PART 1

GRAMMAR
1. Comparative and Superlative Forms of Regular and Irregular Adjectives

Exercise 1: Comparative Forms

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form of the adjective
in brackets.
1. This book is much _______ (interesting) than the one I read last week.
2. The new restaurant is _______ (good) than the one we usually go to.
3. She feels _______ (happy) now that she has a new job.
4. His ideas are always _______ (creative) than mine.
5. The streets are _______ (quiet) at night than in the morning.
6. Her dress is _______ (expensive) than mine, but it looks the same.
7. The problem was _______ (complex) than we had expected.
8. John’s exam results were _______ (bad) than his sister’s.
9. The mountain peak looked much _______ (high) from the bottom than from
the top.
10. Learning Spanish is _______ (easy) than learning Chinese.

Exercise 2: Superlative Forms

Complete the sentences with the correct superlative form of the adjective in
brackets.
1. That was the _______ (challenging) test I have ever taken.
2. He is the _______ (talented) musician in the band.
3. The movie was the _______ (boring) one we have seen all year.
4. This is the _______ (bad) weather I have experienced in a long time.
5. They live in the _______ (large) house on the street.
6. She is the _______ (generous) person in our group.
7. It was the _______ (exciting) adventure of my life.
8. That’s the _______ (far) I have ever traveled.
9. The _______ (old) member of the team is retiring next week.
10. This is the _______ (fast) car I’ve ever driven.
2. Structures with "as ... as," "so ... as," "rather," "almost," and "quite"

Exercise 1: "As ... as" and "So ... as"

Complete the sentences using "as ... as" or "so ... as."
1. This painting is not _______ expensive _______ I thought.
2. Her house is _______ big _______ mine, but it's a bit more modern.
3. He is not _______ tall _______ his brother.
4. She doesn’t play the piano _______ well _______ she plays the guitar.
5. Is this car _______ fast _______ the one you drove last year?
6. She’s just _______ tired _______ you are.
7. The dessert was not _______ sweet _______ I expected.
8. His office isn’t _______ close _______ mine to the city center.
9. They are _______ hardworking _______ their colleagues.
10. The movie was not _______ exciting _______ we had hoped.

Exercise 2: "Rather," "Almost," and "Quite"

Complete the sentences with "rather," "almost," or "quite."
1. The movie was _______ boring, so I didn’t finish it.
2. I’m _______ sure that I’ve seen this person before.
3. The project was _______ complicated, but we managed to complete it.
4. She’s _______ tired after working for ten hours straight.
5. His explanation was _______ confusing, and I didn’t understand much.
6. The situation is _______ serious, and we need to address it soon.
7. The task was _______ easy, and we finished it in no time.
8. It’s _______ warm today, but I think it will cool down later.
9. We’re _______ ready for the presentation.
10. The book is _______ interesting, but the ending is predictable.
3. Adjectives Formed with Suffixes/Prefixes

Exercise 1: Suffixes
Complete the sentences with adjectives formed by adding appropriate suf-
fixes to the given words in brackets.
1. The food was absolutely _______ (delight).
2. That story was very _______ (excite).
3. The place we visited was so _______ (peace).
4. The weather was _______ (beauty) during our trip.
5. His performance was _______ (impress).
6. The instructions were very _______ (confuse), so nobody understood them.
7. She is a _______ (cheer) person, always smiling.
8. The results of the experiment were quite _______ (shock).
9. It was an _______ (adventure) journey through the mountains.
10. The view from the top of the mountain was _______ (breathe).

Exercise 2: Prefixes
Complete the sentences with adjectives formed by adding appropriate pre-
fixes to the given words in brackets.
1. It’s _______ (possible) to finish the task in just one hour.
2. He’s so _______ (patient); he can’t wait for anything!
3. I found the story _______ (believable); it didn’t make sense.
4. The directions were _______ (clear), and we got lost on the way.
5. She feels _______ (comfortable) speaking in front of large groups.
6. His behavior was _______ (acceptable) and caused a lot of trouble.
7. The homework was _______ (done), so the teacher made him redo it.
8. The product is _______ (available) at the moment; it’s sold out.
9. He was _______ (aware) of the changes in the schedule.
10. The phone is _______ (usable) because the battery is dead.
4. Compound Adjectives

Exercise 1: Compound Adjectives

Complete the sentences using appropriate compound adjectives.

1. She’s always well-_______ and never misses an important detail.

2. It was a heart-_______ performance that moved the entire audience.
3. He is a highly-_______ lawyer, known for his expertise.
4. The recipe is time-_______ but totally worth the effort.
5. That’s a well-_______ company with a global reputation.
6. The weather has been so record-_______ this summer.
7. She wore a beautifully-_______ dress to the party.
8. He’s a highly-_______ person, always up to date with technology.
9. They live in a fast-_______ city where things are always changing.
10. The house is fully-_______ with all modern appliances.

Exercise 2: More Compound Adjectives

Complete the sentences with appropriate compound adjectives.
1. The company is well-_______ and known for its quality products.
2. She’s a good-_______ person, always willing to help others.
3. This decision was very last-_______, but it turned out well.
4. The project was world-_______ and attracted global attention.
5. He’s a broad-_______ thinker and comes up with innovative ideas.
6. The player gave an award-_______ performance in the game.
7. The well-_______ athlete won several championships.
8. Their plan was fool-_______, and nothing could go wrong.
9. He’s an open-_______ person who accepts new ideas.
10. The hotel offers a top-_______ service to all its guests.
5. Present and Past Participles as Adjectives

Exercise 1: Present Participles as Adjectives

Complete the sentences using the present participle form of the verbs in
brackets as adjectives.
1. The _______ (interest) lecture kept the students engaged.
2. She gave an _______ (amaze) performance last night.
3. We had an _______ (excite) day at the amusement park.
4. That movie was _______ (terrify); I couldn’t sleep afterward.
5. His _______ (convince) argument won the debate.
6. The _______ (annoy) noise kept me awake all night.
7. The news was quite _______ (shocking), and no one expected it.
8. He told a _______ (fascinate) story about his travels.
9. They had an _______ (challenging) task ahead of them.
10. The _______ (encourage) words of her teacher gave her confidence.

Exercise 2: Past Participles as Adjectives

Complete the sentences using the past participle form of the verbs in brack-
ets as adjectives.
1. He was _______ (surprise) by the sudden change of plans.
2. The book was quite _______ (bore), so I stopped reading it.
3. She was deeply _______ (move) by the charity’s work.
4. We were _______ (disappoint) with the outcome of the match.
5. The _______ (exhaust) worker took a break after hours of labor.
6. His _______ (damage) car needed extensive repairs.
7. The teacher seemed _______ (impressed) with the students' efforts.
8. We felt _______ (satisfy) with the results of our work.
9. He was _______ (frustrate) by the lack of communication.
10. The _______ (injure) player had to be taken off the field.
6. Frequency and Movement

Exercise 1: Frequency Adverbs

Complete the sentences with appropriate frequency adverbs (always, often,
rarely, never, sometimes, usually).
1. I _______ go to the gym after work, but I didn’t have time today.
2. They _______ have meetings on Mondays, but this week it was canceled.
3. I _______ visit my grandparents; they live too far away.
4. He _______ forgets his keys at home.
5. We _______ go out to dinner, especially on special occasions.
6. She _______ works late into the night to meet deadlines.
7. My brother and I _______ play tennis together on weekends.
8. I _______ take the bus to work; I prefer cycling.
9. They _______ go on vacation in the summer.
10. I _______ read books before bed to relax.

Exercise 2: Movement
Complete the sentences using appropriate verbs of movement (run, walk,
jump, climb, swim, etc.).

1. She _______ up the hill to get a better view of the sunset.

2. The kids _______ into the pool as soon as we arrived at the resort.
3. We _______ through the park every morning for exercise.
4. He _______ across the finish line and won the race.
5. The cat _______ over the fence to chase the bird.
6. We _______ slowly through the forest, enjoying the sounds of nature.
7. They _______ out of the building when the fire alarm rang.
8. The dog _______ after the ball and brought it back.
9. She _______ up the stairs to reach her apartment.
10. He _______ down the mountain after a long day of hiking.
7. Place (Here/There)

Exercise 1: "Here" and "There"

Fill in the blanks with “here” or “there.”
1. Please come _______ and sit down.
2. Look over _______; can you see the boat on the horizon?
3. I’ll be waiting for you right _______.
4. He lives just over _______ in that yellow house.
5. _______ is your coat; don’t forget to take it.
6. It’s very quiet _______; I think everyone has left.
7. I found the keys _______ under the couch.
8. You can park your car over _______ by the gate.
9. Come _______ and help me with these boxes.
10. I’ll meet you _______ at the café in an hour.

Exercise 2: "Here" and "There" with Directions

Complete the sentences with "here" or "there."
1. Can you move this chair over _______ to make more space?
2. The concert will be held _______ in the town square.
3. _______ is your passport; keep it safe.
4. I think we should place the flowers _______ on the table.
5. I’ll be _______ all day if you need help.
6. The museum is just over _______; it’s only a ten-minute walk.
7. _______ we are! This is the house I was talking about.
8. I’ll wait for you _______ at the corner of the street.
9. You can leave your bags right _______.
10. The event is _______ next week, so mark it on your calendar.
8. Chronological Sequence (First, Next, etc.)

Exercise 1: Basic Chronological Sequence

Complete the sentences using the words: "first," "then," "next," "finally."

1. _______ we need to gather all the ingredients.

2. _______ add the eggs to the mixture.
3. _______ stir everything until it's smooth.
4. _______ bake the cake for 30 minutes.
5. _______ I checked my email, _______ I made a few phone calls, and
_______ I left for my meeting.
6. I finished my report, _______ I submitted it to my boss.
7. He greeted us at the door, _______ he offered us a drink.
8. We’ll _______ visit the museum, and _______ we’ll have lunch nearby.

Exercise 2: Advanced Chronological Sequence

Complete the sentences with "afterwards," "beforehand," "initially," "sub-
sequently."
1. _______ the meeting, we’ll have lunch with the client.
2. I prepared my notes _______ so I wouldn’t forget anything.
3. He was _______ reluctant to accept the offer, but he changed his mind later.
4. The company launched the product, and _______ saw a significant increase in
sales.
5. _______ we visited the museum, we went to the park for a walk.
6. _______ we start the project, we need to finish our current tasks.
7. I did some research _______ to understand the topic better.
8. The team was _______ disorganized, but they improved as the project pro-
gressed.
9. Time Markers for Past, Present, and Future

Exercise 1: Time Markers

Complete the sentences using the time markers: "yesterday," "today," "to-
morrow," "now."
1. I visited my grandparents _______.
2. We are having a team meeting _______ at 3 p.m.
3. She will submit her assignment _______.
4. Right _______, I am working on an important project.
5. I was at the gym _______ evening.
6. The weather is great _______; we should go for a walk.
7. They’re leaving for their vacation _______ morning.
8. Let’s start the presentation _______.
9. _______ was a tough day, but it’s over now.
10. I’ll call you _______ to finalize the details.

Exercise 2: Present Perfect with "Yet" and "Already"

Complete the sentences using "yet" or "already."
1. Have you finished your homework _______?
2. I have _______ seen that movie; it was amazing!
3. She hasn’t started her assignment _______.
4. They have _______ left for the airport.
5. I haven’t visited that new restaurant _______; have you?
6. We have _______ made the decision about the project.
7. The meeting hasn’t started _______.
8. Have you booked the tickets _______?
9. She has _______ completed the task I gave her.
10. They haven’t replied to my email _______.
10. Manner (Slowly, Well, etc.)

Exercise 1: Adverbs of Manner

Complete the sentences with the appropriate adverb (slowly, well, quickly,
easily, quietly, carefully, etc.).
1. Please speak _______ so everyone can hear you.
2. She drives _______ on icy roads to avoid accidents.
3. He answered the question _______ and impressed the teacher.
4. They finished the project _______ because they worked together.
5. The baby fell asleep _______ in her crib.
6. He handled the situation _______ despite the pressure.
7. The cat walked _______ across the room without making a sound.
8. She performed the dance _______ and received a standing ovation.
9. The mechanic fixed the car _______ and it’s running smoothly again.
10. We planned the event _______ to avoid any issues.

Exercise 2: Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adverbs

Complete the sentences with the correct comparative or superlative form of
the adverb in brackets.
1. She sings _______ (beautifully) than anyone else in the choir.
2. He finished the race _______ (quickly) than his competitors.
3. Of all the students, John works _______ (diligently).
4. I type _______ (fast) than I did last year.
5. She handled the situation _______ (gracefully) than her colleague.
6. They arrived _______ (early) than expected.
7. She completed the puzzle _______ (easily) than the others.
8. He drives _______ (carefully) than his brother.
9. This athlete runs _______ (fast) in the entire team.
10. She explained the problem _______ (clearly) than the teacher did.
11. "Just" and "Ever" for Time

Exercise 1: Present Perfect with "Just" and "Ever"

Complete the sentences with "just" or "ever."
1. I’ve _______ finished reading that book.
2. Have you _______ been to Paris?
3. She’s _______ arrived at the airport.
4. Is this the best meal you’ve _______ had?
5. He’s _______ called; you missed him by a minute.
6. Have you _______ seen such a beautiful sunset?
7. They’ve _______ left the party.
8. That’s the strangest thing I’ve _______ heard!
9. We’ve _______ booked the tickets for the show.
10. Have you _______ wondered what it’s like to live abroad?

Exercise 2: "Just" and "Ever" in Questions

Complete the questions using "just" or "ever."
1. Have you _______ tried bungee jumping?
2. Did she _______ call you back?
3. Have you _______ thought about quitting your job?
4. Did you _______ hear from him?
5. Have you _______ been to this restaurant before?
6. Did you _______ finish that book I lent you?
7. Have you _______ met a famous person?
8. Did he _______ say why he was late?
9. Have you _______ seen a shooting star?
10. Did she _______ drop by your office today?
12. Basic Quantifiers

Exercise 1: Quantifiers
Fill in the blanks with "a lot," "a little," "very," "too," "rather."

1. There’s _______ of noise coming from the construction site.

2. I’m feeling _______ tired, but I’ll keep working.
3. It’s _______ hot outside; let’s stay indoors.
4. I have _______ time before the meeting, so I’ll grab coffee.
5. There are _______ many people in the room; it’s getting crowded.
6. The soup is _______ salty; you should add more water.
7. She was _______ happy to hear the good news.
8. They were _______ late, but the meeting hadn’t started yet.
9. He drank _______ much coffee and couldn’t sleep.
10. We have _______ few minutes left to finish the test.

Exercise 2: More Quantifiers

Complete the sentences with "many," "much," "enough," "few," or
"little."
1. There aren’t _______ chairs for everyone to sit down.
2. He doesn’t have _______ experience to apply for the job.
3. I need _______ time to think about your offer.
4. There are _______ opportunities like this, so take advantage.
5. She had _______ information, but it wasn’t _______ to make a decision.
6. He has so _______ work to do, he can’t take a break.
7. There are too _______ people in the room; it’s getting crowded.
8. You didn’t leave _______ space for everyone’s luggage.
9. How _______ money do you need for the project?
10. I have _______ tasks to complete before the deadline.
13. Common Linking Words for Chronological Sequence

Exercise 1: More Chronological Linking Words

Complete the sentences using the linking words: "next," "afterwards,"
"then," "finally," "later."
1. First, we need to finish the report. _______ we can move on to the presenta-
tion.
2. He explained the problem, and _______ we discussed possible solutions.
3. She packed her suitcase, and _______ she went to the airport.
4. We will have a short break, and _______ we’ll start the second part of the
workshop.
5. _______ he went to university, he decided to travel for a year.
6. First, I checked my emails, _______ I responded to the most urgent ones.
7. _______ the event, we’ll have a networking session.
8. He studied hard for the exam. _______ he passed with flying colors.
9. The team worked all day. _______ they were able to complete the project.
10. We’ll meet at the café in the morning. _______ we’ll head to the museum.

Exercise 2: Advanced Linking Words

Complete the sentences with the appropriate linking words: "in the mean-
time," "meanwhile," "eventually," "initially," "simultaneously."
1. We have to wait for the results to be processed. _______ let's work on the
next assignment.
2. The company faced some challenges at first, but _______ it became very suc-
cessful.
3. I will finish this report. _______ my colleague will prepare the slides for the
presentation.
4. _______ we thought the project would fail, but it turned out to be a success.
5. She started her speech, and _______ the slides were being displayed behind
her.
6. _______ we were working on the report, the design team was creating the
visuals.
7. They worked hard on the new product, and _______ it was ready for launch.
8. _______ we prepare the main course, can you set the table?
9. The project went through several stages. _______ it was completed to every-
one’s satisfaction.
10. _______ the manager approved the proposal, the team started executing
the plan.
14. 'Have' in the Present Tense

Exercise 1: Present Simple 'Have'

Complete the sentences with the correct form of "have."

1. She _______ a lot of homework to do today.

2. I _______ a meeting at 2 p.m.
3. They _______ two dogs and a cat.
4. He _______ enough time to finish the project.
5. We _______ lunch together every Sunday.
6. Does she _______ any plans for the weekend?
7. I don’t _______ a car, but I ride my bike everywhere.
8. He _______ many books in his personal library.
9. Do you _______ any idea how to solve this problem?
10. They _______ a beautiful garden in their backyard.

Exercise 2: Negative and Interrogative Forms of 'Have'

Complete the sentences with the correct negative or interrogative form of
"have."

1. She _______ (not) any siblings.

2. _______ they _______ (have) any news about the event yet?
3. I _______ (not) any money left after shopping.
4. _______ you _______ (have) a spare pen I can borrow?
5. He _______ (not) enough time to complete the task.
6. _______ we _______ (have) any assignments due this week?
7. I _______ (not) breakfast today.
8. _______ she _______ (have) a passport?
9. He _______ (not) a car, but he often rents one.
10. _______ they _______ (have) a key to the office?
15. 'Be' in the Present Tense

Exercise 1: Forms of 'Be'

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb "be" (am, is, are).
1. She _______ very tired after the long day.
2. We _______ excited about the upcoming trip.
3. He _______ not interested in joining the project.
4. They _______ at the library studying for their exam.
5. I _______ happy with the results of the test.
6. _______ you ready for the meeting?
7. It _______ very cold outside today.
8. The students _______ eager to learn new things.
9. The book _______ on the table next to the lamp.
10. She _______ my best friend.

Exercise 2: Negative and Interrogative Forms of 'Be'

Complete the sentences with the correct negative or interrogative form of
"be."
1. She _______ (not) at home right now.
2. _______ they _______ (be) at the conference today?
3. I _______ (not) sure about the answer.
4. _______ you _______ (be) interested in attending the event?
5. He _______ (not) ready for the exam.
6. _______ it _______ (be) cold in the morning?
7. The documents _______ (not) on the desk.
8. _______ we _______ (be) meeting after work today?
9. She _______ (not) feeling well today.
10. _______ he _______ (be) your brother?
16. Agreement Between Nouns and Verb 'Be'

Exercise 1: Singular and Plural Agreement

Complete the sentences with the correct form of "be" (am, is, are) based on
the subject.
1. The book _______ on the shelf.
2. The students _______ ready for the test.
3. My phone _______ in my bag.
4. These shoes _______ too small for me.
5. The teacher _______ very helpful.
6. The houses _______ quite old.
7. His opinion _______ very important to the discussion.
8. Their plans _______ still undecided.
9. This project _______ almost complete.
10. The flowers _______ beautiful this time of year.

Exercise 2: More Agreement Practice

Choose the correct form of "be" for each sentence.
1. This car _______ very fast.
2. The children _______ playing in the yard.
3. The information you provided _______ very helpful.
4. My friends _______ coming over for dinner tonight.
5. The weather _______ perfect for a day at the beach.
6. Those cats _______ always looking for food.
7. The data _______ not accurate.
8. The cake _______ almost ready.
9. These books _______ very interesting.
10. The team _______ working hard to meet the deadline.
17. WH-Questions

Exercise 1: Forming WH-Questions

Form WH-questions using the words in parentheses.
1. _______ (where) you going for your holiday?
2. _______ (who) is your favorite author?
3. _______ (what) time does the train leave?
4. _______ (why) didn’t you attend the meeting?
5. _______ (how) did you fix the problem?
6. _______ (when) did you move to this city?
7. _______ (which) book do you recommend I read?
8. _______ (whose) keys are these on the table?
9. _______ (what) are your plans for the weekend?
10. _______ (how many) people are attending the event?

Exercise 2: WH-Questions with the Present Tense

Complete the questions using the appropriate WH-word.
1. _______ is your favorite season of the year?
2. _______ are they doing at the moment?
3. _______ is the best way to learn a new language?
4. _______ do you usually go on vacation?
5. _______ do you prefer: tea or coffee?
6. _______ is your hometown like?
7. _______ is responsible for this project?
8. _______ does this task take so long to complete?
9. _______ do we have the next meeting?
10. _______ do you get to work every day?
18. Yes/No Questions

Exercise 1: Yes/No Questions

Form yes/no questions for the following sentences.

1. He likes chocolate. → _______?

2. They are going to the concert. → _______?
3. She has finished her homework. → _______?
4. You can speak French. → _______?
5. They are friends. → _______?
6. He works in a bank. → _______?
7. You were at the party last night. → _______?
8. The meeting is at 10 a.m. → _______?
9. She is a doctor. → _______?
10. They have been to Paris. → _______?

Exercise 2: Negative Yes/No Questions

Form negative yes/no questions.

1. He is late. → _______?
2. You are coming to the party. → _______?
3. They finished the report. → _______?
4. She is ready for the test. → _______?
5. We can start now. → _______?
6. He knows the answer. → _______?
7. They are interested in the project. → _______?
8. You have seen the movie. → _______?
9. She likes the new song. → _______?
10. You are working on the project. → _______?
19. Pro-Clause with So, Not (I Think So. I Hope Not.)

Exercise 1: Using So/Not

Complete the sentences with "so" or "not."
1. I believe it will rain later. I think _______.
2. He says he will come to the party, but I hope _______.
3. Will you be at the meeting tomorrow? I hope _______.
4. Is she going to the concert? I don’t think _______.
5. Will they finish the project on time? I think _______.
6. Do you think the movie was good? Yes, I think _______.
7. Are you joining us for dinner? I hope _______.
8. Do you think he is telling the truth? I believe _______.
9. Will you go to the event next week? I don’t think _______.
10. Are they happy with the results? I hope _______.

Exercise 2: More Practice with So/Not

Complete the sentences with "so" or "not."
1. Will they agree to the plan? I think _______.
2. Is it going to rain tomorrow? I hope _______.
3. Do you believe he is right? I think _______.
4. Will you need my help? I hope _______.
5. Is she going to join the team? I don’t think _______.
6. Will the project be successful? I hope _______.
7. Do you think they will visit us? I don’t think _______.
8. Is he coming to the meeting? I think _______.
9. Will you come with us to the movie? I hope _______.
10. Do you believe it will work? I think _______.
20. "When" for Linking Two Clauses

Exercise 1: Using "When"

Complete the sentences by linking the two clauses with "when."
1. I was reading a book _______ my phone rang.
2. She was cooking dinner _______ her friend called.
3. They were playing soccer _______ it started to rain.
4. I always listen to music _______ I’m working.
5. He will call you _______ he arrives at the airport.
6. We were walking home _______ we saw the accident.
7. Please let me know _______ you finish the report.
8. I was watching TV _______ the power went out.
9. I’ll send you an email _______ the meeting ends.
10. She was just leaving _______ I arrived.

Exercise 2: More Sentences with "When"

Complete the sentences with "when" to link the clauses.
1. I’ll give you the keys _______ you need them.
2. She was cleaning the house _______ she found the lost necklace.
3. Call me _______ you get home safely.
4. We’ll start the project _______ everyone is ready.
5. He was sleeping _______ the phone rang.
6. She was writing her essay _______ the internet stopped working.
7. I’ll meet you _______ I finish work.
8. I was driving to work _______ I realized I forgot my wallet.
9. You can leave _______ the class is over.
10. He’ll let us know _______ the decision is made.
21. Who, Which, That in Relative Clauses

Exercise 1: Relative Clauses

Complete the sentences with "who," "which," or "that."

1. The teacher _______ gave me the book is very nice.

2. I know a restaurant _______ serves great Italian food.
3. The movie _______ we watched was amazing.
4. She’s the person _______ helped me with my project.
5. The car _______ he drives is very fast.
6. The dog _______ lives next door barks all night.
7. The book _______ I’m reading is really interesting.
8. The people _______ work here are very friendly.
9. The laptop _______ you bought is already outdated.
10. The boy _______ won the race is my cousin.

Exercise 2: More Relative Clauses

Complete the sentences with "who," "which," or "that."

1. The girl _______ sings in the choir is very talented.

2. The phone _______ I lost was brand new.
3. The man _______ fixed my car did a great job.
4. The restaurant _______ we went to last night was fantastic.
5. The student _______ got the highest grade is very hardworking.
6. The cake _______ you baked tastes delicious.
7. The house _______ we are moving into is quite big.
8. The woman _______ helped me was very kind.
9. The movie _______ we watched was really exciting.
10. The company _______ he works for is very successful.
22. To/In Order To + Verb

Exercise 1: To/In Order To

Complete the sentences using "to" or "in order to."
1. She went to the store _______ buy some groceries.
2. I’m studying hard _______ pass the exam.
3. He’s saving money _______ buy a new car.
4. We left early _______ avoid the traffic.
5. She took the medicine _______ feel better.
6. I’m calling you _______ remind you about the meeting.
7. They moved to the city _______ find better jobs.
8. He’s exercising regularly _______ stay healthy.
9. I’m taking an extra class _______ improve my skills.
10. She’s learning Spanish _______ travel to Spain.

Exercise 2: More Sentences with To/In Order To

Complete the sentences with "to" or "in order to."
1. I need _______ finish this project by tomorrow.
2. He’s going to the library _______ do some research.
3. She’s studying hard _______ get a scholarship.
4. They’re working overtime _______ complete the deadline.
5. He’s saving money _______ travel next year.
6. I’m going to the store _______ buy some snacks.
7. She’s taking an art class _______ improve her drawing skills.
8. We left early _______ catch the first train.
9. I’m learning French _______ communicate better during my trip.
10. He’s working hard _______ provide for his family.
23. "If" + Present Simple (First Conditional)
Exercise 1: First Conditional
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. If you _______ (study) hard, you _______ (pass) the exam.
2. If it _______ (rain), I _______ (not/go) to the park.
3. If she _______ (invite) me, I _______ (attend) her party.
4. If we _______ (finish) early, we _______ (go) to the movies.
5. If they _______ (not/arrive) soon, we _______ (leave) without them.
6. If you _______ (not/hurry), you _______ (miss) the bus.
7. If he _______ (ask) her for help, she _______ (give) it.
8. If I _______ (not/eat) breakfast, I _______ (feel) tired all day.
9. If you _______ (need) any help, I _______ (be) here.
10. If the weather _______ (be) nice tomorrow, we _______ (go) hiking.
Exercise 2: First Conditional Practice
Complete the sentences using the first conditional structure.
1. If you _______ (take) the train, it _______ (be) faster than driving.
2. If she _______ (not/come), we _______ (have) to start without her.
3. If he _______ (not/win) the race, he _______ (try) again next time.
4. If we _______ (save) enough money, we _______ (go) on vacation.
5. If you _______ (not/want) dessert, I _______ (not/order) any.
6. If they _______ (work) hard, they _______ (finish) on time.
7. If I _______ (not/feel) well, I _______ (see) a doctor.
8. If you _______ (be) careful, you _______ (not/make) mistakes.
9. If the store _______ (close) early, we _______ (go) somewhere else.
10. If she _______ (bring) her camera, she _______ (take) great photos.
24. Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Exercise 1: Defining Relative Clauses
Combine the sentences using a defining relative clause (who, which, that,
where, whose).
1. I met a man. He works at the bank. → I met a man _______.
2. They live in a house. The house has a big garden. → They live in a house
_______.
3. The teacher explained the lesson. The lesson was difficult. → The teacher ex-
plained the lesson _______.
4. She found the book. The book was missing. → She found the book _______.
5. The boy is my neighbor. The boy is playing in the yard. → The boy _______
is my neighbor.
6. I know the woman. Her son is a famous actor. → I know the woman
_______.
7. This is the café. We met there last week. → This is the café _______.
8. The film was fantastic. We watched it last night. → The film _______ was
fantastic.

Exercise 2: Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Combine the sentences using a non-defining relative clause (who, which,
whose).
1. My sister, _______ lives in New York, is coming to visit.
2. The Eiffel Tower, _______ is in Paris, is a popular tourist attraction.
3. Mark, _______ is an engineer, helped me fix my computer.
4. Our house, _______ has a beautiful garden, is in the countryside.
5. Sarah, _______ dog is very cute, loves animals.
6. This movie, _______ was released last year, has won many awards.
7. My father, _______ loves cooking, made us a delicious dinner.
8. Their car, _______ they just bought, is very fast.
25. Relative Pronouns
Exercise 1: Relative Pronouns (Who, Which, That)
Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun (who, which,
that).
1. The woman _______ called me is my aunt.
2. The book _______ I’m reading is very interesting.
3. The car _______ he drives is new.
4. The restaurant _______ we went to last night was fantastic.
5. The students _______ studied hard passed the exam.
6. The laptop _______ I bought is already broken.
7. The boy _______ won the race is very fast.
8. The dog _______ lives next door is very friendly.
9. The singer _______ performed last night was amazing.
10. The house _______ they bought is very old.

Exercise 2: Choosing the Correct Relative Pronoun

Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, that).
1. The cake _______ she baked was delicious.
2. The man _______ helped us was very kind.
3. The movie _______ we watched was boring.
4. The girl _______ is talking to John is his sister.
5. The cat _______ sleeps on the couch is very lazy.
6. The dress _______ she is wearing is beautiful.
7. The people _______ live here are very friendly.
8. The letter _______ I received was from my friend.
9. The team _______ won the championship is from Spain.
10. The bus _______ goes to the airport leaves every hour.
26. First, Second, and Third Conditional

Exercise 1: First, Second, and Third Conditional

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. If it _______ (rain), we _______ (not/go) to the park.
2. If I _______ (be) you, I _______ (quit) that job.
3. If they _______ (study) harder, they _______ (pass) the exam.
4. If we _______ (leave) now, we _______ (arrive) on time.
5. If she _______ (have) more money, she _______ (travel) around the world.
6. If I _______ (know) about the party, I _______ (go).
7. If you _______ (call) me earlier, I _______ (help) you.
8. If I _______ (win) the lottery, I _______ (buy) a new house.
9. If you _______ (be) more careful, you _______ (not/make) that mistake.
10. If we _______ (finish) on time, we _______ (go) to the beach.

Exercise 2: Mixed Conditionals

Complete the sentences using the correct conditional structure.
1. If you _______ (study) more, you would have passed the test.
2. If I _______ (know) the answer, I would tell you.
3. If they _______ (leave) earlier, they would be here by now.
4. If she _______ (eat) less junk food, she would feel better.
5. If I _______ (win) the lottery, I would have traveled the world by now.
6. If it _______ (rain) tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic.
7. If we _______ (take) a taxi, we would have arrived on time.
8. If I _______ (have) more time, I would visit you this weekend.
9. If they _______ (be) here, we could have started the meeting.
10. If he _______ (try) harder, he would have succeeded.
27. Reported Statements, Commands, Requests, Yes/No Questions, WH-
Questions

Exercise 1: Reported Statements

Rewrite the direct statements into reported speech.
1. "I will call you later," she said. → She said _______.
2. "We are going on vacation next week," they said. → They said _______.
3. "I have already finished my homework," John said. → John said _______.
4. "The meeting was postponed," the manager said. → The manager said
_______.
5. "I don’t like spicy food," she said. → She said _______.
6. "I can’t come to the party," he said. → He said _______.
7. "I saw this movie yesterday," she said. → She said _______.
8. "They will arrive at 8 p.m.," she said. → She said _______.
9. "I’m learning French," he said. → He said _______.
10. "She’s been working here for five years," they said. → They said _______.

Exercise 2: Reported Commands and Requests

Change the direct commands and requests into reported speech.
1. "Close the door," he said. → He told me _______.
2. "Please help me with this report," she asked. → She asked me _______.
3. "Don’t forget to bring your ID," they said. → They told me _______.
4. "Turn off the lights before you leave," the teacher said. → The teacher told us
_______.
5. "Could you lend me your book?" he asked. → He asked me _______.
6. "Stop talking during the meeting," the boss said. → The boss told us _______.
7. "Don’t be late for the interview," she said. → She reminded him _______.
8. "Please send me the document by email," he requested. → He asked me
_______.
9. "Don’t touch that button," the technician warned. → The technician warned
us _______.
10. "Bring the files to my office," the manager ordered. → The manager told me
_______.
28. Reporting Verbs + "That" + Complement Clause

Exercise 1: Reporting Verbs + "That"

Complete the sentences using the appropriate reporting verb (say, explain,
mention, announce, claim, inform, promise, warn, suggest, admit) and
“that.”
1. She _______ that the report would be ready by Friday.
2. They _______ that they had already submitted their application.
3. He _______ that the instructions were unclear.
4. The teacher _______ that the exam would be postponed.
5. The CEO _______ that the company was expanding its operations.
6. He _______ that he would return the book by Monday.
7. The weather forecast _______ that it might rain tomorrow.
8. She _______ that the meeting was canceled.
9. The doctor _______ that the results were normal.
10. He _______ that he had made a mistake in the calculations.

Exercise 2: More Reporting Verbs + "That"

Use the correct reporting verb (agree, deny, insist, recommend, declare, re-
mind, confess, argue, imply, confirm) to complete the sentences.
1. The manager _______ that the decision was final.
2. She _______ that she had never seen him before.
3. He _______ that they should consider other options.
4. The witness _______ that he saw the accident.
5. She _______ that she didn’t break the vase.
6. The professor _______ that the results were valid.
7. He _______ that he had been wrong about the project.
8. They _______ that the plan would succeed.
9. He _______ that the package had arrived.
10. The teacher _______ that the homework was due on Friday.
29. Reported Yes/No Questions
Exercise 1: Yes/No Questions in Reported Speech
Change the following yes/no questions into reported speech.
1. "Are you coming to the meeting?" he asked. → He asked if _______.
2. "Do you live nearby?" she asked me. → She asked me if _______.
3. "Did you finish the project?" the manager asked. → The manager asked if
_______.
4. "Have you seen my keys?" she asked him. → She asked him if _______.
5. "Will they arrive on time?" I asked. → I asked if _______.
6. "Is she going to the party?" they asked. → They asked if _______.
7. "Can you help me with this?" he asked. → He asked if _______.
8. "Did they enjoy the concert?" she asked. → She asked if _______.
9. "Are you ready for the exam?" the teacher asked. → The teacher asked if
_______.
10. "Have you ever been to New York?" he asked me. → He asked me if
_______.

Exercise 2: More Yes/No Questions in Reported Speech

Rewrite the following yes/no questions in reported speech.
1. "Is the train on time?" they asked. → They asked if _______.
2. "Did you see the movie last night?" she asked. → She asked if _______.
3. "Have you read this book before?" he asked. → He asked if _______.
4. "Are they coming to the wedding?" I asked. → I asked if _______.
5. "Do you know where she lives?" he asked me. → He asked me if _______.
6. "Is it raining outside?" she asked. → She asked if _______.
7. "Can I borrow your pen?" he asked. → He asked if _______.
8. "Have you finished your homework?" the teacher asked. → The teacher asked
if _______.
9. "Will you be available tomorrow?" she asked. → She asked if _______.
10. "Do you like Italian food?" he asked. → He asked if _______.
30. Reported WH-Questions

Exercise 1: WH-Questions in Reported Speech

Change the following WH-questions into reported speech.
1. "Where do you live?" she asked me. → She asked me where _______.
2. "Why are you late?" the teacher asked. → The teacher asked why _______.
3. "What time does the movie start?" he asked. → He asked what time _______.
4. "How did you fix the computer?" they asked. → They asked how _______.
5. "Where did you go on vacation?" she asked. → She asked where _______.
6. "Who is your favorite author?" he asked. → He asked who _______.
7. "What did you do over the weekend?" they asked. → They asked what
_______.
8. "Why didn’t you call me?" she asked. → She asked why _______.
9. "How often do you exercise?" the doctor asked. → The doctor asked how of-
ten _______.
10. "When are you leaving?" they asked. → They asked when _______.

Exercise 2: More WH-Questions in Reported Speech

Rewrite the WH-questions in reported speech.
1. "How much does this cost?" he asked. → He asked how much _______.
2. "Where are you going?" she asked. → She asked where _______.
3. "Why did they cancel the meeting?" he asked. → He asked why _______.
4. "Who is coming to the party?" she asked. → She asked who _______.
5. "What are you doing later?" they asked. → They asked what _______.
6. "How long will the meeting last?" he asked. → He asked how long _______.
7. "Where did you buy that jacket?" she asked. → She asked where _______.
8. "Why are they leaving early?" he asked. → He asked why _______.
9. "Who won the game?" they asked. → They asked who _______.
10. "When will you finish the report?" she asked. → She asked when _______.
31. "Neither ... Nor," "Either ... Or"

Exercise 1: Using "Neither ... Nor"

Complete the sentences with "neither" and "nor."
1. _______ John _______ Sarah could attend the meeting.
2. She likes _______ tea _______ coffee; she only drinks water.
3. The weather was _______ warm _______ sunny; it was cold and rainy.
4. _______ the manager _______ the assistant was available to help.
5. He speaks _______ French _______ Spanish; he only knows English.
6. The restaurant serves _______ meat _______ fish; it’s vegetarian.
7. _______ the teacher _______ the students understood the problem.
8. She _______ called me _______ texted me after the event.
9. _______ the train _______ the bus was running on time.
10. He enjoys _______ swimming _______ running; he prefers cycling.

Exercise 2: Using "Either ... Or"

Complete the sentences with "either" and "or."
1. You can _______ call me _______ send me an email.
2. We will _______ go hiking _______ stay home, depending on the weather.
3. He wants to study _______ medicine _______ engineering.
4. You can have _______ soup _______ salad as a starter.
5. We can _______ take the train _______ drive to the city.
6. The package will arrive _______ today _______ tomorrow.
7. She is _______ in the office _______ at the café; I’m not sure where.
8. You can wear _______ the blue shirt _______ the white one.
9. We can meet _______ at 10 a.m. _______ in the afternoon.
10. I’ll _______ cook dinner _______ we can order takeout.
32. Present Simple with Future Reference: "If," "When," "As Soon As,"
"Till," "Until"

Exercise 1: Using "If," "When," "As Soon As"

Complete the sentences using "if," "when," or "as soon as."
1. _______ it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors.
2. I’ll call you _______ I arrive at the hotel.
3. _______ you see her, tell her I said hello.
4. We will start the meeting _______ everyone is here.
5. _______ you finish the task, you can leave.
6. She will travel _______ she has enough money.
7. _______ he gets home, he will check his emails.
8. I’ll help you _______ I’m done with my work.
9. _______ the train arrives, we will board.
10. _______ it’s sunny tomorrow, we will go to the beach.

Exercise 2: Using "Till," "Until"

Complete the sentences with "till" or "until."
1. I’ll wait here _______ you come back.
2. He worked _______ midnight to finish the project.
3. We can’t leave _______ the rain stops.
4. They stayed at the party _______ everyone had left.
5. She won’t rest _______ she completes the assignment.
6. The store is open _______ 9 p.m. tonight.
7. Don’t make a decision _______ you hear all the options.
8. The meeting will continue _______ we reach a conclusion.
9. I’ll stay _______ the end of the movie.
10. We’ll wait _______ she gets here.
33. Using Possessive Adjectives
Exercise 2. Possessive Adjective.
Complete the sentences using the correct possessive adjective.

1. This is _______ book (I).

2. She is looking for _______ keys (she).
3. They are playing with _______ dog (they).
4. We need to finish _______ homework (we).
5. He forgot _______ wallet (he).
6. Can I borrow _______ pen? (you).
7. The cat is licking _______ paws (it).
8. _______ car is parked outside (we).
9. This is _______ house (they).
10. _______ name is Sarah (I).

Exercise 2: More Practice with Possessive Adjectives

Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjective.
1. He is washing _______ hands (he).
2. This is _______ new phone (I).
3. They’re going to _______ office (they).
4. She’s meeting _______ friend for coffee (she).
5. We are enjoying _______ vacation (we).
6. The dog loves playing with _______ ball (it).
7. Can I see _______ tickets, please? (you).
8. He’s repairing _______ car (he).
9. This is _______ final decision (we).
10. She’s talking about _______ job (she).
34. 'How' Questions for Time, Measurement, Size, and Quantity

Exercise 1: Using 'How' in Questions

Complete the sentences using the correct form of "How" (how much, how
many, how long, how tall, how far).
1. _______ sugar do you need for the recipe?
2. _______ brothers do you have?
3. _______ is the Eiffel Tower?
4. _______ does it take to drive to the airport?
5. _______ is the school from your house?
6. _______ time do we have before the meeting starts?
7. _______ books are on the shelf?
8. _______ is the swimming pool?
9. _______ does the movie last?
10. _______ money do you have?
35. 'Some' and 'Any' in Questions and Negative Statements

Exercise 1: Using 'Some' and 'Any' in Questions

Complete the questions using "some" or "any."
1. Do you have _______ sugar for my coffee?
2. Can I borrow _______ money from you?
3. Is there _______ milk left in the fridge?
4. Do you need _______ help with your homework?
5. Are there _______ cookies left in the jar?
6. Can I get you _______ water?
7. Do you want _______ more salad?
8. Did you buy _______ bread at the store?
9. Do they have _______ good books in the library?
10. Can you give me _______ advice on this problem?

Exercise 2: Using 'Some' and 'Any' in Negative Statements

Complete the sentences using "some" or "any."
1. There isn’t _______ milk in the fridge.
2. She didn’t bring _______ snacks to the party.
3. We don’t have _______ time to finish this today.
4. He doesn’t have _______ friends in this city.
5. They didn’t find _______ information on the website.
6. I don’t need _______ help right now.
7. There aren’t _______ seats left for the movie.
8. She didn’t take _______ pictures during the trip.
9. I can’t see _______ stars in the sky tonight.
10. He didn’t buy _______ souvenirs from his trip.
36. Zero Quantifier with Plural Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Exercise 1: Using Zero Quantifiers with Plural Countable Nouns

Complete the sentences using a zero quantifier with plural countable nouns.
1. There are _______ cars on the road at this time of night.
2. We have _______ plans for the weekend yet.
3. She received _______ emails today.
4. There were _______ seats available for the concert.
5. They have _______ questions about the presentation.
6. _______ students came to the class on Friday.
7. He found _______ errors in the report.
8. There are _______ trees in that part of the park.
9. We saw _______ birds during our walk in the forest.
10. _______ tickets were left for the show.

Exercise 2: Using Zero Quantifiers with Uncountable Nouns

Complete the sentences using a zero quantifier with uncountable nouns.
1. We have _______ information about the new policy.
2. There was _______ water left in the bottle after the hike.
3. She found _______ interest in the subject.
4. There is _______ space in the closet for more clothes.
5. He has _______ experience in teaching.
6. The recipe requires _______ sugar for the cake.
7. We have _______ furniture in the new apartment.
8. There was _______ food left after the party.
9. _______ progress has been made on the project.
10. There was _______ noise in the library.
37. 'Enough' and 'Too' for Sufficiency and Insufficiency

Exercise 1: Using 'Enough' for Sufficiency

Complete the sentences using "enough."
1. Do you have _______ money to buy the tickets?
2. She didn’t study _______ for the test.
3. There aren’t _______ chairs for everyone.
4. I didn’t get _______ sleep last night.
5. He has _______ experience for the job.
6. Is there _______ time to finish the task?
7. They didn’t bring _______ food for the picnic.
8. I’m not tall _______ to reach the top shelf.
9. The weather is warm _______ to go swimming.
10. Are you strong _______ to carry this box?

Exercise 2: Using 'Too' for Insufficiency

Complete the sentences using "too" to indicate insufficiency.
1. This coffee is _______ hot to drink.
2. He’s _______ tired to go out tonight.
3. The bag is _______ heavy for me to carry.
4. It’s _______ late to call her now.
5. She was _______ busy to attend the meeting.
6. The movie was _______ long to watch in one sitting.
7. The soup is _______ salty for my taste.
8. The water is _______ cold to swim in.
9. He drove _______ fast on the highway.
10. I was _______ nervous to speak in front of the audience.
38. 'Would Like To' + Infinitive

Exercise 1: Using 'Would Like To'

Complete the sentences with "would like to" and the correct verb in the in-
finitive form.
1. I _______ (travel) to Japan next year.
2. She _______ (learn) how to cook Italian food.
3. We _______ (visit) the new museum downtown.
4. He _______ (buy) a new car soon.
5. They _______ (go) to the cinema tonight.
6. I _______ (try) that new restaurant this weekend.
7. She _______ (see) the new movie that just came out.
8. We _______ (explore) different countries when we have time.
9. He _______ (improve) his English skills.
10. They _______ (move) to a bigger house next year.

Exercise 2: Negative Sentences with 'Would Like To'

Complete the sentences using "wouldn’t like to" and the correct verb in the
infinitive form.
1. I _______ (eat) spicy food tonight.
2. She _______ (go) on a long trip right now.
3. They _______ (move) to another city.
4. He _______ (spend) the weekend working.
5. We _______ (watch) that horror movie.
6. I _______ (do) anything too difficult today.
7. She _______ (leave) her job just yet.
8. He _______ (miss) the concert for anything.
9. They _______ (change) their plans at the last minute.
10. I _______ (forget) to call my parents tonight.
39. Should/Shouldn’t for Advice or Suggestions

Exercise 1: Using 'Should' for Advice

Complete the sentences using "should" for giving advice.
1. You _______ see a doctor if you feel sick.
2. She _______ study more if she wants to pass the exam.
3. We _______ exercise regularly to stay healthy.
4. He _______ apologize to her for the misunderstanding.
5. They _______ arrive early to get good seats.
6. You _______ eat more vegetables for better health.
7. She _______ take a break if she’s feeling stressed.
8. We _______ plan our trip ahead of time.
9. He _______ save some money for emergencies.
10. You _______ try to be more patient with others.

Exercise 2: Using 'Shouldn’t' for Suggestions

Complete the sentences using "shouldn’t" to give suggestions.
1. You _______ eat too much junk food.
2. She _______ stay up too late before her exam.
3. They _______ argue in front of the children.
4. He _______ drive if he’s feeling tired.
5. We _______ spend all our money on shopping.
6. You _______ skip meals if you want to stay healthy.
7. She _______ worry too much about small things.
8. He _______ take risks without considering the consequences.
9. We _______ leave the house without locking the doors.
10. You _______ ignore your responsibilities.
1. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. I ________ (never/see) such an amazing performance before.
2. We ________ (finish) our project last week.
3. They ________ (know) each other since they were children.
4. I ________ (meet) Sarah two days ago at the conference.
5. He ________ (live) in Paris for three years before moving to Berlin.
6. They ________ (not/go) to the gym this month.
7. When I was young, I ________ (ride) a bicycle to school every day.
8. She ________ (visit) her grandparents every summer since she was a child.
9. I ________ (lose) my keys – I can’t find them anywhere!
10. We ________ (just/arrive) at the station.

