to send Peter Biard and Euemond Transactions of
Masse thither, on pretence, that Henry the Fourth
had himself promis’d them the same Priviledge in his some Jesuits.
Life time. But the Merchants at Diep, which were
concern’d in the new Plantations with Poutrincourt, opposing the going over of the
foremention’d Jesuits, express’d themselves very violent against them, and laid to
their charge the Blood of the late King, which they said was yet reaking in Paris:
What assurance (alleadg’d they) had their Goods which were in the Custody of
Men inclin’d to the Spaniards? Must the Christian Religion be promulgated? There
are so many Orders of Monks which may easily produce two Men; but if the
Queen was resolv’d to send Jesuits thither, they desir’d restauration of the Monies
which they had disburs’d: To which Biard and Masse harkening, gather’d up the
demanded Monies, under pretence of being requir’d towards the Preaching of the
Christian Religion amongst these remote Heathens; by this means getting great
Sums, they bought out the foremention’d Merchants, so that the new Plantations
fell half to the Jesuits, who setting Sail, and arriving at Port Royal, turn’d all things
topsiturvy, and so thwarted Poutrincourt in his designs, that he was forc’d to
complain to the French Court of the Jesuits oppression, whose aim it was to get all
things into their own Possession; whereupon they Excommunicated Poutrincourt’s
Son (who serv’d in his Father’s place at Court), and gain’d the Duke Guereheville in
France to be of their Party, by promising him, that he should share in the new
Plantations for a contracted Sum of Money: After this they receiv’d all sorts of
Arms and Ammunition, with several Brass Guns, of the then King Lewis the XIII.
and other gifts Collected and gather’d out of their several Societies, for two new
Accadian Apostles. Gilbert du Thet, a subtile man of the same Order, transported
their Necessaries.
At this time all things going favorably with the Jesuits, they made themselves
Masters of Port Royal, and began to raise a Fort on the River Pemtagovet; but
there their happy Proceedings were stop’d, for Captain Argal before-mention’d,
Sailing thither in vindication of the English, was encounter’d by du Thet, (who
firing the first Gun on Argal, was by him taken off with Chain-shot) and taking
Biard and Masse, carry’d them Prisoners to Virginia, and dismantled the Fort
built at Port Royal, after which it was by King James given by Patent to Sir
William Alexander, as hath been already related, together with what of most
remarkable hath happen’d since.

Sect. VI.
Norumbegua.

N orumbegua, lying between Nova

Scotia Northward, and New England
Whence
denominated.
Southward, is so utterly not taken notice of by many as a distinct
Province, that it might seem to be swallow’d up and lost in the two
Countreys between which it lies, or at least to be thought a part of
Virginia or New England (for Virginia largely taken is said to
contain New England, Novum Belgium, and Virginia, especially so
call’d) and that so much the rather, because the Bessabees,
accounted by Sanson d’Abbeville an ancient People of New England,
are written to have liv’d near the River Penobscot, which is reckon’d
to be the same with Pemtegovet, or (as some will have it)
Norumbegua, from which, or from a certain great City of that Name,
the Country for fancy’s sake must needs be denominated; but since
most commonly we find it nam’d and treated of apart, it will not be
improper to follow that method, carrying the Bounds of New
England no farther Northward than the River Quinnebequi or
Sagadahoc, and so determining the main part of this Countrey to
that space between the aforesaid River and Pemtegovet, excepting a
small Southerly portion upon the Banks of the River Chovacovet; so
that it appears chiefly situate under the forty third Degree of
Northern Latitude.
As for the Towns or Cities of this Towns and Cities
Province, there is but a very uncertain not certainly
account to be given, forasmuch as the known.
pretended great City Norumbegua, from whence the Province should
take its Appellation, is not acknowledg’d by any of the most
authentick modern Writers, nor in any late Voyage or Discovery any
mention made either of that or any other considerable Town or City.
Dr. Heylin supposeth it to be no other than Agguncia, a poor little
Village, that seems compos’d of a company of Hutts or Sheaves,
cover’d with the Skins of Beasts, or the Barks of Trees. But the most
favourable conjecture is, that it might haply be the Ruines of an
ancient Town, which the Natives call’d Arambeck, and had probably
deserted it long before the arrival of the Europeans in those parts;
however, it is not very probable that the Name of the Countrey
should be deriv’d from this City, if ever there were any such, or from
the River, which appears to have been term’d Norumbegua on
purpose to make way for this derivation, whereas Pemtegovet is the
ancient Appellation that properly belongs to it; nor hath any modern
one been apply’d to it but that of Rio Grande, by Buno in his
Comment upon Philip Cluverius, upon what ground is hard to tell,
since it is observ’d by Heylin and others, to be neither large, nor
otherwise much to be commended, being Navigable not above twenty
or thirty Miles, in respect of its many great Cataracts and Falls of
Water, an Inconvenience with which many other Rivers of America
are prejudic’d, and rendred impassable.
Before and about the Mouth of this River, which is judg’d to be
about eight or nine Miles broad, lie many small Islands, or rather
Hills, inviron’d with Water, the chiefest of which is by the French
call’d La Haute Isle, from the high and Mountainous appearance of it
to those that see it from afar off at Sea.
The aforemention’d Buno, though he names, as belonging to
Norumbega, these several places, viz. Porto del Refugio, Porto
Reale, Paradiso, Flora, and Angolema, from some obscure French
testimonies, without particularising any Author, yet he afterwards
confesses, that the Names given by the French, and those apply’d by
the Spaniards, are so various and disagreeing, and breed such a
confusion, that no Charts or Descriptions had concluded upon either.
As for those who will have Norumbega deriv’d from Norwegia, in
respect of a Colony brought thither from Norwey, if the Etymologie
be not a little too much forc’d, the Invention may pass well enough
till a better be found out.
In this Countrey the temperature of the The temperature
Air is not bad, nor the Soil unfruitful, if it and nature of its
were well cultivated, chiefly towards the Soil.
Rivers, and where it is not either overgrown with Woods, or craggy
with Hills and mountainous Rocks: neither are the Woods
unprofitable, for they afford good Timber, and all kind of necessary
and useful Wood, especially Beeches, Fir-trees, Wallnut-trees, and
other Nuts: The Plains are very pleasant, and yield good Pasturage,
onely the Maritime Coasts are so shallow and full of Sands, that the
Sailing near them is accounted somewhat dangerous; and this may
be imagin’d to be the reason that no Authors have yet met with any
Ports or Havens belonging to this Countrey, which they have thought
worthy their notice.
 CHAP. II.
New England.

A s Canada is by some accounted a general Province, containing

New France, L’Accadie, Norumbega, and other places, so under
Virginia largely taken, are comprehended New England, New
Netherlands, and Virginia properly so call’d; however, since that
part which vulgarly goes under the Name of Virginia and New
England were possess’d, if not discover’d, at several times, and their
Plantations promoted and propagated upon several occasions, and
by distinct Interests, and since New England hath been look’d upon
as a place considerable enough for Persons of very eminent quality to
concern themselves in it, we rather are induc’d to consider this
Countrey as a principal part, than as any way depending on, or being
any Branch or Portion of Virginia.
It lies between Norumbega, which it hath Situation of New
Northward, and New Netherlands England.
Southward, from forty one to forty five Degrees of Northern Latitude,
in the midst of the temperate Zone, and paralell to France and some
part of Italy in the Western Hemisphere, so that one would think it
should enjoy the same temperature of Air; but the contrary is found,
for that part which borders upon the Sea is colder, partly by reason
that the Sea-waves break the reflexion of the Sun-beams, partly by
reason of the abundance of Vapors, which mounting upward, abate
the ardor of them; but the more Inland parts of the Countrey are
indifferently warm: Moreover it hath been found by certain
experience, that those Countreys which look towards the East, or
Sun-rising, are colder than those which lie towards the West, or Sun-
setting, and those that have the Evening Winds on them, warmer
than those which have the Morning Winds; which being so, it should
follow, that the temperature of the Air in those Regions is peculiar to
the Bodies of those of our Nation, who being accustom’d to a Climate
somewhat temperate, are neither able to endure extremity of Cold,
nor immoderate Heat: Yet there are who affirm, that New England,
though situate in the midst of the temperate Zone, nevertheless feels
both extremities of the two opposite Zones, in the Summer the heat
of the Torrid, and in the Winter the cold of the Frigid.