2. Conditionals (Mixed)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. If I ________ (study) harder, I would have passed the exam.
2. If I ________ (be) you, I wouldn’t have made that decision.
3. They will cancel the trip if it ________ (rain).
4. If I ________ (win) the lottery, I would travel the world.
5. If you ________ (work) more efficiently, you would finish earlier.
6. If you ________ (tell) me about the meeting, I wouldn’t have missed it.
7. If she ________ (speak) more clearly, everyone would understand her.
8. You ________ (get) the job if you had applied on time.
9. I would help you if I ________ (have) more time.
10. If he ________ (call) earlier, we could have met him.
3. Reported Speech
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. “I can’t find my phone,” she said.
2. “We are going on holiday next month,” they told me.
3. “Did you see the movie last night?” she asked.
4. “I’ll finish the report by tomorrow,” he promised.
5. “Why are you late?” my boss asked me.
6. “I have already eaten,” he said.
7. “Don’t forget to call me when you arrive,” she reminded him.
8. “We went to the concert last weekend,” they told us.
9. “Are you coming to the meeting?” she asked me.
10. “I’m sorry for being rude,” he apologized.

4. Modals of Deduction (must, might, could, can’t)

Complete the sentences using the correct modal verb.
1. He ________ be at home; his car is in the driveway.
2. She ________ be the manager; she doesn’t look old enough.
3. They ________ have finished the project by now – I’ll check with them.
4. You ________ have left your keys at the office. They’re not here.
5. I’m not sure, but he ________ be coming to the party tonight.
6. It ________ be true – I just heard the news!
7. They ________ not have seen us because it was too dark.
8. He ________ have gone out; the lights in his apartment are still on.
9. You ________ be tired after working such long hours.
10. It ________ be raining tomorrow – the forecast said it would be sunny.

5. Passive Voice (Various Tenses)

Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.
1. The company will release the new product next week.
2. They have completed the project ahead of schedule.
3. Someone broke into the house last night.
4. The police are investigating the case thoroughly.
5. They will invite all the students to the graduation ceremony.
6. They are going to build a new shopping center in the city.
7. People speak English in many countries around the world.
8. She had already prepared the presentation when the meeting started.
9. They are repairing the road in front of our house.
10. The artist painted the portrait in 1890.

6. Relative Clauses (Defining and Non-Defining)

Complete the sentences with an appropriate relative pronoun (who, which,
where, that, whose) or omit it if necessary.
1. The book ________ I bought yesterday is really interesting.
2. The woman ________ you met at the conference is a famous author.
3. I have a friend ________ brother works as a pilot.
4. That’s the restaurant ________ we had dinner last week.
5. The team, ________ members are all experts, won the competition.
6. I can’t find the notebook ________ I use for work.
7. The city ________ I was born has changed a lot over the years.
8. The new software, ________ was developed by our IT department, will be
released soon.
9. He’s the person ________ advice I always trust.
10. The house ________ we are going to buy is located in a quiet
neighborhood.

7. Gerunds vs. Infinitives

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses (gerund
or infinitive).
1. I enjoy ________ (travel) to new places.
2. They decided ________ (start) their own business.
3. He suggested ________ (go) to the museum this weekend.
4. We need ________ (finish) the report by Friday.
5. She avoided ________ (talk) about the problem.
6. I can’t afford ________ (buy) a new car right now.
7. He promised ________ (help) me with the project.
8. She’s thinking about ________ (move) to a different city.
9. I hope ________ (graduate) by the end of next year.
10. They risked ________ (lose) everything in the deal.

8. Causative Structures (have/get something done)

Rewrite the sentences using the correct causative form.
1. The mechanic is repairing my car.
➔ I’m ________ my car ________.
2. They are cleaning our house tomorrow.
➔ We’re ________ our house ________ tomorrow.
3. The hairdresser cut her hair last week.
➔ She ________ her hair ________ last week.
4. Someone delivered the package to my office.
➔ I ________ the package ________ to my office.
5. They will install the new windows next week.
➔ We will ________ the new windows ________ next week.
6. A professional photographer took their wedding photos.
➔ They ________ their wedding photos ________ by a professional
photographer.
7. The dentist is going to check my teeth next Monday.
➔ I’m going to ________ my teeth ________ next Monday.
8. He’s painting the living room.
➔ He’s ________ the living room ________.
9. They had someone fix the roof last year.
➔ They ________ the roof ________ last year.
10. She’s designing a website for her client.
➔ She’s ________ a website ________ for her client.

9. Inversion in Conditional Sentences

Rewrite the sentences using inversion for more formal style.
1. If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended.
➔ ________ about the meeting, I would have attended.
2. If you should need any help, just call me.
➔ ________ any help, just call me.
3. If they had worked harder, they would have succeeded.
➔ ________ harder, they would have succeeded.
4. If we were to win the lottery, we would travel the world.
➔ ________ the lottery, we would travel the world.
5. If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
➔ ________ me, I would have helped her.
6. If the weather were better, we would go for a walk.
➔ ________ better, we would go for a walk.
7. If he had studied more, he would have passed the exam.
➔ ________ more, he would have passed the exam.
8. If I were rich, I would buy a yacht.
➔ ________ rich, I would buy a yacht.
9. If you should see him, please give him this message.
➔ ________ him, please give him this message.
10. If they had caught the train, they would have arrived on time.
➔ ________ the train, they would have arrived on time.

10. Future Forms (Will, Going to, Present Continuous, Future Perfect)
Complete the sentences with the correct future form of the verb in parentheses.
1. By the end of this month, I ________ (complete) the report.
2. Look at those clouds! It ________ (rain) soon.
3. I ________ (visit) my grandparents this weekend – it’s already planned.
4. I promise I ________ (help) you with the presentation tomorrow.
5. By 2025, they ________ (build) the new stadium.
6. We ________ (move) to a new apartment next year.
7. He ________ (probably/finish) the work by the time you get home.
8. They ________ (launch) the new product next month.
9. I ________ (meet) my friend for coffee this afternoon.
10. This time tomorrow, I ________ (fly) to New York for a business trip.

11. Past Perfect vs. Past Simple

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses (past
perfect or past simple).
1. By the time we arrived, the movie ________ (already/start).
2. She ________ (never/see) such a beautiful landscape before she visited that
country.
3. I ________ (finish) my homework before my parents came home.
4. After he ________ (read) the book, he gave it to his sister.
5. They ________ (leave) the party when I got there.
6. I ________ (not/eat) anything before going to the meeting.
7. When I called her, she ________ (already/go) to bed.
8. They ________ (buy) a new house after they sold the old one.
9. She ________ (be) nervous because she ________ (never/perform) in front of
a crowd before.
10. By the time the firemen arrived, the fire ________ (already/spread)
through the building.

12. Comparative and Superlative Forms

Rewrite the sentences using the correct comparative or superlative form of the
adjective in parentheses.
1. This is the ________ (good) restaurant in town.
2. I think physics is ________ (difficult) than chemistry.
3. This book is ________ (interesting) than the one I read last week.
4. She is one of the ________ (talented) artists in the country.
5. The weather today is ________ (bad) than yesterday.
6. He works ________ (hard) than anyone else in the office.
7. That was the ________ (funny) movie I’ve ever seen.
8. She is much ________ (confident) than she used to be.
9. This is the ________ (expensive) car I’ve ever bought.
10. His explanation was much ________ (clear) than the others’.

13. Wish and If Only

Rewrite the sentences using "wish" or "if only" to express regret.
1. I regret not studying harder for the exam.
➔ I wish I ________ (study) harder for the exam.
2. She’s sorry she didn’t go to the party.
➔ She wishes she ________ (go) to the party.
3. I regret that I don’t have more free time.
➔ I wish I ________ (have) more free time.
4. He’s sorry he didn’t take the job offer.
➔ If only he ________ (take) the job offer.
5. I’m disappointed that I can’t come to the event.
➔ I wish I ________ (can) come to the event.
6. They regret not buying the house when they had the chance.
➔ They wish they ________ (buy) the house.
7. She wishes she were more confident when speaking in public.
➔ She wishes she ________ (be) more confident.
8. If only I hadn’t spent all my money on that trip.
➔ If only I ________ (not/spend) all my money on that trip.
9. He regrets not telling her how he felt.
➔ He wishes he ________ (tell) her how he felt.
10. I regret moving to a different city.
➔ I wish I ________ (not/move) to a different city.
14. Prepositions of Time (at, in, on, by, until, etc.)
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of time.
1. I’ll meet you ________ 5 p.m. at the coffee shop.
2. The course starts ________ September and ends ________ December.
3. We will finish the project ________ the end of the week.
4. She was born ________ January 15th.
5. He worked at the company ________ 2010 to 2015.
6. I’ll call you back ________ a few minutes.
7. They’re going on vacation ________ the summer.
8. The meeting is scheduled to begin ________ Monday morning.
9. Please submit your application ________ the deadline.
10. He stayed up ________ midnight to finish his homework.

15. Reported Questions

Rewrite the following direct questions as reported questions.
1. "What time does the train leave?" she asked. ➔ She asked what time the train
________ (leave).
2. "Where did you buy that jacket?" he asked me. ➔ He asked me where I
________ (buy) that jacket.
3. "Have you seen the new movie?" they asked. ➔ They asked if I ________
(see) the new movie.
4. "Why are you late?" my boss asked. ➔ My boss asked why I ________ (be)
late.
5. "Will you help me with this?" she asked. ➔ She asked if I ________ (help)
her with that.
6. "How long have you been living here?" they asked. ➔ They asked how long I
________ (live) here.
7. "What are you doing this weekend?" she asked. ➔ She asked what I
________ (do) that weekend.
8. "Do you know where the nearest bank is?" he asked me. ➔ He asked me if I
________ (know) where the nearest bank was.
9. "When did they arrive?" she asked. ➔ She asked when they ________
(arrive).
10. "Can you speak Spanish?" he asked me. ➔ He asked if I ________ (can)
speak Spanish.

16. Mixed Conditionals

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. If you ________ (study) harder, you would be doing much better now.
2. If I ________ (not/miss) the bus, I would have been on time for the meeting
yesterday.
3. If he had known about the job opening, he ________ (apply) for it by now.
4. I would be much happier if I ________ (accept) that job offer last year.
5. If you ________ (take) my advice, you wouldn’t be in this situation now.
6. If they ________ (work) harder at school, they would have better jobs today.
7. She ________ (buy) the car if she had saved enough money earlier.
8. If I ________ (have) more time, I would have helped you with the project
yesterday.
9. If we hadn’t missed the flight, we ________ (be) relaxing on the beach right
now.
10. They ________ (win) the game if they had practiced more last week.

17. Adjective + Preposition

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. She is very proud ________ her achievements.
2. I’m not familiar ________ this area; can you show me around?
3. They are very keen ________ learning new skills.
4. He’s always been interested ________ history.
5. I’m worried ________ my presentation tomorrow.
6. She’s responsible ________ organizing the event.
7. Are you excited ________ going on vacation?
8. He’s capable ________ solving complex problems.
9. She’s afraid ________ flying, so she avoids traveling by plane.
10. I’m really bad ________ remembering names.

18. Used to / Be used to / Get used to

Complete the sentences using "used to," "be used to," or "get used to" with the
correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. I ________ (live) in the city, but now I live in the countryside.
2. She is ________ (wake up) early because of her job.
3. He can’t ________ (drive) on the left side of the road – it’s too difficult for
him.
4. I’m slowly ________ (work) from home.
5. We ________ (have) long holidays when we were students.
6. They are not ________ (eat) spicy food, so they found the meal too hot.
7. It took me a while to ________ (speak) in front of a large audience.
8. He’s ________ (study) late into the night because of the upcoming exams.
9. She can’t ________ (live) in a noisy neighborhood.
10. I ________ (play) football every weekend, but now I don’t have time.

19. So vs. Such

Complete the sentences with "so" or "such" and the correct word form.
1. It was ________ a beautiful day that we decided to go to the beach.
2. He is ________ intelligent that he solves every problem quickly.
3. They are ________ good friends that I trust them with everything.
4. She’s ________ a talented artist that everyone admires her work.
5. The weather was ________ cold that we couldn’t go outside.
6. I’ve never seen ________ a tall building before.
7. They made ________ a delicious meal that everyone asked for the recipe.
8. She speaks ________ fluently that you’d think she was a native speaker.
9. The movie was ________ boring that I fell asleep halfway through.
10. He had ________ a hard time adjusting to the new environment.
20. Participle Clauses (Present, Past, Perfect)
Rewrite the sentences by changing the part in parentheses into a participle
clause.
1. (When I walked into the room), I saw everyone staring at me. ➔ ________
into the room, I saw everyone staring at me.
2. (Since she was exhausted after the trip), she went straight to bed. ➔ ________
after the trip, she went straight to bed.
3. (As I didn’t know the answer), I remained silent. ➔ ________ the answer, I
remained silent.
4. (Because they have completed the project), they decided to take a break. ➔
________ the project, they decided to take a break.
5. (When she looked through the window), she saw it was raining. ➔ ________
through the window, she saw it was raining.
6. (After I had finished my homework), I went out to meet my friends. ➔
________ my homework, I went out to meet my friends.
7. (Since they had already seen the movie), they decided to watch something
else. ➔ ________ the movie, they decided to watch something else.
8. (As he is well-known in the industry), he gets a lot of job offers. ➔ ________
in the industry, he gets a lot of job offers.
9. (Because they were confused by the instructions), they asked for help. ➔
________ by the instructions, they asked for help.
10. (After we had waited for hours), we finally got on the plane. ➔ ________
for hours, we finally got on the plane.

21. Reported Speech (Statements and Commands)

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. "I have never seen such a beautiful sunset," he said. ➔ He said that he
________ never seen such a beautiful sunset.
2. "Please close the door behind you," she asked. ➔ She asked me ________
close the door behind me.
3. "We are moving to a new house next month," they told me. ➔ They told me
that they ________ moving to a new house next month.
4. "Don’t be late for the meeting," the boss said to us. ➔ The boss told us
________ be late for the meeting.
5. "I can’t find my wallet," she said. ➔ She said that she ________ find her
wallet.
6. "Why did you leave the party so early?" they asked. ➔ They asked me why I
________ left the party so early.
7. "I will finish the project by tomorrow," he promised. ➔ He promised that he
________ finish the project by tomorrow.
8. "Stop talking and listen to me," the teacher said. ➔ The teacher told us
________ talking and ________ to her.
9. "I haven’t received your email yet," she told me. ➔ She told me that she
________ received my email yet.
10. "Can you help me with this assignment?" he asked. ➔ He asked if I
________ help him with the assignment.

22. Inversion for Emphasis

Rewrite the sentences using inversion for emphasis.
1. She had never seen such a beautiful painting. ➔ Never ________ such a
beautiful painting.
2. We only realized the truth when it was too late. ➔ Only when it was too late
________ the truth.
3. He not only passed the exam but also got the highest score. ➔ Not only
________ the exam, but he also got the highest score.
4. I rarely go to the gym in the morning. ➔ Rarely ________ to the gym in the
morning.
5. She didn’t call me until she had arrived at home. ➔ Not until she had arrived
at home ________ me.
6. We hadn’t finished eating when the lights went out. ➔ Hardly ________
eating when the lights went out.
7. He won’t agree to the plan under any circumstances. ➔ Under no
circumstances ________ to the plan.
8. The concert had just started when it began to rain. ➔ No sooner ________
than it began to rain.
9. They didn’t realize how serious the problem was until it was too late. ➔ Little
________ how serious the problem was until it was too late.
10. She has never been so disappointed in her life. ➔ Never in her life
________ so disappointed.

23. Gerunds and Infinitives with Verbs of Perception

Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the verb (bare infinitive or
gerund).
1. I saw her ________ (run) down the street.
2. They watched the sun ________ (set) behind the mountains.
3. She heard someone ________ (shout) for help.
4. I felt the wind ________ (blow) through the open window.
5. They noticed the cat ________ (sleep) under the chair.
6. We listened to the birds ________ (sing) in the trees.
7. I saw him ________ (leave) the building early this morning.
8. She observed the children ________ (play) in the garden.
9. He felt the ground ________ (shake) during the earthquake.
10. We heard the door ________ (slam) shut in the wind.

24. Modals of Obligation and Permission

Complete the sentences using the correct modal verb (must, have to, should,
ought to, can, may, might, etc.).
1. You ________ finish this report by tomorrow.
2. They ________ be very careful with the fragile items.
3. We ________ leave now, or we’ll be late.
4. She ________ stay up late last night to finish her work.
5. You ________ take your umbrella – it’s going to rain.
6. Students ________ hand in their assignments by Friday.
7. He ________ be home by now, but I’m not sure.
8. You ________ eat more vegetables to stay healthy.
9. Visitors ________ enter the museum without buying a ticket.
10. Employees ________ request permission before leaving early.

25. Cleft Sentences

Rewrite the sentences as cleft sentences for emphasis.
1. John found the missing keys. ➔ It was John who ________ the missing keys.
2. They gave the award to Maria. ➔ It was Maria who ________ the award.
3. I really need a new computer. ➔ What I really need is ________.
4. We met at the conference last year. ➔ It was at the conference last year that
we ________.
5. She cooked the entire meal by herself. ➔ It was her who ________ the entire
meal by herself.
6. They called me to offer the job. ➔ It was me who ________ to offer the job.
7. We want to focus on improving our customer service. ➔ What we want to
focus on is ________.
8. The earthquake destroyed several buildings. ➔ It was the earthquake that
________ several buildings.
9. I’ll never forget the day we first met. ➔ What I’ll never forget is ________.
10. They announced the results yesterday. ➔ It was yesterday when they
________ the results.

26. Relative Clauses (Advanced)

Complete the sentences by adding an appropriate relative clause using "who,"
"whom," "which," "whose," or "that."
1. The teacher ________ students admire is very strict.
2. I spoke to the manager ________ office is on the top floor.
3. The restaurant ________ we had dinner was really expensive.
4. She’s the person ________ advice I always trust.
5. This is the book ________ was recommended by the professor.
6. He’s the musician ________ album won several awards.
7. The project ________ we worked on was a huge success.
8. I’ll never forget the day ________ we met.
9. She’s someone ________ opinions you should consider.
10. The car ________ he bought last week has already broken down.

27. Subjunctive Mood

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in the subjunctive
mood.
1. I insist that she ________ (be) present at the meeting.
2. It’s essential that he ________ (finish) the report by tomorrow.
3. They suggested that we ________ (not/go) to the party.
4. The lawyer recommended that the client ________ (not/speak) to the press.
5. It’s crucial that everyone ________ (follow) the rules during the test.
6. The teacher requested that we ________ (submit) our assignments on time.
7. It’s important that he ________ (not/forget) to bring the documents.
8. I demand that the contract ________ (be) reviewed by a professional.
9. The manager asked that no one ________ (leave) before the meeting ends.
10. It’s necessary that she ________ (arrive) on time for the presentation.

28. Future Perfect vs. Future Continuous

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (future perfect or
future continuous).
1. By the time you arrive, we ________ (finish) dinner.
2. At this time tomorrow, I ________ (fly) to New York.
3. He ________ (complete) his degree by the end of next year.
4. This time next week, we ________ (celebrate) our anniversary.
5. By 2025, they ________ (build) the new hospital.
6. At 8 p.m. tonight, I ________ (watch) my favorite TV show.
7. They ________ (not/finish) the project by the deadline if they continue at this
pace.
8. She ________ (be) working at the new company for three years by next
month.
9. In two days, I ________ (submit) the final version of my thesis.
10. By the time you call, I ________ (already/leave) the office.

29. Passive Voice (Advanced)

Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice.
1. Someone will deliver the package to your office tomorrow. ➔ The package
________ to your office tomorrow.
2. They have already canceled the event due to bad weather. ➔ The event
________ due to bad weather.
3. The company is going to launch a new product next month. ➔ A new product
________ by the company next month.
4. People say that he is the best lawyer in town. ➔ He ________ the best lawyer
in town.
5. They had cleaned the room before we arrived. ➔ The room ________ before
we arrived.
6. They are building a new bridge across the river. ➔ A new bridge ________
across the river.
7. Someone stole my bike last night. ➔ My bike ________ last night.
8. They will complete the renovations by the end of the year. ➔ The renovations
________ by the end of the year.
9. They are developing a new strategy for the company. ➔ A new strategy
________ for the company.
10. The chef will prepare the meal in half an hour. ➔ The meal ________ in
half an hour.

30. Second and Third Conditionals

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses
(second or third conditional).
1. If I ________ (know) you were coming, I would have prepared something
special.
2. If she ________ (study) harder, she would have passed the exam.
3. If they ________ (not/be) so busy, they would join us for dinner.
4. If I ________ (win) the lottery, I would travel the world.
5. If we ________ (take) the earlier train, we would have arrived on time.
6. If you ________ (ask) me, I would have helped you.
7. If I ________ (be) in your shoes, I would accept the offer.
8. If they ________ (know) the truth, they wouldn’t have made that decision.
9. If it ________ (not/rain), we would go for a walk.
10. If you ________ (call) me earlier, I would have been able to attend the
meeting.

31. Conditionals with "Unless" and "Provided That"

Complete the sentences using "unless" or "provided that."
1. You won’t pass the exam ________ you study hard.
2. I’ll lend you the money ________ you pay me back by next month.
3. He won’t come to the party ________ you invite him.
4. You can borrow my car ________ you return it by tomorrow.
5. We won’t go to the beach ________ the weather improves.
6. She won’t get the job ________ she improves her interview skills.
7. They can stay at our house ________ they clean up after themselves.
8. We’ll finish the project on time ________ we don’t face any delays.
9. The meeting will be canceled ________ the manager arrives soon.
10. You’ll succeed ________ you give up.

32. Word Formation (Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs)

Complete the sentences by forming the correct word from the word in
parentheses.
1. The ________ (decide) to cancel the meeting was unexpected.
2. She has a very ________ (create) approach to problem-solving.
3. His ________ (fail) to complete the project on time caused problems.
4. This product’s ________ (popular) has grown in recent years.
5. We need to ________ (simplify) the process to make it easier.
6. Her speech was full of ________ (inspire) quotes.
7. The ________ (destroy) of the rainforest is a serious issue.
8. It’s important to ________ (diversity) your investment portfolio.
9. The ________ (investigate) into the matter is still ongoing.
10. She gave an ________ (impress) performance during the interview.

33. Gerund vs. Infinitive (Advanced)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (gerund or infinitive).
1. He denied ________ (steal) the money from the office.
2. I forgot ________ (send) the email yesterday.
3. They are considering ________ (move) to a bigger house.
4. I’m looking forward to ________ (meet) you next week.
5. He managed ________ (finish) the report on time.
6. I really appreciate ________ (help) me with my homework.
7. They agreed ________ (sign) the contract.
8. She mentioned ________ (work) at the company for five years.
9. I can’t afford ________ (buy) a new car at the moment.
10. He suggested ________ (go) out for dinner tonight.

34. Participle Clauses (Present, Past, Perfect)

Rewrite the sentences using participle clauses.
1. Because she felt tired, she went to bed early. ➔ ________ tired, she went to
bed early.
2. As I didn’t have enough money, I couldn’t buy the laptop. ➔ ________
enough money, I couldn’t buy the laptop.
3. Since he had already seen the film, he decided to watch something else. ➔
________ the film, he decided to watch something else.
4. While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend. ➔ ________ down the
street, I ran into an old friend.
5. Having finished his homework, he went out to play football. ➔ ________ his
homework, he went out to play football.
6. Because she was late, she missed the bus. ➔ ________ late, she missed the
bus.
7. After they had been working for hours, they finally took a break. ➔ ________
for hours, they finally took a break.
8. Knowing the truth, she didn’t want to discuss the matter any further. ➔
________ the truth, she didn’t want to discuss the matter any further.
9. Once they had completed the task, they went home. ➔ ________ the task,
they went home.
10. Since I don’t have a car, I usually walk to work. ➔ ________ a car, I
usually walk to work.

35. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective (comparative or
superlative).
1. This is the ________ (beautiful) place I have ever visited.
2. My sister is much ________ (tall) than me.
3. This problem is ________ (complicated) than I thought.
4. It was the ________ (difficult) exam I’ve ever taken.
5. This year’s sales are ________ (good) than last year’s.
6. She’s the ________ (intelligent) person in the team.
7. My new apartment is much ________ (expensive) than my old one.
8. Today is the ________ (cold) day of the year so far.
9. He’s a lot ________ (patient) than I am.
10. That’s the ________ (delicious) meal I’ve had in a long time.

36. Reported Speech (Questions)

Rewrite the following questions in reported speech.
1. "Where did you go last weekend?" she asked me.
➔ She asked me where I ________ last weekend.
2. "Do you know the answer?" the teacher asked the students.
➔ The teacher asked the students if they ________ the answer.
3. "Why are you late?" he asked her.
➔ He asked her why she ________ late.
4. "Have you finished your homework?" my mom asked me.
➔ My mom asked me if I ________ my homework.
5. "When will you arrive?" he asked.
➔ He asked me when I ________ arrive.
6. "What time is the meeting?" they asked.
➔ They asked what time the meeting ________.
7. "Are you going to the party?" she asked me.
➔ She asked if I ________ to the party.
8. "How often do you visit your grandparents?" they asked.
➔ They asked how often I ________ my grandparents.
9. "Can you help me with this task?" she asked.
➔ She asked if I ________ help her with the task.
10. "Will you be home tonight?" he asked me.
➔ He asked if I ________ home tonight.

37. Prepositions of Place

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition of place (in, on, at, between,
behind, in front of, etc.).
1. The keys are ________ the table.
2. I live ________ a small village near the coast.
3. She parked her car ________ the building.
4. He is waiting for you ________ the bus stop.
5. We’re meeting ________ the restaurant at 7 p.m.
6. The book is ________ the shelf next to the window.
7. My office is ________ the second floor.
8. The cat is hiding ________ the couch.
9. There’s a beautiful park ________ the river.
10. I saw them standing ________ the entrance of the theater.

38. Relative Pronouns (Advanced)

Complete the sentences using the appropriate relative pronoun: "who," "whom,"
"which," "that," or "whose."
1. This is the artist ________ work was featured in the gallery.
2. The man ________ you spoke to is my brother.
3. The restaurant ________ we ate last night is highly recommended.
4. The student ________ answered the question got full marks.
5. The company ________ products are very popular is expanding.
6. I have a friend ________ loves painting.
7. This is the book ________ I was talking about.
8. The actor ________ won the award was very emotional.
9. The person ________ car was stolen is filing a report.
10. The teacher ________ we all admire is retiring next year.

39. Passive Voice (Various Tenses)

Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.
1. They will announce the results tomorrow.
➔ The results ________ tomorrow.
2. Someone has stolen my phone.
➔ My phone ________ stolen.
3. They are repairing the road at the moment.
➔ The road ________ repaired at the moment.
4. They gave us the wrong directions.
➔ We ________ the wrong directions.
5. The chef prepared a delicious meal.
➔ A delicious meal ________ by the chef.
6. They will build a new hospital next year.
➔ A new hospital ________ next year.
7. Someone cleaned the office yesterday.
➔ The office ________ cleaned yesterday.
8. They are discussing the issue in the meeting.
➔ The issue ________ discussed in the meeting.
9. The manager has approved the proposal.
➔ The proposal ________ approved by the manager.
10. They are going to open a new store next month.
➔ A new store ________ next month.

40. Gerunds and Infinitives (Advanced)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (gerund or infinitive).
1. I can’t stand ________ (wait) for long periods of time.
2. They decided ________ (move) to a new city.
3. She suggested ________ (go) for a walk after dinner.
4. He promised ________ (help) me with my homework.
5. We avoided ________ (discuss) the issue during the meeting.
6. I can’t afford ________ (buy) a new car right now.
7. She admitted ________ (make) a mistake.
8. He’s looking forward to ________ (start) his new job.
9. They agreed ________ (sign) the contract tomorrow.
10. I’ve always wanted ________ (travel) to Japan.

41. Inversion for Emphasis

Rewrite the sentences using inversion for emphasis.
1. I had never seen such a beautiful painting.
➔ Never ________ such a beautiful painting.
2. He not only passed the exam but also got the highest score.
➔ Not only ________ the exam, but he also got the highest score.
3. We didn’t realize the truth until it was too late.
➔ Little ________ the truth until it was too late.
4. She will never make that mistake again.
➔ Never again ________ that mistake.
5. He won’t accept the offer under any circumstances.
➔ Under no circumstances ________ the offer.
6. The concert had just started when it began to rain.
➔ No sooner ________ when it began to rain.
7. They rarely see each other anymore.
➔ Rarely ________ each other anymore.
8. I won’t forget this experience as long as I live.
➔ Not as long as I live ________ this experience.
9. They only realized their mistake after it was too late.
➔ Only after it was too late ________ their mistake.
10. He had hardly finished speaking when the phone rang.
➔ Hardly ________ when the phone rang.
42. Wish and If Only
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. I wish I ________ (know) the answer to this question.
2. If only he ________ (study) harder, he would have passed the exam.
3. I wish you ________ (come) to the party last night.
4. If only I ________ (not/spend) all my money.
5. I wish I ________ (can) speak Spanish fluently.
6. If only they ________ (tell) me about the meeting earlier.
7. I wish it ________ (stop) raining so we could go outside.
8. If only she ________ (take) the job offer, she would be much happier now.
9. I wish I ________ (not/make) that mistake during the presentation.
10. If only we ________ (have) more time to finish the project.

43. Second Conditional

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (second conditional).
1. If I ________ (win) the lottery, I would travel the world.
2. If she ________ (know) how to cook, she would make dinner for us.
3. If they ________ (not/be) so busy, they would come to the party.
4. If I ________ (have) more free time, I would take up a new hobby.
5. If we ________ (speak) better English, we could communicate more easily.
6. If he ________ (be) taller, he would be a great basketball player.
7. If I ________ (live) in the city, I would use public transportation more.
8. If you ________ (ask) me, I would help you.
9. If they ________ (practice) more, they would win the competition.
10. If I ________ (own) a house, I would have a big garden.

44. Future Perfect vs. Future Continuous

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (future perfect or fu-
ture continuous).
1. By this time tomorrow, I ________ (finish) the report.
2. At 8 p.m. tonight, I ________ (watch) my favorite TV show.
3. By the end of this year, they ________ (complete) the construction of the new
building.
4. This time next week, we ________ (relax) on the beach.
5. By 2025, I ________ (graduate) from university.
6. At this time tomorrow, they ________ (fly) to Paris.
7. By next summer, I ________ (save) enough money for a new car.
8. At 9 a.m. tomorrow, we ________ (have) a meeting with the manager.
9. By the time you arrive, I ________ (already/leave).
10. This time next month, I ________ (move) into my new apartment.

45. Third Conditional

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb (third conditional).
1. If I ________ (study) harder, I would have passed the exam.
2. If she ________ (not/miss) the bus, she would have arrived on time.
3. If they ________ (invite) us, we would have gone to the party.
4. If I ________ (know) about the meeting, I would have attended.
5. If we ________ (take) a taxi, we wouldn’t have been late.
6. If he ________ (not/forget) his wallet, he would have paid for dinner.
7. If you ________ (call) me earlier, I would have helped you.
8. If they ________ (not/argue), they would have enjoyed their vacation.
9. If I ________ (see) the sign, I wouldn’t have parked there.
10. If she ________ (tell) me the truth, I would have trusted her.

46. Phrasal Verbs

Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb from the options provided:
(give up, take off, put up with, run out of, look forward to, break down, bring up,
go through, get along with, take after).
1. I really ________ my vacation next month.
2. We ________ milk, so we need to go to the store.
3. She decided to ________ smoking after 10 years.
4. My car ________ on the way to work this morning.
5. They didn’t ________ each other very well at first, but now they’re good
friends.
6. He ________ his father in both looks and personality.
7. I don’t know how she can ________ his bad behavior.
8. The plane ________ an hour late due to bad weather.
9. It’s difficult to ________ a sensitive topic in a meeting.
10. We all ________ a lot of stress during the project, but we succeeded in the
end.

47. Prepositions with Verbs

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition: (to, for, at, on, in, with,
from, about, of).
1. I’m interested ________ learning more about that subject.
2. He is good ________ solving problems under pressure.
3. I apologized ________ my mistake earlier today.
4. They succeeded ________ finishing the project on time.
5. She’s always been afraid ________ spiders.
6. This dress is very similar ________ the one I saw in the store last week.
7. We are responsible ________ completing the report by Friday.
8. He blamed me ________ not telling him about the meeting.
9. She complained ________ the noise coming from next door.
10. I don’t approve ________ his decision to leave early.
48. So/Too/Enough
Complete the sentences using so, too, or enough.
1. The soup was ________ hot that I couldn’t eat it.
2. He’s not tall ________ to reach the top shelf.
3. There were ________ many people at the concert that we couldn’t see the
stage.
4. The movie was ________ boring that I fell asleep.
5. She’s ________ tired to go out tonight.
6. I didn’t have ________ time to finish the assignment.
7. The exam was ________ difficult for most students to pass.
8. The weather is ________ nice to stay inside.
9. You’re not old ________ to drive a car yet.
10. The suitcase is ________ heavy to carry by myself.

49. Modals for Deduction (must, can’t, might, could)

Complete the sentences using must, can’t, might, or could.
1. He ________ be the new manager because I saw him in the meeting.
2. She ________ be sick because she hasn’t come to work all week.
3. They ________ have finished the project by now, it’s already past the
deadline.
4. He ________ be tired; he’s been working for 10 hours straight.
5. That ________ be Jane; she’s on vacation in another country.
6. You ________ be right, but I’m not sure.
7. He ________ have lost his keys because he’s looking for them everywhere.
8. This ________ be the right address, but I need to double-check.
9. They ________ not have heard us knock because the door was closed.
10. She ________ be at the gym now; she usually goes at this time.

50. Relative Clauses (Non-Defining)

Rewrite the sentences by adding non-defining relative clauses.
1. My sister, ________, is an excellent cook.
2. This book, ________, is a bestseller.
3. John, ________, is going to give a speech at the conference.
4. Paris, ________, is one of the most visited cities in the world.
5. The movie, ________, was filmed in Italy.
6. My friend Sarah, ________, is moving to a new apartment.
7. The project, ________, was completed on time.
8. The CEO, ________, made an important announcement yesterday.
9. The restaurant, ________, is known for its seafood.
10. The painting, ________, was sold for a million dollars.

51. Articles (a, an, the, no article)

Fill in the blanks with the correct article (a, an, the, or no article).
1. I saw ________ amazing movie last night.
2. ________ sun sets in the west.
3. We went to ________ France for our vacation.
4. He works as ________ engineer.
5. ________ water in this river is clean.
6. They stayed in ________ hotel near the beach.
7. ________ apple a day keeps the doctor away.
8. She’s reading ________ book about psychology.
9. We visited ________ Louvre when we were in Paris.
10. He’s ________ tallest person in the room.

52. Quantifiers (a few, a little, much, many, some, any)

Complete the sentences with the correct quantifier.
1. There are ________ cookies left in the jar.
2. We have ________ time before the meeting starts.
3. I didn’t see ________ people at the party last night.
4. He drinks too ________ coffee every day.
5. We need ________ eggs to make this recipe.
6. She doesn’t have ________ friends in this city.
7. There’s only ________ sugar in my coffee; it’s not sweet enough.
8. Do you have ________ idea where my keys are?
9. I’ve been waiting here for ________ minutes.
10. There wasn’t ________ milk in the fridge, so I went to the store.

53. Comparatives and Superlatives

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective (comparative or
superlative).
1. This is the ________ (interesting) book I’ve ever read.
2. She’s much ________ (confident) now than she used to be.
3. This exam is ________ (difficult) than the last one.
4. He’s the ________ (fast) runner on the team.
5. This city is ________ (expensive) than the one I lived in before.
6. That was the ________ (good) meal I’ve had in a long time.
7. Her new house is ________ (big) than her old one.
8. She’s the ________ (intelligent) person I know.
9. It’s getting ________ (cold) as winter approaches.
10. This is the ________ (important) decision I’ve ever made.

54. Reported Speech (Commands and Requests)

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. “Please close the door,” she said to me. ➔ She asked me ________.
2. “Don’t be late,” my boss told me. ➔ My boss told me ________.
3. “Can you help me with my homework?” he asked me. ➔ He asked me
________.
4. “Go to your room!” the mother said to her child. ➔ The mother told her child
________.
5. “Don’t touch that!” the teacher said to the student. ➔ The teacher told the
student ________.
6. “Please send me the report by Friday,” she said. ➔ She asked me ________.
7. “Turn off the lights before you leave,” he said. ➔ He told me ________.
8. “Don’t forget to call me when you arrive,” she said. ➔ She reminded me
________.
9. “Could you pass the salt, please?” he asked. ➔ He asked me ________.
10. “Stay here until I get back,” she told him. ➔ She told him ________.

55. Conditional Sentences (Zero, First, Second, and Third Conditionals)

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. If you ________ (heat) water, it boils. (Zero Conditional)
2. If it rains tomorrow, we ________ (cancel) the picnic. (First Conditional)
3. If I were you, I ________ (accept) the job offer. (Second Conditional)
4. If we ________ (leave) earlier, we would have caught the train. (Third
Conditional)
5. If you mix red and blue, you ________ (get) purple. (Zero Conditional)
6. If she ________ (not study) harder, she won’t pass the exam. (First
Conditional)
7. If they ________ (practice) more, they could win the competition. (Second
Conditional)
8. If I ________ (know) about the party, I would have gone. (Third Conditional)
9. If you freeze water, it ________ (turn) into ice. (Zero Conditional)
10. If he ________ (not be) so busy, he would have joined us for dinner.
(Third Conditional)

56. Past Perfect vs. Past Simple

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb (past perfect or past
simple).
1. By the time I arrived, they ________ (already/start) the meeting.
2. She ________ (live) in Paris for five years before moving to London.
3. I ________ (finish) my homework when my friends called me.
4. After the rain ________ (stop), we went for a walk.
5. I ________ (never/see) such a beautiful sunset before I went to Hawaii.
6. He ________ (not/go) to the party because he had a cold.
7. When I got to the station, the train ________ (already/leave).
8. She ________ (read) the book before the movie was released.
9. We ________ (know) each other for years before we got married.
10. They ________ (not/visit) the museum because it was closed.

57. Tag Questions

Complete the sentences by adding the correct tag question.
1. It’s a beautiful day, ________?
2. You’ve been to Paris before, ________?
3. They won’t be late, ________?
4. She can play the piano, ________?
5. You didn’t call him, ________?
6. We’re going to the party tonight, ________?
7. He isn’t at home, ________?
8. You’ve never seen that movie, ________?
9. They were really friendly, ________?
10. Let’s go out for dinner, ________?

58. Mixed Conditionals

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.
1. If I ________ (know) how to drive, I would have driven you home last night.
2. If she ________ (not/miss) the bus, she would be here by now.
3. If they ________ (study) harder, they wouldn’t be struggling now.
4. If you ________ (save) more money last year, you could buy that car now.
5. If we ________ (not/go) to the concert, we wouldn’t be so tired today.
6. If I ________ (get) a promotion last year, I would have a better salary now.
7. If they ________ (pay) attention, they wouldn’t have made that mistake.
8. If you ________ (take) my advice, you wouldn’t be in this situation.
9. If she ________ (not/make) that decision, she wouldn’t be so successful
today.
10. If we ________ (leave) earlier, we wouldn’t be stuck in traffic now.

59. Causative (Have/Get Something Done)

Rewrite the sentences using the causative form.
1. The mechanic fixed my car last week. ➔ I ________ my car ________ last
week.
2. She is cutting her hair tomorrow. ➔ She is ________ her hair ________
tomorrow.
3. They clean the office every day. ➔ They ________ the office ________ every
day.
4. He will repair the roof next month. ➔ He will ________ the roof ________
next month.
5. I painted my house last summer. ➔ I ________ my house ________ last
summer.
6. The dentist is checking his teeth today. ➔ He is ________ his teeth ________
today.
7. They installed a new heating system in our house. ➔ We ________ a new
heating system ________ in our house.
8. She is going to design her website. ➔ She is going to ________ her website
________.
9. They are delivering the package tomorrow. ➔ She will ________ the package
________ tomorrow.
10. He had his suit cleaned for the wedding. ➔ He ________ his suit
________ for the wedding.
60. Inversion in Conditional Sentences
Rewrite the sentences using inversion for more formal emphasis.
1. If I had known, I would have told you. ➔ ________, I would have told you.
2. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam. ➔ ________, she
would have passed the exam.
3. If he were more responsible, he would have finished the project. ➔ ________,
he would have finished the project.
4. If they had asked me, I would have helped them. ➔ ________, I would have
helped them.
5. If I had seen the sign, I would not have parked there. ➔ ________, I would
not have parked there.
6. If we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time. ➔ ________, we would
have arrived on time.
7. If they were to improve their skills, they would be successful. ➔ ________,
they would be successful.
8. If she had known about the meeting, she would have attended. ➔ ________,
she would have attended.
9. If I were in your position, I would accept the offer. ➔ ________, I would
accept the offer.
10. If he had called earlier, we would have met him. ➔ ________, we would
have met him.

61. Modals of Obligation and Permission (must, have to, can, could, may,
might, should, ought to)
Complete the sentences using the correct modal verb.
1. You ________ finish your homework before going out.
2. They ________ be here by 8 a.m. tomorrow.
3. You ________ park here; it’s against the rules.
4. He ________ apologize for being rude.
5. We ________ leave now, or we’ll miss the bus.
6. You ________ wear a seatbelt while driving.
7. I ________ go to the meeting yesterday, but I didn’t.
8. They ________ work late tonight to meet the deadline.
9. You ________ talk during the exam.
10. He ________ be tired after working all day.

62. Adjective + Preposition

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
1. She’s very proud ________ her accomplishments.
2. I’m not familiar ________ this part of the city.
3. He’s responsible ________ organizing the event.
4. Are you excited ________ your upcoming trip?
5. She’s afraid ________ spiders.
6. He’s good ________ solving difficult problems.
7. I’m not used ________ waking up early.
8. They were satisfied ________ the service they received.
9. We’re interested ________ learning more about the project.
10. She’s capable ________ doing the job well.

63. Indirect Questions

Rewrite the direct questions as indirect questions.
1. Where does she work? ➔ Can you tell me ________?
2. What time does the train leave? ➔ Do you know ________?
3. Where did he go? ➔ Could you tell me ________?
4. How much does this cost? ➔ I’d like to know ________.
5. Who is coming to the party? ➔ Do you know ________?
6. When will the meeting start? ➔ Could you let me know ________?
7. Why did she quit her job? ➔ Can you explain ________?
8. How often does the bus arrive? ➔ Do you know ________?
9. What did he say about the plan? ➔ Could you tell me ________?
10. Why is the store closed? ➔ Do you know ________?

64. Modals for Speculation (must, can’t, may, might, could)

Complete the sentences using the correct modal verb for speculation.
1. He ________ be the new teacher, but I’m not sure.
2. She ________ not have received my message yet.
3. They ________ be on vacation; their house is dark.
4. He ________ have forgotten about the meeting; he’s not here yet.
5. This ________ be John’s car, but I’ll check.
6. They ________ not be home; the lights are off.
7. She ________ have left already if she had an early appointment.
8. He ________ be in his office; I just saw him there.
9. The weather ________ change later, so bring an umbrella.
10. They ________ have finished the project by now.

65. Reported Speech (Advanced)

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. "I’m going to the gym now," he said. ➔ He said that he ________ to the gym.
2. "I’ve never been to Japan," she told me. ➔ She told me that she ________ to
Japan.
3. "We can meet you tomorrow," they said. ➔ They said that they ________
meet me the next day.
4. "Did you finish your homework?" the teacher asked. ➔ The teacher asked if I
________ my homework.
5. "Why didn’t you call me?" she asked. ➔ She asked why I ________ her.
6. "We will have the meeting next week," the manager said. ➔ The manager said
that they ________ the meeting the next week.
7. "I’ll send you the report by email," he promised. ➔ He promised that he
________ the report by email.
8. "Are you going to the party tonight?" she asked. ➔ She asked if I ________ to
the party that night.
9. "Don’t forget to lock the door," he told me. ➔ He told me ________ the door.
10. "I’m sorry for being late," she apologized. ➔ She apologized ________
late.
 PART 2
VOCABULARY EX-
ERCISES
 FAMILY AND FRIENDS

Exercise 1: Word Formation

Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. My brother is very ________________ (SUPPORT) whenever I need
help.
2. The ________________ (ARGUE) between siblings can sometimes be
tough to manage.
3. Family ________________ (RESPONSIBLE) can be shared among all
members.
4. Having a large family can be a ________________ (BLESS) and a chal-
lenge at the same time.
5. We need to maintain good ________________ (COMMUNICATE) to
avoid misunderstandings.
6. My parents taught me the value of ________________ (DEPEND) at an
early age.
7. Her ________________ (PATIENT) with her younger siblings is admir-
able.
8. The ________________ (PROTECT) instinct parents have toward their
children is natural.
9. Sibling ________________ (RIVAL) often starts in childhood but can
continue into adulthood.
10. It’s important to show ________________ (APPRECIATE) for
everything our parents do for us.

Exercise 2: Sentence Completion (Choose the correct word)

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
 acquaintance, generation, extended, resemblance, upbringing, bond, close-
knit, foster, spouse, distant
1. My cousin and I have always had a strong ________________ despite
living in different countries.
2. Her family is very ________________, and they support each other no
matter what.
3. They decided to ________________ a child after learning about the
foster care system.
4. There is a clear ________________ between her and her grandmother;
they look so alike.
5. We met through a mutual ________________, but now we’re close
friends.
6. She grew up in a(n) ________________ family, with grandparents,
aunts, and uncles living nearby.
7. His ________________ is a supportive partner who always helps with
family decisions.
8. ________________ relationships are hard to maintain if you don't see
each other regularly.
9. My ________________ was strict, but it taught me valuable life lessons.
10. The younger ________________ tends to have different views from
their parents on family values.

Exercise 3: Collocations (Match the beginnings with the correct end-

ings)
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. My best friend and I share a lot of ________________
2. A strong family ________________
3. It's common for siblings to have ________________
4. My parents always taught me the importance of ________________
5. She comes from a very ________________
 6. Growing up in a large family can teach you how to ________________
7. A family ________________
8. We often have family ________________
9. Maintaining a long-term friendship requires a lot of ________________
10. I have a strong relationship with my ________________

a. values.
b. cooperation and compromise.
c. dinners every Sunday.
d. commitment and trust.
e. support system.
f. bond is essential for emotional well-being.
g. arguments, but they usually resolve quickly.
h. mutual interests and experiences.
i. communication and honesty.
j. tight-knit community.

Exercise 4: Fill in the Blanks (Prepositions)

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. I’ve always gotten along well ________________ my cousins.
2. My grandparents are very supportive ________________ me, no matter
what I do.
3. She’s very protective ________________ her younger siblings.
4. He grew up in a large family, and he still stays in touch
________________ his brothers and sisters.
5. My family’s values have a strong influence ________________ how I
make decisions.
6. It’s important to rely ________________ your family during tough
times.
 7. My parents have always been proud ________________ my achieve-
ments.
8. My relationship ________________ my aunt is very special.
9. My best friend is like family ________________ me.
10. Sibling rivalry can sometimes result ________________ tension in
family relationships.

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice (Choose the correct answer)

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. Growing up, I had a very strong ____________ with my grandparents.
a) bond
b) tie
c) connection
d) link
2. Sibling ____________ is common in many families, but it often fades
with time.
a) affection
b) rivalry
c) companionship
d) friendship
3. My ____________ cousin just got married last month.
a) immediate
b) direct
c) extended
d) distant
4. There was a strong ____________ of family members at the reunion last
summer.
a) meeting
b) gathering
c) collection
 d) assembly
5. She is my ____________ friend, we’ve known each other for over ten
years.
a) loyal
b) trustworthy
c) close
d) reliable
6. My parents are ____________ about my future career, but they always
support my decisions.
a) protective
b) concerned
c) anxious
d) caring
7. My ____________ upbringing helped me develop strong values and
morals.
a) traditional
b) ordinary
c) strict
d) common
8. ____________ families often struggle with keeping in touch due to dis-
tance.
a) Large
b) Close-knit
c) Distant
d) Extended
9. We have weekly ____________ to stay connected with our family mem-
bers.
a) conversations
b) reunions
c) gatherings
 d) meetings
10. My relationship with my ____________ is as close as that with my bio-
logical siblings.
a) half-sibling
b) step-sibling
c) foster-sibling
d) cousin

Exercise 6: Synonym Replacement

Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the box. Use
each word only once.
compromise, upbringing, spouse, generation, bond, rivalry, acquaintance,
commitment, nurturing, distant
1. Sibling ________________ can be a healthy way for brothers and sisters
to challenge each other.
2. She has a strong ________________ with her best friend that has lasted
for years.
3. He comes from a strict ________________, where his parents set clear
rules.
4. Family members must often reach a ________________ when they have
different opinions.
5. My cousin is very ________________ with her family, as they live in
different countries.
6. It’s important to show ________________ to your family during diffi-
cult times.
7. I first met him at a work event; he’s just a casual ________________.
8. My ________________ is always there to support me, no matter what.
9. The younger ________________ tends to be more open to new techno-
logy than the older one.
 10. Parents play a key role in ________________ their children’s de-
velopment.
 Exercise 7: Collocations with "Family"
Complete the sentences using appropriate collocations with "family."
1. Every Sunday, we have a ________________ dinner where all family
members come together.
2. My family has a ________________ bond that has kept us close through
tough times.
3. Coming from a ________________ family, I had to learn how to com-
promise with my siblings.
4. There is a long history of ________________ rivalry between the two
brothers.
5. The ________________ resemblance between father and son is striking.
6. She had a happy ________________, filled with love and support.
7. Our family always makes sure to hold a ________________ reunion
every summer.
8. My ________________ family is very small, but my extended family is
huge.
9. They decided to foster a child because they wanted to add another mem-
ber to their ________________.
10. Family ________________ are important for maintaining relation-
ships across generations.

Exercise 8: Gap-Fill
Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb from the box.
get along with, bring up, take after, grow up, fall out, look up to, look after,
run into, make up, drift apart
1. My sister and I used to ________________ when we were younger, but
now we’re close.
2. I really ________________ my grandfather; he has always been a role
model for me.
 3. After arguing for days, they decided to ________________ and resolve
their differences.
4. We ________________ when I was at the store yesterday, and it was
nice to catch up.
5. My parents ________________ me to be respectful and responsible.
6. When I was a child, I ________________ in a small town with my ex-
tended family.
7. I’ve always ________________ my mother because we have similar per-
sonalities.
8. We used to be best friends, but over the years we have
________________.
9. I ________________ well ________________ my cousins even though
we don’t see each other often.
10. My aunt has always ________________ me and my siblings when
my parents were away.

Exercise 9: Word Pairs

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. The family has a long tradition of holding a(n) ____________ every
summer.
a) reunion
b) gathering
2. The children were ____________ by their grandparents while their par-
ents worked abroad.
a) raised
b) brought up
3. My sister and I always ____________ after an argument, no matter what
caused it.
a) make up
b) patch up
 4. He has a very ____________ relationship with his parents; they talk
every day.
a) close-knit
b) tight-knit
5. There’s a strong family ____________ between the siblings; they all
have the same eyes.
a) connection
b) resemblance
6. Their ____________ rivalry has always been part of their relationship,
even as adults.
a) sibling
b) brotherly
7. His family’s ____________ helped shape him into the person he is
today.
a) upbringing
b) education
8. Growing up in a ____________ family taught her how to cooperate and
be patient.
a) large
b) big
9. We had a(n) ____________ argument last week, but we managed to re-
solve it quickly.
a) minor
b) small
10. I ____________ my father in terms of personality; we are both very
determined.
a) resemble
b) take after
 Exercise 10: Definitions
Match each word with its correct definition.
1. Sibling a. A person slightly known but not considered a
close friend.
2. Acquaintance b. The care and guidance parents give their children
as they grow.
3. Upbringing c. The relationship between brothers and sisters.
4. Foster d. A promise to be loyal or dedicated to someone or
something.
5. Generation e. A person born and living at the same time as an-
other.
6. Bond f. The visible similarities between family members.
7. Extended family g. The connection that holds people together emo-
tionally.
8. Resemblance h. To care for a child who is not your own, usually
temporarily.
9. Rivalry i. Competition between individuals, often siblings,
for attention or success.
10. Commitment j. A group of relatives beyond the immediate family,
including grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.
 ACCOMMODATION
Exercise 1: Word Formation
Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. We decided to hire a designer to help with the ________________
(FURNISH) of our new apartment.
2. The ________________ (RENT) agreement for the flat is valid for one
year.
3. Many people prefer living in a ________________ (SPACIOUS) house
rather than a small apartment.
4. ________________ (DECORATE) the living room was a fun weekend
project.
5. The house has three bedrooms and two bathrooms, which makes it a very
________________ (PRACTICE) living space.
6. My parents have a ________________ (DETACH) house in the suburbs.
7. The ________________ (RENOVATE) of the old building took longer
than expected.
8. Modern ________________ (APPLY) in the kitchen make cooking
much easier.
9. We had to ________________ (REARRANGE) the furniture to make
more space for guests.
10. The apartment has a ________________ (BALCONY) that offers a
stunning view of the city.
 Exercise 2: Sentence Completion (Choose the correct word)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
studio, detached, furnished, flatmate, landlord, lease, cozy, basement, ter-
raced, loft
1. I live in a ________________ apartment in the city center with just one
room and a small kitchen.
2. The ________________ agreed to repair the broken heating system in
the apartment.
3. My new ________________ is really nice, and we share the living room
and kitchen.
4. A ________________ house is one that is not connected to any other
house.
5. The old ________________ in our house has been turned into a games
room.
6. The ________________ for the apartment is signed for six months.
7. The small living room was very ________________ with comfortable
chairs and warm lighting.
8. They moved into a ________________ house that shares walls with
neighbors on both sides.
9. The apartment came fully ________________, so we didn’t need to buy
any new furniture.
10. The ________________ space was converted into a modern office
and bedroom.

Exercise 3: Collocations (Match the beginnings with the correct end-

ings)
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. We decided to rent a ________________
2. My dream is to live in a large, ________________
 3. I prefer living in a flat because it’s more ________________
4. The house had a beautiful ________________
5. It’s important to sign a ________________
6. They live in a ________________
7. The furniture in the living room is very ________________
8. The ________________ apartment is located in the city center.
9. We had to ________________
10. The bedroom has built-in ________________

a. kitchen, which is the heart of the home.

b. cozy and comfortable.
c. modern and stylish.
d. apartment close to the university.
e. adjust the layout of the room to fit the new bed.
f. practical for my lifestyle.
g. contract before moving in.
h. wardrobes for extra storage.
i. loft-style apartment in the city.
j. terraced house near the park.

Exercise 4: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. The apartment comes fully furnished, so we don’t need to spend extra
money ________________ buying furniture.
2. I’m really happy ________________ how we arranged the living room;
it feels much more open now.
3. The house is located ________________ the outskirts of the city, far
from the noise.
4. She moved ________________ a new apartment last week.
 5. The bed is located ________________ the corner of the room next to the
window.
6. They live ________________ a modern flat in the city center.
7. We put new curtains ________________ the bedroom windows to
match the furniture.
8. I usually spend my evenings ________________ the living room watch-
ing TV.
9. The rent includes utilities, so we don’t have to worry
________________ paying extra bills.
10. There’s a beautiful view ________________ the balcony of our
apartment.

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. We recently bought a ____________ house with a big garden in the sub-
urbs.
a) terraced
b) detached
c) studio
2. The ____________ for our apartment is quite high because it’s located in
a central area.
a) mortgage
b) rent
c) loan
3. My ____________ is responsible for fixing any issues with the apart-
ment.
a) tenant
b) owner
c) landlord
 4. I prefer living in a ____________ because it’s smaller and easier to
maintain.
a) flat
b) mansion
c) bungalow
5. The ____________ bedroom has an en-suite bathroom and a walk-in
wardrobe.
a) main
b) single
c) shared
6. We had to ____________ the kitchen to make more space for the dining
area.
a) convert
b) extend
c) reduce
7. The living room is ____________ with large windows that let in a lot of
light.
a) spacious
b) crowded
c) dark
8. The house is located on a ____________ street with very little traffic.
a) busy
b) quiet
c) narrow
9. They had to ____________ the flat after their lease ended.
a) leave
b) vacate
c) abandon
10. The ____________ apartment has an open-plan layout with a kit-
chen, living room, and bedroom in one space.
a) studio
b) detached
c) terraced
Exercise 6: Sentence Transformation
Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets without
changing the meaning.
1. They bought a house in the suburbs. (purchased)
2. Our flat has two bedrooms and a large kitchen. (apartment)
3. He wants to move into a fully furnished flat. (furniture)
4. The landlord didn’t allow them to renovate the kitchen. (permission)
5. We spent the weekend decorating the living room. (redecorating)
6. My friend lives in a small studio apartment. (flat)
7. The lease agreement will expire in six months. (end)
8. The house comes with a spacious backyard. (garden)
9. They are planning to buy a detached house. (standalone)
10. We need to rearrange the furniture to make more space. (reorganize)

Exercise 7: Collocations with “Room”

Complete the sentences with the correct collocations using "room."
1. We turned the ________________ into a guest room for visitors.
2. She has a separate ________________ for her home office.
3. The ________________ in our house is bright and full of light.
4. I love reading books in my cozy ________________.
5. The hotel offers rooms with both private and shared ________________.
6. The master ________________ has an en-suite bathroom and a walk-in
closet.
7. The ________________ room was decorated with modern furniture.
8. We need to clear out the ________________ room to make space for
new furniture.
9. The ________________ room is where the family gathers for meals.
10. The guest ________________ is on the second floor of the house.
 Exercise 8: Gap-Fill (Phrases with “House”)
Fill in the blanks with the correct phrases related to "house."
household chores, housewarming party, detached house, housemate, house
rules, housekeeper, open house, housing estate, townhouse, house price
1. We’re moving into a new place next week and planning to have a
________________ to celebrate.
2. I live in a ________________ where the neighbors are friendly, but we
each have our own space.
3. Sharing a flat with a ________________ can be challenging if you don’t
communicate well.
4. There are certain ________________ that everyone must follow to keep
the place tidy.
5. We hired a ________________ to help with cleaning the house once a
week.
6. The ________________ in this neighborhood has increased dramatically
over the past few years.
7. My parents live in a ________________ with two floors and a small
garden.
8. They live in a new ________________ on the outskirts of the city with
modern amenities.
9. I help with the ________________ every weekend, including vacuuming
and doing the laundry.
10. There will be an ________________ this weekend where potential
buyers can view the property.

Exercise 9: Matching Definitions

Match the words (1-10) with their definitions (a-j).
1. Loft a. A flat or apartment that comes with furniture in-
cluded.
2. Basement b. The top floor of a building, usually luxurious.
3. Studio apartment c. A single-story house.
 4. Furnished d. An agreement to rent a property for a specific
period.
5. Terrace e. A flat that consists of one main room with a small
kitchen.
6. Lease f. A person who owns and rents out property.
7. Landlord g. A large outdoor area attached to a house, often
with seating.
8. Bungalow h. A space just under the roof of a house, often used
for storage.
9. Attic i. A large room directly below the roof, often used
for living space.
10. Penthouse j. The part of a house that is below ground level,
sometimes used for storage.

Exercise 10: Prepositions in Context

Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. She moved ________________ a new apartment last month.
2. The furniture is arranged ________________ the living room to create
more space.
3. I live ________________ the second floor of a block of flats.
4. He is paying ________________ rent until the end of the year.
5. We spent the entire weekend decorating the house ________________
top to bottom.
6. My flat is located ________________ walking distance of the city cen-
ter.
7. They decided to move ________________ a larger house in the suburbs.
8. The house comes ________________ a garage and a small garden.
9. The rent includes utilities, so you don’t have to worry
________________ extra costs.
10. We agreed ________________ a six-month lease for the apartment.
 CLOTHES
Exercise 1: Word Formation
Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. Fashion designers often follow the latest ________________ (TREND)
to create their collections.
2. This winter, ________________ (LAYER) is essential to staying warm.
3. I prefer ________________ (COMFORT) clothes like loose-fitting jeans
and T-shirts.
4. The fashion industry changes its ________________ (COLLECT) every
season.
5. She always dresses very ________________ (STYLE) when attending
formal events.
6. My favorite ________________ (ACCESSORY) is a watch that goes
with any outfit.
7. His ________________ (CASUAL) style makes him look relaxed yet
fashionable.
8. The designer’s new line features ________________ (ELEGANT) even-
ing dresses.
9. ________________ (PERSON) style is a reflection of one’s character
and preferences.
10. The ________________ (FIT) of these trousers is perfect for formal
occasions.
 Exercise 2: Sentence Completion (Choose the correct word)
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
garment, trendy, wardrobe, casual, tailor, pattern, outfit, fabric, accessory,
formal
1. A classic black dress is a must-have ________________ in every wo-
man’s wardrobe.
2. He prefers ________________ clothes when going out with friends, like
jeans and T-shirts.
3. The dress was made from a soft, lightweight ________________ that
feels great on the skin.
4. She always adds a stylish ________________ like a scarf or necklace to
complete her look.
5. I love how ________________ her outfit looks; it’s both stylish and
comfortable.
6. A ________________ is someone who can adjust clothes to fit your
body perfectly.
7. I bought a new ________________ for the party, including shoes, a
jacket, and accessories.
8. His ________________ usually consists of suits and ties for his job as a
lawyer.
9. The ________________ on this shirt is unique, with bold colors and
geometric shapes.
10. She has an entire ________________ full of shoes, dresses, and
coats.

Exercise 3: Collocations (Match the beginnings with the correct end-

ings)
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. The fashion show featured the latest ________________
 2. His winter ________________ includes a warm coat and boots.
3. She was wearing a ________________ dress for the formal event.
4. Some people prefer high ________________
5. I need to buy a pair of ________________
6. The new collection features ________________
7. This season’s ________________ colors include pastels and neutral
tones.
8. You can always tell if someone has a good sense of ________________
9. My ________________ mainly consists of casual clothes for work.
10. He was dressed in a ________________ suit for his job interview.
a. from the way they combine their outfits.
b. suit for the cold weather.
c. boots for hiking in the mountains.
d. stylish and elegant.
e. patterns and bold prints.
f. ready-to-wear collections by top designers.
g. style over comfort when choosing clothes.
h. wardrobe needs a makeover for the new season.
i. formal black suit and tie.
j. fashion trends include oversized jackets.

Exercise 4: Gap-Fill (Phrasal Verbs Related to Clothing)

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verb from the box.
dress up, try on, take off, put on, fit in, go with, throw on, stand out, wear
out, go out
1. Before you buy the jacket, you should ________________ it
________________ to see if it fits.
2. I usually ________________ my sneakers before going for a run.
3. She likes to ________________ for special occasions and wears elegant
dresses.
 4. He always tries to ________________ in the office by wearing unique
and fashionable clothes.
5. My old jeans finally ________________ after wearing them for years.
6. She didn’t have much time, so she just ________________ her coat and
left the house.
7. It’s important to ________________ clothes that match when putting
together an outfit.
8. As soon as I get home, I ________________ my shoes to relax.
9. He loves to ________________ with friends and show off his latest out-
fits.
10. I sometimes find it hard to ________________ with my fashionable
friends, but I enjoy their company.

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. Her ________________ style is both comfortable and fashionable.
a) casual
b) elegant
c) strict
2. He had his suit ________________ by a professional tailor to make it fit
better.
a) repaired
b) adjusted
c) altered
3. The designer’s new collection features ________________ fabrics like
silk and satin.
a) thick
b) luxurious
c) heavy
 4. This jacket is perfect for the winter because it’s made of a warm
________________.
a) material
b) fabric
c) cloth
5. You should always ________________ clothes in good condition to
make them last longer.
a) look after
b) take care of
c) manage
6. I usually choose simple ________________ that I can wear with differ-
ent outfits.
a) accessories
b) patterns
c) fabrics
7. This ________________ is too tight for me; I need to buy a larger size.
a) outfit
b) garment
c) accessory
8. She ________________ fashionable sunglasses to complete her summer
look.
a) put on
b) threw on
c) carried out
9. His ________________ shoes are worn out and need to be replaced.
a) formal
b) casual
c) comfortable
10. The new fashion trend this season is oversized ________________
like jackets and coats.
a) patterns
b) garments
c) accessories
Exercise 6: Word Matching
Match the clothing items (1-10) with their descriptions (a-j).
1. Blazer a. A soft piece of clothing worn around the neck for
warmth or fashion.
2. Trench coat b. Casual shoes designed for comfort and sports activities.
3. Sneakers c. A formal jacket, often worn as part of a suit.
4. Cardigan d. A warm garment with a high, close-fitting neck.
5. Scarf e. A light, long coat, often used as outerwear in rainy
weather.
6. Boots f. Comfortable footwear worn indoors.
7. Turtleneck g. A long garment worn by women, covering the body
from shoulders to legs.
8. Slippers h. A type of shoe that covers the foot and part of the leg,
often worn in cold weather.
9. Dress i. A knitted sweater that opens in the front, usually with
buttons.
10.Belt j. A strip of leather or fabric worn around the waist to hold
pants or skirts in place.

Exercise 7: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
vintage, designer, casual, fitted, fashionable, oversized, denim, stylish,
worn-out, patterned
1. She loves to shop at ________________ stores to find unique clothing
from past decades.
2. His jacket was so ________________ that it didn’t fit him properly.
 3. I prefer wearing ________________ clothes when I’m relaxing at home.
4. She’s always so ________________, no matter what the occasion is.
5. He bought a pair of ________________ jeans that are perfect for every-
day wear.
6. The dress has a beautiful ________________ with flowers and stripes.
7. ________________ clothing is becoming popular, as people love to
stand out.
8. My old sneakers are completely ________________, and I need a new
pair.
9. She spends a lot of money on ________________ brands because she
loves high-end fashion.
10. These pants are very ________________, so they show off the
shape of your legs.

Exercise 8: Collocations
Complete the sentences with the correct collocations related to fashion
and style.
1. She has a great sense of ________________, and people often ask her
for fashion advice.
2. The fashion show featured the latest ________________ designs from
top brands.
3. He prefers ________________ clothes over formal wear.
4. This season’s ________________ includes bold patterns and bright col-
ors.
5. She always manages to ________________ an outfit perfectly, no matter
the occasion.
6. Some people like to keep up with the latest ________________, while
others have their own unique style.
7. My favorite ________________ piece is my leather jacket; it goes with
everything.
 8. ________________ jeans are timeless and always in fashion.
9. The dress code for the event is ________________, so make sure to
wear a suit or a formal gown.
10. His ________________ appearance always impresses colleagues at
work.

Exercise 9: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete each phrase.
1. He put on a ________________ tie to match his suit for the wedding.
2. My sister bought a new ________________ of heels for the party.
3. She decided to wear her favorite ________________ jacket because it
was cold outside.
4. I always carry a ________________ bag when I travel for work.
5. The ________________ boots were perfect for hiking in the mountains.
6. Her new ________________ pants are both stylish and comfortable.
7. He prefers ________________ t-shirts because they are easy to move in.
8. The ________________ collar shirt is perfect for formal meetings.
9. The ________________ watch he bought is the latest trend this season.
10. She wrapped a colorful ________________ scarf around her neck
to complete her look.

Exercise 10: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. She follows the latest fashion ________________ to stay up-to-date with
her style.
a) ways
b) trends
c) movements
2. I love wearing ________________ fabrics like cotton and linen during
the summer.
a) natural
b) artificial
c) fake
3. This ________________ jacket is perfect for rainy weather.
a) leather
b) denim
c) waterproof
4. The store has a wide range of ________________ clothing, including
suits, dresses, and accessories.
a) formal
b) casual
c) sporty
5. The ________________ of the jacket was too tight, so I had to return it.
a) material
b) cut
c) fabric
6. He likes to ________________ his shoes with matching belts to com-
plete his outfit.
a) mix
b) match
c) clash
7. Her outfit ________________ out at the party because it was so unique
and creative.
a) stood
b) stuck
c) brought
8. The ________________ dress code for the event was strictly black tie,
so everyone wore formal clothing.
a) casual
b) strict
c) elegant
9. He prefers ________________ pants for work because they are comfort-
able yet professional.
a) tailored
b) loose
c) baggy
10. Wearing ________________ shoes with formal trousers looks styl-
ish for a business meeting.
a) sporty
b) polished
c) rugged
 SHOPPING

Exercise 1: Word Formation

Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets to fit
the sentence.
1. The ________________ (SELECT) of products at the supermarket is
impressive.
2. I always look for ________________ (DISCOUNT) items when I go
shopping.
3. The ________________ (COMPETE) between online stores is getting
tougher every year.
4. Many people prefer to pay by card rather than using ________________
(CASH).
5. This shopping mall offers a wide ________________ (VARY) of stores
and restaurants.
6. The ________________ (PRICE) of groceries has gone up significantly
this year.
7. We waited for the ________________ (OPEN) of the new clothing store
in the city center.
8. His ________________ (SPEND) habits have changed since he started
saving money.
9. The store has an excellent return ________________ (POLICY), so you
can return items easily.
10. She decided to make an ________________ (INVEST) in high-
quality clothing that will last longer.
 Exercise 2: Sentence Completion
Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
receipt, customer, sale, groceries, refund, retail, shopping mall, price tag,
cashier, stock
1. I need to buy some ________________ for dinner, so I’m going to the
supermarket.
2. The ________________ was very helpful and helped me find the right
size.
3. I asked the store for a ________________ because the item I bought was
damaged.
4. The ________________ at this shop were slashed by 50% during the
summer ________________.
5. I always check the ________________ before buying to see if I can af-
ford the item.
6. The store didn’t have my size in ________________, so I ordered it on-
line.
7. I had to wait in line for the ________________ to ring up my items.
8. Many people prefer online shopping over visiting a ________________.
9. Make sure you keep the ________________ in case you want to return
anything.
10. The ________________ industry is facing challenges with the rise
of e-commerce.

Exercise 3: Collocations (Shopping and Money)

Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. The shopping mall offers a wide ________________
2. I always try to find a good ________________
3. The store had a special ________________
4. Some people prefer to shop ________________
 5. It’s important to check the ________________
6. Many shoppers look for products ________________
7. The ________________ of groceries has increased over the last few
years.
8. There’s a 30-day ________________
9. You can return items if you keep the original ________________
10. He didn’t have enough cash, so he paid ________________
Endings:
a. discount online before making a purchase.
b. price before making big purchases.
c. guarantee on all electrical goods.
d. refund policy, so you can return items easily.
e. price in the local markets and compare them with online stores.
f. range of stores, from clothing to electronics.
g. receipt from the shop.
h. by credit card.
i. sale on all summer clothes last week.
j. in stores where they can see and try on products.

Exercise 4: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verb from the box.
look around, shop around, try on, sell out, splash out, run out of, take back, put
on, mark down, pick up
1. We ________________ the shopping center to compare prices before
deciding what to buy.
2. The store had to ________________ more stock because they sold out of
the new product.
3. I’m going to ________________ this dress to see if it fits me.
4. The item was too expensive, so I decided to ________________ and
wait for a sale.
 5. He decided to ________________ on a new phone, even though he
didn’t really need it.
6. I had to ________________ the shoes because they were too tight.
7. The store ________________ all its winter clothes, offering huge dis-
counts.
8. They ________________ of milk, so I went to the store to buy some
more.
9. She ________________ a nice sweater when she went shopping yester-
day.
10. They ________________ their coats before leaving the house.

Exercise 5: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. I like to ________________ for clothes during the sales to get the best
deals.
a) shop
b) browse
c) check
2. The store is offering a 50% ________________ on all winter clothing.
a) discount
b) return
c) refund
3. She asked for a ________________ because the shoes didn’t fit properly.
a) replacement
b) refund
c) restock
4. I need to ________________ more groceries; we’re out of bread and
milk.
a) get
b) purchase
c) pick up
5. The ________________ of these shoes is too high for my budget.
a) price
b) cost
c) value
6. He always checks the ________________ before deciding to buy any-
thing expensive.
a) price tag
b) value
c) receipt
7. They have a great selection of products in ________________, so you
don’t have to wait for deliveries.
a) store
b) stock
c) order
8. She always keeps the ________________ in case she needs to return
something.
a) receipt
b) tag
c) ticket
9. The new smartphone ________________ within hours of being released.
a) sold out
b) ran out
c) stocked out
10. He’s very careful with his ________________, only buying things
he truly needs.
a) money
b) price
c) spending
 Exercise 6: Word Formation
Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. The shop assistant was very ________________ (HELP) and helped me
find the right size.
2. Many people believe that online shopping offers better
________________ (CONVENIENT).
3. This boutique specializes in ________________ (EXCLUSIVITY) de-
signer clothes.
4. There was a lot of ________________ (CONFUSE) about the store’s
return policy.
5. The ________________ (AFFORD) of products can vary greatly from
store to store.
6. My favorite store always offers great ________________ (PROMOTE)
during the holidays.
7. The ________________ (DELIVER) time for this item is three to five
business days.
8. They introduced new payment ________________ (OPTION) to make
shopping easier.
9. I found a ________________ (BARGAIN) on electronics during the
Black Friday sale.
10. The ________________ (PAY) process was quick and easy, thanks
to contactless cards.

Exercise 7: Sentence Completion (Choose the correct word)

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
 boutique, checkout, groceries, sales assistant, receipt, discount, window
shopping, cash, refund, price comparison
1. The ________________ was very helpful in recommending a suitable
jacket for the cold weather.
2. I prefer using ________________ instead of my card when making
small purchases.
3. Many people enjoy ________________ even if they don’t plan on buy-
ing anything.
4. Make sure to ask for a ________________ after making a purchase in
case you need to return the item.
5. She did a ________________ before buying the laptop to ensure she was
getting the best deal.
6. We went to a ________________ that sells high-end fashion brands.
7. I usually buy ________________ once a week to stock up on food and
household items.
8. There’s a 20% ________________ on all shoes this weekend.
9. I went to the ________________ to pay for the items in my shopping
cart.
10. If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you can request a
________________ within 30 days.

Exercise 8: Collocations
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. You can always find a wide ________________
2. During the holiday season, most stores offer big ________________
3. Some people prefer to shop in ________________
4. I always make sure to stay within my ________________
5. Shopping online is convenient, but you need to be aware of
________________
 6. He bought the shoes on impulse without checking the
________________
7. I love buying clothes from local ________________
8. If you find a faulty product, you can request a full ________________
9. Before I go grocery shopping, I write down everything I need on a
______.
10. Paying with contactless cards is quicker than using
_____________.
a. budget, so I don’t overspend.
b. variety of products in supermarkets.
c. boutiques, as they often have unique items.
d. cash, especially in larger stores.
e. sales to attract more customers.
f. refund or exchange.
g. risks such as fraud or data theft.
h. list to make sure I don’t forget anything.
i. retail stores so they can see the items in person.
j. price, and later regretted it.

Exercise 9: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verb from the box.
pay for, cut down on, take out, run out of, look for, shop around, give up,
try on, go over, pick out
1. I always ________________ different options before making a big pur-
chase to get the best deal.
2. The store is about to ________________ its new collection for the au-
tumn season.
3. You should ________________ that jacket to see if it fits before buying
it.
 4. We’ve ________________ milk, so I’ll need to buy some more at the
supermarket.
5. I’ve been trying to ________________ on unnecessary spending this
year.
6. She didn’t ________________ enough money to buy the new laptop, so
she had to wait until next month.
7. He decided to ________________ the red shirt because it matched his
shoes.
8. I had to ________________ my credit card at the checkout because the
cash wasn’t enough.
9. Make sure you don’t ________________ your budget when buying gifts
for everyone.
10. I spent an hour ________________ a gift for my friend’s birthday.

Exercise 10: Multiple Choice (Shopping Vocabulary)

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. The supermarket had a great selection of fresh ________________ at
reasonable prices.
a) groceries
b) goods
c) clothing
2. He always checks the ________________ of the item before adding it to
his shopping cart.
a) cost
b) price tag
c) refund
3. She requested a ________________ because the product arrived dam-
aged.
a) refund
b) discount
c) gift card
4. I prefer shopping at small ________________ stores because they often
have unique items.
a) boutique
b) department
c) retail
5. You should ________________ those shoes before buying them to make
sure they fit.
a) try on
b) pick out
c) put on
6. The store has a wide ________________ of products, from electronics to
home decor.
a) variety
b) selection
c) assortment
7. They have a special ________________ on all electronic devices this
weekend.
a) sale
b) price
c) receipt
8. The ________________ at the grocery store was too long, so I decided
to shop later.
a) checkout
b) entrance
c) queue
9. Make sure to ________________ the receipt in case you need to return
anything.
a) keep
b) save
c) check
10. He was happy to find the new smartphone ________________ after
searching for it everywhere.
a) in stock
b) in order
c) for sale
 FOOD

Exercise 1: Word Formation

Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. The chef is known for using fresh, local ________________ (INGREDI-
ENT) in his dishes.
2. Her ________________ (PREFER) for Italian cuisine has grown since
she visited Italy.
3. Healthy ________________ (EAT) habits are important for maintaining
good health.
4. The ________________ (PREPARE) of this dish takes about 30
minutes.
5. ________________ (TRADITION) Ukrainian cuisine includes borscht
and varenyky.
6. His diet is rich in ________________ (NUTRITION) foods like fruits
and vegetables.
7. She follows a ________________ (VEGETARIANISM) diet and avoids
eating meat.
8. The ________________ (PRESENT) of the meal was elegant, with
every detail carefully arranged.
9. ________________ (FAST) food is convenient but often unhealthy.
10. They are famous for their ________________ (SPECIAL) in sea-
food dishes.

Exercise 2: Sentence Completion (Choose the correct word)

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
recipe, utensils, menu, serving, boiling, chef, cuisine, calories, dish, snack
 1. Ukrainian ________________ includes popular dishes like borscht and
holubtsi.
2. The ________________ for this cake requires flour, sugar, eggs, and
butter.
3. We asked the waiter for the ________________ to see what options were
available.
4. The ________________ prepared a gourmet meal for the guests.
5. After the workout, I had a small ________________ of fruit and yogurt.
6. This traditional ________________ is made with potatoes, onions, and
mushrooms.
7. When you’re cooking pasta, you should wait until the water is
________________ before adding it.
8. Using the right kitchen ________________ makes cooking much easier.
9. A typical meal plan should balance the number of ________________
you consume.
10. She placed the soup into the bowls for ________________.

Exercise 3: Collocations
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. The national ________________
2. For dessert, we had a delicious ________________
3. You need to ________________
4. She prefers cooking ________________
5. His unhealthy eating habits include consuming too much
________________
6. I like to ________________ my food with fresh herbs.
7. When making soup, it’s important to ________________
8. The restaurant’s ________________
9. You should always ________________ before sitting down for dinner.
10. She enjoys trying out new ________________
a. use a variety of vegetables for added flavor.
b. bake a cake for special occasions.
c. cuisine of France is famous for its cheese and wine.
d. recipes from different countries.
e. dish made from fresh fruit and cream.
f. deep-fry chicken for a crispy texture.
g. specialties include grilled fish and fresh salads.
h. fast food and sugary drinks.
i. serve food on warm plates.
j. set the table with plates and utensils.

Exercise 4: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box.
grill, bake, fry, chop, boil, stir, simmer, roast, peel, steam
1. You need to ________________ the onions before adding them to the
pan.
2. I prefer to ________________ vegetables because it keeps their nutrients
intact.
3. To make mashed potatoes, first ________________ the potatoes until
they are soft.
4. It’s better to ________________ meat slowly to retain its flavor.
5. Make sure to ________________ the sauce occasionally so it doesn’t
burn.
6. He likes to ________________ the chicken with olive oil and herbs.
7. For a healthy option, you can ________________ fish instead of frying
it.
8. ________________ the eggs for 10 minutes to make hard-boiled eggs.
9. Before cooking, ________________ the carrots and potatoes.
10. ________________ the cake in the oven for 40 minutes at 180°C.
 Exercise 5: Multiple Choice (National Cuisines)
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. Borscht is a traditional dish in ________________ cuisine.
a) Ukrainian
b) Italian
c) Chinese
2. A ________________ diet includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains.
a) balanced
b) processed
c) fast
3. The waiter recommended the restaurant’s signature ________________
of grilled salmon.
a) dish
b) utensil
c) menu
4. Sushi is a well-known food from ________________.
a) Spain
b) Japan
c) Mexico
5. Before serving, it’s important to ________________ the food to ensure
it’s fully cooked.
a) taste
b) slice
c) chop
6. A typical ________________ in Mediterranean cuisine includes olive
oil, tomatoes, and garlic.
a) ingredient
b) utensil
c) recipe
 7. A ________________ is a small meal eaten between main meals.
a) dessert
b) snack
c) course
8. The ________________ was full of a wide variety of dishes, including
vegetarian options.
a) recipe
b) dish
c) menu
9. ________________ foods like chips and soda are often high in sugar and
fat.
a) Processed
b) Organic
c) Fresh
10. I enjoy trying new ________________ from around the world, like
Mexican or Thai.
a) cuisines
b) menus
c) plates

Exercise 6: Word Formation

Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in brackets
to fit the sentence.
1. ________________ (FRESH) ingredients are key to making any meal
taste better.
2. The chef was praised for his ________________ (CREATE) use of
spices in the dish.
3. A ________________ (BALANCE) diet includes a variety of fruits, ve-
getables, and proteins.
4. The ________________ (BAKE) of the cake took longer than expected.
 5. This restaurant is famous for its traditional Ukrainian
________________ (CUISINE).
6. Her ________________ (PREFERENCE) for vegetarian food has influ-
enced her cooking style.
7. ________________ (FLAVOR) herbs can enhance the taste of any dish.
8. The ________________ (PREPARE) of the meal involved marinating
the meat overnight.
9. The ________________ (PRESENT) of the food was just as important
as its taste.
10. The ________________ (SERVE) of the dessert was beautifully
done, with fresh fruit on the side.

Exercise 7: Sentence Completion

Complete the sentences with the correct word from the box. Use each
word only once.
meal, utensils, recipe, dessert, spice, portion, flavor, grill, chef, beverage
1. The ________________ for this pasta includes garlic, olive oil, and fresh
tomatoes.
2. He loves experimenting with different ________________ in his cook-
ing to add a unique taste.
3. After the main course, we had a delicious chocolate cake for
________________.
4. A professional ________________ prepared the five-course dinner for
the guests.
5. It’s important to use the right kitchen ________________ when prepar-
ing a meal.
6. She prefers cooking her vegetables on the ________________ for a
smoky taste.
7. I enjoy trying new flavors, but I always control my ________________
sizes to maintain a healthy diet.
 8. The rich ________________ of the soup came from the fresh herbs and
spices.
9. The waiter recommended a refreshing ________________ to go with our
meal.
10. The chef served a special three-course ________________ for the
celebration.

Exercise 8: Collocations
Match the sentence beginnings (1-10) with the correct endings (a-j).
1. The restaurant serves a wide variety of ________________
2. A healthy diet should include plenty of fresh ________________
3. It’s important to eat regular, balanced ________________
4. One of my favorite dishes is ________________
5. You need to stir the sauce ________________
6. The chef created a new ________________
7. You should ________________ the vegetables before adding them to the
salad.
8. The ________________ of the food made the dinner memorable.
9. ________________ is a popular cooking method for making crispy ve-
getables.
10. Ukrainian cuisine is known for its hearty ________________
a. fruits and vegetables.
b. taste and presentation.
c. soups, such as borscht and solyanka.
d. after you bring it to a boil.
e. meals to maintain energy throughout the day.
f. roasted chicken with garlic and rosemary.
g. based on seasonal ingredients.
h. wash and peel.
i. dishes from around the world.
j. roasting.
 Exercise 9: Gap-Fill
Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the box.
marinate, whisk, sauté, slice, dice, blend, grate, boil, steam, fry
1. Before cooking the meat, you should ________________ it in a mixture
of spices and oil.
2. To prepare the salad, ________________ the cucumber into thin rounds.
3. I like to ________________ my vegetables in olive oil with garlic for
extra flavor.
4. The chef asked me to ________________ the cheese for the pasta.
5. ________________ the soup until it reaches a rolling boil.
6. To make mashed potatoes, ________________ them for about 20
minutes.
7. You can ________________ the onions and peppers before adding them
to the stir-fry.
8. She uses a blender to ________________ all the ingredients for the
smoothie.
9. If you ________________ the eggs too much, the mixture will become
too fluffy.
10. ________________ the fish for a crispy texture, but don’t overcook
it.

Exercise 10: Multiple Choice (Food Preferences and Traditions)

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. He enjoys eating a variety of fresh ________________ with his meals.
a) fruits
b) spices
c) utensils
2. Traditional Ukrainian ________________ often includes hearty soups
and stews.
a) recipes
b) dishes
c) ingredients
3. Her favorite ________________ is sushi because it’s light and flavorful.
a) meal
b) snack
c) cuisine
4. The chef created a special menu with a focus on ________________ in-
gredients.
a) organic
b) processed
c) fried
5. The family has a tradition of cooking a large meal every Sunday and sit-
ting down together to ________________.
a) celebrate
b) eat
c) prepare
6. He likes to ________________ his steak with pepper and herbs for extra
flavor.
a) season
b) boil
c) grill
7. One of the best ways to keep vegetables healthy is to
________________ them.
a) fry
b) steam
c) blend
8. Ukrainian cuisine is known for its delicious ________________ like var-
enyky and borscht.
a) beverages
b) desserts
c) dishes
9. When eating out, she prefers to choose healthier ________________ op-
tions, such as grilled or baked foods.
a) preparation
b) cooking
c) diet
10. One of the most common Ukrainian ________________ is the cel-
ebration of Christmas with a traditional meal.
a) cuisines
b) dishes
c) food traditions
 HEALTHCARE

Exercise 1: Parts of the Body

Fill in the blanks with the correct body part in Ukrainian.
1. She hurt her ____(коліно) while playing soccer.
2. The doctor examined his ____(серце) for any irregularities.
3. He felt a sharp pain in his ____(спина) after lifting the heavy box.
4. I often get headaches in my ____(голова) after a long day at work.
5. Her ____(очі) were red and swollen from allergies.
6. He had a cut on his ____(палець), so he put on a bandage.
7. The nurse checked her ____(артерія) for a pulse.
8. His ____(легені) were clear, but the doctor still ordered a chest X-ray.
9. She felt a cramp in her ____(шлунок) after eating too quickly.
10. The athlete injured his ____(гомілка) during the match.

Exercise 2: Personal Hygiene

Complete the sentences with the appropriate hygiene-related word in
Ukrainian.
1. It's important to brush your ____(зуби) twice a day to prevent cavities.
2. Regularly washing your ____(руки) helps stop the spread of germs.
3. He takes a shower every morning to maintain good ____(гігієна).
4. Use ____(мило) and water to wash your hands after using the restroom.
5. She bought a new ____(зубна щітка) because her old one was worn out.
6. Always cover your ____(рот) when you sneeze to avoid spreading
germs.
7. The use of ____(дезодорант) helps control body odor.
8. He uses ____(шампунь) to wash his hair every few days.
9. Keeping your ____(ноги) clean can prevent fungal infections.
10. Proper ____(гігієна рук) is essential, especially in public places.
 Exercise 3: Health Conditions
Match the health condition in Ukrainian to the correct sentence.
1. ____ - She develops a rash when exposed to pollen.
2. ____- He couldn't speak properly due to a sore throat.
3. ____ - His fever was so high that he stayed in bed all day.
4. ____ - After working all day, she often experiences a severe headache.
5. ____ - He needs to monitor his blood sugar levels regularly because of
diabetes.
6. ____ - His grandfather was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.
7. ____ - She had to miss work for a week due to the flu.
8. ____ - The bright lights triggered a migraine, making it hard for her to
concentrate.
9. ____ - He developed a persistent cough after catching a cold.
10. ____- He was rushed to the hospital with symptoms of a heart attack.

Exercise 4: Visiting the Doctor

Choose the correct word in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. The doctor asked about his ____ before diagnosing the illness.
2. During the appointment, the ____measured her blood pressure.
3. He made an ____to see a specialist about his back pain.
4. She had to wait in the ____ for 30 minutes before her appointment.
5. The ____ recommended that she see a cardiologist for further tests.
6. The doctor gave her a ____ for antibiotics.
7. He visited the ____ to discuss the possibility of surgery.
8. The ____ took his temperature and checked his pulse.
9. After a thorough ____, the doctor ruled out any serious issues.
10. She was sent to the ____ for a blood test.
 Exercise 5: Medical Institutions (Назви медичних закладів)
Match the type of medical institution in Ukrainian with the correct descrip-
tion.
1. ____ - A large facility where patients receive treatment for serious ill-
nesses or surgery.
2. ____- A smaller medical facility where doctors provide outpatient care.
3. ____- A place where you can buy medicine with or without a prescrip-
tion.
4. ____- Medical service that provides urgent care and transportation to the
hospital.
5. ____ - A place where dentists provide care for your teeth and gums.
6. ____ - A facility where you can see various specialists without being ad-
mitted to the hospital.
7. ____ - A medical facility dedicated to childbirth and postnatal care.
8. ____- A place where patients go to recover after surgery or illness.
9. ____ - A facility where medical tests, such as blood tests, are carried out.
10. ____ - A health resort where patients receive medical treatments and
rest.

Exercise 6: Symptoms of Illness (Симптоми захворювання)

Fill in the blanks with the correct symptom in Ukrainian.
1. He couldn't stop ____(кашляти), so the doctor prescribed him some
cough syrup.
2. She had a ____(лихоманка) and chills, which made her feel very weak.
3. His throat was sore, and he developed a ____(набрякання) in his tonsils.
4. After eating seafood, he experienced ____(нудота) and had to lie down.
5. A ____(запаморочення) made it difficult for her to stand up without
feeling faint.
6. He felt ____(втома) after working long hours and needed some rest.
7. The ____(задишка) made it hard for him to climb the stairs.
 8. She noticed a red ____(висипка) spreading across her arms and legs.
9. His eyes were irritated, and he had frequent ____(сльозотеча).
10. She experienced ____(печія) after eating spicy food.

Exercise 7: Medical Treatments and Procedures

Complete the sentences with the appropriate medical treatment or pro-
cedure in Ukrainian.
1. The doctor advised her to undergo ____(рентген), to check for any frac-
tures.
2. He had to take ____(антибіотики) for a week to fight the infection.
3. She needed ____(вакцинація) before traveling to a foreign country.
4. The ____(хірургія) was successful, and he is now recovering well.
5. The nurse gave him an ____(ін'єкція) to relieve the pain.
6. He received ____(фізіотерапія) to help restore mobility in his injured
leg.
7. Her blood pressure was high, so she was put on ____(ліки) to control it.
8. She was scheduled for a ____(обстеження) to determine the cause of
her stomach pain.
9. His ____(прививка) for the flu is due next month.
10. The doctor recommended a ____(ультразвук) to examine her ab-
dominal area.

Exercise 8: Types of Medicines

Match the medicine type in Ukrainian with the correct sentence.
1. ____ - He took painkillers to ease his headache.
2. ____ - She was given a fever-reducing medication to bring down her
temperature.
3. ____ - He always carries antihistamines with him during allergy season.
4. ____ - The nurse applied an antiseptic to clean the wound.
5. ____ - She was prescribed a mild sedative to help with anxiety.
 6. ____ - He drank cough syrup to soothe his throat.
7. ____ - After the injury, she took pain-relief tablets.
8. ____ - She takes vitamins daily to boost her immune system.
9. ____ - The doctor recommended an ointment to treat the skin irritation.
10. ____ - After antibiotics, she took probiotics to restore her gut health.

Exercise 9: Common Illnesses

Choose the correct illness in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. He caught a ____(застуда) after walking in the rain without an umbrella.
2. ____(грип) often spreads during the winter months, causing fever and
fatigue.
3. She has a chronic condition called ____(астма), which makes it difficult
for her to breathe.
4. After a checkup, the doctor told him he had high ____(тиск) and should
avoid salty foods.
5. His ____(пневмонія) worsened, and he had to be hospitalized for treat-
ment.
6. The child was diagnosed with ____(вітрянка) after developing a rash all
over his body.
7. She suffers from ____(алергія) to pollen, which makes her sneeze and
have watery eyes.
8. ____(інфаркт) is a serious condition that requires immediate medical
attention.
9. The athlete was recovering from a torn ____(зв'язка) after his injury.
10. ____(діабет) requires careful management of blood sugar levels
through diet and medication.

Exercise 10: Hospital Departments and Medical Staff

Match the hospital department or medical staff role in Ukrainian to the cor-
rect description.
 1. ____ - This department provides general medical care to patients.
2. ____ - Patients come here when they need surgery or post-operative
care.
3. ____ - Patients with heart conditions are treated in this department.
4. ____ - This doctor specializes in the care of children.
5. ____ - A specialist who diagnoses and treats conditions related to the
nervous system.
6. ____ - This doctor treats diseases related to hormones and glands.
7. ____ - A doctor who provides emergency care in urgent situations.
8. ____ - This department specializes in imaging procedures such as X-rays
and MRIs.
9. ____ - A department where patients with cancer receive treatment.
10. ____ - This is where patients go when they require urgent medical
attention.
 LIFESTYLE

Exercise 1: Healthy Lifestyle Habits

Fill in the blanks with the correct word in Ukrainian.
1. Regular ____(фізичні вправи) can improve your overall health and re-
duce stress.
2. A balanced ____(харчування) with plenty of fruits and vegetables is key
to staying healthy.
3. Getting enough ____(сон) is essential for maintaining energy levels
throughout the day.
4. It's important to stay ____(гідратованим) by drinking plenty of water.
5. Walking and cycling are great forms of ____(кардіо тренування).
6. She prefers ____(органічна їжа) because it's free from chemicals and
additives.
7. Meditation helps her manage ____(стрес) and stay calm during difficult
times.
8. ____(Силові тренування) are important for building muscle and keep-
ing bones strong.
9. Avoiding ____(шкідливі звички) such as smoking and excessive alco-
hol consumption contributes to a healthy life.
10. ____(Розумове здоров'я) is as important as physical health, so it's
crucial to take care of both.

Exercise 2: Daily Routine

Complete the sentences with the appropriate phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Every morning, he starts his day with ____(пробіжка) around the park.
2. After breakfast, she spends 15 minutes on ____(медитація) to clear her
mind.
3. In the afternoon, it's important to have a short ____(перерва) to re-
charge.
 4. He usually plans his tasks in a ____(щоденник) to stay organized.
5. Drinking a glass of water before ____(сніданок) is part of her healthy
routine.
6. She makes sure to take regular ____(відпочинок) from screen time to
avoid eye strain.
7. ____(Розтяжка) exercises in the morning help improve flexibility.
8. He follows a strict ____(графік сну), going to bed and waking up at the
same time every day.
9. Including time for ____(читання) before bed helps him relax and un-
wind.
10. A productive ____(ранковий ритуал) sets the tone for the rest of
the day.

Exercise 3: Nutrition and Healthy Eating

Fill in the blanks with the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Eating ____(п'ять порцій фруктів і овочів) a day is recommended for a
healthy diet.
2. ____(Клітковина) is important for digestive health and is found in
whole grains and legumes.
3. She prefers cooking with ____(оливкова олія), which is a healthier op-
tion than butter.
4. Limiting the intake of ____(цукор) can help prevent weight gain and
improve energy levels.
5. ____(Білки) are essential for muscle repair and are found in meat, eggs,
and nuts.
6. Drinking ____(зелений чай) is a great way to stay hydrated and support
metabolism.
7. A ____(сніданок) rich in protein and fiber provides energy for the day
ahead.
 8. Reducing the amount of ____(солодкі напої) can help maintain a bal-
anced diet.
9. ____(Розмір порції) is important when trying to maintain or lose
weight.
10. Choosing ____(цільнозернові продукти) instead of refined grains
can improve long-term health.