As for the first discovery of this Countrey, First discovery.
it is not to be expected otherwise than that
of the discovery of those other Countreys hitherto discours’d of, that
is to say very uncertain; but because the French boast of Joannes
Verrazanus (who though an Italian, was employ’d by the French
King Francis the First) as the first Discoverer, not onely of Nova
Francia, as hath been already intimated, but also of this Countrey
and the adjoyning Coast and Regions, we shall not think it
impertinent to give from their own Relations, a brief view of his
Voyage, and afterwards a particular Description of the English
Plantations there, and of their Transactions, both one with another,
and between them and the Nations. The Narration of Verrazanus’s
Voyage is as followeth:
Remarkable Voyage
“On command of the French King Francis the of Verrazanus.
First, John Verrazanus, Anno 1524. setting Sail Westward from the Canary Isles,
discover’d a low American Coast, in thirty four Degrees North Latitude, inhabited
by naked People, which behind the sandy Hills facing the Sea, Manur’d many
fruitful Plains. Then Sailing a hundred Leagues along the Shore Northerly, he
view’d a Countrey full of Vines, which grew up amongst the Boughs of high Trees;
and Sailing up a pleasant River, Landed on the Island Clandia, full of woody
Mountains: thence he stood for the main Continent; where after having visited a
King, Clad in wrought Deer-skin, he Sail’d by a Bay, at whose Mouth appear’d a
Rock in an Inlet, twenty Leagues; where appear’d five small Isles, all of them
exceeding fruitful. After this (being got a hundred and fifty Leagues to the
Northward) he found very salvage People, whose Heads appear’d through Bear-
skins and Sea-Calves. By this time having Terreneuf on his Starboard, he return’d
back to Diepe.”

Thus far Verrazanus made some discovery of the Coast, which

hath since not onely been farther inspected by the English, but also
by them Planted and call’d New England.
This Countrey, whether first discover’d by The setling of
the said Verrazanus, or together with the Plantations.
rest of largely-taken Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, or, as some say,
by Captain Gosnald, in the Year 1602. was so well known to the
English in the beginning of King James’s Reign here, that the setling
and carrying on of Plantations in this part of America, was
vigorously promoted by many of the most eminent Persons in
England: whereupon it was about the Year 1606. being the fourth
Year of the said King, granted by Patent to several Lords, Knights,
Gentlemen and Merchants, under the denomination of The
Plymouth Company, both in favour of those generous Spirits, who
studied and endeavor’d the good of the Publick by foreign
Plantations, and indulgence to those, who not well satisfi’d with the
Government of Church and State, and willingly transporting
themselves and Families thither, as to their Asylum, could more
conveniently be spar’d than the better affected part of the People:
And although the Colonies at first sent over succeeded not according
to expectation, yet in a short time there Plantations were brought to
very great perfection. Captain Weimouth, who had been employ’d
there by the Lord Arundel of Warder, for the discovery of the North-
West Passage, falling short of his Course, hapned into a River on the
Coast of America, call’d Pemmaquid; from whence he brought five of
the Natives for England, three of whose Names were Mannida,
Skettwarroes and Tasquantum, and Landing at Plymouth,
presented them to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, whom he made use of as
Instruments for the farther advancement of these Plantations: they
were all of one Nation, but of several parts, and several Families; he
kept them with him three years, and observing in them an inclination
to vertuous Designs, and Spirits above the Vulgar, he gain’d
information from them what great Rivers ran up into the Land, what
Men of note were seated on them, what Power they were of, how
Ally’d, what Enemies they had, and the like; and taking some light
from thence, sent away a Ship, furnish’d with Men, and all kind of
Necessaries convenient for the Service intended, under the
Command of Captain Henry Chaloung, a Gentleman of a good
Family, and very capable for Undertakings of this nature; and giving
him sufficient Instructions what to do, sent along with him two of the
said Natives for his better Conduct and Direction, ordering him by all
means to keep the Northerly Gage as high as Cape Briton, till they
had discover’d the Main, and then to beat it up to the Southward as
the Coast tended, till they found by the Natives they were near the
place to which they were assign’d. By that time they were about a
hundred Leagues off the Island of Canara, the Captain fell sick of a
Feaver, and the Winds being Westerly, his Company shap’d their
Course for the Indies, and coming to St. John de Porto Rico, the
Captain went ashore for the recovery of his Health, whilst the
Company took in Water, and such other Provisions as they had
present need of, and spent some time in Hunting, and other
Recreations; after which steering their intended Course, they were
met with by the Spanish Fleet that came from the Havana, taken
Prisoners and carried into Spain, the Ship and Goods being
confiscated, the Voyage overthrown, and the Natives lost.