Exercise 4: Exercise and Physical Activity (Фізична активність)

Choose the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. ____(Йога) helps improve flexibility and mental focus.
2. He enjoys ____(плавання) because it's a low-impact exercise that works
the whole body.
3. Running is a great form of ____(аеробні вправи), which boosts cardi-
ovascular health.
4. ____(Заняття на свіжому повітрі) are an excellent way to combine ex-
ercise with relaxation.
5. Lifting weights at the gym is part of his ____(тренування з опором).
6. She does ____(пілатес) twice a week to strengthen her core muscles.
7. ____(Силові тренування) help improve metabolism and build muscle
mass.
8. ____(Швидка ходьба) is a simple but effective way to stay active every
day.
9. ____(Кругові тренування) involve performing different exercises one
after another without rest.
10. ____(Розтяжка) after a workout helps to prevent injury and im-
prove flexibility.

Exercise 5: Mental Well-being and Relaxation

Complete the sentences with the appropriate term in Ukrainian.
 1. Practicing ____(усвідомленість) helps her stay calm and focused during
stressful moments.
2. Regular ____(медитація) improves mental clarity and reduces anxiety.
3. After a long day, taking a walk in ____(природа) helps her relax and
clear her mind.
4. ____(Час для себе) is crucial for maintaining mental and emotional bal-
ance.
5. She practices ____(глибоке дихання) exercises to manage stress and
anxiety.
6. Spending time with ____(близькі друзі) is a great way to improve mood
and reduce stress.
7. Listening to ____(заспокійлива музика) before bed helps promote bet-
ter sleep.
8. Engaging in creative hobbies, such as ____(малювання), is an excellent
way to unwind and relax.
9. Regular ____(сон) of 7-8 hours a night is essential for mental health and
overall well-being.
10. Taking a break from ____(соціальні мережі) can help reduce stress
and improve focus.
11.
Exercise 6: Healthy Sleep Habits
Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. It's important to avoid ____(екрани перед сном), as the blue light can
interfere with sleep.
2. ____(Регулярний графік сну) helps maintain energy and improve focus
throughout the day.
3. A quiet and dark ____(спальна кімната) promotes better sleep quality.
4. Drinking ____(зелений чай) in the evening can make it harder to fall
asleep.
 5. She prefers a ____(короткий денний сон) to recharge her energy in the
afternoon.
6. ____(Вісім годин сну) is recommended for most adults to feel rested
and alert.
7. Reading a book instead of scrolling on the phone is part of her
____(нічна рутина).
8. Avoiding ____(кофеїн) in the late afternoon helps her fall asleep faster.
9. Creating a calm atmosphere with ____(аромотерапія) can help reduce
stress before bedtime.
10. ____(Тепла ванна) before bed is a relaxing way to wind down.

Exercise 7: Work-Life Balance

Complete the sentences with the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Maintaining a healthy ____(баланс між роботою та відпочинком) is
crucial for mental well-being.
2. Taking regular ____(перерви) during work helps prevent burnout and
increases productivity.
3. She schedules time for ____(відпочинок) in the evening to relax and
recharge.
4. Avoiding ____(перевантаження роботою) on weekends helps her
maintain a balanced lifestyle.
5. He uses ____(планування часу) to ensure he has time for both work and
leisure activities.
6. ____(Фізична активність) during the day can help improve focus and
productivity at work.
7. She prefers to ____(медитувати) during her lunch break to relieve
stress.
8. ____(Робота з дому) has helped him balance his work responsibilities
with family time.
 9. He prioritizes ____(вільний час) to pursue hobbies and spend time with
loved ones.
10. Maintaining good ____(відносини з колегами) at work contributes
to a positive work-life balance.

Exercise 8: Healthy Eating and Cooking (Здорове харчування і

приготування їжі)
Choose the correct word in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. Preparing meals at home helps her control ____(калорії) and choose
healthier ingredients.
2. He enjoys making ____(зелені смузі) with spinach, kale, and fruits for
breakfast.
3. ____(Перекус) with nuts and fruits during the day helps keep her energy
levels stable.
4. Eating ____(повільно) and chewing thoroughly can improve digestion
and prevent overeating.
5. Including ____(корисні жири) like avocado and olive oil in the diet pro-
motes heart health.
6. ____(Збалансоване харчування) with the right amount of proteins, car-
bohydrates, and fats is key to staying healthy.
7. ____(Приготування на пару) is a healthy way to cook vegetables while
preserving nutrients.
8. Drinking ____(достатньо води) throughout the day is important for
overall health.
9. Avoiding ____(оброблені продукти) and opting for whole foods helps
reduce sugar and salt intake.
10. Eating ____(невеликі порції) throughout the day keeps her meta-
bolism active and balanced.

Exercise 9: Daily Fitness Routine (Щоденна фітнес-рутина)

 Match the sentence with the correct word in Ukrainian.
1. ____(Ранкова зарядка) helps wake up the body and prepare for the day
ahead.
2. He enjoys ____(йога) in the morning to stretch his muscles and calm his
mind.
3. ____(Кардіо тренування) like running and swimming are great for
maintaining heart health.
4. He goes to the gym for ____(силові тренування) to build muscle and
stay fit.
5. ____(Тренування вдома) has become popular as it saves time and is
convenient.
6. ____(Вечірня пробіжка) helps her unwind and relax after a long day at
work.
7. Incorporating ____(вправи на розтяжку) after a workout prevents injur-
ies and increases flexibility.
8. ____(Щоденні прогулянки) in the park help boost her mood and im-
prove cardiovascular health.
9. He uses ____(фітнес-додаток) to track his daily activity and monitor his
progress.
10. ____(Кругові тренування) are intense but effective in improving
strength and endurance.

Exercise 10: Relaxation Techniques (Методи релаксації)

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Practicing ____(глибоке дихання) can help reduce anxiety and stress
levels.
2. She often does ____(прогресивна м'язова релаксація) to relax her body
after a long day.
3. ____(Аромотерапія) with lavender helps create a calm atmosphere at
home.
 4. Spending time in ____(природа) is one of the best ways to relax and un-
wind.
5. Taking a break for ____(прогулянка на свіжому повітрі) during the
workday improves focus and mental clarity.
6. Listening to ____(спокійна музика) before bed helps her relax and fall
asleep faster.
7. ____(Медитація) for just 10 minutes a day helps clear her mind and re-
duce stress.
8. Doing ____(розтяжка) in the evening helps release tension in her
muscles.
9. ____(Ванна з сіллю) is a great way to soothe tired muscles and relax
after an intense workout.
10. ____(Хобі) such as knitting or painting helps her unwind and forget
about daily stress.
 REST AND LEISURE

Exercise 1: Leisure Time (Вільний час)

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. In his ____(вільний час), he enjoys reading detective novels.
2. Many people prefer to spend their ____(вихідні) outdoors, enjoying
nature.
3. ____(Відвідування музеїв) is one of her favorite leisure activities.
4. After a busy week, I like to ____(розслабитися) by watching a good
movie.
5. Playing ____(настільні ігри) with friends is a fun way to spend an even-
ing.
6. She uses her ____(вільні хвилини) to learn new languages.
7. ____(Прогулянки в парку) help her unwind and clear her mind.
8. Some people prefer to ____(займатися рукоділлям) in their free time,
creating handmade crafts.
9. He enjoys ____(спілкування) with friends at a café after work.
10. ____(Читання книг) is a great way to relax and gain knowledge at
the same time.

Exercise 2: Holidays and Vacations

Choose the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. They decided to spend their ____(літня відпустка) at the seaside this
year.
2. ____(Зимові канікули) are perfect for skiing and snowboarding enthusi-
asts.
3. He plans to go hiking during his ____(відпустка).
4. ____(Подорожі за кордон) have become more popular as people seek
new adventures.
 5. She enjoys ____(поїздки на природу) during her holidays to escape the
city noise.
6. During their ____(канікули), they visited historical sites and museums.
7. ____(Екскурсії) are a great way to explore new places while learning
about the culture.
8. For their next vacation, they are considering a ____(круїз) around the
Mediterranean.
9. ____(Кемпінг) in the mountains is a favorite activity for adventurous
families.
10. ____(Пляжний відпочинок) is ideal for those who enjoy sun-
bathing and swimming.

Exercise 3: Types of Leisure Activities

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrase in Ukrainian.
1. ____(Активний відпочинок) like hiking and cycling keeps you fit and
energetic.
2. She prefers ____(пасивний відпочинок) like watching movies or read-
ing a book.
3. Many people enjoy ____(екстримальні види спорту) such as rock
climbing or skydiving.
4. ____(Прогулянки на велосипеді) are a popular way to stay active and
enjoy the outdoors.
5. ____(Культурні заходи) such as going to the theater or attending con-
certs are great leisure activities.
6. ____(Заняття йогою) help maintain both physical and mental health.
7. For some, ____(риболовля) is the perfect way to relax by the water.
8. ____(Пікніки на природі) are a fun way to spend time with family and
friends.
9. ____(Заняття плаванням) at the local pool is her favorite way to stay
fit.
 10. ____(Марафони та забіги) have become popular among people
who enjoy challenging themselves physically.

Exercise 4: Hobbies and Interests

Match the hobby in Ukrainian with the correct sentence.
1. ____(Фотографія) - She loves taking photos of landscapes and nature
during her travels.
2. ____(Малювання) - In her free time, she creates beautiful sketches and
paintings.
3. ____(Гра на музичних інструментах) - He spends hours practicing the
guitar, which is his favorite instrument.
4. ____(Збирання колекцій) - He has a large collection of stamps from all
over the world.
5. ____(В'язання) - She enjoys knitting scarves and sweaters during the
winter months.
6. ____(Кулінарія) - She often tries new recipes and experiments with dif-
ferent cuisines.
7. ____(Вивчення мов) - Learning new languages is her hobby, and she
speaks three fluently.
8. ____(Моделювання) - He spends his weekends building detailed models
of cars and airplanes.
9. ____(Читання) - She reads several books a month, mostly fiction and
history.
10. ____(Письмо) - He enjoys writing short stories and is working on
his first novel.

Exercise 5: Entertainment and Active Rest

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Going to a ____(кінотеатр) is one of her favorite forms of entertain-
ment.
 2. ____(Концерти на відкритому повітрі) are popular in the summer, at-
tracting music fans from all over.
3. He enjoys going to ____(аквапарк) with his children on the weekends.
4. ____(Театральні вистави) are a great way to experience live perform-
ances.
5. Many people attend ____(фестивалі) to enjoy music, food, and cultural
activities.
6. ____(Лазертаг) and paintball are exciting games for those who love ac-
tion and strategy.
7. ____(Катання на роликах) in the park is a popular activity among both
children and adults.
8. ____(Картинг) is a fun, competitive sport for those who love racing.
9. ____(Походи в гори) are a popular activity for people who love nature
and challenges.
10. ____(Спортивні змагання) such as football matches or marathons
are a fun way to spend time with friends.

Exercise 6: Outdoor Activities

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. ____(Катання на ковзанах) is a popular winter activity in many coun-
tries.
2. ____(Поїздки на велосипедах) through the countryside are a great way
to explore nature.
3. Many people enjoy ____(плавання в озері) during the summer to cool
off.
4. ____(Прогулянки в горах) provide breathtaking views and a sense of
adventure.
5. She loves ____(спостереження за птахами) when she goes hiking in
the forest.
 6. ____(Сплав на байдарках) is an exciting way to explore rivers and
lakes.
7. ____(Катання на сноуборді) is his favorite winter sport, especially in
the Alps.
8. ____(Пікніки на природі) are a great way to spend time with family and
enjoy the outdoors.
9. ____(Спортивні ігри на пляжі) like volleyball and soccer are common
during summer vacations.
10. ____(Фотографування природи) helps her relax and connect with
the environment.

Exercise 7: Cultural Leisure

Match the activity in Ukrainian with the correct sentence.
Відвідування театру She enjoys going to the theater to watch
live performances.
Концерт класичної музики They attended an art exhibition featuring
local painters.
Виставки мистецтва Attending an opera is a great way to exper-
ience both music and theater.
Балет They had a great time watching an outdoor
movie under the stars.
Опера He went to a symphony orchestra concert
last weekend.
Відвідування музеїв The theme park offers both thrilling rides
and cultural entertainment.
Кінопоказ під відкритим небом The ballet performance left the audience
mesmerized by the dancers' grace.
Фестивалі народного Music festivals bring together different
мистецтва genres and artists for live performances.
Тематичні парки Folk art festivals showcase traditional
crafts and performances.
Музичні фестивалі Visiting museums allows her to learn about
history and culture.

Exercise 8: Creative Hobbies

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate hobby.
 1. ____ helps her express her emotions through colors and shapes.
2. ____ with clay is a great way to create unique sculptures and objects.
3. He enjoys ____, capturing beautiful landscapes during his travels.
4. ____helps him relax and develop his musical skills.
5. ____ is a popular hobby, especially for making gifts and decorations.
6. She spends hours ____, which she later shares with friends.
7. ____ allow her to stay active and express herself through movement.
8. ____ has become his new passion, and he often posts his work online.
9. ____ is a creative hobby that helps develop focus and fine motor skills.
10. ____ is something he practices every evening to improve his tech-
nique.

Exercise 9: Relaxation and Fun

Complete the sentences with the correct phrase.
1. ____ is her favorite way to unwind after a long day.
2. ____ is a perfect way to relax and pamper yourself.
3. He likes to spend his weekends ____ on Netflix.
4. ____ helps her de-stress and clear her mind.
5. ____ challenges his mind and helps improve his strategic thinking.
6. ____ is his favorite way to relax after finishing his homework.
7. They enjoy ____ with friends every Saturday evening.
8. ____ with family during the holidays brings everyone together for fun.
9. She often practices ____ as a form of creative relaxation.
10. ____ with roller coasters and rides is always an exciting experience.

Exercise 10: Sports and Physical Activities (Спорт і фізична

активність)
Choose the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. ____ is a great way to combine physical exercise with mental relaxation.
2. He enjoys ____ with his local team on weekends.
 3. ____is an excellent full-body workout that helps improve endurance.
4. ____ is part of her daily fitness routine.
5. ____ through the city helps him stay fit and reduce stress.
6. ____ is a popular winter sport that requires balance and coordination.
7. ____is a great way to stay active and develop agility.
8. ____ has become his favorite place to build muscle and improve
strength.
9. She prefers ____ in the morning to start her day energized.
10. ____on the beach is a fun and competitive sport with friends during the
summer.
 CINEMA, THEATRE
Exercise 1: Types and Genres of Art
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate type or genre of art in Ukrain-
ian.
1. ____(Кінематограф) is often considered the most accessible form of
modern art.
2. ____(Модернізм) introduced new ways of seeing and thinking about art.
3. ____(Абстракціонізм) challenges traditional forms by emphasizing
shapes, colors, and forms rather than realistic depictions.
4. ____(Театральне мистецтво) allows actors to portray stories and emo-
tions on stage in front of an audience.
5. ____(Імпресіонізм) captures the feeling or experience of a moment, of-
ten through light and color.
6. ____(Музичне мистецтво) can evoke deep emotions through melody,
harmony, and rhythm.
7. ____(Скульптура) involves creating three-dimensional works, often
from materials like stone, metal, or clay.
8. ____(Авангард) often experiments with unconventional forms and tech-
niques, breaking traditional boundaries.
9. ____(Фотографія) is both an art and a tool for capturing moments in
time.
10. ____(Живопис) remains one of the oldest and most celebrated
forms of visual expression.

Exercise 2: The Impact of Art on Personal Development

Match the sentence with the correct word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Exposure to ____ helps develop a sense of beauty and appreciation for
visual details.
2. Learning about ____ gives insight into how art evolves over time.
 3. ____(Естетичне виховання) through art helps individuals refine their
tastes and judgment of beauty.
4. By attending ____(театральні вистави), people can experience different
emotions and perspectives.
5. Art education encourages ____(креативність) and helps people think
outside the box.
6. ____(Сприйняття живопису) allows us to explore visual narratives and
emotional depth.
7. Studying ____(історія мистецтва) provides an understanding of cultural
and historical contexts of artworks.
8. Engaging with ____(сучасне мистецтво) can challenge our perceptions
and provoke deep thought.
9. Art fosters ____(емпатія), as it helps us relate to others' experiences and
emotions.
10. ____(Розвиток естетичних смаків) through art allows people to
appreciate beauty in their surroundings.

Exercise 3: Art Festivals and Events

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Many cities host ____(фестивалі мистецтв), where various forms of art
are displayed and celebrated.
2. ____(Кінофестивалі) provide a platform for filmmakers to showcase
their work and share ideas.
3. At ____(музичні фестивалі), artists from different genres perform for
live audiences.
4. ____(Фестиваль сучасного мистецтва) often features cutting-edge
works that challenge traditional norms.
5. Attending a ____(театральний фестиваль) allows visitors to enjoy a
variety of performances in one place.
 6. ____(Виставка живопису) gives people the chance to see a wide range
of paintings in person.
7. ____(Перфоманс) as a form of art is often presented during festivals,
involving audience interaction.
8. ____(Фотографічні виставки) allow people to see unique and inspiring
images captured by photographers.
9. ____(Міжнародні фестивалі) draw attention from around the world,
creating a global artistic community.
10. Visiting an ____(фестиваль народного мистецтва) offers a
glimpse into traditional crafts and cultural heritage.

Exercise 4: Cinema, Theater, Painting, and Television

Choose the correct word in Ukrainian to complete the sentences.
1. Watching ____(кіно) allows viewers to experience storytelling through
visuals and sound.
2. Going to the ____(театр) is a great way to see live performances of dra-
mas and comedies.
3. ____(Живопис) allows artists to express their feelings, thoughts, and
perspectives on canvas.
4. ____(Телебачення) has the power to inform, entertain, and influence
public opinion through visual media.
5. He prefers ____(документальні фільми) because they provide real-
world insights and knowledge.
6. Attending ____(оперні вистави) is a unique experience combining mu-
sic, acting, and visual art.
7. ____(Серіали) on television often explore complex characters and long-
term storytelling.
8. ____(Історичний живопис) depicts important moments in history
through detailed artworks.
 9. ____(Кіноіндустрія) has become a global phenomenon, producing films
that reach millions of people.
10. ____(Мюзикли) combine music, acting, and choreography to tell
engaging and lively stories.

Exercise 5: Visiting Art Institutions for Self-Education

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. Visiting an ____(музей) is a great way to learn about art history and
famous artists.
2. ____(Художні галереї) provide a space to view and appreciate contem-
porary and classic artwork.
3. Attending ____(лекції з мистецтва) can help deepen your understand-
ing of various art forms.
4. She enjoys ____(екскурсії по музеям), where she can learn about dif-
ferent periods of art.
5. ____(Мистецькі студії) offer classes and workshops for people inter-
ested in improving their creative skills.
6. Participating in ____(майстер-класи з живопису) helps develop prac-
tical painting techniques.
7. ____(Відвідування виставок) allows for exposure to new ideas and
emerging artists.
8. ____(Самоосвіта через мистецтво) encourages people to explore their
interests in a self-directed way.
9. ____(Кураторські екскурсії) provide guided insights into the meaning
and background of exhibited works.
10. The ____(бібліотеки мистецтва) are great resources for anyone
interested in studying the theory and practice of art.
 Exercise 6: Emotions and Impressions from Art
Fill in the blanks with the correct word in Ukrainian.
1. The painting evoked a deep sense of ____(спокій) and tranquility in the
viewers.
2. The audience was left ____(зачарований) by the powerful performance
of the lead actor.
3. The sculpture in the gallery inspired feelings of ____(велич) and awe.
4. Many people find ____(натхнення) from modern art exhibitions to be
very motivating.
5. Her first visit to the opera house filled her with ____(захват) and excite-
ment.
6. The abstract artwork stirred a sense of ____(замішання) and curiosity in
the observers.
7. The film left a lasting ____(враження), as it addressed important social
issues.
8. ____(Подив) was the first reaction when she saw the massive, intricate
installation piece.
9. After the concert, the audience was in a state of ____(радість) and cel-
ebration.
10. The play brought tears to the eyes of many, filling the room with
____(сум) and empathy.

Exercise 7: Visiting Art Institutions

Complete the sentences with the appropriate word or phrase in Ukrainian.
1. She enjoys visiting ____(картинні галереї) to see new exhibitions from
contemporary artists.
2. The ____(театральний зал) was fully booked for the latest Shakespeare
play.
 3. They attended a ____(мистецька студія) to learn basic painting tech-
niques.
4. The ____(музей сучасного мистецтва) hosts collections from famous
international artists.
5. ____(Відвідування кінотеатру) is a regular weekend activity for many
families.
6. He enjoys ____(екскурсії по виставкам) to learn more about the history
and significance of the artworks.
7. She attended a ____(майстер-клас з гончарства) to explore her creative
side.
8. The ____(експозиції) in this gallery change every few months, bringing
fresh perspectives.
9. ____(Арт-клуби) often host discussions and film screenings for art en-
thusiasts.
10. ____(Кураторські екскурсії) offer in-depth analysis of the themes
and ideas behind the art displayed.

Exercise 8: Art Forms and Media

Match the art form or medium in Ukrainian to the correct sentence.
1. ____(Живопис) - This gallery specializes in displaying works of oil and
acrylic painting.
2. ____(Кіно) - Cinema is considered both an art form and a powerful me-
dium of storytelling.
3. ____(Графіка) - She is studying graphic design and enjoys experiment-
ing with digital tools.
4. ____(Скульптура) - The museum's collection includes classical marble
sculptures as well as modern abstract forms.
5. ____(Фотографія) - Photography allows people to capture and share
moments from everyday life.
 6. ____(Театр) - Theater productions often combine acting, music, and
stage design to tell a story.
7. ____(Перфоманс) - Performance art involves live actions performed in
front of an audience, often with interactive elements.
8. ____(Кераміка) - Ceramic art involves creating functional or decorative
objects out of clay.
9. ____(Архітектура) - Architecture is considered both an art and a science
of designing buildings and structures.
10. ____(Графіті) - Street art and graffiti have become recognized as
important modern art forms.

Exercise 9: Art Festivals (Мистецькі фестивалі)

Fill in the blanks with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. The ____(фестиваль кіно) featured films from emerging directors
around the world.
2. ____(Фестиваль сучасного танцю) attracted performers from different
countries to showcase their unique styles.
3. Many art lovers attend the ____(міжнародний арт-форум) to explore
new trends and network with artists.
4. The city hosted a ____(музичний фестиваль), bringing together jazz,
classical, and rock musicians.
5. At the ____(театральний фестиваль), visitors could watch perform-
ances from different theater troupes.
6. The annual ____(арт-бієнале) featured cutting-edge works from both
established and emerging artists.
7. A ____(фестиваль графічного мистецтва) displayed posters, digital art,
and graphic novels.
8. ____(Фестиваль вуличного мистецтва) allowed artists to create murals
and graffiti live in front of spectators.
 9. She attended a ____(міжнародний фестиваль живопису), where artists
from different countries displayed their work.
10. The ____(молодіжний арт-фестиваль) encouraged young artists to
exhibit their talent in a supportive environment.

Exercise 10: Cinema, Theater, and Television (Кіно, театр,

телебачення)
Complete the sentences with the correct phrase in Ukrainian.
1. ____(Дивитися фільми) is one of the most popular forms of entertain-
ment around the world.
2. He enjoys ____(перегляд телешоу) in the evenings to relax after a long
day at work.
3. ____(Гра в театрі) allows actors to develop their skills and connect with
the audience.
4. The ____(телевізійна індустрія) produces content that reaches millions
of people every day.
5. ____(Кіноіндустрія) in Hollywood is known for creating blockbuster
films and movie stars.
6. ____(Акторська гра) is a crucial part of both theater and film, convey-
ing the emotions and story to the audience.
7. ____(Режисура) involves managing the creative aspects of films and
television shows.
8. ____(Сценічні декорації) and lighting in the theater can greatly enhance
the overall impact of a performance.
9. ____(Показ документальних фільмів) at the festival raised awareness
about global environmental issues.
10. ____(Пряма трансляція концертів) on television allows audiences
to experience live events from their homes.
 TELEVISION
Exercise 1: Genres of Films, Plays, and TV Shows (Gap-fill)
Complete the sentences with the correct genre.
1. A movie about futuristic space exploration is usually classified as
_______________.
2. A _______________ film often involves mysterious crimes and detect-
ives.
3. A _______________ play is designed to make the audience laugh.
4. A _______________ movie features historical events with a fictional
storyline.
5. A _______________ TV show focuses on scientific experiments and
real discoveries.
6. A _______________ film often contains magic, mythical creatures, and
fantastical worlds.
7. A _______________ is a type of drama that focuses on emotional and
tragic events.
8. A _______________ show presents real-life scenarios and may involve
participants or the public.
9. _______________ movies often include action-packed scenes and heroic
characters.
10. A _______________ show presents a humorous look at everyday
situations, often featuring a laugh track.

Exercise 2: Visiting the Theatre or Cinema (Sentence Transformation)

Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.
1. We enjoyed the new action movie at the cinema. (watched)
2. Before the play started, we admired the theatre's architecture. (while)
3. He asked for tickets to tonight’s performance. (requested)
4. It’s important to switch off your phone during the performance. (should)
 5. The seats in the front row gave us an excellent view. (provided)
6. My friend invited me to see the musical this weekend. (asked)
7. We bought the tickets online to avoid queues at the cinema. (purchased)
8. I found the movie to be incredibly entertaining. (thought)
9. The theatre was almost empty when we arrived. (few)
10. The actor’s performance in the play was breathtaking. (played)

Exercise 3: Interior Elements of Theatres and Cinemas (Multiple

Choice)
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.
1. The ____________ in the theatre was elaborately decorated with chan-
deliers and red velvet curtains.
o a) lobby
o b) stage
o c) wardrobe
2. The ____________ in the cinema were comfortable and spacious, allow-
ing us to relax.
o a) balcony
o b) seats
o c) curtain
3. The ____________ is where the actors prepare before going on stage.
o a) dressing room
o b) foyer
o c) balcony
4. We sat in the ____________ to get a better view of the stage.
o a) orchestra pit
o b) mezzanine
o c) balcony
 5. The ____________ separates the audience from the stage and is lifted
before the performance starts.
o a) curtain
o b) set
o c) prop
6. In cinemas, the ____________ is where you can buy snacks and drinks
before the film starts.
o a) box office
o b) concession stand
o c) stage
7. The ____________ showed us to our seats with a flashlight.
o a) manager
o b) usher
o c) director
8. The ____________ in the theatre gave us a clear view of the actors’ ex-
pressions.
o a) lighting
o b) set design
o c) costumes
9. In older theatres, the ____________ is often beautifully designed and
located above the audience seating.
o a) gallery
o b) lobby
o c) backstage
10. The actors made their final bow as the ____________ fell at the end
of the performance.
o a) stage
o b) curtain
o c) spotlight
 Exercise 4: Describing Films, Plays, and TV Shows (Word Formation)
Use the word in brackets to form the correct word to complete the sentence.
1. The _______________ of the film was so impressive that it won several
awards. (direct)
2. The plot of the TV series was so _______________ that I watched all
episodes in one day. (captivate)
3. The main _______________ in the movie had a complex personality.
(character)
4. The costumes and scenery were incredibly _______________ and de-
tailed. (impress)
5. It was a highly _______________ performance, leaving the audience in
tears. (emotion)
6. The _______________ in the play showed great passion and skill. (act)
7. The show’s _______________ was filled with suspense and twists. (nar-
rate)
8. The _______________ effects in the movie added realism to the action
scenes. (visual)
9. The actor received a standing ovation for his _______________ por-
trayal of the character. (remark)
10. The theatre's _______________ was impeccable, creating an im-
mersive experience. (design)

Exercise 5: Famous Actors and Their Roles (Matching)

Match the actor with their famous role.
Leonardo DiCaprio Tony Stark in Iron Man
Meryl Streep Harry in Harry Potter
Robert Downey Jr. Miranda in The Devil Wears Prada
Emma Watson Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Carib-
bean
Daniel Radcliffe Jack in Titanic
 Keira Knightley Hermione in Harry Potter
Johnny Depp Nina in Black Swan
Natalie Portman Bruce Wayne in The Dark Knight
Christian Bale Galadriel in The Lord of the Rings
Cate Blanchett Elizabeth in Pirates of the Caribbean

Exercise 6: Describing Movie Scenes

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to films,
theatre, and television.
1. The final ______________ of the movie was so emotional that many
people in the audience cried.
2. The actor's ______________ was praised by critics for its depth and
realism.
3. The ______________ of the theatre opened with a slow instrumental
melody to set the mood.
4. In the TV show, the ______________ between the two main characters
was full of tension.
5. The ______________ of the film was based on a true story, which made
it even more engaging.
6. The director used ______________ to make the scene look as though it
was filmed at night.
7. The ______________ in the play helped establish the historical setting.
8. The movie's ______________ sequence featured stunning aerial shots of
the city.
9. The play ended with a dramatic ______________ that left the audience
in suspense.
10. The ______________ of the TV show has kept viewers on the edge
of their seats for several seasons.
 Exercise 7: Identifying Film/TV Genres (Matching)
Match the description with the correct film or TV show genre.
Thriller A genre where characters find themselves in mysteri-
ous, often dangerous situations, trying to solve crimes
or uncover hidden truths.
Reality TV A genre that portrays emotional and dramatic events,
often involving family or personal struggles.
Science Fiction A genre where the action revolves around futuristic
technology, space exploration, or extraterrestrial life.
Drama A genre that involves the main characters being in
love, with the plot focusing on their relationship.
Historical A genre that aims to scare the audience, often featur-
ing supernatural elements or dangerous situations.
Comedy A genre that involves lots of excitement, often with
fast-paced events and physical stunts.
Horror A genre that focuses on humorous situations, often
exaggerated for comedic effect.
Romance A genre that is set in the past, often involving real or
imagined historical events.
Musical A genre where the audience watches real people and
events unfold, often with a focus on entertainment
rather than education.
Action A genre that combines music, singing, and dancing as
a key part of the storytelling.
 Exercise 8: Actors and Their Achievements
Choose the correct answer.
1. _______________ won an Academy Award for her performance in
Black Swan.
o a) Natalie Portman
o b) Meryl Streep
o c) Cate Blanchett
2. _______________ is best known for his role as Iron Man in the Marvel
Cinematic Universe.
o a) Robert Downey Jr.
o b) Chris Evans
o c) Tom Hiddleston
3. _______________ played the role of Jack in the iconic movie Titanic.
o a) Brad Pitt
o b) Leonardo DiCaprio
o c) Matt Damon
4. _______________ starred as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film
series.
o a) Emma Stone
o b) Emma Watson
o c) Jennifer Lawrence
5. _______________ is famous for his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in Pir-
ates of the Caribbean.
o a) Johnny Depp
o b) Orlando Bloom
o c) Hugh Jackman
6. _______________ received critical acclaim for her performance as Mar-
garet Thatcher in The Iron Lady.
o a) Meryl Streep
o b) Nicole Kidman
 o c) Judi Dench
7. _______________ played Bruce Wayne in The Dark Knight trilogy.
o a) Christian Bale
o b) Ben Affleck
o c) George Clooney
8. _______________ starred in La La Land and won an Academy Award
for Best Actress.
o a) Emma Stone
o b) Anne Hathaway
o c) Reese Witherspoon
9. _______________ portrayed Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings
trilogy.
o a) Daniel Radcliffe
o b) Elijah Wood
o c) Orlando Bloom
10. _______________ played the role of Queen Elizabeth II in the Net-
flix series The Crown.
o a) Claire Foy
o b) Olivia Colman
o c) Helena Bonham Carter

Exercise 9: Understanding Film and TV Production

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms related to film and TV
production.
1. The ______________ is responsible for overseeing all creative aspects
of the film.
2. The ______________ writes the script, developing the dialogue and
storyline.
3. During the ______________, actors are filmed performing their scenes.
 4. The ______________ team is responsible for building the sets and creat-
ing the props.
5. The ______________ manages the visual aspect of the film, including
camera angles and lighting.
6. After shooting, the film goes into ______________, where scenes are
edited and special effects are added.
7. The ______________ is in charge of casting actors and managing their
schedules.
8. The ______________ records sound on set, including dialogue and
background noise.
9. The ______________ team creates the costumes worn by the actors in
the film.
10. During post-production, a ______________ is created to promote
the film before its release.

Exercise 10: Famous Quotes from Films (Matching)

Match the famous movie quote with the film it comes from.
"I'm the king of the world!" Casablanca
"May the Force be with you." The Dark Knight
"You can't handle the truth!" Finding Nemo
"Here's looking at you, kid." Star Wars
"I'll be back." Taxi Driver
"Why so serious?" Titanic
"Just keep swimming." Forrest Gump
"You talking to me?" The Wizard of Oz
"Life is like a box of chocolates." A Few Good Men
"There's no place like home." The Terminator
 PAINTING

Exercise 1: Genres of Painting (Matching)

Match the genre of painting to its description.

1. _______________ — A genre that captures everyday life scenes, often

featuring people engaged in ordinary activities.
2. _______________ — A genre that focuses on creating detailed images
of natural landscapes.
3. _______________ — A genre depicting scenes from the Bible or mytho-
logy.
4. _______________ — A genre where the artist paints a person, focusing
on facial expressions and emotions.
5. _______________ — A genre known for abstract, non-realistic forms
and use of color and shapes.
6. _______________ — A genre that portrays inanimate objects such as
flowers, fruit, or household items.
7. _______________ — A genre focusing on large-scale events, wars, or
significant historical moments.
8. _______________ — A genre featuring artistic interpretations of anim-
als, often in their natural habitat.
9. _______________ — A genre involving outdoor painting sessions to
capture natural light and weather conditions.
10. _______________ — A genre that focuses on the artistic expression of
intense emotions, using vibrant colors and dynamic brushstrokes.

Exercise 2: Famous Artists and Their Works

Choose the correct answer.

1. _______________ painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

 - a) Leonardo da Vinci
- b) Michelangelo
- c) Raphael

2. _______________ is known for his Starry Night and Sunflowers paint-

ings.
- a) Claude Monet
- b) Vincent van Gogh
- c) Pablo Picasso

3. _______________ painted The Persistence of Memory, featuring melting

clocks.
- a) Salvador Dalí
- b) Edvard Munch
- c) René Magritte

4. _______________ is famous for his impressionist works, including Wa-

ter Lilies.
- a) Vincent van Gogh
- b) Claude Monet
- c) Édouard Manet

5. _______________ is well-known for painting abstract compositions

such as Composition VIII.
- a) Wassily Kandinsky
- b) Kazimir Malevich
- c) Piet Mondrian

6. _______________ created the iconic Guernica in response to the Span-

ish Civil War.
 - a) Pablo Picasso
- b) Joan Miró
- c) Diego Rivera

7. _______________ is celebrated for her self-portraits, including The Two

Fridas.
- a) Frida Kahlo
- b) Georgia O'Keeffe
- c) Tamara de Lempicka

8. _______________ is the artist behind The Scream, a masterpiece of

modern expressionism.
- a) Edvard Munch
- b) Gustav Klimt
- c) Paul Gauguin

9. _______________ painted the famous Girl with a Pearl Earring.

- a) Johannes Vermeer
- b) Rembrandt van Rijn
- c) Peter Paul Rubens

10. _______________ is known for his baroque paintings such as The

Night Watch.
- a) Rembrandt van Rijn
- b) Peter Paul Rubens
- c) Caravaggio
 Exercise 3: Describing Paintings
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to describe paintings.

1. The artist uses vibrant _______________ to express the intensity of

emotions in the scene.
2. The _______________ of the painting is a woman standing in front of a
window, gazing out at the sea.
3. The _______________ is mostly focused on the use of light and shadow
to create a realistic effect.
4. In the _______________ of the painting, there is a tree that symbolizes
life and growth.
5. The brushstrokes are bold and _______________, giving the painting a
sense of movement.
6. The _______________ style in this painting reflects the artist’s abstract
approach to art.
7. The color palette is _______________, using only shades of blue and
green to evoke a calm feeling.
8. The artist has paid great attention to _______________, particularly in
the intricate details of the clothing.
9. The _______________ is captured from a low angle, making the subject
look powerful and imposing.
10. The _______________ in this portrait reveals the subject's inner
thoughts and emotions.

Exercise 4: Visiting Museums, Exhibitions, or Galleries

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to visiting mu-
seums, exhibitions, or galleries.

1. We visited the _______________ to view the new collection of contem-

porary art.
 2. The _______________ at the entrance gave us a brochure with informa-
tion about the paintings.
3. The _______________ exhibition featured works from both classical and
modern artists.
4. I attended an art _______________ last weekend, where I saw some
beautiful landscape paintings.
5. The museum had a special _______________ of Renaissance art, with
works from famous Italian painters.
6. The _______________ explained the symbolism behind the painting
during the tour.
7. After the exhibition, we went to the museum’s _______________ to buy
some postcards of the paintings.
8. The art _______________ featured a wide variety of sculptures, installa-
tions, and paintings.
9. I found the _______________ particularly interesting, especially the
artist’s use of color and texture.
10. Visiting art galleries is a great way to _______________ new artists
and learn about different painting styles.

Exercise 5: Describing a Visit to an Art Gallery

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. We looked closely at the brushstrokes in the painting. (examined)
2. The gallery exhibited a range of works by contemporary artists. (dis-
played)
3. The museum guide gave a detailed explanation of the painting’s history.
(provided)
4. The visitors admired the realistic portrayal of light in the landscape. (ap-
preciated)
5. The exhibition includes works by many renowned painters. (features)
 6. We bought a ticket to see the new exhibition of Impressionist works.
(purchased)
7. The artist’s use of bright colors made the painting stand out. (enhanced)
8. The visitors were fascinated by the collection of abstract paintings. (cap-
tivated)
9. The gallery offered free tours of the special exhibition. (provided)
10. I spent the afternoon enjoying the art at the local museum. (visiting)

Exercise 6: Artists and Their Masterpieces (Matching)

Match the famous artist to their masterpiece.
Pablo Picasso Starry Night
Leonardo da Vinci Guernica
Frida Kahlo Girl with a Pearl Earring
Rembrandt The Kiss
Claude Monet The Persistence of Memory
Gustav Klimt The Scream
Edvard Munch Water Lilies
Salvador Dalí The Night Watch
Vincent van Gogh The Last Supper
Johannes Vermeer The Two Fridas

Exercise 7: Describing Art Styles

Use the word in brackets to form the correct word.

1. The painting reflects the artist’s _______________ style, characterized

by dream-like scenes. (surreal)
2. _______________ in this landscape are incredibly detailed, showing the
artist's technical skill. (detail)
3. The _______________ movement focused on capturing light and natural
scenes. (impress)
 4. His use of vibrant colors gives the painting a very _______________
feeling. (emotion)
5. This portrait is an example of _______________ art, where the artist at-
tempts to depict real people. (real)
6. The painting is filled with _______________ symbols, adding layers of
meaning. (mystery)
7. The artist's use of geometric shapes is typical of _______________ art.
(abstract)
8. The _______________ of this painting was influenced by the Renais-
sance. (compose)
9. Many consider Picasso's work to be the epitome of _______________
art. (modern)
10. The artist’s brushwork is very _______________, creating a soft, fluid
effect. (express)

Exercise 8: Describing Paintings

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. The painting captures the moment perfectly with its use of light and
shadow. (depicts)
2. The colors in the painting create a calm and peaceful atmosphere. (gener-
ate)
3. The artist’s technique allows the subject to look almost three-dimen-
sional. (gives)
4. The detailed brushstrokes highlight the artist's talent. (emphasize)
5. The landscape painting makes me feel as if I am standing in the middle
of the scene. (creates)
6. The abstract shapes in the painting suggest an emotion rather than a spe-
cific object. (represent)
7. The artist has used contrasting colors to make the subject stand out. (util-
ized)
 8. The portrait reflects the subject’s personality through subtle details. (re-
veals)
9. The museum featured an exhibition of the artist’s early works. (show-
cased)
10. The painting evokes a feeling of nostalgia and longing. (brings)

Exercise 9: Visiting a Museum or Art Gallery (Gap-fill)

Complete the sentences with the appropriate words.
1. We visited the new _______________ that featured works by contem-
porary artists.
2. The _______________ explained the historical significance of the paint-
ings on display.
3. The gallery offered a free _______________ to introduce visitors to the
collection.
4. I was particularly interested in the _______________ of the abstract art
section.
5. The _______________ included famous masterpieces from the 18th and
19th centuries.
6. Visitors were encouraged to take part in an interactive _______________
on modern art.
7. The museum’s _______________ was filled with sculptures, paintings,
and multimedia works.
8. We had the chance to _______________ several rare pieces from the
Renaissance period.
9. The _______________ provided detailed information about the artist’s
technique and style.
10. After touring the gallery, we bought some art books from the museum’s
_______________.
 Exercise 10: Art Movements and Their Characteristics (Matching)
Match the art movement to its characteristic.
Impressionism Uses geometric shapes to depict subjects from mul-
tiple perspectives.
Surrealism Focuses on classical subjects, harmony, and realistic
human forms.
Cubism Depicts non-representational forms, focusing on
shapes, colors, and patterns.
Expressionism Features bold, bright colors and draws on popular
culture and mass media.
Renaissance Features dream-like scenes and unexpected juxtapos-
itions.
Abstract Art Aims to depict subjects as they are, without idealiza-
tion.
Baroque Emphasizes the artist’s emotional experience through
distorted forms and vibrant colors.
Pop Art Characterized by the use of bold, non-naturalistic
colors and painterly brushstrokes.
Realism Known for its dramatic use of light, shadow, and
movement.
Fauvism Focuses on capturing light and natural scenes with
visible brushstrokes.
 MUSIC

Exercise 1: Musical Styles and Genres

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate music genre or style.

1. _______________ is a music genre that originated in the African Amer-

ican communities, characterized by strong rhythms and bluesy tones.
2. _______________ is known for its fast tempos, distorted guitars, and
aggressive vocals.
3. _______________ is a classical music genre known for large-scale sym-
phonies and complex compositions.
4. _______________ is a genre of music that combines elements of rhythm
and blues with electronic beats.
5. _______________ is a genre that includes rhythmic and rhyming speech,
often called rapping.
6. _______________ music originated in Jamaica and is characterized by
offbeat rhythms and socially conscious lyrics.
7. _______________ is a type of traditional music from the southern
United States that includes elements of folk and blues.
8. _______________ is an electronic music genre that is often played at
dance clubs and festivals.
9. _______________ music typically includes a large orchestra and is com-
posed for operas, ballets, and concert halls.
10. _______________ combines acoustic and electronic instruments to cre-
ate soothing, ambient soundscapes.

Exercise 2: Musical Instruments (Matching)

Match the musical instrument to its description.
1. _______________ string instrument commonly used in rock, jazz, and
classical music.
 2. _______________a keyboard instrument with black and white keys,
used in many genres.
3. _______________a string instrument that is played with a bow and often
found in orchestras.
4. _______________a percussion instrument that keeps rhythm in most
music genres.
5. _______________a woodwind instrument that produces sound by blow-
ing air across an opening.
6. _______________a brass instrument that plays high-pitched notes, often
used in jazz and classical music.
7. _______________a woodwind instrument known for its use in jazz mu-
sic.
8. _______________a large string instrument that produces deep, rich
sounds in orchestras.
9. _______________a large string instrument played by plucking strings,
often used in classical music.
10. _______________a woodwind instrument with a single-reed mouth-
piece, often found in orchestras and jazz bands.

Exercise 3: Famous Musicians, Composers, and Performers

Choose the correct answer.
1. _______________ is known for composing nine symphonies, including
the famous Ode to Joy.
- a) Ludwig van Beethoven
b) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
c) Johann Sebastian Bach
2. _______________ is a famous rock band that performed the song Bo-
hemian Rhapsody.
a) The Beatles
 b) Queen
c) Led Zeppelin
3. _______________ is one of the most famous pop singers of the 21st cen-
tury, known for hits like Bad Romance.
a) Taylor Swift
b) Lady Gaga
c) Beyoncé
4. _______________ is regarded as one of the greatest classical composers,
known for works like The Magic Flute.
a) Ludwig van Beethoven
b) Johann Sebastian Bach
c) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
5. _______________ is a jazz musician famous for playing the trumpet and
singing songs like What a Wonderful World.
a) Louis Armstrong
b) Miles Davis
c) Duke Ellington
6. _______________ is an iconic British rock band known for songs like
Hey Jude and Let It Be.
a) The Rolling Stones
b) The Beatles
c) The Who
7. _______________ is a classical composer known for his Four Seasons.
a) Antonio Vivaldi
b) George Frideric Handel
c) Johann Strauss
8. _______________ is one of the best-selling female artists in country mu-
sic, known for You Belong With Me.
a) Taylor Swift
b) Dolly Parton
 c) Shania Twain
9. _______________ is a famous rock guitarist known for his skill and in-
novative style in Purple Haze.
a) Jimi Hendrix
b) Eric Clapton
c) Carlos Santana
10. _______________ is a famous opera singer renowned for her soprano
performances.
a) Maria Callas
b) Renée Fleming
c) Cecilia Bartoli

Exercise 4: Describing a Concert

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.
1. The band played an amazing set at the concert last night. (performed)
2. We were lucky to get front-row seats at the music festival. (fortunate)
3. The guitarist’s solo was the highlight of the performance. (best part)
4. The crowd was excited as the singer came on stage. (thrilled)
5. The concert hall was filled with energy during the encore. (atmosphere)
6. I could hear every note clearly thanks to the excellent sound system.
(perfectly)
7. The orchestra played a beautiful symphony that moved the audience.
(performed)
8. The lead singer interacted with the audience during the entire show. (en-
gaged)
9. The band played for two hours without taking a break. (continuous)
10. The pianist received a standing ovation after his performance. (ap-
plause)
 Exercise 5: Visiting a Concert (Gap-fill)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to visiting a concert.
1. We bought our _______________ for the concert a month in advance to
get good seats.
2. The _______________ was packed with fans waiting for the band to per-
form.
3. The _______________ performed a mix of their classic hits and new
songs during the concert.
4. The _______________ was so loud that the entire audience could feel
the bass in their chests.
5. The lead singer thanked the _______________ for their support and ded-
ication throughout the years.
6. The concert took place at an open-air _______________, which made
the experience even more enjoyable.
7. The band played an _______________ performance that lasted over two
hours.
8. After the concert, we bought some _______________ from the band’s
merchandise stand as a souvenir.
9. The audience asked for an _______________ at the end of the concert,
and the band played two more songs.
10. We stood in the front row, right next to the _______________, where
we could see the musicians up close.

Exercise 6: Musical Instruments

Fill in the blanks with the correct musical instrument.

1. The _______________ is a string instrument that is played with a bow

and is often used in classical music.
2. A _______________ is a wind instrument that is popular in jazz music
and is known for its smooth sound.
 3. The _______________ is a keyboard instrument that has been used in
many genres, from classical to pop.
4. The _______________ is a percussion instrument that provides rhythm
in a wide variety of music styles.
5. A _______________ is a large string instrument that produces deep, res-
onant sounds in an orchestra.
6. The _______________ is a brass instrument known for its use in orches-
tras and marching bands.
7. The _______________ is an instrument with strings that are plucked or
strummed, and it is often used in rock and folk music.
8. The _______________ is a woodwind instrument, often used in classical
and jazz music, that produces sound through a reed.
9. The _______________ is a large instrument with pedals and many
strings, commonly used in classical music.
10. A _______________ is a small, high-pitched flute-like instrument used
in both classical and traditional music.