Not long after the setting out of Chaloung, Thomas Haman was
sent by Sir John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England, towards the
River of Sagadehoc, to the succour of Chaloung, if need were; but
not finding him, after he had scowr’d the Coast all about, he return’d
back into England.
Captain Prinne was likewise sent from Bristol, who arriving
happily in those Parts, brought back with him at his return the most
exact Discovery of that Coast that ever had been gain’d till then.
A while after, at the Charge of the said Sir John Popham, a
hundred Men were sent to settle a Colony at Sagadehoc, under the
Command of George Popham, Raleigh Gilbert, Master of the Ship,
who seated themselves in a Peninsula, at the Mouth of this River;
which attempting to discover, they met with a Wood near to an
Island, distant from the Line about forty five Degrees, and some odd
Seconds, where they easily went on Shore. In the Year 1608. the
Commander of the Colony deceasing, and not long after him the
Lord Chief Justice, who had been the chief that had furnish’d them
with fresh Supplies, they return’d for England in those Ships that
had been sent them with Succours: At which unexpected return, the
Patrons of the Design were so offended, that for a certain time they
desisted from their Enterprizes. In the mean while the French
making use of this occasion, Planted Colonies in divers places, when
Sir Samuel Argal from Virginia disturb’d their Designs, and brought
away Prisoners all he could lay hold on.
Suddenly after Captain Hobson and divers others were set out with
very great Preparations, and with them two of the Natives which had
been detain’d for some time in England, whom they thought to have
made use of, the better to draw the rest of the Natives to their
Commerce; but because a little before twenty four of them had been
treacherously dealt with by one Hunt, they contracted from thence so
great an animosity towards the English, that Captain Hobson was
constrain’d to return without effecting any thing.
In the Year 1614. Captain John Smith being sent to Fish for
Whales, and seek after Mines of Gold and Silver, Landed upon the
Island of Monahiggan, where he found some store of Whales, but
not such as those by whose Oyl they use to make so much profit.
About the same time (two of the Natives being recover’d, Erpenow
of Capawick, that had escap’d from Captain Hobson, and Assacumet
of Pemmaquid, one of those that had been taken Prisoners with
Chaloung) Captain Harly, with Necessaries convenient for such a
Voyage, was dispatch’d away by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the Earl of
Southampton favouring the Design, and furnishing him with some
Land-Soldiers under the Command of Captain Hobson, who not
discourag’d with his former ill Success, resolv’d upon a second
Adventure.
In the Year 1615. Sir Richard Hakings undertook a Voyage into
those Parts by authority of the Council of the second Colony, but by
reason of the great Wars among the Natives, his Observations could
not be such as might give any farther light than what had been
already receiv’d.
Soon after which Captain Dormer coming for England from New-
found-Land, and Landing at Plymouth, apply’d himself to the
Governor, by whom he was dispatch’d away, with Direction to meet
Captain Rocroft, sent away a little before; but Rocroft being dead by
that time Dormer could come after him to Virginia, where he heard
he was, he returning to Capawick, was there set upon by Erpenow,
the foremention’d Salvage, and other Indians that were Conspirators
with him; and within a short while after at Virginia, whither he went
to be cur’d of the Wounds he receiv’d in that Assassination, he fell
sick and died.
About the Year 1623. Captain Robert Gorges, newly come out of
the Venetian War, was employ’d by the Council of New Englands
Affairs as the Lieutenant-General, to regulate the Abuses of divers
Fisher-men and other Interlopers, who without License frequented
those Coasts: for which Service he had assign’d to him all that part of
the main Land situate upon the North-East side of the Bay of the
Messachasets.