Exercise 7: Famous Composers and Their Works

Choose the correct composer for each famous piece of music.

1. _______________ composed the Fifth Symphony and Für Elise.

- a) Ludwig van Beethoven
b) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
c) Johannes Brahms

2. _______________ is known for the Brandenburg Concertos.

a) Antonio Vivaldi
b) Johann Sebastian Bach
c) Georg Friedrich Handel
 3. _______________ composed The Nutcracker and Swan Lake.
a) Igor Stravinsky
b) Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
c) Sergei Prokofiev

4. _______________ is famous for composing Eine kleine Nachtmusik.

a) Ludwig van Beethoven
b) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
c) Franz Schubert

5. _______________ composed the Symphony No. 9 and New World Sym-

phony.
a) Antonín Dvořák
b) Gustav Mahler
c) Dmitri Shostakovich

6. _______________ composed Boléro.

a) Maurice Ravel
b) Claude Debussy
c) Erik Satie

7. _______________ is known for Rhapsody in Blue and An American in

Paris.
a) George Gershwin
b) Leonard Bernstein
c) Aaron Copland

8. _______________ composed La Traviata and Aida.

a) Giuseppe Verdi
b) Giacomo Puccini
 c) Richard Wagner

9. _______________ composed The Four Seasons.

a) Antonio Vivaldi
b) George Frideric Handel
c) Johann Pachelbel

10. _______________ composed Carmina Burana.

a) Carl Orff
b) Richard Strauss
c) Richard Wagner

Exercise 8: Describing Music and Instruments (Word Formation)

Use the word in brackets to form the correct word to complete the sentence.

1. The _______________ (perform) by the orchestra was absolutely stun-

ning.
2. The _______________ (compose) wrote a new symphony that will debut
next month.
3. The _______________ (musician) talent of the young pianist was evid-
ent in her performance.
4. The _______________ (rhythm) beat of the drums kept the audience en-
gaged throughout the concert.
5. The _______________ (acoustic) guitar is often used in folk and country
music.
6. The _______________ (melody) lines in this song are simple yet beauti-
ful.
7. The _______________ (instrument) section of the band included violins,
cellos, and flutes.
 8. The _______________ (vocal) delivered an emotional performance of
the song.
9. The _______________ (improvise) nature of jazz music allows musi-
cians to express their creativity.
10. The _______________ (harmony) between the different instruments
created a rich sound.

Exercise 9: Visiting a Concert (Sentence Transformation)

Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. The crowd was thrilled when the band played their hit song. (excited)
2. The guitarist’s solo was the highlight of the evening. (best part)
3. We were able to get excellent seats near the stage. (managed)
4. The atmosphere at the concert was full of energy. (filled)
5. The lead singer’s voice was incredibly powerful. (had)
6. The performance lasted for over two hours. (continued)
7. The concert hall was completely packed with fans. (crowded)
8. The band played all of their most famous songs. (performed)
9. The musicians took a break after the first half of the concert. (pause)
10. We left the concert feeling completely amazed by the performance. (im-
pressed)

Exercise 10: Describing a Musician’s Performance

Complete the sentences with appropriate words.

1. The singer’s powerful _______________ filled the concert hall, reaching

every corner of the audience.
2. The _______________ between the different instruments created a beau-
tiful, layered sound.
 3. The _______________ played a long, complex solo that showcased his
technical skills.
4. The _______________ of the concert was so moving that many people
in the audience were brought to tears.
5. The _______________ performed a mix of classical pieces and contem-
porary compositions.
6. The band’s _______________ included songs from their latest album
and some of their older hits.
7. The _______________ was electric as the audience clapped along with
the beat.
8. The orchestra performed a symphony composed by one of the most fam-
ous _______________ in history.
9. The guitarist played a _______________ that blended perfectly with the
rhythm of the song.
10. The _______________ joined the band for an encore performance at
the end of the concert.
 LITERATURE

Exercise 1: Literary Genres (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate literary genre.

1. _______________ is a genre that often involves imaginary events, futur-

istic settings, and advanced technology.
2. _______________ is a genre that tells the story of a real person’s life,
written by someone else.
3. A _______________ is a short fictional story with a moral, often featur-
ing animals as characters.
4. _______________ is a genre focused on creating an atmosphere of sus-
pense and often involves crime-solving.
5. _______________ is a genre of writing that focuses on conveying deep
feelings and emotions in a structured form.
6. _______________ is a genre that is based on historical events but in-
cludes fictional characters and plots.
7. _______________ is a genre that deals with topics related to magic, su-
pernatural events, and mythical creatures.
8. A _______________ is a narrative work where the plot revolves around
romantic relationships between the main characters.
9. _______________ is a genre that uses humor to entertain and often criti-
cizes society or human behavior.
10. _______________ is a non-fiction genre that focuses on delivering fac-
tual information on various subjects.
 Exercise 2: Famous Writers and Poets (Matching)
Match the famous writer or poet to their most famous work.
Taras Shevchenko Romeo and Juliet
Ivan Franko The Old Man and the Sea
William Shakespeare The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Gabriel García Márquez Zakhar Berkut
Fyodor Dostoevsky 1984
Ernest Hemingway Crime and Punishment
Jane Austen One Hundred Years of Solitude
Mark Twain Kobzar
George Orwell Pride and Prejudice

Exercise 3: Describing a Favorite Book

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. The book was so captivating that I couldn’t stop reading. (gripping)

2. The main character is a hero who faces many challenges but always finds
a way to overcome them. (protagonist)
3. I enjoyed the vivid descriptions of the setting in the novel. (imagery)
4. The author’s use of symbolism made the story even more meaningful.
(represented)
5. The plot of the novel was full of twists and unexpected events. (unpre-
dictable)
6. The book left a lasting impression on me because of its powerful mes-
sage. (impact)
7. The novel explores themes of love, friendship, and betrayal. (focuses)
8. I found the ending of the story very satisfying and well-written. (conclu-
sion)
 9. The novel is set in a small town, and the author paints a clear picture of
life there. (depicts)
10. I highly recommend this book to anyone who enjoys historical fiction.
(suggest)

Exercise 4: Choosing Books to Read

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to choosing
books.

1. When I visit a _______________, I often spend hours browsing the

shelves.
2. I usually read the book _______________ to get an idea of what the
story is about before deciding to buy it.
3. My favorite _______________ is historical fiction because I love read-
ing about different time periods.
4. I often rely on _______________ from friends or online reviews to
choose my next book.
5. The cover design and _______________ often influence my decision
when picking a new book to read.
6. I prefer reading _______________ books because I can carry them eas-
ily on my phone or tablet.
7. A book’s _______________ is important to me because I like stories
with well-developed characters.
8. I tend to choose books that have won _______________ because they
are usually well-written.
9. When I can’t decide what to read, I visit the _______________ section
of the bookstore to see the latest releases.
10. I enjoy reading _______________ books because they teach me some-
thing new and help me understand the world better.
 Exercise 5: Visiting the Library (Sentence Completion)
Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to visiting a
library.

1. I went to the _______________ to borrow a book for my literature class.

2. The _______________ recommended a few books that might be interest-
ing for me.
3. After browsing through the _______________, I found a novel that
caught my attention.
4. I use my library _______________ to borrow books without having to
buy them.
5. The _______________ of the library is very peaceful, which makes it a
great place to study.
6. I often visit the _______________ to check out new releases or search
for classic literature.
7. I returned the books I borrowed last week to the library’s
_______________ desk.
8. The library has a wide _______________ of books, from fiction to non-
fiction, as well as digital resources.
9. I love reading in the _______________ section of the library, where they
have comfortable chairs and good lighting.
10. The _______________ offers reading sessions and book discussions for
both children and adults.

Exercise 6: Characterizing a Read Book

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to characterizing a
book.
1. The book’s _______________ is set in a post-apocalyptic world, where
society has collapsed.
 2. The _______________ of the novel was fast-paced, keeping the reader
engaged from start to finish.
3. The main character’s _______________ development was the most in-
teresting part of the story.
4. The author used rich _______________ to describe the landscapes and
settings, making it easy to visualize.
5. The central _______________ of the book focuses on the struggle
between good and evil.
6. One of the _______________ that I found particularly thought-provok-
ing was the idea of freedom versus control.
7. The author created a _______________ world that feels both familiar
and fantastical at the same time.
8. I appreciated the _______________ dialogues between the characters,
which felt authentic and natural.
9. The _______________ of the book is filled with unexpected twists,
keeping the reader guessing.
10. The novel’s _______________ leaves room for interpretation, making
it a great choice for book discussions.

Exercise 7: Visiting a Library or Bookstore

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.
1. I often spend hours in the library reading different kinds of books.
(browse)
2. The library staff helped me find the books I needed for my research. (as-
sist)
3. I borrowed three novels from the library to read over the weekend.
(checked out)
4. The quiet atmosphere of the library is perfect for reading and studying.
(ideal)
 5. The librarian recommended a few books on history that I might enjoy.
(suggested)
6. The bookstore has a wide selection of classic literature and modern nov-
els. (offers)
7. I visited the new bookstore downtown to see the latest releases. (check
out)
8. The library provides access to digital books and online journals. (offers)
9. I need to return the book I borrowed before the due date. (bring back)
10. I often spend time in the library's reading area, where it's quiet and
comfortable. (enjoy)

Exercise 8: Describing Literary Heroes

Use the word in brackets to form the correct word to complete the sen-
tence.

1. The protagonist’s _______________ (courage) actions made him a true

hero in the story.
2. The _______________ (intelligent) of the detective character helped him
solve the most difficult cases.
3. The novel's antagonist is full of _______________ (evil) and is determ-
ined to destroy the hero’s plans.
4. Her _______________ (kind) towards others made her one of the most
beloved characters in the book.
5. The character’s _______________ (curious) led him on an unexpected
adventure.
6. The _______________ (loyal) of the main character to her family is one
of the central themes of the novel.
7. The _______________ (brave) of the hero in the face of danger inspired
the other characters.
 8. The character’s _______________ (greedy) ultimately led to his down-
fall.
9. The author portrayed the hero’s _______________ (determined) to
achieve his goals despite all obstacles.
10. The character’s _______________ (wisdom) made her a respected
leader in her community.

Exercise 9: Describing Favorite Writers and Books

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. My favorite _______________ is a Ukrainian writer known for his po-

etry and plays.
2. One of my favorite _______________ from the book is the protagonist,
who shows incredible strength and resilience.
3. I really enjoyed the book’s _______________, which was well-written
and kept me interested until the end.
4. The _______________ in the book is fast-paced, with many exciting and
emotional moments.
5. The _______________ of the novel explores the theme of personal
growth and self-discovery.
6. My favorite _______________ is Lesya Ukrainka because of her power-
ful and poetic writing style.
7. The book's _______________ was incredibly vivid, and I felt like I
could picture the scenes perfectly.
8. One of my favorite books is a _______________ novel that takes place
during a historical event.
9. I love reading books with complex _______________ who develop and
change throughout the story.
10. The book’s _______________ discusses many important social and
moral issues.
 SPORT
Exercise 1: Types of Sports
Match the type of sport to its description.
Football A team sport where players aim to score points by shooting
the ball into the opponent’s basket.
Tennis A sport where athletes race on bicycles over a set course or
distance.
Basketball A team sport where players try to score points by hitting a
ball over a net into the opponent's court.
Swimming A racket sport played by two or four players who hit a ball
over a net using a racket.
Athletics An individual or team sport where athletes race to cover a
certain distance in water.
Cycling A collection of sporting events that involve running, jump-
ing, throwing, and walking.
Boxing A combat sport where two participants fight using only
their fists to earn points or a knockout.
Volleyball A team sport played with an oval ball where players try to
score by carrying or kicking the ball into the end zone.
Gymnastics A sport where players try to hit a small ball into a series of
holes using as few strokes as possible.
Golf A sport that involves physical exercises on different appar-
atuses such as bars and rings.

Exercise 2: Sports Preferences (Sentence Completion)

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to sports pref-
erences.

1. My favorite _______________ is football because I enjoy team-based

sports that require strategy and teamwork.
2. I prefer _______________ sports like swimming and running because
they help me stay fit and focused.
3. When it comes to winter sports, I like _______________ the most be-
cause it combines speed and balance.
4. Many people enjoy _______________ sports such as hiking or cycling
because they allow you to enjoy nature.
 5. I have been _______________ basketball for years, and I love how fast-
paced and competitive it is.
6. Some people prefer _______________ sports like chess or e-sports,
which require mental agility.
7. I often watch _______________ like tennis and boxing on TV because
they are exciting and unpredictable.
8. My friend prefers _______________ activities like yoga because they
are more relaxing and meditative.
9. _______________ is my favorite sport because it’s both competitive and
offers great health benefits.
10. I enjoy participating in _______________ sports events, especially
marathons and charity runs.

Exercise 3: Famous Athletes

Choose the correct athlete for each description.
1. _______________ is one of the greatest football players of all time and
has won multiple Ballon d'Or awards.
- a) Lionel Messi
- b) Cristiano Ronaldo
- c) Neymar Jr.
2. _______________ is a famous tennis player who holds the record for the
most Grand Slam titles in men’s singles.
- a) Rafael Nadal
- b) Roger Federer
- c) Novak Djokovic
3. _______________ is an Olympic sprinter who holds world records in the
100m and 200m events.
- a) Michael Johnson
- b) Usain Bolt
- c) Carl Lewis
 4. _______________ is a renowned gymnast who has won multiple
Olympic gold medals for the USA.
- a) Simone Biles
- b) Nadia Comăneci
- c) Shawn Johnson
5. _______________ is a basketball legend who played for the Chicago
Bulls and is widely considered the best player of all time.
- a) LeBron James
- b) Kobe Bryant
- c) Michael Jordan
6. _______________ is a swimmer who has won the most Olympic gold
medals in history.
- a) Michael Phelps
- b) Ryan Lochte
- c) Ian Thorpe
7. _______________ is a Formula 1 driver who has won multiple World
Championship titles.
- a) Lewis Hamilton
- b) Sebastian Vettel
- c) Ayrton Senna
8. _______________ is a famous female tennis player who has won more
Grand Slam singles titles than any other woman.
- a) Serena Williams
- b) Steffi Graf
- c) Martina Navratilova
9. _______________ is a famous Ukrainian boxer who became a world
champion in heavyweight boxing.
- a) Wladimir Klitschko
- b) Oleksandr Usyk
- c) Vasyl Lomachenko
 10. _______________ is a famous marathon runner from Kenya, known
for breaking world records.
- a) Eliud Kipchoge
- b) Kenenisa Bekele
- c) Haile Gebrselassie

Exercise 4: Impressions of a Sports Match

Complete the sentences with words related to impressions of a sports
match.

1. The football match was absolutely _______________, with both teams

giving their best performance.
2. The atmosphere in the stadium was _______________, with fans cheer-
ing and chanting for their teams.
3. The final minutes of the game were _______________ as the score was
tied and both teams fought for the win.
4. The _______________ of the match was unexpected, with the underdog
team taking the victory in the last minute.
5. The player’s _______________ was incredible, scoring the winning goal
and securing the title for his team.
6. I was _______________ by the level of skill and dedication shown by
the athletes during the match.
7. The _______________ was a rollercoaster of emotions, with many close
calls and near misses.
8. Watching the match on TV didn’t compare to the _______________ of
being there live and feeling the energy of the crowd.
9. The athlete’s _______________ during the competition inspired many
young sports enthusiasts.
10. It was a _______________ victory for the team, having come back
from a two-goal deficit.
 Exercise 5: Sports and Health
Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. Regular exercise has many benefits for both physical and mental well-
being. (health)
2. Playing team sports teaches discipline and cooperation. (encourages)
3. Physical activity helps to reduce stress and improve overall mood. (en-
hances)
4. Athletes need a balanced diet to maintain their performance levels. (re-
quires)
5. Engaging in sports from a young age promotes a healthy lifestyle. (sup-
ports)
6. Many people find that regular physical exercise gives them more energy
throughout the day. (boosts)
7. Participating in sports helps to build self-confidence and leadership
skills. (develops)
8. Competitive sports push athletes to strive for personal excellence. (mo-
tivate)
9. Keeping physically active can help prevent certain diseases and health
issues. (reduce)
10. A strong focus on fitness can lead to a long and fulfilling life. (contrib-
ute)

Exercise 6: Sports Clubs and Equipment

Match the sports club or section to the type of sport and the equipment
commonly used.
football club tennis racket, tennis balls, net
tennis academy running shoes, javelin, discus
 basketball team boxing gloves, punching bag,
headgear
gymnastics club golf clubs, golf balls, tees
athletics section volleyball, knee pads, net
boxing gym gym mats, balance beam, vault
golf club bicycle, helmet, cycling shoes
volleyball team goggles, swim cap, swimsuit
cycling club goalposts, football boots, shin guards
swimming pool basketball, hoop, sneakers

Exercise 7: Impressions of Sports Events

Complete the sentences with appropriate words to express impressions
of sports events.
1. The _______________ between the two teams was intense, with both
sides giving their best.
2. The _______________ in the stadium was electrifying, with fans chant-
ing and cheering for their teams.
3. The match was so _______________ that the audience was on the edge
of their seats until the final whistle.
4. The _______________ player was unstoppable, scoring goal after goal
and leading the team to victory.
5. It was a _______________ win for the underdogs, who fought hard and
came back from behind.
6. The _______________ of the competition was full of surprises, with
many unexpected turns.
7. The athlete’s _______________ during the event was outstanding, show-
ing incredible endurance and skill.
8. The team’s _______________ in the final quarter was unbelievable, se-
curing the win in the last moments.
 9. The _______________ of the event was unforgettable, with a dramatic
finish that no one expected.
10. I left the stadium feeling _______________ after witnessing such a
thrilling game.

Exercise 8: Famous Sports Events

Choose the correct sports event for each description.
1. _______________ is the most prestigious football tournament, held
every four years and featuring national teams from around the world.
- a) The UEFA Champions League
- b) The FIFA World Cup
- c) The Copa América
2. _______________ is a global multi-sport event held every four years,
where athletes from around the world compete in a variety of sports.
- a) The Olympic Games
- b) The Commonwealth Games
- c) The Pan American Games
3. _______________ is the most famous tennis tournament held in England
on grass courts.
- a) The French Open
- b) The Australian Open
- c) Wimbledon
4. _______________ is the most prestigious cycling race, lasting for 21
stages and taking place across France.
- a) The Giro d'Italia
- b) The Tour de France
- c) The Vuelta a España
5. _______________ is an annual American football championship game
that determines the winner of the NFL.
- a) The Super Bowl
 - b) The Stanley Cup
- c) The World Series
6. _______________ is a motorsport event that is part of the Formula 1
World Championship and takes place in Monaco.
- a) The Indianapolis 500
- b) The Monaco Grand Prix
- c) The Le Mans 24 Hours
7. _______________ is the most prestigious rugby tournament held every
four years.
- a) The Six Nations Championship
- b) The Rugby Championship
- c) The Rugby World Cup
8. _______________ is a marathon held annually in the city of Boston,
USA, and is the oldest annual marathon in the world.
- a) The New York City Marathon
- b) The London Marathon
- c) The Boston Marathon
9. _______________ is a famous winter sports event held every four years,
featuring skiing, ice skating, and other winter sports.
- a) The Winter X Games
- b) The Winter Olympic Games
- c) The Alpine Skiing World Cup
10. _______________ is a professional basketball championship series in
the United States.
- a) The NBA Finals
- b) The NCAA Tournament
- c) The FIBA World Cup
 Exercise 9: Sports and Society
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to the role of sports in
society.
1. Sports play a significant _______________ in bringing people together,
regardless of age, background, or nationality.
2. _______________ competition teaches individuals the value of hard
work, discipline, and teamwork.
3. Many athletes serve as _______________ for young people, inspiring
them to pursue their dreams.
4. The popularity of sports events often boosts local _______________ by
attracting tourists and creating jobs.
5. Sports can be a powerful tool for _______________, promoting healthy
lifestyles and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
6. In many cultures, sports are a central part of _______________ life,
helping to strengthen community bonds.
7. International sports competitions foster _______________ between na-
tions and promote peace.
8. Participating in sports helps to _______________ physical health and
improve mental well-being.
9. The _______________ value of sports extends beyond physical fitness,
encouraging teamwork, leadership, and communication.
10. For many individuals, sports provide an outlet for _______________
stress and building self-confidence.

Exercise 10: Sports and Health

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.
1. Sports help people stay physically fit and mentally healthy. (benefit)
2. Engaging in sports from a young age develops essential life skills.
(teaches)
 3. Regular exercise can prevent many health issues, including heart disease.
(reduce)
4. Team sports help individuals build strong social connections. (encour-
age)
5. Many athletes follow strict diets to optimize their performance. (im-
prove)
6. Playing sports regularly can help reduce stress and anxiety. (decrease)
7. Athletes need to maintain a balanced lifestyle to stay competitive. (re-
quire)
8. Physical activity plays a key role in improving mental focus and energy.
(enhances)
9. The popularity of sports encourages many people to adopt healthier
habits. (promotes)
10. Engaging in competitive sports motivates people to achieve personal
goals. (inspires)
 NATURE

Exercise 1: Seasons, Weather, and Natural Phenomena

Match the natural phenomenon or weather condition to its description.
Thunderstorm A severe snowstorm with strong winds and low visibility.
Fog A mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a
mountainside.
Heatwave A curved arc of colors appearing in the sky after rainfall,
caused by the refraction of light.
Blizzard A thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the at-
mosphere that reduces visibility.
Hurricane A rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunder-
storm to the ground.
Tornado An overflow of water that submerges land that is usually
dry.
Drought A violent disturbance in the atmosphere that results in
rain, thunder, and lightning.
Flood A tropical storm with violent winds, typically found in the
Caribbean or North America.
Avalanche A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to
a shortage of water.
Rainbow A prolonged period of excessively hot weather.

Exercise 2: Plants and Animals (Gap-fill)

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to plants and
animals.

1. The forest is home to many _______________ species of plants and an-

imals that are native to the region.
2. _______________ animals like lions and tigers live in the wild and are
not domesticated.
3. Domestic animals such as cows, goats, and chickens are often kept on
_______________ to provide food for people.
4. _______________ plants, like sunflowers and corn, are commonly cul-
tivated for their seeds and produce.
 5. In national parks, you can observe _______________ animals such as
deer and bears in their natural habitat.
6. The tropical rainforest is known for its diverse _______________ spe-
cies, including rare orchids and ferns.
7. Many endangered species of both plants and animals are protected by
_______________ reserves to prevent their extinction.
8. Dogs, cats, and rabbits are some of the most popular _______________
that people keep in their homes.
9. _______________ play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of eco-
systems by pollinating plants and controlling pests.
10. The _______________ world includes trees, flowers, and grasses that
grow naturally without human intervention.

Exercise 3: Environmental Protection and Eco-tourism

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. Protecting endangered species is important for preserving biodiversity.

(conserving)
2. Many national parks have programs in place to prevent illegal hunting.
(protect)
3. Eco-tourism allows people to experience nature while minimizing their
environmental impact. (explore)
4. The government has launched new initiatives to reduce deforestation in
protected areas. (prevent)
5. Recycling and reducing waste are key ways to reduce environmental
damage. (limit)
6. National parks provide a safe habitat for many rare plants and animals.
(sanctuary)
 7. Volunteering at nature reserves can help protect wildlife and the environ-
ment. (assist)
8. Sustainable farming practices help protect the soil and reduce the need
for harmful chemicals. (maintain)
9. Many tourists choose eco-friendly accommodations when visiting nat-
ural parks. (prefer)
10. Educating the public about the importance of protecting natural re-
sources is crucial for environmental sustainability. (inform)

Exercise 4: National Parks and Wildlife Reserves of Ukraine (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with the correct words related to Ukrainian national
parks and wildlife reserves.

1. Shatskyi National Nature Park is famous for its beautiful

_______________ and a large number of lakes, including Lake Svityaz.
2. Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve is known for its efforts in preserving
endangered _______________ species and unique ecosystems.
3. Carpathian Biosphere Reserve offers opportunities for
_______________ in the mountains and is home to many rare plant species.
4. Dniprovsko-Orilskyi Nature Reserve protects the _______________
plains along the Dnipro River, which are important for migratory birds.
5. Oleshkivski Sands National Nature Park is located in southern Ukraine
and is known for its desert-like _______________.
6. Many national parks in Ukraine offer _______________ trails that allow
visitors to experience nature while minimizing their environmental impact.
7. Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park is known for its diverse land-
scapes, including forests, meadows, and limestone _______________.
8. Synevyr National Nature Park is home to the picturesque Lake Synevyr,
which is surrounded by _______________ forests.
 9. Ukraine’s national parks are crucial for the _______________ of biod-
iversity and the protection of unique ecosystems.
10. Holosiivskyi National Nature Park is located near Kyiv and provides a
natural _______________ for city residents to enjoy outdoor activities.

Exercise 5: Impact of Weather on Health and Mood

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to the impact
of weather on health and mood.

1. People often feel more _______________ and energetic on sunny days

because of the positive effect of sunlight on mood.
2. Cold weather can cause _______________ and increase the risk of
catching the flu or common cold.
3. Many people experience _______________ mood changes during the
winter months due to a lack of sunlight.
4. High humidity during a heatwave can make it difficult to
_______________ and cause discomfort or exhaustion.
5. Rainy weather often makes people feel more _______________, prefer-
ring to stay indoors rather than go outside.
6. Seasonal changes, such as the arrival of spring, often bring a sense of
_______________ and renewal.
7. Extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes or floods, can lead to
high levels of _______________ and anxiety in affected areas.
8. Windy days can sometimes make people feel more _______________,
especially if they are sensitive to changes in the atmosphere.
9. Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can lead to _______________
and cause serious health issues if not properly addressed.
10. Many people find that spending time in nature, regardless of the
weather, has a _______________ effect on their mental well-being.
 Exercise 6: Domestic and Wild Animals
Match the animal to its category (domestic or wild) and its description.
cow A loyal domestic pet often referred to as man's best
friend.
lion A wild predatory mammal related to domestic dogs,
living in packs.
horse A wild herbivorous mammal with antlers, often
found in forests and grasslands.
wolf A domestic pet known for its independent nature and
ability to hunt mice.
cat The largest land mammal, living in the wild, known
for its intelligence and strong social bonds.
deer A domestic animal that is raised for its milk, meat,
and fur.
dog A wild carnivorous animal known as the "king of the
jungle."
elephant A large wild mammal known for its strength and hi-
bernation habits.
goat A domesticated animal raised for milk and meat pro-
duction.
bear A domestic animal often used for riding, racing, and
farm work.

Exercise 7: Environmental Protection

Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. Governments should implement strict laws to prevent deforestation. (re-

duce)
 2. Recycling is one of the easiest ways to protect the environment. (con-
serve)
3. Forests are important because they absorb carbon dioxide and provide
oxygen. (release)
4. Many organizations work to raise awareness about the dangers of climate
change. (inform)
5. Wildlife conservation programs aim to protect endangered species from
extinction. (save)
6. Using renewable energy sources like solar and wind power helps reduce
pollution. (minimize)
7. Clean-up campaigns in cities can significantly reduce plastic waste. (de-
crease)
8. People should limit their use of single-use plastics to protect marine life.
(preserve)
9. Environmentalists urge companies to adopt eco-friendly practices. (en-
courage)
10. Sustainable farming practices help maintain the health of the soil. (pro-
mote)

Exercise 8: Eco-tourism and National Parks

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to eco-tourism
and national parks.

1. Many travelers choose _______________ to explore nature while min-

imizing their environmental footprint.
2. National parks and _______________ provide a safe habitat for en-
dangered species and protect biodiversity.
3. Eco-tourism promotes sustainable travel that _______________ local
cultures and ecosystems.
 4. Visitors to wildlife reserves are encouraged to follow strict
_______________ to prevent disturbing the animals.
5. The Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine offer incredible opportunities for
_______________ eco-tourism, including hiking and birdwatching.
6. _______________ projects in national parks often focus on reforesting
areas affected by logging or natural disasters.
7. Local communities can benefit from eco-tourism through
_______________ opportunities and the promotion of traditional crafts.
8. The unique landscapes of the Ukrainian steppe attract eco-tourists inter-
ested in exploring the natural _______________ of the region.
9. _______________ travel packages often include educational programs
about the importance of environmental conservation.
10. Many national parks offer _______________ tours that allow visitors to
experience the beauty of nature with minimal impact on the environment.

Exercise 9: Natural Disasters and Their Impact (Matching)

Match the natural disaster to its description.
earthquake The explosion of magma and gases from beneath the
Earth’s surface.
tsunami The overflow of water onto normally dry land, often
caused by heavy rain or storms.
volcanic eruption The downward movement of rocks and soil down a
slope, often triggered by rain or earthquakes.
hurricane A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, resulting
in water shortages and crop failure.
flood A severe snowstorm with high winds and low visibility,
often causing transportation disruptions.
wildfire A large ocean wave usually triggered by an underwater
earthquake or volcanic eruption.
landslide A tropical storm with strong winds and heavy rains, often
causing severe flooding.
drought An uncontrolled fire that spreads rapidly through forests
or grasslands, often caused by dry weather or human
activity.
tornado A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement
of tectonic plates.
 blizzard A rotating column of air that forms over land and causes
widespread destruction.

Exercise 10: Weather and Its Impact on Mood and Health

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to the impact
of weather on mood and health.
1. Many people feel _______________ and more motivated on sunny days
because of the positive effects of sunlight on their mood.
2. Cold weather can lead to _______________ if people are not dressed
warmly enough.
3. Rainy days often make people feel more _______________ and less act-
ive, preferring to stay indoors.
4. Seasonal changes, especially in winter, can lead to _______________, a
type of depression caused by a lack of sunlight.
5. Hot and humid weather can cause _______________ and make it diffi-
cult to stay focused.
6. Stormy weather can cause _______________ in people who are sensitive
to changes in air pressure.
7. High winds can make people feel more _______________ or anxious,
especially if they are already prone to stress.
8. A warm, sunny day can improve _______________ and encourage
people to spend more time outdoors.
9. Sudden weather changes can cause _______________ headaches in
some people due to shifts in atmospheric pressure.
10. Many people find that taking a walk in nature, regardless of the
weather, can improve their _______________ and reduce stress levels.
 TRAVELLING
Exercise 1: Types of Transport
Match the type of transport to its description.
train A two-wheeled vehicle powered by pedaling, commonly
used for short distances.
airplane An underground railway system used in large cities for fast
urban transportation.
bus A vehicle designed to fly through the air, primarily used for
traveling long distances quickly.
ferry A vehicle for hire, used to transport passengers to specific
locations for a fare.
bicycle A large motor vehicle that carries passengers along sched-
uled routes, often used for city travel.
car A two-wheeled motor vehicle that is faster than a bicycle
and often used in urban areas.
taxi A large ship that takes passengers on holiday trips, often
with many amenities on board.
motorbike A form of land transportation that runs on tracks and is
commonly used for long-distance travel.
subway A private motor vehicle with four wheels, often used for
personal travel.
cruise ship A boat or ship used to transport people or vehicles across a
body of water.

Exercise 2: Preparing for a Trip

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to preparing for a
trip.
1. Before going on a trip, it’s important to _______________ all necessary
items like clothes, toiletries, and travel documents.
2. I always make sure to _______________ my passport and tickets in a
safe place before leaving for the airport.
3. When traveling abroad, it’s a good idea to _______________ a map of
the destination to familiarize yourself with the area.
4. Don’t forget to _______________ your hotel or accommodation in ad-
vance to ensure availability.
 5. It’s important to check the weather forecast so you can
_______________ the right clothes for the trip.
6. If you’re traveling internationally, remember to _______________ your
currency or get a travel card.
7. For long journeys, I like to _______________ a book or some music to
keep myself entertained.
8. Be sure to arrive at the airport early to go through _______________ and
avoid missing your flight.
9. Make a checklist of everything you need for your trip to ensure you
don’t _______________ anything important.
10. When traveling to a different country, it’s helpful to _______________
some basic phrases in the local language.

Exercise 3: Travel Documents

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to travel docu-
ments.
1. Before traveling abroad, you must ensure that your _______________ is
valid and won’t expire during the trip.
2. At the airport, you need to present your _______________ to the airline
staff when checking in for your flight.
3. Some countries require a _______________ for entry, so it’s important
to apply for one before traveling.
4. When traveling by car, it’s essential to carry your _______________ and
vehicle registration.
5. Always have a copy of your _______________ in case it gets lost or
stolen during your trip.
6. The _______________ on your passport must match the information on
your tickets and reservations.
7. If you’re traveling with a pet, you may need to get a _______________
certificate from your veterinarian.
 8. Make sure your _______________ documents are in order before cross-
ing the border into another country.
9. When visiting certain countries, you may need to show proof of
_______________ at the immigration desk.
10. A valid _______________ ticket is required to board the train or bus for
long-distance travel.

Exercise 4: Vacation Travel

Match the vacation type to its description.
beach vacation A journey by car, often through different regions or
countries, with frequent stops along the way.
skiing trip A holiday on a large ship where passengers visit vari-
ous coastal destinations.
city break A holiday that includes physical activities such as hik-
ing, climbing, or rafting in exotic locations.
camping trip A holiday where people travel through wildlife re-
serves to observe animals in their natural habitat.
road trip A holiday in the mountains where people ski or snow-
board on snowy slopes.
cruise vacation A vacation to a tropical or remote island, often fo-
cused on relaxation and luxury.
adventure tour A trip focused on experiencing the local culture, in-
cluding history, art, and traditional customs.
cultural tour A holiday where people relax on sandy shores, swim
in the ocean, and enjoy water sports.
safari trip A holiday where people stay in tents or cabins and en-
joy nature, often in forests or national parks.
island getaway A short vacation to a city where travelers visit mu-
seums, landmarks, and explore urban life.

Exercise 5: Types of Tourism

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to types of
tourism.
1. Eco-tourism focuses on traveling to natural areas with the aim of pro-
moting environmental _______________ and minimizing the impact on the en-
vironment.
 2. Adventure tourism is ideal for those seeking thrilling outdoor activities
like mountain climbing, _______________, or zip-lining.
3. Cultural tourism allows visitors to explore the _______________ and
traditions of a country, including visiting museums and historical sites.
4. Medical tourism involves traveling to another country for medical treat-
ments or _______________ that may be less expensive or more advanced than
at home.
5. Sports tourism attracts travelers who are interested in _______________
sporting events or participating in them, such as marathons or football games.
6. Wildlife tourism focuses on observing animals in their natural
_______________, often in national parks or protected areas.
7. Business tourism involves traveling for work purposes, such as attending
_______________, conferences, or corporate meetings.
8. Gastronomy tourism is perfect for those who want to experience the
local _______________ and try traditional dishes from different cultures.
9. Rural tourism is becoming more popular among travelers who want to
escape city life and experience life in the _______________.
10. Religious tourism attracts people who visit sacred sites and
_______________ as part of their spiritual journey or pilgrimage.

Exercise 6: Types of Tourism

Match the type of tourism to its description.
historical tourism Traveling to another country or region to learn about
a particular subject, often involving museum visits or
cultural workshops.
health and wellness Tourism that involves physically demanding activit-
tourism ies like trekking, diving, or rock climbing.
educational tourism High-end travel that focuses on exclusive experi-
ences, five-star accommodations, and premium ser-
vices.
adventure tourism Traveling to another country to receive medical treat-
ments or surgeries, often at lower costs.
religious tourism Traveling to places of historical significance such as
castles, ancient ruins, or battlefields.
 rural tourism Traveling to observe and interact with wildlife in nat-
ural habitats or nature reserves.
culinary tourism Traveling to improve health, often involving spa
treatments, yoga retreats, or thermal baths.
luxury tourism Exploring a region’s cuisine and local food tradi-
tions, often through food tours or cooking classes.
wildlife tourism Visiting rural areas to experience agricultural life,
traditional culture, and local food.
medical tourism Traveling to religious sites, such as temples or pil-
grimage routes, for spiritual purposes.

Exercise 7: Preparing for a Trip

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

1. I made a list of all the items I need to pack for my trip.

2. We checked the weather forecast to know what clothes to bring.
3. It's important to book your accommodation in advance to avoid prob-
lems.
4. She planned the route for the road trip carefully to visit all the major
landmarks.
5. I always buy travel insurance before going on an international trip.
6. We exchanged money at the bank before leaving for our trip abroad.
7. Don’t forget to double-check your passport’s validity before booking
flights.
8. They researched local customs and etiquette before visiting the foreign
country.
9. He brought a guidebook to help him explore the new city.
10. I downloaded an offline map of the area in case I lose my internet con-
nection.

Exercise 8: Travel in Ukraine and Other Countries (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
 1. One of the most popular tourist destinations in Ukraine is Lviv, known
for its historical _______________ and vibrant coffee culture.
2. Tourists often visit the Carpathian Mountains for hiking and skiing,
where they can enjoy the beauty of Ukraine’s natural _______________.
3. Kyiv is the capital city of Ukraine, famous for its golden-domed
churches and the historic St. Sophia's Cathedral.
4. In France, many tourists visit the Eiffel Tower in Paris, which is one of
the most iconic _______________ in the world.
5. The Great Wall of China is an impressive historical structure that attracts
millions of tourists from around the _______________ every year.
6. When traveling in Italy, many people choose to visit Rome to see the Co-
losseum and other ancient Roman _______________.
7. Odesa, a port city on the Black Sea, is a popular Ukrainian destination
for those looking to relax on the _______________.
8. Visitors to London often tour famous landmarks such as Big Ben and
Buckingham Palace, which are symbols of the city's _______________.
9. Pripyat, the ghost town near Chernobyl, has become a unique destination
for _______________ tourism in Ukraine.
10. In the USA, travelers often head to New York City to visit the Statue of
Liberty and take a stroll through Central Park.

Exercise 9: Travel Documents and Customs

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Make sure to have a valid _______________ when traveling abroad, as

it is required for international travel.
2. Some countries may require a _______________ before you are allowed
to enter, so check the entry requirements beforehand.
3. At the airport, you will need to go through _______________ to declare
any goods or items you are bringing into the country.
 4. Upon arrival, you may be asked to fill out a _______________ form,
providing details of your trip and items you are carrying.
5. Always carry a copy of your travel _______________ and identification
in case your originals are lost or stolen.
6. When traveling by plane, you must show your _______________ ticket
to board the flight.
7. Some countries require travelers to show proof of _______________
insurance before granting entry.
8. It’s important to check if your destination requires any
_______________ vaccinations before your trip.
9. The _______________ officer at the border may ask about the purpose
of your trip and the length of your stay.
10. Make sure to have your return _______________ ticket, as some coun-
tries require proof of onward travel before allowing entry.

Exercise 10: Tourism Experiences and Impressions

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to tourism ex-
periences and impressions.

1. My trip to the mountains was absolutely _______________; the scenery

was breathtaking, and the air was so fresh.
2. We had an amazing time _______________ through the narrow streets
of the old town, discovering hidden cafes and shops.
3. Visiting the ancient ruins of the castle gave us a real sense of
_______________ and the historical significance of the place.
4. The local people were so _______________, always willing to help and
share interesting stories about their culture.
5. Our tour guide was very _______________ and knowledgeable, making
the entire experience both fun and educational.
 6. One of the best parts of our trip was trying the local _______________,
which was delicious and full of unique flavors.
7. The city had a lively _______________ at night, with many bars, res-
taurants, and live music performances.
8. Our visit to the art museum was _______________, especially the con-
temporary art collection that featured local artists.
9. Taking a boat tour along the river gave us a completely different
_______________ of the city and its architecture.
10. We felt very _______________ in the small village, where life seemed
to move at a slower and more peaceful pace.
 MASS MEDIA

Exercise 1: Types of Mass Media (Matching)

Match the type of mass media to its description.
newspaper A periodical publication that contains articles, stories,
and advertisements, often focused on a specific subject.
radio A regularly updated website or web page written in an
informal or conversational style, typically run by an
individual or small group.
television A digital audio file available for downloading or
streaming, often part of a series, covering various top-
ics.
magazine A form of mass media where information and music are
transmitted through sound waves.
blog Websites and applications that enable users to create
and share content or to participate in social networking.
podcast An online platform that allows users to watch TV
shows, movies, and other content on demand.
social media A printed publication issued regularly that contains
news, articles, advertisements, and other information.
news website A regularly distributed publication, often sent via email,
that focuses on updates or specific topics of interest.
streaming service A device that transmits moving images and sound to
provide entertainment, news, and educational programs.
newsletter An online platform that provides the latest news art-
icles, videos, and updates on various topics.

Exercise 2: Favorite Radio and TV Programs

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to radio and
television programs.

1. My favorite radio station plays a mix of _______________ and talk

shows throughout the day.
2. I love watching the evening news on _______________ because it cov-
ers both local and international events.
3. One of my favorite TV shows is a _______________ about history,
where they explore ancient civilizations and their achievements.
 4. The morning radio show I listen to always features interesting
_______________ with famous actors, musicians, and public figures.
5. I prefer watching _______________ on TV, where they discuss the latest
trends in fashion, music, and entertainment.
6. My favorite TV _______________ is a comedy show that airs every
Thursday night, and it never fails to make me laugh.
7. The _______________ I watch every week covers political debates and
invites experts to analyze current events.
8. I enjoy listening to a _______________ on my way to work that plays
jazz music and offers commentary on the history of jazz.
9. One of the best TV _______________ I’ve watched recently was a docu-
mentary about climate change and its global impact.
10. My go-to radio station for news is _______________, which provides
24-hour coverage of breaking news and current affairs.

Exercise 3: Internet Communication

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to online com-
munication.

1. Many people use _______________ to stay in touch with friends and

family by sharing photos, messages, and updates.
2. _______________ forums are a great way to connect with people who
share similar interests and hobbies.
3. I prefer _______________ messaging apps for quick communication
because they are convenient and fast.
4. Video _______________ allows users to have face-to-face conversations
over the Internet, which is great for remote meetings.
5. _______________ networks like Facebook and Twitter have become es-
sential platforms for sharing news and opinions.
 6. Many businesses use _______________ marketing to reach a wider
audience by promoting their products online.
7. Online _______________ services like Skype and Zoom are widely used
for virtual meetings and conferences.
8. It’s important to practice _______________ etiquette when communicat-
ing online to ensure respectful and productive conversations.
9. _______________ platforms like YouTube allow users to upload and
share videos on a variety of topics.
10. Many people read and comment on _______________ to engage in dis-
cussions about news, trends, and social issues.

Exercise 4: Print Media

Match the type of printed media to its purpose.

tabloid A scholarly publication that contains articles, research, and

studies on specific academic fields.
broadsheet A periodic publication that provides updates on a particular
topic or organization, often sent via email or in print.
journal An additional section of a newspaper that focuses on a spe-
cific topic, such as lifestyle, culture, or technology.
flyer A large-sized newspaper that covers in-depth news, politics,
and serious journalism.
newsletter A short printed document that provides information on a
specific subject, often used for educational or advocacy
purposes.
magazine A small printed leaflet used for advertising, promotions, or
public announcements, often distributed by hand.
pamphlet A glossy publication that covers a variety of topics such as
fashion, health, lifestyle, or hobbies.
bulletin A publication that tells stories through illustrations and dia-
logues, often featuring superheroes or fantasy characters.
newspaper sup- A small-sized newspaper focused on sensational stories,
plement often featuring celebrity gossip and scandals.
comic book A brief printed publication used to share announcements or
news within a company, school, or organization.
 Exercise 5: The Influence of the Media
Rewrite the sentences using the word in brackets without changing the
meaning.

1. The media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion on political is-
sues. (influence)
2. Many people rely on the Internet to stay updated on the latest news. (de-
pend)
3. News channels provide around-the-clock coverage of breaking events
worldwide. (offer)
4. Social media has become one of the most powerful platforms for sharing
information quickly. (distribute)
5. The rise of online media has changed how people consume news and
entertainment. (transformed)
6. Many journalists use investigative reporting to uncover hidden truths.
(reveal)
7. Podcasts have grown in popularity as a convenient way to consume con-
tent on the go. (increased)
8. Radio stations broadcast a wide variety of programs, including music,
news, and interviews. (air)
9. Internet communication allows people to stay connected across vast dis-
tances. (communicate)
10. The press often provides in-depth analysis of important global events.
(reports)
 Exercise 6: Internet and Social Media
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to the Internet and
social media.

1. Many people use _______________ platforms to share personal updates,

photos, and videos with their friends and followers.
2. _______________ media influencers often promote products and brands
through sponsored posts and collaborations.
3. _______________ streaming has become popular for gaming and live
events, allowing users to watch in real time.
4. People often participate in online _______________ to discuss topics of
interest, from hobbies to politics.
5. _______________ algorithms curate content based on users’ browsing
habits and preferences.
6. Many companies use _______________ marketing strategies to advert-
ise their products directly to consumers through social media.
7. _______________ news is a growing issue as misinformation can spread
quickly across online platforms.
8. People use _______________ engines to search for information on the
Internet, from academic research to entertainment.
9. _______________ apps like Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp have
made it easy to communicate with anyone around the world instantly.
10. Content creators often _______________ videos on platforms like You-
Tube to reach large audiences.
 Exercise 7: The Role of Television and Radio
Match the type of television or radio program to its description.
News Bulletin A non-fictional film or television program that
provides in-depth information on a particular topic.
Talk Show A radio or television program that airs early in the
morning, often featuring news, interviews, and en-
tertainment.
Documentary A short broadcast of the latest news updates, typic-
ally aired several times a day.
Reality Show A live or recorded broadcast where commentators
provide insights and analysis during a sports event.
Weather Forecast A program where contestants answer questions to
win prizes, often with a live audience.
Sports Commentary A segment of a news program dedicated to inform-
ing viewers about upcoming weather conditions.
Radio Drama A program that counts down the most popular songs
of the week based on listener votes or sales.
Quiz Show A television program that follows real-life people in
unscripted situations.
Music Chart Show A scripted audio performance that tells a story, often
with dialogue, music, and sound effects.
Morning Show A program where hosts interview guests and discuss
current events, entertainment, or personal stories.

Exercise 8: Internet Communication

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. Social media has revolutionized the way people communicate with one
another.
2. Many people use messaging apps to stay in contact with family and
friends.
3. Video conferencing has become essential for remote work and virtual
meetings.
4. Online forums are a great way to exchange ideas with others who have
similar interests.
5. The Internet provides quick access to information on a wide range of
topics.
 6. It’s important to verify the reliability of news sources when reading art-
icles online.
7. Blogs are a popular platform for individuals to share personal opinions
and experiences.
8. Internet users must be cautious about sharing personal information on
social networks.
9. Many people prefer watching live streams of events rather than waiting
for recorded broadcasts.
10. E-mail has made business communication faster and more efficient.

Exercise 9: Print and Online Media

Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to print and
online media.
1. Many people still prefer reading _______________ newspapers to stay
updated on current events, even though online news is more accessible.
2. Magazines often feature in-depth _______________ on fashion, health,
and lifestyle trends.
3. _______________ journalism allows reporters to investigate and expose
corruption or significant societal issues.
4. Online media outlets can quickly _______________ breaking news to a
global audience.
5. Broadsheets are often considered more serious and _______________
compared to tabloids, which focus on sensational stories.
6. _______________ has become an increasingly important factor in how
news is distributed, with algorithms showing users personalized content.
7. Many readers enjoy the convenience of _______________ editions of
newspapers, which they can access on smartphones and tablets.
8. Blogs and vlogs are types of _______________ media that allow indi-
viduals to express their thoughts and ideas.
 9. Press releases are commonly used by companies and organizations to
_______________ important news to the public and media outlets.
10. The rise of _______________ content has allowed journalists to present
their stories through podcasts, videos, and interactive features.