By these several Colonies sent so thick one after another, both a
full Discovery of the Countrey came to be made, and a large gap
open’d to the free possession thereof; yet in regard of the many
disappointments and misfortunes the several Companies sent over
met with, and counting the vast Charges their setting forth cost the
Undertakers, which would have been still increas’d by the need of
continu’d Supplies, in all probability New England would have been
but thinly peopled to this day, had not a great Tide of People,
possess’d with an aversion to the Church-Government of England,
and fled into Holland for Liberty of Conscience, eagerly taken hold of
this opportunity to make themselves Masters of their own Opinions,
and of a Place where they might erect a Government suitable
thereunto: and though at first there were some Exceptions taken, as
if this Countrey was to be made a Receptacle of Sectaries, and such
as condemn’d the Ecclesiastical Government of the Nation,
insomuch that Sir Ferdinando Gorges, to whom they apply’d
themselves, desiring him to mediate for them to the Council of New
Englands Affairs, when they perceiv’d the Authority they had from
the Virginia Company, could not warrant their abode there, had
enough to do (notwithstanding his Apology, That these things
hapned contrary to his expectation) to wipe away the jealousie
which was entertain’d of him, it being Order’d, that no more should
be suffer’d to pass into New England, but such as should take the
Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy: yet at last there was little notice
taken who went, perhaps upon consideration, that the vast resort of
People thither would be of greater advantage to the Plantations, than
their different Opinions, at so remote a distance, could be
prejudicial, so long as they acknowledg’d Obedience to the King and
Civil Power: However, Sir Ferdinando, to clear himself the better,
mov’d those Lords that were the chief Actors in the Business, to
resign their Grand Patent to the King, and pass particular Patents to
themselves of such part of the Countrey along the Sea-Coast, as
might be sufficient for them: To this Motion there being a general
Assent given by the Lords, and a Day appointed for the conclusion
thereof, an Act was made for the Resignation of the Patent, alloting
to each Man their several Bounds. From the uttermost parts began
the Limits of the Lord Mougrave, and ended at Hudson’s River. To
the Eastward of which River, for the space of sixty Miles in length,
was placed the Duke of Richmond’s Assignment: Next to him was
setled the Earl of Carlile: Next him the Lord Edward Gorges: Next
the Marquess of Hamilton: Then Captain John Mason: And lastly his
own, which extended to the great River Sagadehoc, being sixty Miles,
and so up into the Main Land a hundred and twenty Miles, which he
was pleas’d to call by the Name of The Province of Main.
The Landing of the English in Plymouth Plantation was very much
facilitated by the great Mortality that hapned amongst the Indians
about that time, amongst the Pecods, Narragansets, Nianticks,
Tarantines, Wippanaps, and those of Abargini, Agissawang, and
Pockanekie, their Powwows, or Doctors, seeing with amazement
their Wigwams, or Streets, lie full of dead Bodies, and in vain
expecting help from Squantam their good, or Abbamoch their bad
God. Not long before, that blazing Comet, so much talk’d of in
Europe, apppear’d after Sun-setting in their Horizon South-West for
the space of thirty Sleeps, (for so they reckon their Days). They
Landed at first with little or no resistance, a handful of Men onely
being sent before to keep possession for their Companions, who
arriv’d eight days after; when the Natives appearing with their Bowes
and Arrows, let flie their long Shafts amongst them; whereupon one
Captain Miles Standish with his Fowling-piece shot the stoutest
Sachem amongst the Indians, as he was reaching an Arrow from his
Quiver; which the rest seeing, fled into the Woods and Thickets.
The same Year the Merchant-Adventurers in England sent forth
store of Servants to provide against the Wants of that place; amongst
whom came over a mix’d Multitude, who setled themselves in the
Bosom of the Cape now call’d Gloucester.
About the Year 1631. there fled to the English at Water-town the
Indians that dwelt thereabouts, for protection against the
Tarratines, a sort of cruel and salvage Cannibals, by whom near the
Town of Saugust, in the very dead time of the Night, one Lieutenant
Walker being on a sudden alarm’d, was shot through his Coat and
Buff Jacket with two Indian Arrows. That Night the English stood
upon their Guard, and the next Morning sent word to other parts;
who gather’d together, and taking counsel how to quit themselves of
these Indians, agreed to discharge their great Guns; whose
redoubled noise, ratling in the Rocks, struck terror into the Indians,
and caus’d them to betake themselves to flight. The Autumn
following, others of the Indians, who till then had held a good
correspondence with the Planters, began to quarrel about the
Bounds of their Land; but a great Mortality, by the raging of the
Small-Pox, breaking out amongst them, put an end to that
Controversie: There died amongst the rest one of the chief of the
Sagamores of the Mattachusets, call’d Sagamore John, who before
his Death had been instructed in the Christian Faith, and took care
that his two Sons should be nurtured therein.