Exercise 10: The Influence of the Media on Society

Complete the sentences with appropriate words.
1. The media has a powerful influence on _______________ opinion, shap-
ing how people view political and social issues.
2. Some people criticize the media for focusing too much on
_______________ stories rather than reporting on more serious topics.
3. Investigative journalism plays a crucial role in _______________ cor-
ruption and holding powerful institutions accountable.
4. Social media platforms have become a major source of
_______________ for younger generations, who consume news in different
ways than older adults.
5. Advertisers use the media to _______________ products and services,
often targeting specific demographics.
6. The media has the ability to _______________ how events are per-
ceived, depending on how they present the information.
7. The spread of _______________ news can lead to confusion and misun-
derstanding among the public, especially during times of crisis.
8. Many celebrities use social media to _______________ their image and
interact with fans directly.
9. Public service announcements on television and radio are used to
_______________ important health and safety information.
10. The media often sets the _______________ for public discourse, de-
termining which issues are discussed and how they are framed.
 YOUTH CULTURE

Exercise 1: Youth Organizations

Match the youth organization to its description.
UNICEF A platform that represents millions of young
people in Europe, promoting youth rights and
participation in decision-making.
Scouts A community-based organization that promotes
healthy living, youth development, and social
responsibility.
European Youth Forum A Ukrainian organization dedicated to preserving
national identity, culture, and promoting leader-
ship among young people.
Amnesty International A global youth organization aimed at teaching
Youth outdoor skills, teamwork, and leadership through
various activities and camping.
YMCA A global nonprofit organization that helps young
people gain financial literacy, work readiness,
and entrepreneurship skills.
Ukrainian Youth Associ- A youth wing of a human rights organization that
ation focuses on raising awareness about human rights
issues globally.
Red Cross Youth An international youth-run organization that fo-
cuses on developing leadership skills and provid-
ing exchange opportunities for young people.
Junior Achievement A global event that mobilizes millions of young
people to engage in community service and ad-
dress societal issues.
AIESEC An international organization that provides hu-
manitarian and developmental aid to children and
young people worldwide.
Global Youth Service Day A youth branch of the Red Cross that encourages
young people to get involved in humanitarian
efforts and community service.

Exercise 2: Youth Movements and Subcultures

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The punk subculture emerged in the 1970s and is known for its rebelli-
ous attitude, unique fashion, and _______________ music.
 2. The hip-hop culture is characterized by rap music, breakdancing, graffiti
art, and a strong sense of _______________ identity.
3. Environmental activism has become a significant youth movement, with
many young people advocating for climate _______________ and sustainable
living.
4. The goth subculture is often associated with dark clothing, expressive
makeup, and a fascination with _______________ and melancholy themes.
5. The rise of the digital native generation has led to new trends in online
activism, where young people use social media to _______________ for social
change.
6. Emo culture, popular in the early 2000s, was known for its emotional
music, introspective lyrics, and _______________ fashion choices.
7. The skateboarding subculture is a youth movement focused on street cul-
ture, extreme sports, and a free-spirited attitude toward life and authority.
8. Volunteerism has become an important part of youth culture, with many
young people participating in community service and helping those in
_______________.
9. The K-pop fandom is a global youth movement that supports Korean pop
music, characterized by high-energy performances, elaborate music videos, and
strong _______________ presence.
10. Many young people today identify with the minimalist movement,
which focuses on simple living, reducing waste, and prioritizing experiences
over material _______________.

Exercise 3: Issues Facing Youth

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. Many young people struggle to find affordable housing in big cities.
2. The pressure to succeed academically can cause stress and anxiety for
students.
 3. Unemployment among young people remains a significant issue in many
countries.
4. Peer pressure often leads teenagers to make choices they might not oth-
erwise consider.
5. Young people are increasingly concerned about climate change and its
impact on their future.
6. The rise of social media has had both positive and negative effects on
youth culture.
7. Many young adults find it challenging to balance work, studies, and per-
sonal life.
8. Bullying in schools continues to be a serious issue that affects many stu-
dents.
9. Some young people feel disconnected from politics and do not engage in
voting.
10. Mental health awareness has become a key focus for youth organiza-
tions around the world.

Exercise 4: Youth Culture Trends

Match the trend in youth culture to its description.
sustainability movement A youth fashion trend that combines casual, com-
fortable clothing with bold designs and urban in-
fluences, often linked to skate and hip-hop cul-
ture.

digital activism A growing interest among young people in prac-

tices that promote mental well-being, stress re-
duction, and self-awareness.
vlogging A trend where young people create or customize
their own clothes, accessories, and art, emphasiz-
ing creativity and independence.
streetwear fashion The use of social media and online platforms to
promote social and political causes, often with
viral campaigns.
mindfulness and medita- A growing trend where young people consume
tion entertainment through online services like Net-
 flix, Twitch, and Spotify.
esports A subculture where young people dress up as
characters from anime, comics, movies, or video
games, often for conventions or events.
diy culture A trend where young people prioritize eco-
friendly products, minimal waste, and environ-
mental responsibility.
fitness and wellness Competitive video gaming, where professional
players and teams compete in tournaments
watched by millions online.
streaming platforms A popular activity where young people create
video blogs on platforms like YouTube, sharing
personal experiences or exploring specific topics.
cosplay A focus on maintaining physical and mental
health through regular exercise, healthy eating,
and mental well-being practices.

Exercise 5: Youth Movements in Ukraine and Worldwide (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to youth movements
in Ukraine and globally.
1. In Ukraine, many young people participate in the Пласт organization,
which focuses on personal development, leadership, and promoting national
_______________.
2. The global Fridays for Future movement, led by young activists, aims to
raise awareness about climate _______________ and demand stronger environ-
mental policies.
3. Youth participation in student unions and protests has played a key role
in shaping educational _______________ in many countries.
4. In recent years, Ukrainian youth have become more active in volunteer
movements, helping displaced families and communities affected by the
_______________.
5. The Ukrainian Youth Forum provides a platform for young people to en-
gage in discussions on economic, political, and social _______________.
6. Feminist movements among young women in many parts of the world
fight for gender equality and women’s _______________.
 7. Many Ukrainian youth support the LGBTQ+ movement, advocating for
equal rights and fighting against _______________ in society.
8. Online activism has become a powerful tool for youth movements
worldwide, with social media campaigns spreading awareness about important
_______________.
9. Young people often participate in charity marathons and events aimed at
raising funds for social causes and health _______________.
10. The Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was a major event in
which the country’s youth played a significant _______________ in advocating
for democracy and European integration.

Exercise 6: Youth Problems and Challenges

Match the issue to its description.
unemployment Issues such as anxiety, depression, and stress that can affect
young people due to academic, social, or personal pres-
sures.
peer pressure Worries about climate change, pollution, and sustainability
that are increasingly important to the younger generation.
mental health Difficulty finding stable or suitable work, especially for
young people entering the job market.
social media ad- Anxiety and dissatisfaction with one’s physical appearance,
diction often influenced by media and societal standards.
substance abuse A struggle to understand and define one’s own values, be-
liefs, or place in society, commonly experienced during ad-
olescence.
body image is- Social influence from friends or groups that encourages
sues individuals to adopt certain behaviors or beliefs.
educational Harassment or bullying that occurs online, often through
stress social media or messaging platforms.
cyberbullying Overreliance on social networks and online platforms, lead-
ing to decreased productivity and social interaction in real
life.
identity crisis High pressure to succeed academically, which can lead to
burnout, anxiety, and sleep problems.
environmental The misuse of drugs or alcohol, often resulting from stress,
concerns peer influence, or a desire to escape problems.
 Exercise 7: Youth Subcultures
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The goth subculture is known for its dark aesthetic, often wearing black
clothes and expressing an interest in _______________ themes.
2. Hip-hop culture includes rap music, street art, and _______________,
with a focus on self-expression and urban life.
3. The punk movement emerged as a reaction to mainstream culture, with
its rebellious attitude and preference for _______________ music.
4. Skateboarding culture is a youth movement centered on skate parks, ex-
treme sports, and a laid-back, _______________ lifestyle.
5. K-pop fandoms are globally popular, with young people following their
favorite Korean pop idols and participating in fan-driven _______________.
6. The eco-conscious movement has influenced many young people to ad-
opt sustainable lifestyles and reduce their _______________ impact.
7. The gamer subculture is growing as esports gain popularity, with young
people competing in video game _______________.
8. Minimalism is a trend among young people that emphasizes living with
fewer possessions and focusing on life’s _______________ experiences.
9. The DIY (Do-It-Yourself) movement encourages young people to create
their own fashion, art, and music, promoting _______________ and individual-
ity.
10. Streetwear is a fashion trend influenced by hip-hop and skate culture,
where oversized clothing and bold designs _______________.
 Exercise 8: Youth Movements in Ukraine and Worldwide
Complete the sentences with appropriate words related to youth move-
ments.
1. The Ukrainian youth movement Пласт focuses on developing leadership
skills and promoting national _______________.
2. The global Fridays for Future movement, led by young climate activists,
raises awareness about environmental _______________.
3. Student unions in universities around the world help students organize
protests and advocate for better educational _______________.
4. Young people are often at the forefront of political activism, campaign-
ing for human rights and democratic _______________.
5. The volunteering movement in Ukraine has become an important way
for young people to help those affected by the ongoing _______________.
6. Eco-friendly initiatives led by youth organizations promote sustainable
living and advocate for _______________ solutions.
7. Youth movements focusing on gender equality seek to address issues
such as discrimination and the gender _______________.
8. Many young people use social media platforms for digital activism,
spreading messages about social justice and _______________ change.
9. In the aftermath of the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity, youth have
played a vital role in promoting democracy and European _______________.

Exercise 9: Youth Life and Social Issues (Matching)

Match the social issue to the challenge it represents for youth.
bullying The difficulty for young people to find affordable housing
in large cities due to high rent prices and lack of availabil-
ity.
housing crisis The struggle to find jobs due to a competitive job market
and the demand for higher qualifications and experience.
educational in- Harassment that takes place over digital platforms, where
equality bullies can spread rumors or insult others anonymously.
unemployment Feeling disconnected from peers and society, often exacer-
bated by social media or a lack of real-life interaction.
 cyberbullying Physical or emotional harassment by peers, which can
lead to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.
substance abuse Influence from friends or social groups that pushes indi-
viduals to engage in risky or harmful behavior.
mental health is- Unequal access to quality education, often based on socio-
sues economic status, location, or resources.
peer pressure The misuse of drugs or alcohol, often due to stress, peer
pressure, or coping with personal issues.
social isolation Negative self-perception regarding appearance, often in-
fluenced by media portrayal of beauty standards.
body image is- Psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and
sues stress, which are increasingly common among young
people.

Exercise 10: Youth Culture and Digital Life (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to youth culture and
digital life.

1. Many young people spend hours each day on social media platforms like
Instagram and TikTok, sharing _______________ and videos.
2. The rise of influencers on social media has created a new form of
_______________ marketing, where brands collaborate with popular users to
reach wider audiences.
3. Esports tournaments attract millions of young gamers worldwide, with
professional players competing in video game _______________.
4. Streaming platforms like Netflix and Spotify have changed the way
young people consume _______________, allowing for on-demand access to
movies, series, and music.
5. The digital native generation has grown up with technology, making
them highly proficient in using _______________ tools and devices.
6. Many young people are turning to freelancing or the gig economy to
earn income, offering their skills through _______________ platforms.
7. The increasing use of smartphones among youth has led to concerns
about screen time and its impact on mental and physical _______________.
 8. Online communities provide a space for young people to connect with
others who share their interests and hobbies, creating a sense of
_______________.
9. The phenomenon of digital detox is becoming popular among young
people who wish to take breaks from constant _______________ and social me-
dia use.
10. Cybersecurity has become a priority for young people, as they are more
aware of the importance of protecting personal _______________ online.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

Exercise 1: Famous Scientists and Inventors

Match the scientist or inventor to their contribution or invention.
Isaac Newton Invented the light bulb and made significant contribu-
tions to the development of the phonograph and motion
pictures.
Marie Curie Formulated the theory of relativity and contributed to the
understanding of space, time, and energy.
Thomas Edison Made groundbreaking astronomical observations and
supported the heliocentric model of the solar system.
Nikola Tesla Discovered the elements polonium and radium, and con-
ducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
Alexander Fleming Improved the steam engine, which became a key driver
of the Industrial Revolution.
Albert Einstein Known for contributions to the development of alternat-
ing current (AC) electrical systems.
Galileo Galilei Co-founded Apple and revolutionized personal comput-
ing and smartphones.
James Watt Developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Steve Jobs Co-founded Facebook, changing the way people commu-
nicate and interact online.
Mark Zuckerberg Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.

Exercise 2: Inventions and Their Impact (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to inventions and
technology.
1. The invention of the _______________ transformed transportation, al-
lowing people to travel faster and more efficiently across long distances.
2. The development of _______________ has revolutionized communica-
tion, enabling people to send messages instantly across the world.
3. The invention of the _______________ in the 19th century marked the
beginning of the modern industrial age.
4. Thanks to the invention of the _______________, healthcare has im-
proved dramatically, with patients receiving more accurate diagnoses.
 5. The creation of _______________ engines allowed for the rise of auto-
mobiles and planes, revolutionizing travel.
6. The Internet is considered one of the most important _______________
of the 20th century, connecting billions of people globally.
7. Modern _______________ devices like smartphones and tablets have
made it easier to access information and stay connected.
8. The invention of the _______________ was a key step in the develop-
ment of modern computers, allowing for complex calculations.
9. The _______________ printing press, invented by Gutenberg, made
books and information accessible to a wider audience.
10. Many technologies in the 21st century, such as AI and robotics, are
shaping the future of _______________ and industry.

Exercise 3: Modern Devices in Daily Life

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. Smartphones have become an essential part of everyday life for most
people.
2. Laptops and tablets allow people to work from anywhere with an internet
connection.
3. Smart home devices like voice-activated assistants make daily tasks
more convenient.
4. Wearable technology, such as fitness trackers, helps users monitor their
health and fitness levels.
5. The development of high-speed internet has made remote learning and
telecommuting more accessible.
6. Many households rely on modern appliances like washing machines and
microwaves to save time.
7. Online shopping has changed the way consumers buy goods, making it
easier to compare prices and products.
 8. Modern medical equipment allows doctors to diagnose and treat patients
more effectively.
9. Electric vehicles are gaining popularity as a more environmentally
friendly alternative to gasoline-powered cars.
10. Virtual reality devices provide immersive experiences for entertain-
ment, education, and training.

Exercise 4: Impact of Scientific and Technological Progress (Matching)

Match the impact of scientific and technological progress to its descrip-
tion.
Environmental Impact The way technological progress has fueled indus-
trial expansion, creating new jobs and industries.
Health Improvements The ability to communicate with people worldwide
instantly through the internet and mobile devices.
Work Efficiency The use of technology, such as online courses and
e-learning platforms, to make education available to
more people.
Global Communication Advances in science and technology that have al-
lowed humans to explore space and launch satel-
lites.
Energy Consumption Advances in medical research, diagnostics, and
treatments that have improved life expectancy and
quality of life.
Educational Access The way technology has changed how people inter-
act, often relying more on virtual communication
than face-to-face.
Space Exploration Technologies such as renewable energy, recycling,
and eco-friendly materials that help reduce environ-
mental harm.
Social Interaction The negative effects of industrialization and techno-
logy on the planet, such as pollution and resource
depletion.
Environmental Solu- The increasing demand for energy due to industrial
tions growth, leading to a focus on renewable energy
sources.
Economic Growth The automation of tasks and the use of technology
to improve productivity in various industries.
 Exercise 5: Science and Technology in Ukraine and Worldwide
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Ukraine is known for its achievements in the field of space exploration,
with notable contributions to _______________ technology and satellite devel-
opment.
2. Ukrainian IT specialists are highly sought after in the global tech in-
dustry, with many working on software _______________ and cybersecurity
projects.
3. In recent years, Ukraine has become a hub for start-ups in the fields of
technology, agriculture, and _______________ science.
4. The Chornobyl nuclear disaster in 1986 was a tragic event that led to sig-
nificant research into nuclear safety and _______________ energy.
5. Scientific research institutes in Ukraine focus on various fields, includ-
ing biotechnology, nanotechnology, and renewable _______________.
6. Globally, artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing, with applica-
tions in healthcare, education, and _______________ management.
7. Many universities in Ukraine collaborate with international research cen-
ters to promote scientific development and _______________ knowledge shar-
ing.
8. Renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, are being
developed worldwide to reduce reliance on _______________ fuels.
9. Agricultural technology is a growing sector in Ukraine, with innovations
in precision farming and sustainable _______________ practices.
10. The rapid progress of medical technology has revolutionized the health-
care industry, improving diagnostics, treatments, and _______________ care
worldwide.
 Exercise 6: Fields of Science
Match the field of science to its description.
Physics The science that deals with the Earth's physical structure,
materials, and the processes that shape the planet.
Chemistry The field that focuses on the interaction between humans
and the environment, including conservation and pollu-
tion control.
Biology The study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as
a whole, including stars, planets, and galaxies.
Astronomy The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces
of nature, including gravity and electromagnetism.
Geology The study of computation, programming, algorithms, and
the design of computer systems and software.
Genetics The science that deals with the properties, composition,
and structure of substances, and the changes they un-
dergo during reactions.
Environmental Sci- The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing dis-
ence eases in humans and animals.
Computer Science The science and engineering of manipulating materials
on an atomic or molecular scale to create new devices
and applications.
Medicine The study of living organisms, including their structure,
function, growth, and evolution.
Nanotechnology The study of heredity and the variation of inherited char-
acteristics in living organisms.

Exercise 7: Impact of Technology on Daily Life

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The development of smartphones has completely changed the way
people communicate, making instant _______________ accessible anywhere.
2. Online shopping has become increasingly popular, allowing people to
_______________ goods from all over the world without leaving their homes.
3. The use of renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind
turbines, has reduced our reliance on _______________ fuels.
4. Artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in healthcare to improve
_______________ and assist doctors in diagnosing diseases more accurately.
 5. Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, help users
monitor their _______________ and stay active.
6. Video conferencing has made it possible for people to work remotely and
participate in meetings without _______________ to the office.
7. 3D printing technology is revolutionizing industries by allowing the
_______________ of custom-made products, from prosthetics to car parts.
8. The rise of social media has changed how we interact, enabling us to
_______________ with people across the globe in real time.
9. Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used for entertainment and training,
providing _______________ experiences in gaming, education, and simulations.
10. The growth of e-commerce has transformed the retail industry, making
it easier for businesses to reach a _______________ audience online.

Exercise 8: Modern Communication Technologies

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. Instant messaging apps have replaced traditional text messages for many
users.
2. Video calling has made it easier for people to stay connected with family
and friends who live far away.
3. The rise of social media platforms has changed the way companies inter-
act with their customers.
4. Cloud storage allows users to save files and access them from any device
with an internet connection.
5. Email has become one of the most common methods of business com-
munication.
6. Online forums are popular spaces for people to share ideas and ask ques-
tions about various topics.
7. Podcasts are an increasingly popular way to consume news and enter-
tainment on the go.
 8. Many people use digital assistants, like Siri or Alexa, to control smart
devices in their homes.
9. Livestreaming has become a popular way for content creators to interact
with their audiences in real time.
10. Encryption is essential for ensuring the privacy and security of online
communications.

Exercise 9: Computer Hardware

Match the computer hardware component to its function.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Temporary storage used by the computer to
store data that is currently being used or
processed.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) A type of storage that uses magnetic disks
to store large amounts of data permanently.
Motherboard A faster storage device that uses flash
memory to store data with no moving
parts.
Random Access Memory (RAM) A component that allows the computer to
connect to a network, either wired or wire-
lessly.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) The "brain" of the computer, responsible
for processing data and executing instruc-
tions.
Solid State Drive (SSD) The component that provides electrical
power to the computer and its various com-
ponents.
Power Supply Unit (PSU) A system of fans or liquid cooling mechan-
isms designed to keep the computer's com-
ponents from overheating.
Cooling System A specialized processor that renders im-
ages and videos, commonly used in gam-
ing and visual computing.
Network Interface Card (NIC) A display screen that shows the output of
the computer's processes, including graph-
ics and text.
Monitor The main circuit board that connects all the
components of the computer, including the
CPU, RAM, and storage.
 Exercise 10: The Future of Science and Technology
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to the future of sci-
ence and technology.

1. Many experts believe that artificial intelligence (AI) will continue to

transform industries such as healthcare, _______________, and manufacturing.
2. The development of quantum computing could revolutionize how we
process and store data, solving complex problems _______________.
3. Gene editing technologies like CRISPR may soon allow scientists to
_______________ diseases at the genetic level, leading to breakthroughs in
medicine.
4. The field of space exploration is advancing rapidly, with private compan-
ies and government agencies working together to _______________ missions to
Mars.
5. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are expected
to play a major role in _______________ the effects of climate change.
6. Autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars, are being tested in many cit-
ies and could eventually become a common mode of _______________.
7. Nanotechnology continues to grow, with potential applications in medi-
cine, _______________, and environmental protection.
8. The use of robotics is expanding, with robots being used for tasks such
as surgery, manufacturing, and even _______________ exploration.
9. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are likely to become
more integrated into daily life, especially in areas such as education and
_______________.
10. The increasing use of biotechnology could lead to innovations in agri-
culture, helping to _______________ food production and address global hun-
ger.
 HOMETOWN/VILLAGE

Exercise 1: Geography and Climate of Ukraine

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to the geography and
climate of Ukraine.

1. Ukraine is located in _______________ Europe, bordered by countries

such as Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Russia.
2. The _______________ Sea and the Sea of Azov form Ukraine's southern
border, providing access to major ports and trade routes.
3. The landscape of Ukraine includes vast _______________ in the central
and eastern regions, which are ideal for agriculture.
4. The Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the
south are known for their _______________ beauty and diverse ecosystems.
5. Ukraine’s _______________ climate is characterized by warm summers
and cold winters, with significant variations depending on the region.
6. The _______________ River, the longest in Ukraine, flows from the
north to the south and is a vital waterway for the country.
7. Ukraine is rich in natural resources, including coal, iron ore, and fertile
_______________ soils, which support its agricultural industry.
8. Winters in Ukraine can be _______________, especially in the northern
and central regions, with temperatures often dropping below freezing.
9. The Black Sea region experiences a more _______________ climate,
with milder winters and hot, dry summers.
10. The geography of Ukraine plays a crucial role in its economy, with the
fertile plains supporting large-scale _______________ production.
 Exercise 2: Historical and Cultural Landmarks of Kyiv
Match the historical or cultural landmark in Kyiv to its description.
St. Sophia's CathedralA reconstructed medieval gate that once served as the
main entrance to the city during the reign of Yaroslav
the Wise.
Kyiv Pechersk Lavr The central square of Kyiv, known for its importance
in political and social movements, including the 2014
Revolution of Dignity.
Golden Gate A towering statue commemorating the victory over
Nazi Germany in World War II, located in the Na-
tional Museum of the History of Ukraine in World
War II.
Maidan Nezalezhnosti A solemn monument dedicated to the victims of the
(Independence Square) Nazi massacres during World War II, located in a
ravine near Kyiv.
Motherland Monument A historic Orthodox Christian monastery complex
that is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, featur-
ing underground caves and religious relics.
Andriyivskyy Descent Kyiv's main street, known for its wide sidewalks, his-
toric buildings, and vibrant atmosphere, especially
during weekends.
Khreshchatyk Street A Baroque-style residence that serves as the official
ceremonial home of the President of Ukraine.
Mariinskyi Palace A historic street lined with art galleries, souvenir
shops, and cafes, connecting the upper city to the
Podil district.
National Opera House A UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of Kyiv’s
most famous landmarks, known for its golden domes
and ancient frescoes.
Babi Yar Memorial A grand cultural institution where visitors can enjoy
opera and ballet performances in an opulent setting.

Exercise 3: Administrative and Political Structure of Ukraine

Complete the sentences with appropriate words.
1. Ukraine is a _______________ state with a system of government that
includes executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
2. The President of Ukraine is the head of _______________ and is elected
by the citizens for a five-year term.
 3. The Ukrainian parliament, known as the Verkhovna Rada, consists of a
single _______________ with 450 deputies.
4. The Prime Minister of Ukraine is appointed by the President and ap-
proved by the _______________, and is responsible for running the govern-
ment.
5. Ukraine is divided into 24 _______________, or regions, each with its
own local government.
6. Kyiv, the capital city of Ukraine, has special administrative status and is
governed by a _______________.
7. Ukrainian citizens have the right to vote in national and local
_______________ to elect their representatives and leaders.
8. The Constitution of Ukraine, adopted in 1996, guarantees the rights and
freedoms of all _______________.
9. The judicial branch of Ukraine consists of a system of courts, with the
_______________ Court serving as the highest legal authority.
10. Ukraine's political system allows for a _______________ party system,
with multiple political parties participating in elections.

Exercise 4: State Holidays and National Celebrations in Ukraine

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Ukraine celebrates Independence Day on August 24th, marking the
country’s declaration of _______________ from the Soviet Union in 1991.
2. Constitution Day, observed on June 28th, commemorates the adoption of
Ukraine’s first post-independence _______________.
3. Victory Day, celebrated on May 9th, honors the victory over Nazi
_______________ in World War II.
4. Unity Day, observed on January 22nd, marks the historic unification of
the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s
_______________ in 1919.
 5. One of the most important religious holidays in Ukraine is Easter, which
is celebrated with traditional foods like paska and _______________ eggs.
6. Christmas is celebrated by many Ukrainians on January 7th, following
the _______________ Orthodox calendar.
7. Kupala Night, a traditional Ukrainian summer festival, is held on July
7th and includes rituals related to water, fire, and _______________.
8. Defender of Ukraine Day, celebrated on October 14th, honors the
bravery and dedication of Ukraine’s _______________ forces.
9. International Women’s Day is a public holiday in Ukraine, observed on
March 8th to celebrate women’s contributions to _______________.
10. St. Andrew’s Day, celebrated on December 13th, is associated with
Ukrainian folk traditions, including fortune-telling and festive
_______________.

Exercise 5: Major Cities and Historical Sites in Ukraine

Match the major city in Ukraine to its description or historical signific-
ance.
Lviv Ukraine’s second-largest city, known for its role as a ma-
jor industrial and educational center, as well as its Free-
dom Square.
Odesa A city located along the Dnipro River, known for its
aerospace industry and historical role in the Soviet
Union’s space program.
Kharkiv A central Ukrainian city famous for its beautiful fountains
and the historical residence of Mykola Pirogov, a pioneer-
ing surgeon.
Dnipro One of Ukraine’s oldest cities, located in the north, known
for its ancient churches and historical significance during
the Kievan Rus’ period
Zaporizhzhia A port city on the Black Sea famous for its beaches, 19th-
century architecture, and iconic Potemkin Stairs.
Vinnytsia Famous for the Battle of Poltava in 1709, where Peter the
Great’s Russian forces defeated the Swedish army, chan-
ging European history.
Chernihiv Known for the island of Khortytsia, the historic strong-
hold of the Zaporizhian Cossacks, and the famous Dnipro
 Hydroelectric Station.
Ivano-Frankivsk A city in southwestern Ukraine, known for its beautiful
university, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its rich
multicultural history.
Poltava A historic city in western Ukraine known for its well-pre-
served architecture, vibrant cultural scene, and UNESCO-
listed old town.
Chernivtsi A city in the Carpathian region known as a gateway to the
mountains and for its traditional Hutsul culture.

Exercise 6: Significant Historical Events in Ukraine

Match the historical event in Ukraine to its description.
Orange Revolution (2004) The official act that declared Ukraine's independ-
ence from the Soviet Union, leading to its recog-
nition as a sovereign state.
Euromaidan (2013-2014) A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine that
caused millions of deaths due to starvation.
Chornobyl Nuclear Dis- The protests that led to the ousting of President
aster (1986) Yanukovych and paved the way for democratic
reforms and European integration.
Declaration of Independ- A decisive battle during the Great Northern War
ence (1991) in which Russian forces defeated the Swedish
army, marking a turning point in European his-
tory.
Holodomor (1932-1933) A wave of demonstrations and civil unrest
sparked by the government’s decision to reject an
association agreement with the European Union.
Ukrainian Revolution of An agreement between the Ukrainian Cossacks
Dignity (2014) and Tsarist Russia, resulting in Ukraine becoming
a part of the Russian Empire.
Crimean Annexation The world’s worst nuclear accident, which resul-
(2014) ted in widespread radioactive contamination and
the evacuation of entire cities.
Battle of Poltava (1709) The illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia fol-
lowing a disputed referendum, which is not re-
cognized by the international community.
Act of Unity (1919) A series of protests and political events that took
place after a disputed presidential election, lead-
ing to a re-run of the election.
Treaty of Pereyaslav The unification of the Ukrainian People’s Repub-
(1654) lic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic,
symbolizing national unity.
 Exercise 7: Population and Nationalities of Ukraine
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to the population and
nationalities of Ukraine.

1. Ukraine is home to a diverse population of over _______________ mil-

lion people, making it one of the largest countries in Europe by population.
2. The majority ethnic group in Ukraine is _______________, who make
up approximately 77% of the population.
3. _______________ is the official language of Ukraine, but Russian is
also widely spoken, especially in eastern and southern regions.
4. Other minority groups in Ukraine include Crimean _______________,
Jews, Belarusians, Moldovans, and Hungarians.
5. The population of Ukraine is unevenly distributed, with the highest con-
centrations in large urban centers such as Kyiv, _______________, and Odesa.
6. In the western part of Ukraine, the population is predominantly
_______________ Orthodox, while other regions have a mix of different reli-
gious denominations.
7. The city of Lviv is known for its strong _______________ identity and
deep-rooted cultural traditions.
8. The population of Crimea includes a significant number of
_______________, whose history in the region dates back centuries.
9. Ukraine has experienced significant emigration in recent decades, with
many young people seeking work and educational _______________ abroad.
10. Ukraine’s population is also aging, with a low birth rate and a growing
percentage of the population over _______________ years old.

Exercise 8: Natural Resources of Ukraine (Sentence Transformation)

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.
1. Ukraine is known for its fertile agricultural land, which produces large
quantities of wheat and corn.
 2. The coal reserves in the Donetsk Basin are among the largest in Europe.
3. Ukraine’s natural gas deposits provide energy for both domestic use and
export.
4. The extraction of iron ore in Ukraine supports its heavy industry and
steel production.
5. The Dnipro River is a vital water resource for agriculture, industry, and
hydropower.
6. Ukraine has a large forested area that supplies timber for construction
and paper production.
7. Ukraine’s Black Sea coast is important for its fishing industry and off-
shore energy exploration.
8. The country’s deposits of minerals like manganese and titanium are valu-
able for industrial applications.
9. Ukraine’s fertile soil, known as chernozem, is ideal for growing high-
yield crops.
10. The development of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar
power, is a priority in Ukraine’s energy policy.

Exercise 9: Major Cities and Their Importance

Match the major city in Ukraine to its economic or cultural import-
ance.
Kyiv A key port city on the Black Sea, important for trade, ship-
ping, and its cultural diversity.
Lviv A city known for its aerospace and defense industries, loc-
ated on the Dnipro River.
Odesa A city with historical significance due to the famous Battle
and its cultural importance in Ukrainian history.
Kharkiv A city known for its rich cultural heritage, historic architec-
ture, and role as a major center for education and tourism.
Zaporizhzhia A city with ancient roots, known for its churches and mon-
asteries that date back to the Kievan Rus’ period.
Dnipro An industrial and educational center in eastern Ukraine,
known for its role in engineering, science, and technology.
Poltava A city located near the Carpathian Mountains, known as a
 gateway to the mountains and for its role in preserving Hut-
sul culture.
Chernivtsi The capital of Ukraine, an important political, cultural, and
economic hub, and home to many historic landmarks.
Ivano-Frankivsk A city known for its connection to the Zaporizhian Cos-
sacks and as a major center for the energy industry, includ-
ing hydroelectric power.
Chernihiv A city known for its multicultural heritage and home to a
renowned university that is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.

Exercise 10: Notable Landmarks in Ukraine

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
famous for its ancient mosaics and stunning _______________.
2. The Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, also known as the Monastery of the Caves, is
one of the holiest sites in Eastern Orthodoxy and attracts many
_______________ visitors each year.
3. The Potemkin Stairs in Odesa are a famous architectural landmark, offer-
ing a grand view of the city’s port and the _______________ Sea.
4. Khortytsia Island in Zaporizhzhia is an important historical site, known
as the birthplace of the _______________ Cossacks.
5. The Carpathian Mountains in western Ukraine are a popular destination
for hiking, skiing, and exploring traditional Hutsul culture.
6. The Lviv Opera House is a cultural gem of western Ukraine, renowned
for its architectural beauty and world-class _______________ performances.
7. The Dnipro Hydroelectric Station is one of Ukraine’s largest power
plants, located on the Dnipro River and a symbol of the country’s industrial
_______________.
8. The Ukrainian Steppe is known for its vast, flat grasslands, which are
home to unique _______________ and have supported agriculture for centuries.
 9. The Babi Yar Memorial in Kyiv commemorates the victims of the mass
executions that took place during the _______________ occupation in World
War II.
10. The Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle is one of the most well-preserved me-
dieval fortresses in Ukraine, located on the banks of the Smotrych
_______________.
 UKRAINE

Exercise 1: International Cooperation of Ukraine

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Ukraine has been actively seeking stronger ties with the European Union
(EU) to promote economic growth and political _______________.
2. As a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1945, Ukraine contrib-
utes to international _______________ by participating in peacekeeping mis-
sions.
3. Ukraine is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) but has gradually distanced itself to pursue closer relations with the
_______________ Union.
4. Cooperation with the NATO alliance has become a key priority for
Ukraine’s _______________ policy, particularly after 2014.
5. Ukraine is a signatory to the Paris Agreement, which addresses global
_______________ change and aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Trade agreements with the World Trade Organization (WTO) have
helped Ukraine integrate into the global _______________ and expand its ex-
port markets.
7. Ukraine's partnership with the Organization for Security and Co-opera-
tion in Europe (OSCE) has played a vital role in _______________ efforts in the
country.
8. The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is an initiative of the European Union
aimed at building a stronger relationship with six post-Soviet countries, includ-
ing _______________.
9. Through international cooperation, Ukraine receives significant humanit-
arian aid to support displaced people and those affected by _______________
conflict.
10. Ukraine’s foreign policy is focused on promoting _______________
and strengthening its role in the international community.
 Exercise 2: International Organizations
Match the international organization to its description.
European Union (EU) An organization that promotes democracy, human
rights, and the rule of law in Europe, based in Stras-
bourg.
United Nations (UN) An international organization that regulates global
trade and ensures that trade flows as smoothly as
possible.
NATO A specialized agency of the United Nations respons-
ible for international public health.
Council of Europe An international organization founded in 1945 that
aims to maintain peace, promote human rights, and
foster international cooperation.
World Trade Organiza- An international financial institution that provides
tion (WTO) loans and financial assistance to countries facing
economic challenges.
International Monetary A humanitarian organization dedicated to providing
Fund (IMF) emergency assistance, disaster relief, and education
in conflict zones.
World Health Organiza- A political and economic union of 27 European
tion (WHO) countries that promotes free trade, mobility, and
cooperation in various sectors.
International Red Cross A regional security organization that works to pre-
and Red Crescent vent conflicts, promote human rights, and
Movement strengthen democratic institutions.
Organization for Secur- An international financial institution that provides
ity and Co-operation in funding for development projects aimed at reducing
Europe (OSCE) poverty and promoting sustainable development.
World Bank A military alliance of 30 North American and
European countries established for mutual defense
and security.

Exercise 3: Legislation and Legal Acts

Rewrite the sentences using the word without changing the meaning.
1. Ukraine adopted the law on anti-corruption to strengthen transparency in
government.
2. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees basic rights and freedoms to all
citizens.
 3. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is responsible for creating and amend-
ing national laws.
4. International agreements signed by Ukraine must be ratified by the par-
liament.
5. The judicial system in Ukraine ensures that laws are fairly applied and
enforced.
6. New environmental laws in Ukraine aim to reduce pollution and protect
natural resources.
7. Ukraine’s legal system is based on a combination of civil law and inter-
national law.
8. The Ukrainian government introduced reforms to improve the rule of law
and fight against corruption.
9. Legal experts often work with international organizations to help de-
velop new legislation in Ukraine.
10. Human rights are protected under both national law and international
agreements that Ukraine has signed.

Exercise 4: Charitable Activities in Ukraine

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to charitable activit-
ies.
1. Many Ukrainian charitable organizations focus on providing humanit-
arian _______________ to displaced persons and those affected by the conflict
in the east.
2. The Red Cross plays a vital role in delivering medical supplies and
_______________ care to those in need.
3. Charitable foundations often organize fundraising events to support edu-
cation, _______________, and healthcare projects in Ukraine.
4. Volunteer groups in Ukraine are actively involved in distributing food,
clothing, and other _______________ to vulnerable communities.
 5. Many charities focus on helping children, including orphans and those
with _______________ disabilities, by providing education and care.
6. International organizations collaborate with Ukrainian charities to sup-
port victims of _______________ violence and provide psychological assist-
ance.
7. Local businesses frequently donate to charitable causes as part of their
corporate _______________ responsibility efforts.
8. Crowdfunding platforms have become an important tool for raising
funds for social and charitable _______________ in Ukraine.
9. Many Ukrainian volunteers and NGOs (non-governmental organizations)
provide relief to people affected by natural disasters or _______________ emer-
gencies.
10. Donations from individuals and companies help support a wide range
of charitable projects, including housing for _______________ and vulnerable
people.

Exercise 5: Ukraine’s Role in Global Politics

Match the aspect of Ukraine’s role in global politics to its description.
Peacekeeping Operations Ukraine works with international organizations
to promote democracy, freedom of speech, and
the rule of law.
Eastern Partnership Ukraine plays a key role in European energy
security due to its strategic location for gas
transit pipelines.
Human Rights Advocacy Ukraine receives humanitarian and financial aid
from countries and organizations to support its
economic development and conflict recovery.
Trade Relations Ukraine is working with global organizations to
implement policies that address climate change
and environmental protection.
Energy Security Historically, Ukraine has positioned itself as
neutral in global conflicts, focusing on dip-
lomacy and international cooperation.
International Aid Ukraine has trade agreements with countries
around the world, especially within the World
Trade Organization (WTO).
 Environmental Policy Ukraine cooperates with European countries to
address migration flows, especially concerning
refugees and displaced persons.
Non-Aligned Movement Ukraine is a participant in this EU initiative that
promotes political and economic cooperation
with six post-Soviet countries.
Migration Issues Ukraine partners with NATO and other defense
alliances to enhance its military capabilities and
security in response to regional threats.
Defense Cooperation Ukraine contributes troops and support to
United Nations peacekeeping missions around
the world.

Exercise 6: Ukraine’s Involvement in International Organizations

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to Ukraine’s involve-
ment in international organizations.
1. Ukraine has sought closer ties with the European Union (EU), signing
the Association Agreement to promote _______________ reforms and economic
cooperation.
2. As a member of the United Nations (UN), Ukraine participates in global
efforts to address _______________ issues such as climate change and human
rights.
3. Ukraine has applied to join NATO, strengthening its _______________
partnerships with Western countries and modernizing its military.
4. The Council of Europe helps Ukraine promote democracy, human rights,
and the rule of _______________ through various initiatives.
5. Ukraine’s participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) facilit-
ates international _______________ and allows for better access to global mar-
kets.
6. Ukraine actively cooperates with the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
to implement economic reforms and secure financial _______________.
7. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) mon-
itors the security situation in Ukraine and helps maintain _______________ in
conflict zones.
 8. Ukraine’s membership in the World Health Organization (WHO) is cru-
cial for addressing public health _______________, including the COVID-19
pandemic.
9. Ukraine’s commitment to the Paris Agreement demonstrates its efforts to
combat climate _______________ and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
10. Humanitarian aid provided by international organizations helps Ukraine
support refugees and displaced persons affected by ongoing _______________.

Exercise 7: Legal Terms in International Agreements

Complete the sentences with appropriate legal terms related to inter-
national agreements.
1. Ukraine signed an agreement with the European Union, outlining mutual
commitments to economic and political _______________.
2. The ratification of the Paris Agreement by Ukraine demonstrates its com-
mitment to addressing global _______________ issues.
3. A treaty between Ukraine and neighboring countries governs the shared
use of natural _______________ like rivers and forests.
4. Under international law, Ukraine has the right to defend its territorial
_______________ and sovereignty.
5. The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) covers cases
of war crimes and crimes against _______________.
6. Bilateral agreements between Ukraine and other nations focus on trade,
defense, and cultural _______________.
7. Ukraine’s legal system is based on the Constitution, which guarantees
fundamental rights and _______________ to all citizens.
8. The United Nations promotes peaceful resolution of conflicts through
diplomatic negotiations and _______________ agreements.
9. Ukraine’s compliance with international law is essential for maintaining
strong relations with other _______________.
 10. The sanctions imposed on certain countries by international organiza-
tions aim to encourage compliance with human rights and international
_______________.

Exercise 8: Charitable Activities and Global Aid

Match the charitable organization or global aid initiative to its descrip-
tion.
UNICEF A global humanitarian organization that offers emer-
gency assistance, disaster relief, and education in war-
torn regions.
Doctors Without An agency of the United Nations that provides protection
Borders (Médecins and assistance to refugees, displaced persons, and
Sans Frontières) asylum seekers.
Red Cross A global Catholic relief organization that provides aid to
people affected by poverty, disasters, and conflict.
World Food Pro- An international financing organization dedicated to
gramme (WFP) fighting AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in the world’s
poorest countries.
UNHCR (United A medical humanitarian organization that provides emer-
Nations High gency medical care in conflict zones and areas affected
Commissioner for by natural disasters.
Refugees)
Caritas Interna- A nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the
tional lives of children worldwide through education, health
care, and emergency aid.
Global Fund A United Nations agency that provides food assistance to
populations suffering from hunger, particularly in con-
flict areas.
Oxfam A nonprofit organization that helps build and repair
homes for low-income families around the world.
Save the Children An international organization that provides long-term
humanitarian and developmental assistance to children
and mothers in developing countries.
Habitat for Hu- An international confederation of charitable organiza-
manity tions that focuses on alleviating global poverty and pro-
moting social justice.

Exercise 9: Ukraine’s Foreign Policy

Fill in the blanks with appropriate.
 1. Ukraine’s foreign policy is centered on achieving greater integration with
the European Union and strengthening its _______________ with European na-
tions.
2. The Eastern Partnership is a key initiative aimed at promoting economic
cooperation and democratic reforms in six Eastern European countries, includ-
ing _______________.
3. Ukraine has prioritized building close diplomatic ties with the United
States to receive military and economic _______________ in the face of ex-
ternal threats.
4. Ukraine’s partnership with NATO is essential for its national
_______________ and military modernization efforts.
5. Ukraine actively participates in peacekeeping operations around the
world, contributing troops to United Nations _______________.
6. Ukraine is committed to supporting the principles of international law,
particularly in defending its territorial integrity and national _______________.
7. The government of Ukraine is focused on securing foreign investment to
help boost the country’s _______________ development and create new jobs.
8. Ukraine maintains strong trade relations with many countries, exporting
agricultural products, metals, and machinery to international _______________.
9. Diplomatic relations between Ukraine and neighboring countries play a
crucial role in maintaining regional peace and _______________.
10. Ukraine has signed several free trade agreements to facilitate the ex-
change of goods and services with countries around the world, boosting its
_______________.

Exercise 10: Ukraine and Human Rights Advocacy

Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

1. Ukraine is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights,

which protects fundamental rights and freedoms.
 2. International organizations often work with Ukraine to strengthen legal
protections for minorities and vulnerable groups.
3. Ukraine has introduced reforms to combat discrimination and promote
equal rights for all citizens.
4. Humanitarian aid from global organizations helps provide essential ser-
vices to people displaced by conflict in Ukraine.
5. Ukraine’s constitution ensures that all citizens are entitled to freedom of
speech and peaceful assembly.
6. Ukraine is working with international partners to improve access to
justice for victims of human rights violations.
7. Civil society organizations in Ukraine play an important role in monitor-
ing government actions and promoting transparency.
8. The protection of human rights is a key priority for Ukraine in its efforts
to join the European Union.
9. Many international NGOs collaborate with Ukrainian authorities to im-
prove the conditions for refugees and asylum seekers.
10. Human rights advocacy in Ukraine has been strengthened through part-
nerships with global organizations like Amnesty International and Human
Rights Watch.
 ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES

Exercise 1: Geography and Climate

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The United Kingdom is located in the northwestern part of Europe and
consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a
_______________ maritime climate with mild winters and cool summers.
2. The United States has a diverse geography, ranging from deserts in the
Southwest to the _______________ forests in the Pacific Northwest and the
Great Plains in the central part of the country.
3. Australia is the only country that is also a continent, known for its dry
interior called the _______________, with most of the population living along
the coastal areas with a more moderate climate.
4. New Zealand is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean, made up of
two main islands, the North Island and the South Island, with a
_______________ climate that includes mild winters and warm summers.
5. The southeastern region of the United States, including states like Flor-
ida and Louisiana, experiences a _______________ climate with hot, humid
summers and mild winters.
6. Scotland, in the northern part of the United Kingdom, is known for its
rugged terrain, _______________ lakes, and cold, rainy weather.
7. Australia experiences a range of climates, from tropical in the north to
_______________ in the south, with significant seasonal differences in rainfall
and temperature.
8. New Zealand's South Island has a cooler climate, while the North Island
is warmer and more _______________, with subtropical conditions in some
areas.
9. The United Kingdom often experiences overcast skies and frequent
_______________, particularly in the autumn and winter months.
 10. The central part of the United States, known as the Midwest, experi-
ences a _______________ climate with cold winters and hot summers, making
it ideal for agriculture.

Exercise 2: Natural Resources

Match the country to its most significant natural resource.
United Kingdom Iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, minerals.
United States Timber, natural gas, fisheries, geothermal en-
ergy, fertile soil.
Australia Renewable energy sources, especially wind
and tidal energy, as well as oil from the North
Sea.
New Zealand One of the leading producers of oil and nat-
ural gas in the world.
Alaska (United States) Coal mining is a major industry, contributing
to Australia’s role as a leading coal exporter.
Scotland (United Kingdom) Coal, oil, natural gas, timber, fertile agricul-
tural land.
Texas (United States) Historically rich in coal mining, though the
industry has declined in recent years.
Queensland (Australia) Known for its hydroelectric power and fertile
farmland.
Wales (United Kingdom) North Sea oil and natural gas, coal.
South Island (New Zealand) Known for oil production, particularly in
Prudhoe Bay.

Exercise 3: Population and Nationalities (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The population of the United States is over 330 million, making it the
third most populous country in the world, with a wide range of ethnic groups,
including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and _______________
Americans.
2. Australia has a population of around 25 million, with a large immigrant
population from Europe, Asia, and neighboring _______________ countries.
3. New Zealand is home to around 5 million people, including the indigen-
ous Māori and Pacific _______________ communities.
 4. The population of the United Kingdom is approximately 68 million, with
large cities like London being particularly multicultural, hosting people from
Europe, Africa, and _______________.
5. Australia is known for its large immigrant population, with significant
communities from the United Kingdom, Italy, Greece, and more recently,
_______________ nations such as China and India.
6. New Zealand has seen a growth in migration from the Pacific Islands,
with the Māori and Pacific Islanders forming a significant part of the
_______________ population.
7. The United Kingdom has a long history of immigration, with communit-
ies from former British colonies such as India, Pakistan, and the
_______________.
8. The United States is often called a "melting pot" due to its diverse popu-
lation, which includes significant numbers of immigrants from Mexico,
_______________, and other parts of the world.
9. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are the indi-
genous inhabitants, representing about 3% of the _______________ population.
10. New Zealand's population is mostly concentrated in urban areas, with
Auckland being the largest city, home to both Māori and _______________
communities.