In the Year 1635. there arrived several Ships with great plenty of
Provisions, and many Persons of good Quality, and amongst the rest
Sir Henry Vane.
The same Year the People of Cambridge, otherwise call’d New-
town, hearing of a fertile place upon the River Canectico, remov’d
thither, and erected a new Corporation by the Name of Banectico,
being encourag’d thereunto by the Lord Say and the Lord Brooks,
and planting a Forrest at the mouth of the River, call’d it Saybrook
Forrest.
About the Year 1638. the Pequods, a stout and Warlike Nation,
lying to the South-West of the Mattachusets, were discover’d upon
their March within some few Miles of Hartford: Their coming very
much terrifi’d all that inhabited thereabouts; but they took onely
three Women and return’d; one of whom making a violent
resistance, had her Brains beaten out; the other two they carried
away with them, without abusing their Persons, as it was suppos’d
they would, for they esteem’d their own Shaws, being black, beyond
our Women. Their chief Design was to learn to make Gunpowder;
which seeing they could not effect, they look’d upon their Prize as
nothing so precious as they imagin’d.
A little after another Indian War threatning the English, they
resolv’d together to send an Ambassador to Cannonicus, chief
Sachem of the Naragansits, endeavoring to prevent him from
confederating with the Pequods, who (as they had Intelligence) were
about sending to him to joyn with them: Cannonicus being grown
old, had resign’d the Government to his Nephew Mantinemo, a stern
Man, and of a cruel Nature. The Ambassadors arriving at his Court,
which was about eighty Miles from Boston, the Indian Prince
assembled his chief Councellors, and having Entertain’d the
Ambassadors Magnificently, and Feasted them Royally, gave them
Audience in his State-house; where the Sachem, to manifest his
greater State, lay along upon the Ground, with all his Nobility sitting
about him, with their Legs doubled up, and their Knees touching
their Chin: The English Interpreter having made his Speech in the
Name of the rest, both Cannonicus and the young King gave discreet
Answers, signifying their Resolutions to keep a fair Correspondence
with the English, and yet not to fall out with the Pequods: Who a
little after making also their Addresses to the same King, he
disswaded them by many Reasons from making War with the
English, and to deliver into their hands those Persons that had
murther’d any of them. The Pequods nevertheless, though they
seem’d inclinable to his Counsel, yet they acted as Enemies; for when
the English sent a Company of Soldiers into their Countrey to treat
with them about delivering up the Murtherers, they made shew of
willingness, but spying their advantage, betook themselves to their
Heels; and whomsoever they took stragling by surprise, they revil’d
and insulted over in a most cruel manner, vilifying the Christian
Religion, and uttering all the Blasphemies they could invent.
Whereupon they rais’d fresh Souldiers for the War, to the number of
fourscore, out of the several Towns in the Mattachusets, and with
some Indian Guides came to their Fort, within which they had
pitch’d their Wigwams, the Entrance being on two sides, with
intricate Meanders to enter; at which were plac’d Indian Bowe-men,
who shot the foremost of the English; yet they had little to boast of in
the end, for the English rushing in through the winding Ways, and
placing themselves round the Wigwams, made a very prosperous
Shot, by directing the Muzzles of their Musquets against the Indians
which lay sleeping on the Ground: In the midst of which rouzing
terror and confusion they were defeated with little ado, most of them
being either wounded, kill’d, or taken. The English thus animated
with the first Victory, send their Prisoners to the Pinnaces, and
prosecute the War in Hand, marching against the next Body of the
Indians, which lay Encamp’d on a Hill about two Miles distant,
where they gave them a second Overthrow, slaying many more than
in the first Engagement; the rest flying to a very thick inaccessible
Swamp or Bog, were there besieg’d by the English; and skulking up
and down, as they saw their opportunity they would Shoot at them
with their Arrows, and then suddenly fall flat along in the Water; at
last the English finding out a Passage into the Swamp, utterly
defeated them, and put an end to the War with the loss of few Mens
Lives, and not many wounded.