Exercise 4: Capitals, Major Cities, and Landmarks (Matching)

Match the capital or major city to its cultural or historical landmark.
London, United King- Home to Te Papa Tongarewa Museum and the
dom Beehive (New Zealand’s Parliament).
Washington, D.C., Known for Castle and the annual Festival.
United States
Canberra, Australia Famous for the Statue of Liberty, Times Square,
and the Empire State Building.
Wellington, New Zealand Known for the Sky Tower and beautiful harbors,
including Waitemata and Manukau.
Edinburgh, Scotland Famous for the White House, the U.S. Capitol, and
the Lincoln Memorial.
 New York City, United Famous as the home of The Beatles and its water-
States front, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Sydney, Australia Known for Hollywood, the entertainment industry,
and the Walk of Fame.
Auckland, New Zealand Known for the Parliament House and the Aus-
tralian War Memorial.
Liverpool, United King- Known for Big Ben, the Houses of Parliament, and
dom Buckingham Palace.
Los Angeles, United Known for the Sydney Opera House and the
States Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Exercise 5: National Holidays of English-Speaking Countries

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Independence Day in the United States is celebrated on July 4th, mark-
ing the country’s independence from _______________.
2. Australia Day, celebrated on January 26th, commemorates the arrival of
the First Fleet at Sydney _______________ in 1788.
3. In New Zealand, Waitangi Day is observed on February 6th, marking the
signing of the Treaty of _______________ between the British Crown and
Māori chiefs in 1840.
4. St. Patrick’s Day is widely celebrated in both Ireland and the United
Kingdom on March 17th, honoring Ireland’s patron _______________.
5. In Australia and New Zealand, Anzac Day is celebrated on April 25th,
paying tribute to soldiers who fought in the First World War at Gallipoli and in
subsequent conflicts.
6. Thanksgiving Day in the United States is celebrated on the fourth
Thursday in November, traditionally marking the harvest and giving thanks.
7. Boxing Day is observed on December 26th in countries such as the
United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, traditionally a day for giving
gifts to the _______________.
8. Remembrance Day in the United Kingdom is held on November 11th, to
honor the soldiers who died in the First and Second World Wars.
 9. Queen’s Birthday is celebrated in Australia on the second Monday of
June, although the actual birthday of Queen Elizabeth II is in _______________.
10. In New Zealand, Matariki is the celebration of the Māori New Year,
which falls in June or July and is marked by feasts and _______________ celeb-
rations.

Exercise 6: Administrative and Political Structure (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. The United Kingdom is a constitutional _______________, with the
monarchy playing a ceremonial role, while the government is run by elected of-
ficials.
2. The United States is a federal republic with a system of checks and bal-
ances, consisting of the executive, legislative, and _______________ branches.
3. Australia is a federation, and its system of government is based on the
British parliamentary model, with a Prime Minister as the head of the
_______________.
4. New Zealand is a parliamentary democracy, with the Prime Minister as
the head of government and the British monarch as the head of
_______________.
5. The President of the United States is both the head of state and head of
government, elected every four years by an _______________ vote.
6. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the leader of the govern-
ment and is appointed by the monarch, based on the support of the House of
_______________.
7. Australia is divided into six states and two territories, each with its own
parliament and governor, while the federal government handles national
_______________.
8. New Zealand has a unicameral parliament called the House of Repres-
entatives, and its members are elected using the Mixed-Member Proportional
(MMP) system.
 9. The United States Congress is made up of two chambers: the Senate and
the House of _______________, with senators serving six-year terms.
10. The United Kingdom has devolved parliaments in Scotland, Wales, and
Northern Ireland, which have control over local matters such as education and
_______________.

Exercise 7: Major Cities and Population

Match the country to its major city and population characteristic.
United Kingdom Sydney, the largest city, with a population of
around 5 million, famous for its harbor and Opera
House.
United States Auckland, the largest city, with 1.6 million people,
known for its multicultural population and harbor
views.
Australia Glasgow, the largest city, known for its Victorian
architecture and a population of around 600,000.
New Zealand Los Angeles, home to Hollywood and a diverse
population of over 4 million people.
Scotland (United King- Brisbane, with a population of over 2 million,
dom) known for its sunny weather and riverside loca-
tion.
California (United States) New York City, the most populous city, with over
8 million residents, a global center for business
and culture.
Queensland (Australia) The capital of New Zealand, known for its vibrant
arts scene and a population of around 215,000.
Texas (United States) Cardiff with a population of over 350,000, known
for its castle and modern waterfront.
Wellington (New Zeal- London, the largest city, with a population of over
and) 9 million, known for its cultural diversity and fin-
ancial sector.
Wales (United Kingdom) Houston, the largest city in Texas, with 2.3 million
residents and a strong economy driven by the en-
ergy sector.

Exercise 8: Historical and Cultural Landmarks (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
 1. Stonehenge, located in England, is one of the most famous prehistoric
monuments in the world, believed to have been built around 5,000
_______________ ago.
2. The White House in Washington, D.C., serves as the official residence
and workplace of the _______________ of the United States.
3. The Sydney Opera House in Australia is one of the most iconic buildings
in the world, known for its unique _______________ and location by the harbor.
4. New Zealand is known for its connection to the Lord of the Rings films,
with many tourists visiting the Hobbiton movie set near Matamata in the North
_______________.
5. The Statue of Liberty, located in New York Harbor, was a gift from
France and is a symbol of freedom and _______________.
6. Edinburgh Castle in Scotland dominates the skyline of Edinburgh and is
an important symbol of Scottish _______________.
7. The Tower of London is a historic castle located on the River Thames in
London, famous for housing the British Crown _______________.
8. Mount Rushmore in South Dakota features the carved faces of four U.S.
Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and
_______________.
9. The Great Ocean Road in Australia is a scenic drive along the southern
coast, known for the Twelve Apostles rock formations and stunning
_______________.
10. Christchurch Cathedral in New Zealand is a landmark in Christchurch,
but it was heavily damaged in the 2011 _______________, and efforts to restore
it are ongoing.

Exercise 9: Government and Politics

Match the political system or role to the correct description for each
country.
United States The representative of the British monarch in Australia,
 performing ceremonial duties.
United Kingdom A unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional
monarchy, where the Prime Minister leads the govern-
ment.
Australia One of the two chambers of Congress, where each state
has two representatives, regardless of population size.
New Zealand A constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system,
where the Prime Minister is the head of government.
Congress (United The elected lower house of the British Parliament, re-
States) sponsible for passing laws and overseeing the govern-
ment.
House of Commons The head of government in New Zealand, leading the
(United Kingdom) executive branch and the ruling political party.
Governor-General A parliamentary democracy and constitutional mon-
(Australia) archy, with the British monarch as head of state.
Senate (United The unelected upper house of the British Parliament,
States) which reviews and revises legislation passed by the
House of Commons.
Prime Minister The legislative body consisting of the Senate and the
(New Zealand) House of Representatives.
House of Lords A federal republic with a presidential system where the
(United Kingdom) President is both the head of state and government.

Exercise 10: National Holidays and Traditions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Thanksgiving is celebrated in the United States on the fourth Thursday
of November, traditionally marking the harvest and giving _______________.
2. Australia Day, observed on January 26th, commemorates the arrival of
the First _______________ in Sydney Cove in 1788.
3. Waitangi Day is celebrated in New Zealand on February 6th, marking the
signing of the Treaty of Waitangi between the British and the
_______________.
4. In the United Kingdom, Remembrance Day is observed on November
11th to honor the soldiers who died in the First and Second World Wars.
5. Anzac Day is a significant holiday in both Australia and New Zealand,
observed on April 25th to honor the members of the Australia and New Zealand
Army Corps who fought at _______________ during World War I.
 6. In Scotland, Burns Night is celebrated on January 25th to honor the fam-
ous Scottish poet Robert Burns, with traditional haggis and whisky being served
during the _______________.
7. Boxing Day, a public holiday observed on December 26th in the United
Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, traditionally involves giving gifts to the
poor and spending time with _______________.
8. Independence Day in the United States is celebrated on July 4th, mark-
ing the signing of the Declaration of Independence in _______________.
9. Guy Fawkes Night, also known as Bonfire Night, is celebrated in the
United Kingdom on November 5th, commemorating the failed Gunpowder
_______________ of 1605.
10. Queen’s Birthday is celebrated on the second Monday of June in both
Australia and New Zealand, despite the Queen’s actual birthday being in
_______________.
 HOLIDAYS AND TRADITIONS

Exercise 1: Holiday Names in Ukraine and Other Countries

Match the holiday to its description.
Easter Celebrated on January 19th in Ukraine, with reli-
gious processions and the blessing of water, com-
memorating the baptism of Jesus.
Christmas In Ukraine, celebrated on August 24th, marking the
country’s independence from the Soviet Union in
1991.
Independence Day Celebrated in Ukraine on June 28th, commemorating
the adoption of the first Constitution of Ukraine in
1996.
Thanksgiving Celebrated on January 26th, marking the arrival of
the First Fleet in Sydney Cove in 1788.
Constitution Day New Zealand’s national day, observed on February
6th, commemorating the signing of the Treaty of
Waitangi in 1840.
St. Patrick’s Day Celebrated on December 25th in most English-speak-
ing countries and on January 7th in Ukraine, marking
the birth of Jesus Christ.
Australia Day Observed in the United States on the fourth Thursday
of November, originally a harvest festival giving
thanks for the year’s blessings.
Waitangi Day Celebrated in the UK and other Commonwealth
countries on November 11th to honor soldiers who
died in World War I and subsequent conflicts.
Remembrance Day A religious holiday celebrating the resurrection of
Jesus Christ, observed with church services, egg-
painting, and family gatherings.
Epiphany An Irish holiday celebrated on March 17th, honoring
the patron saint of Ireland with parades, green cloth-
ing, and shamrocks.

Exercise 2: Greetings for Special Occasions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate greetings for holidays and celebra-
tions.
1. On Christmas in the United States, people often say "Merry Christmas!"
or "Happy Holidays!" to wish others well during the festive _______________.
 2. In Ukraine, on Великдень (Easter), the traditional greeting is "Христос
Воскрес!" (Christ is Risen), to which the response is "Воістину Воскрес!"
(Truly He is _______________).
3. On New Year's Eve, it is common to say "Happy New Year!" in English-
speaking countries, while in Ukraine, people say "З Новим Роком!" and ex-
change good _______________.
4. For birthdays, the standard greeting in English is "Happy Birthday!", and
in Ukrainian, people say "З Днем народження!" to celebrate someone's special
_______________.
5. On St. Patrick’s Day, many people wear green and greet each other with
"Happy St. Patrick’s Day!", celebrating Irish culture and _______________.
6. In Ukraine, on День Незалежності (Independence Day), it is common
to wish people "З Днем Незалежності!", celebrating the country’s freedom and
_______________.
7. For Mother’s Day, celebrated in many countries, people say "Happy
Mother’s Day!" and give flowers or gifts to show their _______________ for
mothers.
8. On Halloween, people often greet each other with "Happy Halloween!"
as they participate in costume parties and go _______________ treating.
9. For Valentine’s Day, people in English-speaking countries say "Happy
Valentine’s Day!" to express love and _______________ to friends and partners.
10. On International Women's Day, celebrated on March 8th, it is common
to say "Happy Women’s Day!", recognizing the achievements and contributions
of _______________.

Exercise 3: Birthday Party Planning

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related.
1. The birthday party will take place at a popular café on Main Street at
7:00 PM on Saturday, March 20th. Please arrive on _______________.
 2. We will have a delicious birthday cake and a wide selection of drinks,
including juices, tea, and coffee, for the guests to _______________.
3. For dinner, the café offers a special birthday menu with appetizers like
bruschetta, main courses such as grilled salmon, and chocolate mousse for
_______________.
4. The café is beautifully decorated with balloons and streamers, and we
will also have a DJ playing music for dancing after we cut the
_______________.
5. Everyone is welcome to give the birthday person presents, and after the
cake, we will all sing "Happy Birthday" and take lots of _______________.
6. The birthday event will start with a welcome toast, followed by games
and activities for the guests to have fun and _______________.
7. Guests are invited to bring their own cameras or phones to take pictures
and capture special moments throughout the _______________.
8. After dinner, the birthday person will blow out the candles on the cake,
and everyone will make a wish for a successful and happy _______________
ahead.
9. The café has reserved a special section for the party, ensuring plenty of
space for the guests to sit and enjoy the celebration in a comfortable
_______________.
10. The birthday party will last for about three hours, and after the official
celebration, guests are invited to continue the night with drinks and dancing.

Exercise 4: Holiday Menus and Celebrations in Cafés

Match the holiday to its typical menu or café celebration.
Christmas in the United Grilled hamburgers, hot dogs, corn on the cob,
States and apple pie, with outdoor picnics and fireworks
displays in parks.
Easter in Ukraine A festive dinner of roast beef or lamb, followed
by countdown celebrations with champagne and
fireworks at midnight.
New Year's Eve in the Barbecue (BBQ) meals with sausages, steaks,
 United Kingdom and seafood, often celebrated at the beach or out-
door parks with friends and family.
St. Patrick's Day in Ireland Lamb roast, pavlova (a meringue-based dessert),
and other traditional dishes, often celebrated with
cultural performances and gatherings.
Independence Day in the A meal of roast turkey, stuffing, mashed potatoes,
United States and pumpkin pie, typically shared with family at
home, with some restaurants offering special
Thanksgiving dinners.
Australia Day Traditional Easter bread (paska), colored eggs,
and baked ham, with families gathering to share a
festive meal after church services.
Waitangi Day in New Zea- Irish stew, soda bread, and beer, often accompan-
land ied by live Irish music in pubs and café gather-
ings, with everyone wearing green.
Thanksgiving in the Romantic dinners at cafés or restaurants, often
United States featuring special menus with chocolate desserts,
seafood, and sparkling wine.
Remembrance Day in the Roast turkey, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce,
United Kingdom and pumpkin pie, followed by exchanging gifts
under the Christmas tree.
Valentine’s Day in Aus- A more solemn day, with tea and biscuits shared
tralia after ceremonies that honor soldiers, followed by
quiet reflection rather than festive meals.

Exercise 5: Holiday Traditions and Celebration Calendar (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. In Ukraine, Christmas is celebrated on January 7th according to the Or-
thodox tradition, with family dinners and the singing of колядки (Christmas
_______________).
2. Independence Day in the United States is celebrated on July 4th with
fireworks, parades, and outdoor barbecues, marking the country's independence
from Britain.
3. Australia Day, held on January 26th, is celebrated with public events
such as concerts, beach parties, and fireworks to mark the country's national
_______________.
 4. On Thanksgiving, observed on the fourth Thursday of November in the
United States, families gather to give thanks and enjoy a meal featuring turkey
and pumpkin _______________.
5. In New Zealand, Waitangi Day on February 6th commemorates the sign-
ing of a treaty between the British Crown and the Māori people, with cultural
performances and official _______________.
6. In Ireland, St. Patrick’s Day on March 17th is celebrated with parades,
green clothing, and shamrocks, honoring the country’s patron saint and Irish cul-
ture around the _______________.
7. New Year's Eve in the United Kingdom is marked with celebrations that
include fireworks at Big Ben, parties, and the singing of "Auld Lang Syne" at
midnight to welcome the new _______________.
8. On Easter Sunday in Australia, people exchange chocolate eggs, attend
church services, and enjoy family gatherings with traditional meals such as roast
lamb.
9. In Ukraine, the celebration of Ivana Kupala on July 7th is rooted in an-
cient traditions, with bonfires, water rituals, and the weaving of flower wreaths
to celebrate the summer _______________.
10. Guy Fawkes Night, observed on November 5th in the United Kingdom,
is celebrated with bonfires and fireworks, commemorating the failed attempt to
blow up the British Parliament in _______________.

Exercise 6: Celebrating Birthdays in Different Countries (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to celebrating birth-
days in Ukraine and English-speaking countries.
1. In Ukraine, a common _________ tradition is to host a large family gath-
ering, where the _________ person gives a toast thanking their guests and re-
ceives warm wishes for health and success.
 2. In the United States, _________ are often celebrated with a _________
cake, candles, and the singing of "Happy _________," followed by the
_________ person making a wish.
3. In Australia, it’s typical to celebrate _________ with a barbecue or a
party at home or in a park, where friends and family enjoy a relaxed atmosphere
with food and drinks.
4. In New Zealand, _________ celebrations often include a haka, a tradi-
tional Māori dance, to honor the _________ person in more cultural settings.
5. It’s common in Ireland to give the _________ person a traditional
_________ bump, where they are gently lifted into the air by friends or family
for every year they’ve turned.
6. A popular gift for _________ in the United Kingdom is a _________
card with heartfelt messages, and it’s often accompanied by flowers or small
presents.
7. In Ukraine, it's customary for the _________ person to offer refresh-
ments or even take their colleagues out for a meal if the birthday is celebrated at
the workplace.
8. In the United States, surprise _________ parties are common, where
the _________ person walks into a room filled with friends and family shouting
"Surprise!".
9. In Australia, children often bring cupcakes or a special _________ treat
to share with their classmates at school.
10. In New Zealand, _________ celebrations often include outdoor activit-
ies like hiking or beach parties, taking advantage of the country’s beautiful
scenery.

Exercise 7: Places and Times for Events

Match the event to its typical time, place, or date in Ukraine and Eng-
lish-speaking countries.
Easter (Ukraine) Held on the fourth Thursday of November, typically
 celebrated with family dinners at home.
Christmas (United Celebrated on February 6th, with cultural perform-
States) ances and official events taking place in Waitangi.
Australia Day Celebrated on July 4th, with outdoor barbecues,
parades, and fireworks at city parks and public
squares.
Waitangi Day (New Celebrated on November 5th, with bonfires and fire-
Zealand) works displays in public parks.
Independence Day Celebrated on December 25th, often at home with
(United States) family gatherings, tree decorating, and gift exchanges.
St. Patrick’s Day (Ire- Celebrated on December 31st, with parties and fire-
land) works displays, particularly at Big Ben in London.
Thanksgiving (United Held on January 26th, with celebrations at public
States) parks and beaches, featuring fireworks and barbecues.
New Year’s Eve Celebrated in June or July, marking the Māori New
(United Kingdom) Year with cultural events and community gatherings.
Guy Fawkes Night Celebrated in churches on Easter Sunday, typically in
(United Kingdom) April, with religious services and the blessing of
Easter baskets.
Matariki (New Zeal- Celebrated on March 17th, with parades, festivals, and
and) parties in Dublin and other cities.

Exercise 8: Holiday Menus and Celebrations (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. On Thanksgiving in the United States, the traditional menu includes
_________ turkey, stuffing, _________ potatoes, and _________ pie, all
served during a family dinner.
2. In Ukraine, the Christmas Eve meal consists of 12 meatless dishes, in-
cluding _________ (sweet grain pudding) and _________ (dumplings).
3. On Australia Day, many Australians enjoy a barbecue with family and
friends, _________ sausages, steaks, and _________ , while celebrating the
country’s history and culture.
4. Christmas in the United Kingdom typically includes a festive roast din-
ner, featuring turkey or _________ , along with _________ pies and Christmas
_________ for dessert.
 5. During Waitangi Day in New Zealand, people often gather for hāngi, a
traditional Māori _________ cooked in an underground oven, as part of the
_________ celebrations.
6. On St. Patrick’s Day, people in Ireland and around the world celebrate by
eating traditional Irish food such as _________ beef and cabbage, along with
_________ Guinness.
7. Easter in Ukraine is celebrated with a variety of foods, including
_________ bread and _________ eggs, which are shared with family after at-
tending a _________ .
8. During New Year’s Eve in the United States, many people celebrate with
champagne, snacks, and party _________ while waiting for the midnight
countdown.
9. On Guy Fawkes Night in the United Kingdom, people gather around
_________ and enjoy _________ apples, sausages, and other _________
treats.
10. In New Zealand, the Matariki celebration includes seasonal fruits and
_________ , with many people enjoying a meal with family to welcome the
Māori New Year.

Exercise 9: Holiday Traditions in Different Cultures

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. In Ukraine, on Ivana Kupala Day, young people _________ bonfires
and search for the _________ flower as part of the summer celebration.
2. In the United Kingdom, on Christmas Eve, children often hang
_________ by the fireplace, waiting for _________ to fill them with gifts.
3. On Halloween in the United States, children dress in _________ and go
_________ , collecting candy from neighbors.
4. Easter in Australia is celebrated with _________ egg hunts, where chil-
dren search for _________ eggs hidden in the garden by the _________
Bunny.
 5. In Ireland, St. Patrick's Day is marked by _________ green clothing,
attending _________ , and celebrating Irish _________ with music and dance.
6. Remembrance Day in the United Kingdom is observed with a moment of
silence at 11:00 AM on November 11th to _________ soldiers who died in war.
7. In New Zealand, the Matariki festival is celebrated by _________ kites
and _________ lanterns, symbolizing the _________ of the Māori New Year.
8. During Christmas in Ukraine, it is traditional to sing _________ and
visit friends and family to _________ gifts.
9. In Australia, on Anzac Day, people attend _________ to remember sol-
diers who fought in World War I, and many enjoy playing a traditional game of
two-up afterward.
10. On Thanksgiving in the United States, it’s customary to watch
_________ on TV after enjoying a large feast with _________ .

Exercise 10: Holiday Calendar

Match the holiday in Ukraine or English-speaking countries to its cor-
rect date.
Christmas (Ukraine) Celebrated on a Sunday between March
22nd and April 25th, depending on the
lunar calendar.
Independence Day (United States) The fourth Thursday of November, giving
thanks for the harvest and blessings of the
past year.
Australia Day March 17th, honoring Ireland’s patron
saint with parades and cultural celebra-
tions.
Waitangi Day (New Zealand) July 4th, marking the signing of the De-
claration of Independence in 1776.
Easter (United States) January 1st, celebrating the start of the
new year with fireworks and parties.
Thanksgiving (United States) January 26th, commemorating the arrival
of the First Fleet in Sydney Cove.
St. Patrick’s Day (Ireland) April 25th, honoring the soldiers who
fought at Gallipoli during World War I.
New Year’s Day (United King- January 7th, celebrated according to the
dom) Julian calendar in the Orthodox tradition.
Anzac Day (Australia and New November 11th, honoring soldiers who
Zealand) fought and died in World War I and later
conflicts.
Remembrance Day (United King- February 6th, celebrating the signing of
dom) the Treaty of Waitangi.
 SCHOOL LIFE AND EDUCATION

Exercise 1: School Supplies and Classroom Items

Match the school supply or classroom item to its description.
Board A bag that students use to carry their books, notebooks,
and other school supplies.
Desk Items like pencils, pens, erasers, rulers, and notebooks that
students use for writing and drawing.
Backpack A tool used for writing or drawing, which can be erased if
a mistake is made.
Textbook A modern writing surface that uses special markers in-
stead of chalk, often found in classrooms.
Stationery A book of blank or lined pages where students write notes,
do exercises, or complete homework.
Pencil A piece of furniture where students sit and write during
class.
Whiteboard A model of the Earth that is often used in geography les-
sons to study continents, countries, and oceans.
Notebook A surface in the front of the classroom where the teacher
writes with chalk or markers during lessons.
Globe A device used to display images or videos on a screen for
the whole class to see.
Projector A book used for studying a specific subject, such as math,
science, or history.

Exercise 2: School Subjects and Favorites

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related.
1. My favorite _________ in school is English, because I enjoy reading
books, _________ essays, and _________ my language skills.
2. In _________ class, we learn how to _________ equations, work with
fractions, and understand _________ formulas.
3. _________ is an interesting subject because we study important events
and people who shaped the past and the modern world.
4. In _________ class, we perform experiments to _________ how the
natural world works, including topics like _________ , chemistry, and physics.
 5. I really enjoy art class because it allows me to be _________ by draw-
ing, painting, and _________ with different materials.
6. Physical education (PE) is a fun subject because we get to play
_________ , improve our _________ , and work together in teams.
7. _________ helps us understand the layout of the world, learn about dif-
ferent climates, and study the physical features of the Earth, such as mountains
and rivers.
8. In foreign _________ class, we practice speaking, writing, and listening
in a new language, which helps us communicate with people from other coun-
tries.
9. _________ is a great subject for students who like singing, playing in-
struments, and learning about famous composers.
10. _________ is becoming more important in schools because we learn
how to use technology and understand basic _________ concepts.

Exercise 3: Classroom Activities and Lesson Types

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to classroom activit-
ies and lesson types.
1. In _________ lessons, we often practice conversation by speaking with
our classmates about everyday topics in the target language.
2. During _________ class, we solve problems on the board, and the
teacher explains the correct method for finding the solution.
3. In _________ class, we conduct experiments to learn how different
chemicals react with each other in the school’s laboratory.
4. The teacher uses a projector to show _________ with important inform-
ation, and we take _________ in our notebooks.
5. In _________ education, we play team sports like football and basket-
ball, and sometimes we practice individual sports like running or gymnastics.
6. When we study _________ , we look at maps and globes to learn about
different countries, their capitals, and their climates.
 7. In _________ class, we watch documentaries about major historical
events and discuss their significance in small groups.
8. _________ lessons often involve reading comprehension exercises,
where we read a passage and then answer questions to show our understanding.
9. In art class, we work on creative _________ , like painting or sculpture,
which help us express our ideas through visual art.
10. _________ class includes learning how to play instruments like the
piano, guitar, or flute, as well as singing songs and learning about musical the-
ory.

Exercise 4: School Schedule and Extracurricular Activities

Match the school-related term to its description.
timetable Special occasions such as a concert, sports day, or as-
sembly where students gather for a common purpose.
extracurricular activ- A test that students take at the end of a school year or
ities course to show what they have learned.
school event Work that students must complete at home to practice
or prepare for lessons.
final exam Activities like sports, music, or clubs that students
participate in after regular school hours.
school celebration A period of time during the school day when students
focus on learning a specific subject.
lesson A group of students who meet regularly to explore a
shared interest, such as chess, drama, or photography.
homework A ceremony where students celebrate the completion
of their education and receive diplomas.
school club A day where the entire school celebrates a special oc-
casion, such as the first day of school or graduation.
graduation An event where parents and visitors can come to see
the school and meet the teachers.
open day A chart or list showing the order of subjects and les-
sons that students have each day of the week.
 Exercise 5: School Traditions and Behavior Rules
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. In many schools, _________ must wear a uniform that includes specific
colors and styles, such as a white shirt and a_________ .
2. Schools often have a code of _________ that includes rules about being
respectful, arriving on time, and not using phones during lessons.
3. During important school events like _________ , students wear caps and
gowns to celebrate completing their studies and receive their diplomas.
4. In Ukraine, the first day of school is celebrated with a special event
called _________ , where students bring flowers for their teachers.
5. Many schools abroad organize annual _________ trips, where students
visit museums, historical sites, or nature reserves to learn outside the classroom.
6. It’s important to _________ hand before speaking in class to avoid in-
terrupting the teacher and maintain discipline during the lesson.
7. _________ often have special rules for using the library, such as being
quiet, returning books on time, and _________ the study spaces provided for
students.
8. In some schools, students have a student council, where they can
_________ in making decisions about school _________ and plan activities
like school dances.
9. _________ is a regular event where all students and teachers gather in
the school hall to hear announcements or presentations about important school
news.
10. _________ g is strictly prohibited in schools, and students are encour-
aged to report any behavior that makes them or their classmates feel unsafe or
uncomfortable.
 Exercise 6: Types of Schools in Ukraine and Abroad
Match the type of school to its description.
primary school A type of school in the UK that selects students based on
academic ability, offering a more traditional education.
secondary school A school where students live on campus during the aca-
demic year, usually receiving both education and accom-
modation.
grammar school A school that is funded by tuition paid by parents, not by
the government, often offering smaller classes and spe-
cialized programs.
vocational school A school in the UK where students aged 16-19 study for
their A-levels or other advanced qualifications before
entering university.
boarding school A school where students continue their education after
primary school, typically from ages 12 to 18, and prepare
for final exams.
private school A school where students learn specific skills and trades,
such as carpentry, electronics, or healthcare, preparing
them for particular professions.
public school A school that provides education in an international en-
vironment, often offering the International Baccalaureate
(IB) program or other global curricula.
international The first stage of formal education for children, usually
school starting at age 6 or 7 and lasting for four to six years.
special education A school designed to meet the needs of students with dis-
school abilities or learning difficulties, providing specialized
support.
sixth form college A school funded by the government, where education is
free for all students.

Exercise 7: Classroom Furniture and Equipment

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to classroom fur-
niture and equipment.
1. The classroom is _________ with a large whiteboard, where the
teacher writes key points and instructions using markers.
2. Each student has their own _________ , which includes a space to keep
their books, notebooks, and _________ .
3. In the back of the classroom, there is a bookshelf filled with reference
books and _________ that students can use during lessons.
 4. The teacher uses a projector to display _________ slides and videos
on a _________ at the front of the room.
5. The science classroom has long _________ benches with sinks and
special equipment for conducting experiments.
6. In the art room, there are large _________ where students can place
their canvases and work on painting or drawing projects.
7. The _________ desk is located near the front of the classroom, where
the teacher keeps lesson plans, attendance sheets, and a laptop.
8. Every classroom has a clock on the wall so that students can keep
_________ the time and know when the _________ will end.
9. In the music room, there are various instruments like pianos, guitars, and
drums for students to practice their musical skills.
10. Each classroom also has a _________ where important information,
such as the _________ for upcoming events and homework deadlines, is dis-
played.

Exercise 8: School Events and Celebrations

Match the school event or celebration to its description.
Graduation ceremony A school event where students present projects they
have worked on in the fields of biology, chemistry,
or physics, and are judged on their research and cre-
ativity.
Sports day A regular event where all students gather to hear
announcements, receive awards, or listen to guest
speakers.
Talent show A trip outside of the school, often to a museum, his-
torical site, or nature reserve, where students can
learn in a different environment.
Science fair A day where students participate in athletic compet-
itions, such as running races, relays, and other
sports, to promote physical activity and teamwork.
School assembly A meeting where parents visit the school, meet the
teachers, and learn about the curriculum and expect-
ations for the upcoming school year.
Field trip A school event where students act in a play or mu-
sical production that they have rehearsed for over
 several weeks or months.
Back-to-school night A school event where students showcase their
artistic or performance skills, such as singing, dan-
cing, or acting, in front of an audience.
Prom A fundraising event organized by the school where
students, teachers, and parents raise money for a
charitable cause or community project.
Drama performance An event where students who have completed their
final year of school receive diplomas and celebrate
the end of their education.
Charity event A formal dance event held at the end of the school
year for high school students, where they dress up
and celebrate with their classmates.

Exercise 9: School Rules and Behavior

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to school rules and
behavior.
1. Students are expected to arrive at school on time, and _________ is not
allowed _________ there is a valid excuse.
2. In the classroom, students must _________ their hand before speaking,
and _________ without permission is considered a rule violation.
3. _________ phones are not allowed during lessons and must be kept in
the student's bag or locker.
4. Wearing the school _________ is _________ , and students are re-
quired to follow the dress _________ at all times.
5. _________ is strictly prohibited, and any student caught harassing oth-
ers will face disciplinary action.
6. During _________ , students must stay in designated areas and are not
allowed to leave the school grounds without permission.
7. It is important to keep the classroom and school corridors clean, and stu-
dents are _________ to throw any litter in the bin.
8. _________ on exams or homework is considered a serious offense, and
students caught doing so may face suspension.
 9. Respect for teachers, staff, and fellow students is a key rule, and students
are expected to use _________ language at all times.
10. During physical education classes, students must wear _________
sports attire and follow all safety _________ to prevent injuries.

Exercise 10: Education Systems and International Programs (Match-

ing)
Match the term related to education systems and international pro-
grams to its description.
International Baccalaur- College-level courses that high school students in
eate (IB) program the United States can take to earn university cred-
its before graduating.
General Certificate of Sec- A European Union program that supports educa-
ondary Education (GCSE) tion, training, and international student ex-
changes across Europe.
Advanced Placement (AP) A method of education where students learn re-
courses motely, often through online courses or virtual
classrooms, without physically attending a
school.
A-levels A qualification awarded to students who success-
fully complete their secondary education, often
required for further study or employment.
Erasmus+ program A qualification taken by students in the UK at the
end of secondary school, typically at age 16, in
various subjects.
distance learning A program that allows students to live and study
in a foreign country for a certain period of time,
gaining cultural experience and academic credit.
vocational education Advanced level exams taken by students in the
UK in their final two years of secondary school,
required for university admission.
study abroad program A standardized test used for university admis-
sions in the United States, assessing students'
knowledge in math, reading, and writing.
Diploma of Secondary A globally recognized educational program that
Education offers a challenging curriculum and prepares stu-
dents for university-level education.
SAT (Scholastic Assess- A system of education focused on teaching spe-
ment Test) cific job skills and trades, preparing students for
the workforce rather than academic studies.
 JOBS AND PROFESSIONS

Exercise 1: Descriptions of Modern Professions

Match the profession to its description.
software developer A creative professional who uses software to create
visual concepts for websites, advertisements, logos,
and packaging.
data analyst A person who educates students on various subjects,
plans lessons, and helps them develop academic and
life skills.
doctor A professional who designs, builds, and tests ma-
chines, systems, or structures, often working in
fields like civil, electrical, or mechanical engineer-
ing.
graphic designer A legal professional who advises clients on legal
matters, represents them in court, and ensures com-
pliance with laws and regulations.
teacher A person responsible for hiring new employees,
managing staff relations, and ensuring workplace
policies are followed.
engineer A professional who examines large sets of data to
help companies make business decisions based on
statistical analysis and trends.
lawyer A person who develops strategies to promote
products or services, conducts market research, and
creates advertising campaigns.
human resources man- A person who designs, codes, and maintains com-
ager puter programs and applications, often specializing
in areas like web development or mobile apps.
marketing specialist A skilled cook who oversees kitchen operations,
creates recipes, and ensures food quality in restaur-
ants or other food establishments.
chef A healthcare professional who diagnoses and treats
illnesses, provides medical advice, and performs
surgeries when necessary.
 Exercise 2: Prestigious Professions in Ukraine and Abroad
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. In Ukraine, professions like _________ , lawyer, and _________ are
considered prestigious because they require a high level of education and expert-
ise.
2. Many young people in Ukraine aim to become _________ specialists,
as this field offers high _________ and opportunities to work with interna-
tional companies.
3. In the United States, professions like surgeon, judge, and CEO are
among the most _________, as they offer both social status and financial re-
wards.
4. The role of scientist is highly valued in countries like Germany, where
research and _________ are central to economic _________.
5. Architects are respected _________ both in Ukraine and abroad, as they
design buildings that shape the urban landscape.
6. University professors are considered prestigious because they
_________ to society by educating the next generation and conducting import-
ant research.
7. In the UK, professions like _________ and financial advisor are prestigi-
ous because they play a key role in the country's financial sector.
8. The role of pilot is respected worldwide, as it requires _________ train-
ing, technical skills, and the responsibility of ensuring passenger safety.
9. Many people aspire to work as _________ for their country, as it is a
prestigious profession that involves representing national interests on the global
stage.
10. In Japan, the profession of engineer is highly regarded, as _________
drive the country's technological advancements.
Exercise 3: Career Planning and Future Aspirations
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
 1. I plan to become a _________ developer in the future because I enjoy
working with technology and solving complex problems.
2. Many students choose their future professions based on their interests
and the _________ they develop during their school years.
3. My long-term goal is to work for a _________ technology company
where I can contribute to developing innovative solutions that help businesses.
4. Some students have a clear _________ of their future careers, while oth-
ers may need more time and guidance to choose the right path.
5. I’m interested in pursuing a career in _________, and I plan to study bio-
logy and chemistry to prepare for medical school.
6. People often choose their careers based on their strengths, such as being
good with numbers, having strong _________ skills, or being highly creative.
7. My parents support my career choice and encourage me to follow my
_________ as they believe it’s important to love what you do.
8. Many universities offer career _________ services to help students
identify their goals and create a plan for their future careers.
9. One of the most important factors in _________ a career is understand-
ing the job market and the demand for certain professions in your country.
10. I hope to work in an international company after _________, as it will
give me the opportunity to travel and collaborate with people from different cul-
tures.

Exercise 4: Professional Skills and Qualities

Match the professional skill or quality to its description.
communication skills The ability to analyze a situation, identify potential
solutions, and implement the best course of action.
teamwork The ability to mediate disagreements between in-
dividuals or groups and find mutually acceptable
solutions.
attention to detail The ability to adjust to new conditions, challenges,
and changes in the workplace environment.
problem-solving The ability to notice and address small but import-
ant aspects of a task or project, ensuring high-qual-
 ity work.
time management The ability to collaborate with others and contrib-
ute to a group effort in order to achieve a common
goal.
leadership The ability to generate new ideas, think outside the
box, and find innovative solutions to problems.
adaptability The specialized knowledge and abilities needed to
perform specific tasks in fields like IT, engineer-
ing, or healthcare.
technical skills The ability to express ideas clearly and effectively,
both verbally and in writing, in various profes-
sional settings.
creativity The ability to inspire and guide a team or organiz-
ation towards achieving specific goals, often while
motivating others.
conflict resolution The ability to organize and plan your time effect-
ively in order to complete tasks efficiently and
meet deadlines.

Exercise 5: Job Search and Career Guidance (Gap-fill)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to job search and ca-
reer guidance.
1. The first step in the job search process is _________ a strong resume
that _________ your education, skills, and work experience.
2. Many people use job search _________ and professional _________
like LinkedIn to find job openings in their field of interest.
3. Before _________ for a job, it’s important to write a tailored cover let-
ter that explains why you’re the right _________ for the position.
4. Career guidance _________ can help you identify your strengths and
interests, and provide advice on how to enter your chosen profession.
5. When preparing for a job interview, it’s important to research the com-
pany, practice common _________ questions, and be ready to discuss your
_________ .
6. Some companies require candidates to complete aptitude tests during the
_________ process to assess their skills and problem-solving abilities.
 7. Attending career fairs is a great way to meet _________ employers and
learn about job _________ in various industries.
8. Networking with _________ in your field can help you learn about job
openings that may not be advertised publicly and increase your chances of being
hired.
9. One important step in job _________ is setting clear career goals and
focusing on positions that match your skills and aspirations.
10. _________ are a valuable way to gain practical experience in your
field, build your resume, and increase your chances of finding a full-time posi-
tion after graduation.

Exercise 6: Characteristics of Professions

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to professional char-
acteristics.
1. A _________ needs excellent communication skills to explain medical
conditions to patients clearly and provide guidance on treatments.
2. A _________ must have strong organizational skills to plan lessons,
manage a classroom, and track student progress throughout the academic year.
3. _________ require advanced problem-solving skills, as they often
design complex systems and need to troubleshoot any technical issues that arise.
4. A _________ must be creative and have a deep understanding of culin-
ary techniques to prepare delicious meals and create new recipes.
5. _________ need critical thinking abilities to analyze cases, prepare
legal documents, and argue persuasively in court.
6. _________ must have strong writing skills to report on news stories
clearly, concisely, and accurately.
7. A _________ needs excellent numeracy skills to analyze financial data
and give clients the best investment advice.
8. _________ require a high level of creativity and attention to detail to
produce visually appealing and effective marketing materials.
 9. A _________ must have leadership qualities and the ability to make
quick decisions to oversee a team and ensure business operations run smoothly.
10. A _________ must be fluent in at least two languages and have excel-
lent knowledge of grammar and vocabulary in both.

Exercise 7: Career Guidance and Choosing a Profession

Match the term related to career guidance or choosing a profession to
its description.
aptitude test A program that allows students or job seekers to ob-
serve professionals in the workplace to gain insight
into a specific career.
career counseling Education that focuses on teaching the specific skills
and knowledge needed for a particular job or trade,
such as mechanics or carpentry.
job shadowing An evaluation of a person’s abilities, knowledge, and
competencies to determine their suitability for a par-
ticular job or profession.
skills assessment A test that helps individuals understand their personal-
ity traits and how these traits align with different ca-
reer options.
career fair Guidance provided by experts to help individuals un-
derstand their interests, abilities, and career options.
vocational training A temporary position that allows students or recent
graduates to gain work experience in a particular field.
personality test An event where employers meet with potential em-
ployees to discuss job opportunities and internships in
various fields.
internship The progression of jobs in a specific career, where
each step represents increased responsibility, status, or
pay.
self-assessment A test designed to evaluate an individual’s natural tal-
ents, strengths, and weaknesses in order to recommend
suitable career paths.
career ladder The process of evaluating one’s own interests, skills,
and values in order to make informed career choices.
 Exercise 8: Skills and Abilities for the Workplace
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words related to workplace skills
and abilities.

1. Teamwork is essential in most workplaces, as _________ must collab-

orate with colleagues to achieve common goals.
2. In competitive industries, _________ skills are crucial for addressing
challenges quickly and finding solutions that benefit the company.
3. Effective time _________ allows professionals to meet deadlines and
prioritize tasks in a busy work environment.
4. Communication skills are important for interacting with clients, co-
workers, and management, _________ that all parties understand project re-
quirements.
5. A professional’s _________ enables them to adjust to new technolo-
gies, work processes, and unexpected changes in the industry.
6. Critical thinking helps employees _________ different options and
make informed decisions that improve the company’s performance.
7. In many roles, professionals must _________ leadership qualities by
motivating their teams and guiding them toward achieving organizational object-
ives.
8. _________ is highly valued in fields such as marketing and design,
where new ideas and innovation are essential for success.
9. A high level of emotional _________ allows professionals to under-
stand and manage their own emotions while being sensitive to the needs of oth-
ers.
10. Strong _________ skills are important for professionals in sales, law,
and business, where reaching mutually beneficial agreements is key.
 Exercise 9: Job Search Process (Matching)
Match the step in the job search process to its description.
Resume writing Building professional relationships with others in
your industry to learn about job opportunities and
share career information.
Job interview A personalized letter sent with your resume, explain-
ing your interest in the position and why you are the
best fit for the job.
Networking A formal proposal from an employer to a candidate,
offering them a position, often including details
about salary and benefits.
Job listing A formal meeting between a job applicant and an em-
ployer, where the applicant answers questions to de-
termine their suitability for the position.
Cover letter An event where job seekers meet with company rep-
resentatives to learn about job openings and intern-
ships in different industries.
Job application A posted advertisement by an employer detailing the
responsibilities, requirements, and qualifications
needed for an open position.
References A temporary, usually unpaid, position that provides
students or recent graduates with practical experience
in their chosen field.
Career fair The process of creating a document that summarizes
your education, work experience, and skills to send
to potential employers.
Job offer People, usually former employers or colleagues, who
can speak to your qualifications and work ethic when
asked by a potential employer.
Internship The official form or document you submit to apply
for a specific job, often requiring personal details,
education, and work history.

Exercise 10: Career Development and Promotion

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. Many _________ aim to climb the career ladder by taking on more re-
sponsibilities and advancing to higher-level positions within their companies.
2. Employees who demonstrate strong leadership _________ and a com-
mitment to the company are often considered for promotion.
 3. Attending industry _________ and workshops can help professionals
stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in their field.
4. In some companies, _________ receive annual performance reviews,
where their achievements and areas for improvement are discussed with their
managers.
5. Taking additional training _________ or earning _________ can in-
crease an employee's chances of getting promoted.
6. Companies often offer _________ programs, where experienced profes-
sionals provide guidance to help junior employees grow in their careers.
7. Developing a strong _________ network can open up opportunities for
career advancement and new job offers.
8. Gaining management _________ is crucial for those looking to move
into executive-level positions within an organization.
9. Being proactive in _________ new projects and challenges demon-
strates a desire to grow and improve, which is often rewarded by employers.
10. _________ balance is an important factor in long-term career develop-
ment, as professionals need to maintain their well-being while pursuing their
career goals.
 PART 2
READING
 Task 1
Family and Friendship: The Building Blocks of Personal Development
The relationships we form with our family and friends play a crucial role in
shaping our identities and personal growth. From a young age, our interactions
with those closest to us influence our values, beliefs, and the way we perceive
the world. Family and friends provide a foundation of support, helping us to
navigate life's challenges and develop into well-rounded individuals.
Individuality is an essential aspect of personal development. It refers to the
qualities and characteristics that make a person unique. While family and friends
can guide us, it is important for each person to develop their own sense of self.
This process involves exploring one's interests, talents, and beliefs, and making
choices that align with who we are as individuals. However, it is also important
to balance individuality with the ability to cooperate and interact harmoniously
with others.
Families and friendships thrive on mutual support. Whether it’s offering
advice, lending a helping hand, or simply being there to listen, the support we
give and receive strengthens our bonds. However, no relationship is without
conflict. Disagreements and misunderstandings are natural, but how we handle
these conflicts is what truly matters. Effective conflict resolution involves clear
communication, empathy, and a willingness to understand the other person’s
perspective. By resolving conflicts constructively, relationships become stronger
and more resilient.
In a diverse world, tolerance and humanity are essential for building strong
relationships. Tolerance involves accepting and respecting the differences in
others, whether they are cultural, religious, or personal. This acceptance fosters
a sense of community and belonging. Humanity and charity go hand in hand
with tolerance, as they involve acts of kindness, generosity, and a commitment
to the well-being of others. Engaging in charitable activities not only benefits
those in need but also enriches our own lives by fostering a sense of purpose and
connection to the world around us.
 Managing a household is another important aspect of personal develop-
ment. It involves a range of responsibilities, from budgeting and meal planning
to maintaining a clean and organized living space. These tasks may seem
mundane, but they teach valuable life skills such as time management, organiza-
tion, and self-discipline. Moreover, sharing household responsibilities with fam-
ily members fosters cooperation and strengthens family bonds.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) The importance of individuality in personal development.
B) How family and friends shape our identities and personal growth.
C) The role of charity in building strong communities.
D) The challenges of managing a household.
2. According to the passage, what is essential for developing individuality?
A) Following the advice of family and friends.
B) Exploring one's interests and beliefs.
C) Engaging in charitable activities.
D) Managing household responsibilities.
3. What is a key component of mutual support in relationships?
A) Avoiding conflicts.
B) Lending a helping hand.
C) Maintaining individuality.
D) Managing finances together.
4. How does the passage suggest conflicts should be resolved?
A) By avoiding difficult conversations.
B) Through clear communication and empathy.
C) By asserting one’s own opinions.
D) By relying on external mediators.
5. Why are tolerance and humanity important in relationships, according to
the passage?
A) They help in managing household responsibilities.
 B) They are essential for building strong and inclusive communities.
C) They ensure that everyone agrees on important issues.
D) They prevent conflicts from arising.
6. What life skills are developed through managing a household?
A) Creativity and artistic skills.
B) Financial planning and budgeting.
C) Time management and organization.
D) Communication and public speaking.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Developing individuality means ignoring the influence of family and
friends. (True/False)
2. Conflict resolution in relationships is only about reaching a compromise.
(True/False)
3. Humanity and charity are only beneficial to those who receive help.
(True/False)
4. Managing a household does not contribute to personal development.
(True/False)
5. Tolerance involves accepting and respecting differences in others.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Individuality a) A willingness to understand
and accept differences in others.
2. Mutual support b) Involves exploring personal
interests and making independent
choices.
3. Conflict resolution c) Offering help and emotional
support to strengthen relationships.
4. Tolerance d) Requires clear communica-
tion and empathy to handle disagree-
ments.
5. Managing a household e) Teaches life skills such as
time management and organization.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do family and friends contribute to a person’s personal develop-
ment?
2. What is the relationship between tolerance and charity in the passage?
3. Why is managing a household considered important for personal
growth?
4. What role does mutual support play in maintaining strong relationships?
5. How does individuality relate to the ability to interact harmoniously with
others?
 Task 2
Choosing the Right Type of Housing
When it comes to choosing a place to live, there are various types of hous-
ing to consider, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The type of
accommodation you choose will depend on your lifestyle, budget, and personal
preferences. Understanding the differences between houses, apartments, and in-
dividual rooms can help you make an informed decision.
Houses are often considered the ideal choice for families or individuals
who value space and privacy. A house typically offers more square footage than
an apartment, with the added benefit of having a garden or backyard. This
makes houses especially attractive to families with children or pets. Addition-
ally, houses provide a higher level of privacy, as they are usually detached or
semi-detached from neighboring properties. However, owning or renting a
house can be more expensive, and maintaining the property requires time and
effort.
Apartments are a popular choice for those who prefer convenience and a
sense of community. Living in an apartment building often means being closer
to city centers, public transportation, and amenities such as shops, restaurants,
and gyms. Apartments are generally easier to maintain than houses, as building
management usually takes care of repairs and common areas. However, apart-
ments typically offer less space and privacy than houses, and living in close
proximity to neighbors can sometimes be challenging.
For those on a tight budget or looking for a temporary living arrangement,
renting a room in a shared house or apartment can be a practical solution. Rent-
ing a room is usually the most affordable option, as the cost is shared with other
tenants. This type of accommodation is common among students and young pro-
fessionals who prioritize affordability over space. However, sharing common
areas like kitchens and bathrooms requires a certain level of cooperation and
flexibility, which may not suit everyone.
 Regardless of the type of housing you choose, furnishing your living space
is an important step in making it feel like home. The furniture and decor you
select should reflect your personal style and meet your practical needs. In a
house, you may have more room to experiment with different styles, from mod-
ern to rustic. In an apartment or rented room, you may need to be more creative
with space-saving furniture and multifunctional pieces, such as sofa beds or
foldable tables. Additionally, the layout and size of your living space will influ-
ence your choices, so it's important to measure your rooms and plan your fur-
nishings accordingly.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is the main advantage of living in a house compared to an apart-
ment?
A) It is closer to city centers.
B) It offers more space and privacy.
C) It is easier to maintain.
D) It is more affordable.
2. Why might someone choose to live in an apartment?
A) For the larger living space.
B) For the convenience and proximity to amenities.
C) For the high level of privacy.
D) For the access to a garden or backyard.
3. What is a common characteristic of renting a room in a shared house or
apartment?
A) It provides a lot of personal space.
B) It requires cooperation and flexibility.
C) It is ideal for families with children.
D) It typically offers a high level of privacy.
4. According to the passage, what is important to consider when furnishing
a home?
 A) The proximity to public transportation.
B) The number of bedrooms.
C) The layout and size of the living space.
D) The distance from the city center.
5. What is a potential disadvantage of living in an apartment?
A) Higher maintenance responsibilities.
B) Limited access to public amenities.
C) Less space and privacy compared to a house.
D) Higher cost compared to other housing options.
6. How can one make the most of limited space in an apartment or rented
room?
A) By purchasing expensive, high-end furniture.
B) By using space-saving and multifunctional furniture.
C) By choosing large, bulky pieces of furniture.
D) By focusing on outdoor decor.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Living in a house is always more affordable than living in an apartment.
(True/False)
2. Apartments usually offer more privacy than houses. (True/False)
3. Renting a room in a shared apartment is a common choice for those
seeking temporary accommodation. (True/False)
4. The type of furniture you choose should be influenced by the layout and
size of your living space. (True/False)
5. Sharing common areas in a rented room situation requires cooperation
from all tenants. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of housing with its corresponding characteristic from the
passage.
1. House a) Offers convenience and proximity to amenit-
 ies.
2. Apartment b) Provides more space and privacy, often with a
garden.
3. Room in a c) Requires cooperation in shared spaces and is
shared house usually more affordable.