In the Year 1640. there came over a fresh Supply of People into
New England, and finding no place to settle in within any of the
former erected Colonies, they repair’d to a place call’d Long Island,
sever’d from the Continent of New-Haven, about sixty Miles off the
Sea.
The Year following the four Colonies, namely the Massachusets,
Plymouth, Canectico, and New-Haven, taking into consideration the
many Nations that were on all sides of them, as the French, Dutch,
Jews, and native Indians; as also how the three first went to lay
claim to Lands they never had any right to, and the last to be
continually quarrelling and contending, where they saw any hopes of
prevailing, by Commissioners chosen from the respective Colonies,
concluded a firm Confederation to assist each other in all just and
lawful Wars; upon which there came in certain Indian Sachems, as
Pomham, Miantonemo, Soccanocoh, and Uncas, who not onely
submitted to the English Government, but also, if occasion were, in
matters of Controversie submitted to their Arbitration: But the
Contest between Miantonemo and Uncas was too hot to be appeas’d,
(though the English were not wanting to interpose) unless by the
Blood of one of them, as will appear by the Consequence: Uncas was
a Prince of For, whose Life Miantonemo, though a much more
potent Prince, sought to take away by treachery, hiring a young Man
of the Pequod Nation to murther him, as the following Story renders
suspected; for one dark Evening this Sachem passing from one
Wigwam to another, was Shot through the Arm with an Arrow; but
recovering the Palace, had the Arrow pull’d out, and his Arm cur’d:
the young Man that was suspected being examin’d, how he came by
that great store of Wampompeage which was found about him, and
being able to give no good account, it increas’d the suspicion, and
induc’d Uncas to complain to the English at a General Court held at
Boston: Whereupon the young Man was Examin’d in the presence of
Miantonemo, who came thither with his Attendants; but the young
Man tutor’d, as suppos’d, by Miantonemo, pretended that Uncas had
enjoyn’d him to feign that he was hir’d by Miantonemo to kill him:
To which Tale of his little belief being given, it was concluded upon
farther Examination of him in private that he had done the Fact:
nevertheless they let him depart with Miantonemo, advising him to
send him home to Uncas; but he in stead of returning him cut off his
Head, and forthwith gather’d an Army of a thousand Men to fight
with Uncas; who met him with half the Men: the Battel being joyn’d,
the Narragansets, though the far greater multitude, were beaten by
the Wawhiggins, through the Valour of Uncas their Prince; who
perfected his Victory by possessing himself of the Person of
Miantonemo, whom, having put his Life-guard to flight, he carried
away with him in triumph to the Town of Hartford, desiring to have
the advice of the United Colonies what to do with his Prisoner:
Whereupon the Commissioners having had sufficient proof of
Miantonemo’s treachery towards this Prince, advis’d Uncas to put
him to death, but not to exercise that barbarous kind of cruelty which
is usual amongst them in these Cases. The Sachem, upon this advice,
not long after pretended to remove him to a safer place, but by the
Way caus’d him to be Executed: His Subjects and Kindred were
troubled at his Death, but the little Princes his Neighbors, over
whom he had tyranniz’d, rather rejoyc’d.
In the Year 1645, the Sons of old Canonnicus, their Father being
dead, began to fall into hot Contentions with their Neighbors, and
being forbidden by the United Colonies, they did not stick to threaten
Wars to the English also. Whereupon the Commissioners rais’d an
Army of Horse and Foot, and made Major General Edward Gibbons
Commander in Chief over them. But the Indians hearing of this
Preparation, sent some of their chief Nobility to the Commissioners
of the United Colonies, who were assembled at Boston, to Treat
about Peace; to which the Commissioners agreed, upon condition
they should pay a part of the Charges of the War; and that they
should send four of their Sons for Hostages till the Sum was paid;
and the Hostages being sent back before the Wapom was all paid, the
two Princes, Pesicus and Mexanimo, upon the sending a Company of
Armed Men to demand it, sent the remainder of the Money.
In the Year 1647. divers Persons of Quality ventur’d their Estates
upon an Iron Mill, which they began at Braintree, but it profited the
Owners little, rather wasting their Stock, the price of Labor in
matters of that nature, being double or treble to what it is in
England.
 These are the most material Transactions we find deliver’d by any
one which hapned from the first discovery till the Year before
mention’d: what hath hapned from that time to this, chiefly relates to
the several Revolutions that have been in England, and shall be
therefore taken notice of when we come to speak of the Government
of these Plantations.
Though there are, who having remain’d The Commodities of
some time, and been concern’d in those this Countrey,
Parts, affirm the Soil of New England to be together with the
Trees and other
nothing so fruitful as it is believ’d and sorts of Plants.
commonly deliver’d to be, yet we think it
not improper to give a brief account of the Trees and other Plants;
also the Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and other Commodities which most
Writers will have to be the production of this Countrey, especially
since we find them compactly summ’d up by an unknown Writer in
the Language of the Muses. The recital of the Plants and Trees, which
(excepting the Cedar, Sassafras, and Dyers Sumach) are all of the
same kind with those that grow in Europe, onely differing in nature,
according as the Epithets of many of them declare, is as follows:
Trees both in Hills and Plains in plenty be;
The long-liv’d Oak, and mournful Cypress Tree;
Skie-towring Pines, and Chesnuts coated rough;
The lasting Cedar, with the Walnut tough;
The Rozen-dropping Fir, for Mast in use;
The Boat-men seek for Oars light, neat grown Sprewse;
The brittle Ash, the ever-trembling Asps;
The broad-spread Elm, whose Concave harbors Wasps;
The Water-spungy Alder, good for nought;
Small Eldern by the Indian Fletchers sought;
The knotty Maple, pallid Birch, Hawthorns;
The Horn-bound Tree, that to be cloven scorns;
Which from the tender Vine oft takes his Spouse,
Who twines embracing Arms about his Boughs.
Within this Indian Orchard Fruits be some;
The ruddy Cherry, and the jetty Plumb;
Snake-murthering Hazle, with sweet Saxafrage,
Whose Leaves in Beer allay hot Feavers rage;
The Dyers Shumach, with more Trees there be,
That are both good to use, and rare to see.

Beasts.
 The Beasts peculiar to this Countrey are the Moose, the Rackoon,
and the Musquash; the two first Land-Animals, the last Amphibious,
which with others common to them with us, are thus versifi’d by the
abovesaid Author:
The Kingly Lyon, and the strong-arm’d Bear;
The large limb’d Mooses, with the tripping Deer;
Quill-darting Porcupines, that Rackoons be
Castled ith’ hollow of an aged Tree;
The skipping Squirrel, Rabbet, purblind Hare,
Immured in the self-same Castle are,
Lest red-ey’d Ferrets, wily Foxes should,
Them undermine, if Ramper’d but with Mold;
The grim-fac’d Ounce, and rav’nous howling Wolf,
Whose meagre Paunch sucks like a swallowing Gulph;
Black glittering Otters, and rich Coated Beaver;
The Civet-scented Musquash smelling ever.

Of such of these as are altogether unknown to us, take these brief

Descriptions.
The Beast call’d a Moose, is not much The Moose.
unlike red Deer, and is as big as an Ox, slow
of Foot, Headed like a Buck, with a broad Beam, some being two
Yards wide in the Head, their flesh is as good as Beef, their Hides
good for Clothing; if these were kept tame, and accustom’d to the
Yoke, they would be a great Commodity: First, because they are so
fruitful, bringing forth three at a time being likewise very uberous:
Secondly, because they will live in Winter without any Fodder. There
are not many of these in the Massachusets Bay, but forty Miles to the
North-East there are great store of them.
The Rackoon is a deep Furr’d Beast, not The Rackoon.
much unlike a Badger, having a Tail like a
Fox, as good Meat as a Lamb: These Beasts in the day time sleep in
hollow Trees, in a Moon-shine night they go to feed on Clams at a
low Tide, by the Sea side, where the English hunt them with their
Dogs.
The Musquash is much like a Beaver for The Musquash.
shape, but nothing near so big; the Male
hath two Stones, which smell as sweet as Musk, and being kill’d in
Winter, never lose their sweet smell: These Skins are no bigger than
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com