4. Furnishing d) Should reflect personal style and adapt to the

size of the space.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main factors that influence the choice of housing according
to the passage?
2. Why is living in an apartment considered convenient?
3. What are some challenges associated with renting a room in a shared
house or apartment?
4. How can furnishing a home in an apartment differ from furnishing a
house?
5. What is the role of furniture and decor in making a living space feel like
home?
 Task 3
The Ever-Changing World of Fashion
Fashion is more than just the clothes we wear; it is a form of self-expres-
sion, a reflection of cultural trends, and a significant industry that influences
economies worldwide. From classic wardrobe staples to the latest trends on the
runway, fashion is constantly evolving, and so are the types of clothing that
people choose to wear.
Clothing serves both functional and aesthetic purposes. For example, outer-
wear like coats and jackets are essential for keeping warm in cold weather, while
lighter fabrics such as cotton and linen are preferred in warmer climates. How-
ever, clothing is not just about practicality; it is also a way to express one's per-
sonal style. Casual wear like jeans and t-shirts provides comfort, while formal
attire such as suits and dresses are chosen for special occasions. In recent years,
athleisure—a combination of athletic and leisurewear—has become popular,
blurring the lines between gym clothes and everyday outfits.
Fashion trends are often a mirror of societal changes. Throughout history,
fashion has reflected shifts in culture, politics, and technology. For instance, the
1920s saw the rise of flapper dresses and bobbed haircuts, symbolizing women's
newfound independence. In contrast, the 1960s were marked by bold prints and
psychedelic colors, reflecting the era's countercultural movements. Today, sus-
tainability and ethical production are at the forefront of fashion, with more
people choosing eco-friendly materials and supporting brands that prioritize fair
labor practices.
Accessories play a crucial role in completing an outfit and enhancing one's
style. Items like belts, scarves, and hats can transform a simple outfit into some-
thing more fashionable and personalized. Jewelry, handbags, and shoes also
serve as important fashion statements, allowing individuals to express their taste
and creativity. Moreover, accessories are often used to follow trends without
making significant changes to one's wardrobe, making them an accessible way
to stay fashionable.
 The fashion industry is constantly evolving, with new technologies and
ideas shaping its future. One of the most significant trends in fashion today is
the push towards sustainability. As awareness of environmental issues grows,
both designers and consumers are seeking ways to reduce the impact of clothing
production on the planet. This includes using recycled materials, creating gar-
ments that last longer, and promoting a circular economy where clothes are re-
used or recycled rather than discarded. Additionally, technological advance-
ments such as 3D printing and virtual fashion shows are transforming how
clothes are designed, produced, and marketed.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the main functions of clothing according to the passage?
A) To reflect cultural trends.
B) To protect the environment.
C) To express personal style.
D) To keep warm in all climates.
2. Why has athleisure become a popular type of clothing?
A) It is more affordable than other types of clothing.
B) It combines comfort with style.
C) It is made from sustainable materials.
D) It is only worn during athletic activities.
3. How do fashion trends often reflect society?
A) By staying consistent over time.
B) By mirroring cultural and technological changes.
C) By focusing solely on functionality.
D) By disregarding historical influences.
4. What role do accessories play in fashion?
A) They are the most important part of an outfit.
B) They are used to protect against the weather.
C) They help complete and personalize an outfit.
 D) They are rarely influenced by fashion trends.
5. What is a significant trend in the future of fashion mentioned in the pas-
sage?
A) The return of flapper dresses and bobbed haircuts.
B) A focus on technological advancements in clothing design.
C) A shift towards faster production methods.
D) An increased emphasis on sustainability and ethical production.
6. How are technological advancements affecting the fashion industry?
A) They are slowing down the production process.
B) They are reducing the need for accessories.
C) They are transforming how clothes are designed and marketed.
D) They are making fashion more expensive.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Casual wear like jeans and t-shirts is primarily chosen for special occa-
sions. (True/False)
2. The fashion of the 1960s reflected the countercultural movements of the
time. (True/False)
3. Sustainability is becoming less important in the fashion industry. (True/
False)
4. Accessories can help someone follow fashion trends without buying new
clothes. (True/False)
5. The use of recycled materials is a growing trend in sustainable fashion.
(True/False)
 Part 3: Matching
Match each type of clothing or fashion concept with its corresponding de-
scription from the passage.
1. Athleisure a) A trend combining athletic and everyday
wear.
2. Outerwear b) Clothing items like coats and jackets for
protection against cold weather.
3. Flapper c) A 1920s fashion symbolizing women's inde-
Dresses pendence.

4. Sustainability d) A key focus in the future of fashion, em-

phasizing environmental and ethical practices.
5. Accessories e) Items like belts, scarves, and jewelry that
enhance and personalize outfits.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does fashion serve as a form of self-expression?
2. What societal changes influenced the fashion trends of the 1920s and
1960s?
3. Why are accessories considered important in fashion?
4. What is the role of sustainability in the future of fashion?
5. How is technology shaping the future of the fashion industry?
 Task 4
Exploring the World of Shopping
Shopping is an essential part of our daily lives, and the types of stores we
visit can vary greatly depending on what we need to buy. From large supermar-
kets to small specialty shops, each type of store offers a unique shopping experi-
ence. Understanding the differences between these stores, the range of products
they offer, and how prices and money management play a role can help us make
more informed purchasing decisions.
Different types of stores cater to different needs. Supermarkets are large
retail establishments that sell a wide variety of goods, including groceries,
household items, and personal care products. They are convenient for shoppers
who want to buy a range of products in one place. On the other hand, specialty
stores focus on specific categories of products, such as electronics, clothing, or
books. These stores often provide a more personalized shopping experience and
offer products that may not be available in larger retail outlets. Boutiques, for
example, are small shops that specialize in fashionable clothing and accessories,
offering unique items that appeal to customers looking for something distinctive.
The choice of store often depends on what a customer values most—con-
venience or specialty. Supermarkets are designed to make shopping as conveni-
ent as possible, with a wide selection of goods under one roof. This convenience
is especially appealing to busy shoppers who want to save time. However, for
those looking for high-quality or unique items, specialty stores and boutiques
offer a curated selection that is often worth the extra effort to visit. These stores
may also provide expert advice and personalized service, which can enhance the
shopping experience.
The range of products available in a store is known as the assortment. Su-
permarkets typically have a broad assortment, offering many different brands
and varieties of the same product. For example, a supermarket may carry several
brands of pasta, each in different shapes and sizes. In contrast, a specialty store
may have a narrower assortment but focus on higher-quality or hard-to-find
items. For instance, a gourmet food shop may offer a selection of artisan cheeses
that are not available in a regular supermarket.
Price is a key factor in the shopping experience. Supermarkets often com-
pete on price, offering discounts and promotions to attract customers. These
stores buy in large quantities and can afford to sell products at lower prices. Spe-
cialty stores, on the other hand, may have higher prices due to the unique or
premium quality of their products. Customers who shop at these stores are often
willing to pay more for the quality and uniqueness they offer.
Managing money effectively is crucial when shopping. It’s important to
compare prices, consider the quality of products, and stick to a budget. While it
may be tempting to splurge on luxury items, being mindful of spending can help
ensure that shopping remains a positive experience without leading to financial
stress.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is the primary advantage of shopping at a supermarket?
A) It offers personalized service.
B) It provides a wide variety of goods in one location.
C) It focuses on unique, high-quality items.
D) It specializes in fashion and accessories.
2. Why might a customer choose to shop at a specialty store or boutique?
A) To save time by buying everything in one place.
B) To find unique or high-quality products.
C) To purchase items at a discounted price.
D) To enjoy the convenience of a large store.
3. What is the main difference between the product assortment in a super-
market and a specialty store?
A) Supermarkets have a broader range of products, while specialty stores
focus on quality and uniqueness.
 B) Specialty stores offer a wider variety of products, while supermarkets
focus on quality.
C) Both offer a similar range of products, but supermarkets provide more
personalized service.
D) Supermarkets focus on high-end products, while specialty stores offer
budget-friendly options.
4. How do supermarkets typically attract customers?
A) By offering luxury and premium products.
B) By providing personalized shopping experiences.
C) By competing on price with discounts and promotions.
D) By specializing in niche markets.
5. What is a potential downside of shopping at specialty stores?
A) They are usually more crowded than supermarkets.
B) They offer a limited range of products.
C) They tend to be located far from city centers.
D) They lack customer service.
6. Why is money management important when shopping?
A) It helps avoid financial stress and ensures responsible spending.
B) It allows customers to buy more luxury items.
C) It encourages impulsive purchases.
D) It increases the likelihood of finding discounts.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Supermarkets typically offer a more personalized shopping experience
than specialty stores. (True/False)
2. Specialty stores usually have higher prices because they offer unique or
high-quality products. (True/False)
3. Managing money effectively is only necessary when shopping for luxury
items. (True/False)
 4. Boutiques are small shops that specialize in a specific category, often
focusing on fashion. (True/False)
5. Supermarkets are known for offering a wide assortment of products from
different brands. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of store or shopping concept with its corresponding de-
scription from the passage.
1. Supermarket a) Offers a broad assortment of goods under
one roof.
2. Boutique b) Specializes in fashionable clothing and
accessories.
3. Specialty store c) Focuses on specific categories of products,
often providing expert advice.
4. Price competi- d) A strategy used by supermarkets to attract
tion customers with discounts and promotions.

5. Product assort- e) The range of products available in a store,

ment which can vary in breadth and quality.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main advantages of shopping at a supermarket compared to
a specialty store?
2. Why might someone choose to shop at a boutique instead of a larger re-
tail outlet?
3. How do supermarkets typically manage to offer products at lower
prices?
4. What role does money management play in the shopping experience?
5. What factors should a shopper consider when choosing between different
types of stores?
 Task 5
The Benefits of Active Recreation
Active recreation plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle,
providing both physical and mental benefits. Engaging in outdoor activities such
as hiking, cycling, swimming, and team sports not only helps keep the body fit
but also offers a refreshing escape from the daily routine. Active recreation can
be enjoyed individually or with others, making it a versatile option for people of
all ages and fitness levels.
One of the most obvious benefits of active recreation is improved physical
health. Activities like running, swimming, and cycling are excellent for cardi-
ovascular health, helping to strengthen the heart and lungs while improving cir-
culation. Regular physical activity also helps to maintain a healthy weight, build
muscle strength, and enhance flexibility. Moreover, participating in sports and
other physical activities can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as
obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
In addition to these benefits, active recreation can also improve coordina-
tion and balance. For example, activities like rock climbing and skiing require
precise movements and body control, which help develop these skills. Engaging
in such activities regularly can lead to better overall physical fitness and in -
creased confidence in one's physical abilities.
The mental health benefits of active recreation are just as significant as the
physical ones. Exercise is known to release endorphins, the body's natural mood
elevators, which can help reduce feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression.
Spending time outdoors in natural settings also promotes relaxation and mental
clarity. Activities such as hiking through a forest or kayaking on a lake provide
an opportunity to disconnect from the stressors of everyday life and reconnect
with nature.
Furthermore, participating in team sports or group activities can foster a
sense of community and belonging, which is essential for mental well-being.
The social interaction that comes with playing sports or exercising with others
can boost self-esteem, improve communication skills, and create a supportive
environment where individuals can thrive.
When it comes to active recreation, there is something for everyone.
Whether you prefer the thrill of extreme sports like mountain biking or the tran-
quility of a yoga session in the park, finding an activity that you enjoy is key to
staying motivated and consistent. It’s important to consider your fitness level,
interests, and the availability of facilities when choosing an activity. Starting
with something simple like walking or cycling can be a great way to ease into a
more active lifestyle.
For those who enjoy variety, combining different types of activities can
keep things interesting and challenge different parts of the body. For instance,
alternating between swimming, running, and strength training provides a bal-
anced workout that targets various muscle groups and improves overall fitness.
Incorporating active recreation into your daily routine doesn’t have to be
difficult. Even small changes, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator or
walking or cycling to work, can make a significant difference. Setting aside time
each day or week for physical activities that you enjoy can help make active re-
creation a regular part of your lifestyle. Joining local sports clubs or participat-
ing in community events such as fun runs or charity walks can also provide mo-
tivation and a sense of commitment.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the main physical benefits of active recreation?
A) It reduces the need for sleep.
B) It strengthens the heart and improves circulation.
C) It decreases muscle mass.
D) It increases stress levels.
2. How does active recreation benefit mental health?
A) By promoting social isolation.
B) By increasing feelings of stress.
 C) By releasing endorphins and reducing anxiety.
D) By causing physical exhaustion.
3. Why is it important to choose an activity you enjoy?
A) To ensure you can exercise alone.
B) To maintain motivation and consistency.
C) To avoid interacting with others.
D) To minimize physical effort.
4. Which of the following is an example of incorporating active recreation
into daily life?
A) Watching TV after work.
B) Taking the elevator instead of the stairs.
C) Walking or cycling to work.
D) Eating a large meal before exercising.
5. What is a benefit of participating in team sports or group activities?
A) It reduces the need for a balanced diet.
B) It promotes a sense of community and belonging.
C) It requires less physical effort.
D) It eliminates the need for regular exercise.
6. How can varying your activities benefit your fitness routine?
A) By focusing on only one muscle group.
B) By keeping things interesting and challenging different parts of the
body.
C) By avoiding physical exertion.
D) By limiting the range of motion.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Active recreation helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases. (True/False)
2. Spending time outdoors has no impact on mental health. (True/False)
3. It’s important to choose an active recreation activity that aligns with your
fitness level and interests. (True/False)
 4. Taking small steps like walking instead of driving can contribute to a
more active lifestyle. (True/False)
5. Participating in team sports has no impact on social interaction and com-
munication skills. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept related to active recreation with its corresponding de-
scription from the passage.
1. Cardiovascular a) Improved through activities like running
health and swimming.

2. Endorphins b) Natural mood elevators released during

exercise.
3. Team sports c) Activities that promote social interaction
and a sense of community.
4. Flexibility d) Enhanced through activities like yoga and
stretching.
5. Balanced workout e) Achieved by combining different types of
activities.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main physical benefits of active recreation?
2. How does active recreation contribute to mental well-being?
3. Why is it beneficial to participate in a variety of physical activities?
4. What are some simple ways to incorporate active recreation into daily
life?
5. How do team sports contribute to social well-being?
 Task 6
The Role of Art Institutions in Self-Education
Art institutions such as museums, galleries, and theaters play a significant
role in the lifelong learning process. They offer opportunities for self-education,
allowing individuals to explore different cultures, historical periods, and artistic
movements. Visiting these institutions can broaden one’s understanding of the
world, stimulate creativity, and provide a deeper appreciation of the arts.
Museums are repositories of knowledge, housing vast collections of arti-
facts, artworks, and historical objects that span centuries. By visiting a museum,
you can travel through time and space, gaining insights into the lives of people
from different eras and regions. Whether it’s an exhibition on ancient civiliza-
tions, modern art, or natural history, museums offer a rich educational experi-
ence. They provide context to the objects on display, explaining their signific-
ance and the stories they tell. This helps visitors develop a greater understanding
of cultural heritage and historical events.
Museums also often feature interactive exhibits and educational programs
that engage visitors in a hands-on learning experience. These programs are de-
signed to cater to different age groups and learning styles, making museums ac-
cessible to everyone, from children to adults. For example, art museums may
offer workshops on painting techniques, while science museums might have
demonstrations on physical phenomena.
Art galleries, particularly those focused on contemporary art, serve as plat-
forms for exploring current social, political, and cultural issues. They often
showcase the work of living artists, offering a window into the thoughts and
concerns of the present day. Visiting galleries allows individuals to engage with
art that challenges traditional perspectives and encourages critical thinking.
Many galleries also host talks, lectures, and artist meet-and-greets, where
visitors can gain deeper insights into the creative process and the themes ad-
dressed in the artworks. These events provide an opportunity for self-reflection
and intellectual growth, as they often spark conversations about the world
around us.
Theaters are another important art institution that contributes to self-educa-
tion. Through plays, operas, ballets, and other performances, theaters bring liter-
ature and history to life. Watching a live performance can be a transformative
experience, as it immerses the audience in the narrative and evokes a wide range
of emotions.
Theatrical performances often explore complex human themes such as
love, loss, power, and morality, prompting viewers to reflect on their own exper-
iences and values. Attending the theater also encourages the development of
critical thinking skills, as it requires the audience to interpret and analyze the
actions and motivations of the characters on stage.
Moreover, theaters often offer educational programs, such as backstage
tours, acting workshops, and discussions with directors and performers. These
programs provide a behind-the-scenes look at the world of theater, enhancing
the overall understanding and appreciation of the art form.
Incorporating visits to art institutions into your self-education routine can
be highly rewarding. Start by identifying the types of art that interest you,
whether it’s visual arts, performing arts, or historical artifacts. Then, plan visits
to local museums, galleries, and theaters that specialize in those areas.
To make the most of your visits, take the time to read about the exhibitions
or performances beforehand. Many institutions offer online resources, such as
exhibition guides and artist interviews, which can enhance your understanding
of what you’ll see. During your visit, engage with the exhibits by taking notes,
asking questions, and reflecting on what you’ve learned. Afterward, consider
discussing your experience with friends or joining a discussion group to further
explore the themes and ideas presented.
By making art visits a regular part of your self-education, you can continu-
ously expand your knowledge, deepen your appreciation of the arts, and foster
personal growth.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main benefits of visiting museums for self-education?
A) It provides entertainment without educational value.
B) It allows individuals to travel physically to different regions.
C) It offers insights into historical events and cultural heritage.
D) It mainly focuses on contemporary social issues.
2. How do art galleries contribute to self-education?
A) By showcasing only historical art pieces.
B) By focusing exclusively on traditional artistic techniques.
C) By offering opportunities to explore contemporary social and cultural
issues.
D) By limiting access to certain types of artwork.
3. What unique experience do theaters offer that contributes to self-educa-
tion?
A) They provide static displays for reflection.
B) They present live performances that explore complex human themes.
C) They focus on visual art exhibitions.
D) They primarily showcase scientific phenomena.
4. Why is it beneficial to read about exhibitions or performances before
visiting art institutions?
A) It reduces the need to engage with the exhibits during the visit.
B) It enhances understanding and appreciation of what you will see.
C) It allows you to skip the visit altogether.
D) It limits your ability to enjoy the exhibits spontaneously.
5. What is a common feature of educational programs offered by theaters?
A) They focus on visual arts and painting techniques.
B) They provide backstage tours and discussions with directors.
C) They offer online courses about contemporary art.
D) They are limited to children’s activities.
 6. How can visiting art institutions regularly benefit your self-education?
A) By offering temporary distractions from daily life.
B) By helping to develop a deeper appreciation of the arts and personal
growth.
C) By limiting exposure to only one type of art form.
D) By reducing the need for other forms of education.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Museums often provide interactive exhibits and educational programs
for visitors. (True/False)
2. Art galleries primarily focus on showcasing historical artifacts. (True/
False)
3. Theaters contribute to self-education by presenting live performances
that explore complex themes. (True/False)
4. Preparing for a visit to an art institution by reading about the exhibits
beforehand can enhance the experience. (True/False)
5. Making regular visits to art institutions is unlikely to impact personal
growth or self-education. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of art institution with its corresponding description from
the passage.
1. Museum a) Houses collections of artifacts and artworks, of-
fering historical and cultural insights.
2. Art Gallery b) Focuses on contemporary art, encouraging ex-
ploration of current social issues.
3. Theater c) Presents live performances that explore literat-
ure, history, and human themes.
4. Educational d) May include workshops, lectures, and interact-
Program ive exhibits to engage visitors.

5. Self-Educa- e) Can include regular visits to art institutions, sup-

tion Routine plemented by pre-visit research.

Part 4: Short Answer

 Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do museums contribute to a person’s understanding of history and
culture?
2. What role do art galleries play in exploring contemporary issues?
3. Why is attending live performances at a theater considered beneficial for
self-education?
4. How can preparing for a visit to an art institution enhance your experi-
ence?
5. What are some ways to incorporate visits to art institutions into a self-
education routine?
 Task 7
Exploring the World of Cinema and Theater
Cinema and theater have long been integral parts of cultural life, offering
audiences a wide range of experiences through various genres and perform-
ances. From the thrill of action movies to the emotional depth of dramatic plays,
these art forms have the power to entertain, educate, and inspire. Understanding
the different genres, the experience of visiting a theater or cinema, the key ele-
ments of their interiors, and the role of actors can enhance one’s appreciation of
these creative expressions.
The genres in cinema and theater are as diverse as the stories they tell. In
the world of film, genres such as action, comedy, drama, horror, and science fic-
tion cater to different tastes and emotions. Action films are known for their fast-
paced sequences, intense physical stunts, and adventurous plots. Comedies aim
to amuse and entertain with humor and wit, often highlighting the quirks of
everyday life. Dramas delve into serious and emotional themes, exploring hu-
man relationships and societal issues. Horror films are designed to evoke fear
and suspense, while science fiction transports audiences to futuristic worlds and
explores speculative concepts.
Similarly, theater genres include tragedy, comedy, musical theater, and ex-
perimental plays. Tragedy, one of the oldest genres, typically deals with themes
of human suffering and often ends in a cathartic resolution. Comedy in theater,
like in film, is centered on humor but may also involve satire and social com-
mentary. Musical theater combines songs, dialogue, and dance to tell a story,
creating a dynamic and engaging performance. Experimental plays push the
boundaries of traditional theater, often incorporating unconventional storytelling
techniques and staging.
Visiting a theater or cinema is more than just watching a performance or
film; it is an immersive experience that engages all the senses. The anticipation
begins as you step into the foyer, often adorned with posters and artwork that set
the tone for the evening. The lighting, sound, and décor all contribute to the at-
mosphere, creating a sense of excitement and anticipation.
In a cinema, the large screen, surround sound, and comfortable seating are
designed to provide an optimal viewing experience. The darkened room allows
the audience to focus entirely on the film, enhancing the emotional impact of the
visuals and sound. In contrast, a theater offers a more intimate experience,
where the live performance and the connection between actors and the audience
add an element of immediacy and unpredictability.
The interior design of a theater or cinema also plays a crucial role in the
overall experience. In a theater, elements such as the stage, curtains, and orches-
tra pit are central to the production. The seating arrangement, often tiered to
provide a clear view for all, enhances the audience's engagement with the per-
formance. In a cinema, the arrangement of seats, the quality of the screen and
projector, and the acoustics are key factors in creating an immersive environ-
ment.
The quality of a film, play, or TV show is often judged by several key char-
acteristics, including the storyline, direction, acting, cinematography, and music.
A compelling storyline is essential, providing a coherent and engaging narrative
that keeps the audience invested. The direction, which involves the creative
choices made by the director, influences the pacing, tone, and overall feel of the
production. Acting is another critical element, as the actors' performances bring
the characters to life and convey the emotions and themes of the story.
Cinematography in films and TV shows involves the visual aspects, such as
camera angles, lighting, and shot composition, which contribute to the mood and
atmosphere. In theater, similar effects are achieved through stage design, light-
ing, and the use of props. Music also plays a significant role, enhancing the
emotional impact of scenes and helping to establish the tone of the production.
Famous actors have the ability to captivate audiences with their perform-
ances, leaving a lasting impression through their talent and charisma. In cinema,
actors like Meryl Streep, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Denzel Washington are celeb-
rated for their versatility and ability to take on a wide range of roles. Their per -
formances often elevate the quality of a film, making it memorable for audi-
ences around the world.
In theater, actors such as Sir Ian McKellen, Dame Judi Dench, and Lin-
Manuel Miranda are known for their powerful stage presence and mastery of
their craft. These actors have contributed significantly to the world of theater,
bringing iconic characters to life and pushing the boundaries of what can be
achieved on stage. Whether on screen or on stage, the work of these actors con-
tinues to inspire and entertain audiences, setting a high standard for future gen-
erations.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. Which genre is known for fast-paced sequences and intense physical
stunts?
A) Comedy
B) Drama
C) Action
D) Science Fiction
2. What is a key characteristic of a tragedy in theater?
A) It often involves humorous social commentary.
B) It typically deals with themes of human suffering.
C) It includes musical performances.
D) It focuses on futuristic concepts.
3. How does the interior design of a cinema contribute to the viewing ex-
perience?
A) By making the room as bright as possible.
B) By arranging seats to block the screen.
C) By using a darkened room and surround sound to enhance focus.
D) By minimizing the use of sound and visuals.
4. What role does cinematography play in films and TV shows?
 A) It focuses solely on the scriptwriting process.
B) It involves the visual aspects such as camera angles and lighting.
C) It dictates the musical score.
D) It determines the actors' dialogue delivery.
5. Which famous actor is known for their versatility and wide range of
roles in cinema?
A) Lin-Manuel Miranda
B) Dame Judi Dench
C) Meryl Streep
D) Sir Ian McKellen
6. What is one advantage of visiting a theater compared to a cinema?
A) The live performance adds an element of immediacy and unpredictabil-
ity.
B) The theater provides better sound quality than a cinema.
C) The audience is allowed to participate directly in the performance.
D) The seating is arranged to obstruct the view of the stage.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Comedies in both film and theater are centered on humor and often in-
clude social commentary. (True/False)
2. The stage and orchestra pit are essential elements of a theater’s interior
design. (True/False)
3. In a cinema, the quality of the screen and acoustics does not affect the
viewing experience. (True/False)
4. A compelling storyline is less important than special effects in determin-
ing the quality of a film or play. (True/False)
5. Famous actors are often celebrated for their ability to bring a wide range
of characters to life. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
 Match each concept related to cinema and theater with its corresponding
description from the passage.
1. Action Genre a) Known for fast-paced sequences and in-
tense physical stunts.
2. Musical Theater b) Combines songs, dialogue, and dance to
tell a story.
3. Cinematography c) Involves camera angles, lighting, and shot
composition in visual media.
4. Ian McKellen d) A famous theater actor known for his
powerful stage presence.
5. Stage Design e) Includes elements like the arrangement of
props and lighting in theater.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do genres like comedy and drama differ in both film and theater?
2. What elements of a theater’s interior design contribute to the audience's
experience?
3. Why is a live performance in a theater considered more immediate and
unpredictable than a film?
4. What is the role of cinematography in enhancing the visual experience of
a film or TV show?
5. How do famous actors like Meryl Streep or Sir Ian McKellen influence
the success of a film or play?
 Task 8
Exploring the Diverse Genres of Painting
Painting is a form of visual expression that has evolved over centuries, with
artists developing various genres to explore different themes, styles, and tech-
niques. Each genre offers a unique way of seeing the world, and understanding
these genres can enhance our appreciation of the art we encounter in museums,
galleries, and exhibitions.
Realism is a genre that emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction
against the idealized depictions of Romanticism. Realist artists strive to portray
subjects as they appear in everyday life, with an emphasis on accuracy and de-
tail. The goal is to represent reality without embellishment, often focusing on
ordinary people, landscapes, and daily activities. An example of realism is the
work of French artist Gustave Courbet, who depicted scenes of rural life with
striking honesty and attention to detail.
Impressionism, which developed in France in the late 19th century, marked
a departure from the detailed realism of previous movements. Impressionist
artists were more concerned with capturing the effects of light and color than
with precise details. They often painted outdoors, using quick, loose brush-
strokes to convey the fleeting nature of a scene. Claude Monet, one of the most
famous Impressionists, is known for his series of paintings depicting the same
scene at different times of day, such as his "Haystacks" series, which explores
the changing light and atmosphere.
Expressionism emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the anxi-
eties of the modern world. Unlike realism and impressionism, expressionism is
less concerned with depicting the external world accurately and more focused on
conveying the artist’s inner feelings and emotional experience. This genre often
features distorted forms, bold colors, and exaggerated lines to express intense
emotions. Edvard Munch’s iconic painting "The Scream" is a prime example of
expressionism, capturing a moment of existential anguish with its swirling lines
and vibrant colors.
 Abstract art represents a radical departure from traditional painting, as it
does not attempt to depict recognizable subjects. Instead, abstract artists use
shapes, colors, and forms to explore concepts, emotions, and the essence of ob-
jects without directly representing them. Wassily Kandinsky, a pioneer of ab-
stract art, believed that art should evoke feelings through the use of color and
form alone, without relying on literal representations. His painting "Composition
VII" is a vibrant explosion of color and shape, intended to evoke a purely emo-
tional response from the viewer.
Surrealism, which emerged in the 1920s, is a genre that blends reality with
the imagination, often creating dreamlike or fantastical scenes. Surrealist artists
sought to express the unconscious mind and explore the boundaries between
reality and fantasy. This genre often features bizarre, unexpected juxtapositions
of objects and distorted perspectives. Salvador Dalí’s "The Persistence of
Memory," with its melting clocks and eerie landscape, is one of the most famous
examples of surrealism, representing the fluidity and illogical nature of time and
reality.
Pop art is a genre that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by its
use of imagery from popular culture, such as advertising, comic books, and
everyday consumer products. Pop artists sought to blur the boundaries between
"high" art and "low" culture, often using bright colors and bold graphics. Andy
Warhol’s paintings of Campbell’s soup cans and Marilyn Monroe are iconic ex-
amples of pop art, reflecting the consumerism and mass production that defined
post-war America.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is the main focus of realism in painting?
A) To depict subjects in a highly abstract manner.
B) To capture the effects of light and color.
C) To represent subjects as they appear in everyday life.
D) To explore the unconscious mind through dreamlike scenes.
 2. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Impressionism?
A) Detailed and precise brushstrokes.
B) Bold, exaggerated lines.
C) The use of bright colors and commercial imagery.
D) Quick, loose brushstrokes capturing fleeting moments.
3. How does expressionism differ from realism?
A) Expressionism focuses on accurate depictions of reality, while realism
does not.
B) Expressionism conveys the artist’s emotions through distorted forms
and bold colors.
C) Expressionism emerged before realism and was influenced by Romanti-
cism.
D) Expressionism and realism are essentially the same genre.
4. What makes abstract art distinct from other genres?
A) It depicts everyday scenes in great detail.
B) It does not attempt to represent recognizable subjects.
C) It focuses on the accurate representation of light and shadow.
D) It relies heavily on surreal and dreamlike imagery.
5. Which genre is associated with the exploration of the unconscious mind
and the blending of reality and fantasy?
A) Realism
B) Pop Art
C) Surrealism
D) Expressionism
6. What does Pop Art primarily draw inspiration from?
A) Ancient mythology and religious themes.
B) The natural world and its landscapes.
C) Popular culture, including advertising and consumer products.
D) The emotional experiences of the artist.
 Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Realism in painting is concerned with portraying subjects in an idealized
manner. (True/False)
2. Impressionism is characterized by its detailed and precise approach to
painting. (True/False)
3. Abstract art does not depict recognizable subjects and focuses on shapes,
colors, and forms. (True/False)
4. Expressionism emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the
modern world’s anxieties. (True/False)
5. Pop Art was influenced by ancient myths and classical themes. (True/
False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each painting genre with its corresponding description from the pas-
sage.
1. Realism a) Focuses on depicting subjects as they appear
in everyday life, with attention to detail.
2. Impressionism b) Captures the effects of light and color using
quick, loose brushstrokes.
3. Expressionism c) Conveys the artist’s emotions through distor-
ted forms and bold colors.
4. Abstract Art d) Uses shapes, colors, and forms to explore
concepts without depicting recognizable subjects.
5. Surrealism e) Blends reality with imagination, often creat-
ing dreamlike or fantastical scenes.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does realism differ from impressionism in terms of artistic focus?
2. What emotions or themes are often explored in expressionist paintings?
3. What is the primary goal of abstract art, according to the passage?
 4. How does surrealism challenge the boundaries between reality and
fantasy?
5. Why is Pop Art considered a genre that blurs the lines between high art
and popular culture?
 Task 9
Exploring Music: Styles, Genres, and Instruments
Music is a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic barri-
ers, allowing people to express emotions, tell stories, and connect with others.
With a vast array of musical styles, genres, and instruments to choose from,
everyone can find something that resonates with them. Understanding the di-
versity of music and the instruments used to create it can deepen our appreci-
ation of this art form.
Music genres are categories that group together songs or compositions
based on similar characteristics such as rhythm, melody, harmony, and instru-
mentation. Different genres evoke different moods and emotions, and people
often have favorite genres that reflect their personalities or life experiences.
Classical music is a genre that has stood the test of time, with compositions
dating back to the 11th century. It is characterized by complex structures, rich
harmonies, and a wide range of dynamics and emotions. Composers like Johann
Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are
among the most famous figures in classical music, known for their symphonies,
concertos, and sonatas. Classical music often evokes feelings of grandeur, intro-
spection, and nostalgia, making it a favorite for those who appreciate intricate
compositions and the beauty of orchestral arrangements.
Jazz is a genre that originated in the African American communities of
New Orleans in the early 20th century. It is known for its emphasis on impro-
visation, syncopated rhythms, and expressive melodies. Jazz musicians often
play with a sense of freedom, exploring new interpretations of melodies and har-
monies in each performance. Legendary jazz artists like Louis Armstrong, Duke
Ellington, and Miles Davis have made significant contributions to the genre, cre-
ating timeless classics that continue to influence modern music. Jazz is a favor-
ite for those who enjoy spontaneous creativity and the emotional depth of live
performances.
 Rock music emerged in the 1950s as a fusion of blues, country, and rhythm
and blues. It is characterized by its strong beat, electric guitar riffs, and powerful
vocals. Rock has been associated with youth culture, rebellion, and social
change, with bands like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Led Zeppelin be-
coming symbols of their generation. The genre has evolved over the decades,
giving rise to subgenres like punk rock, heavy metal, and alternative rock. Rock
is a favorite for those who appreciate energetic performances, catchy melodies,
and the raw power of electric instruments.
Pop music is one of the most popular and commercially successful genres
in the world. It is characterized by catchy melodies, simple lyrics, and a focus on
memorable hooks. Pop songs are often produced to appeal to a wide audience,
making them accessible and easy to enjoy. Artists like Michael Jackson,
Madonna, and Taylor Swift have dominated the pop charts, creating hits that
resonate with millions of listeners. Pop music is a favorite for those who enjoy
upbeat rhythms, singable choruses, and songs that are easy to dance to.
Electronic music is a genre that relies heavily on electronic instruments and
technology, such as synthesizers, drum machines, and computers. It encom-
passes a wide range of styles, from ambient and house to techno and dubstep.
Electronic music often features repetitive beats, atmospheric soundscapes, and
innovative production techniques. Pioneers like Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, and
Aphex Twin have pushed the boundaries of what music can be, creating futur-
istic sounds that continue to evolve. Electronic music is a favorite for those who
appreciate innovation, creativity, and the immersive experience of electronic
soundscapes.
The instruments used in different genres play a crucial role in shaping the
sound and character of the music. Each instrument has its own unique timbre
and expressive capabilities, contributing to the overall feel of the music.
The piano is one of the most versatile and widely used instruments in West-
ern music. It is a key instrument in genres such as classical, jazz, and pop. The
piano’s ability to produce both melody and harmony simultaneously makes it an
essential tool for composers and performers alike. Pianists like Frédéric Chopin,
Duke Ellington, and Elton John have demonstrated the instrument’s expressive
range, from delicate, lyrical passages to powerful, percussive rhythms.
The guitar is a staple of many music genres, including rock, blues, folk, and
country. It comes in various forms, such as the acoustic guitar, electric guitar,
and bass guitar, each with its own distinct sound. The guitar’s portability and
relatively simple mechanics have made it a favorite for musicians around the
world. Guitarists like Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, and Paco de Lucía have show-
cased the instrument’s versatility, whether through electrifying solos, soulful
blues, or intricate flamenco rhythms.
The violin is a key instrument in classical music, often featured as a solo
instrument or as part of an orchestra. Its ability to produce a wide range of dy-
namics and tones makes it a favorite for expressing complex emotions. Violin-
ists like Itzhak Perlman and Anne-Sophie Mutter have brought the instrument to
life through their virtuosic performances. Beyond classical music, the violin is
also used in folk, jazz, and even rock, demonstrating its adaptability across
genres.
Drums and percussion instruments are the backbone of many music genres,
providing rhythm and drive. The drum set, which includes various drums and
cymbals, is central to rock, jazz, and pop music. Drummers like Buddy Rich,
John Bonham, and Sheila E. have become legendary for their technical skill and
ability to energize a performance. In addition to the drum set, percussion instru-
ments like congas, bongos, and tambourines add texture and flavor to music,
especially in Latin and world music genres.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is a defining characteristic of classical music?
A) It relies heavily on electronic instruments.
B) It is known for its complex structures and rich harmonies.
C) It focuses on improvisation and syncopated rhythms.
 D) It features strong beats and electric guitar riffs.
2. Which music genre is closely associated with improvisation and express-
ive melodies?
A) Pop
B) Classical
C) Jazz
D) Rock
3. What instrument is considered a staple in rock music?
A) Violin
B) Piano
C) Drum set
D) Guitar
4. How is pop music typically characterized?
A) By its use of complex lyrics and challenging harmonies.
B) By its catchy melodies and simple, memorable hooks.
C) By its focus on traditional folk tunes.
D) By its emphasis on virtuosic instrumental performances.
5. What makes electronic music distinct from other genres?
A) Its focus on acoustic instruments and traditional song structures.
B) Its reliance on electronic instruments and technology to create sound-
scapes.
C) Its deep roots in classical composition techniques.
D) Its minimal use of rhythm and melody.
6. Which instrument is known for its versatility and use in multiple music
genres, including classical, jazz, and pop?
A) Drums
B) Violin
C) Piano
D) Guitar
Part 2: True/False
 Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Jazz is known for its emphasis on improvisation and syncopated
rhythms. (True/False)
2. The guitar is primarily used in classical music and has little presence in
other genres. (True/False)
3. Electronic music relies heavily on traditional acoustic instruments.
(True/False)
4. The piano is considered an essential tool for composers due to its ability
to produce both melody and harmony. (True/False)
5. Pop music is known for its complex structures and challenging composi-
tions. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each music genre or instrument with its corresponding description
from the passage.
1. Jazz a) A genre known for improvisation, syncopated
rhythms, and expressive melodies.
2. Guitar b) A versatile instrument used in rock, blues, and
folk, known for its iconic riffs.
3. Electronic c) A genre that uses electronic instruments and
Music technology to create innovative soundscapes.

4. Classical d) A genre characterized by complex structures,

Music rich harmonies, and timeless compositions.

5. Drums e) The backbone of many music genres, provid-

ing rhythm and drive.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What emotions or themes are often explored in classical music?
2. Why is jazz considered a genre that emphasizes spontaneity and creativ-
ity?
3. How does the guitar contribute to the sound of rock music?
 4. What are the key features of pop music that make it appealing to a wide
audience?
5. How has electronic music pushed the boundaries of traditional music?

Task 10
Exploring the World of Literary Genres
Literature is a rich and diverse art form that encompasses a wide range of
genres, each offering unique ways to tell stories, convey ideas, and explore the
human experience. Understanding these genres can enhance our appreciation of
literature and help us discover the types of stories that resonate most deeply with
us.
Fiction is one of the most popular literary genres, encompassing any narrat-
ive that is created from the imagination rather than based on fact. Within fiction,
there are numerous subgenres, each with its own conventions and themes.
Fantasy is a genre of fiction that transports readers to imaginary worlds
where magic and supernatural elements are commonplace. These stories often
feature mythical creatures, epic quests, and heroic characters. J.R.R. Tolkien’s
"The Lord of the Rings" is one of the most famous examples of fantasy literat-
ure, with its richly developed world of Middle-earth, inhabited by hobbits, elves,
and wizards. Fantasy appeals to readers who enjoy escaping into worlds of won-
der and exploring the limits of imagination.
Science fiction, or sci-fi, is a genre that explores speculative concepts often
based on scientific principles. Sci-fi narratives frequently take place in the future
or in space, examining the potential impact of technology, space exploration,
and other advancements on society. Isaac Asimov’s "Foundation" series and Ar-
thur C. Clarke’s "2001: A Space Odyssey" are classic examples of science fic-
tion that challenge readers to think about the possibilities and consequences of
technological progress.
Mystery is a genre that revolves around the solving of a crime or uncover-
ing secrets. These stories are typically driven by a central question or puzzle that
the protagonist must solve, often involving elements of suspense and intrigue.
Agatha Christie’s "Murder on the Orient Express" and Arthur Conan Doyle’s
"Sherlock Holmes" series are iconic examples of mystery literature, known for
their complex plots and memorable detectives. Mystery appeals to readers who
enjoy piecing together clues and uncovering the truth.
Romance is a genre focused on relationships, love, and emotional connec-
tions between characters. These stories often explore the challenges and joys of
falling in love, with a central plot that revolves around the development of a ro-
mantic relationship. Jane Austen’s "Pride and Prejudice" is a classic example of
romance literature, featuring witty dialogue, social commentary, and a timeless
love story. Romance appeals to readers who enjoy stories of emotional depth
and personal relationships.
Historical fiction is a genre that blends fictional narratives with historical
events and settings. These stories often feature real historical figures or fictional
characters living in a past era, offering readers a glimpse into life during differ-
ent periods of history. Ken Follett’s "The Pillars of the Earth" and Hilary Man-
tel’s "Wolf Hall" are well-known examples of historical fiction, combining rich
historical detail with compelling storytelling. Historical fiction appeals to read-
ers who are interested in history and enjoy exploring how people lived in the
past.
Non-fiction is a genre that deals with real events, people, and facts, offering
readers insight into the world as it is. Unlike fiction, non-fiction is based on truth
and reality, and it encompasses a wide range of subgenres, from biographies and
memoirs to essays and journalism.
Biography and memoir are subgenres of non-fiction that focus on the lives
of real people. A biography tells the life story of a person, often exploring their
achievements, challenges, and impact on the world. Memoirs, on the other hand,
are written by the subjects themselves and often focus on personal experiences
and reflections. Examples include Nelson Mandela’s "Long Walk to Freedom"
and Malala Yousafzai’s "I Am Malala," both of which offer readers an intimate
look into the lives of individuals who have made significant contributions to so-
ciety.
Essays and journalism are non-fiction genres that offer insights, analysis,
and commentary on various topics. Essays are often short pieces that explore a
specific idea or theme, while journalism reports on current events and issues,
aiming to inform the public. George Orwell’s "Why I Write" and Joan Didion’s
"The White Album" are examples of essays that delve into the writers’ thoughts
and observations on life and society. Journalism, on the other hand, includes art-
icles, investigative reports, and documentaries that provide factual accounts of
events and issues.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is a defining characteristic of the fantasy genre?
A) It is based on real events and people.
B) It often includes magical elements and mythical creatures.
C) It focuses on solving crimes and uncovering secrets.
D) It explores the impact of technology on society.
2. Which genre typically involves a central question or puzzle that the prot-
agonist must solve?
A) Romance
B) Mystery
C) Historical Fiction
D) Science Fiction
3. What is the main focus of romance literature?
A) Exploring scientific advancements and their consequences.
B) Reimagining historical events with fictional narratives.
C) Developing emotional connections and relationships between charac-
ters.
D) Investigating crimes and mysteries.
4. How does historical fiction differ from other genres?
 A) It is entirely based on facts and real events.
B) It blends fictional narratives with historical settings and events.
C) It features futuristic settings and speculative technology.
D) It avoids any reference to real historical figures or events.
5. What is the primary purpose of non-fiction genres like biography and
memoir?
A) To entertain readers with fictional stories.
B) To provide an imaginative escape into fantasy worlds.
C) To offer insight into the lives of real people.
D) To explore the consequences of scientific advancements.
6. What is a common characteristic of essays and journalism?
A) They focus on creating fictional narratives and characters.
B) They provide insights, analysis, and factual accounts of events.
C) They explore magical and supernatural elements.
D) They are primarily concerned with romantic relationships.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Science fiction often explores the potential impact of technology on soci-
ety. (True/False)
2. Mystery literature is mainly focused on developing romantic relation-
ships between characters. (True/False)
3. Historical fiction combines fictional narratives with real historical set-
tings and events. (True/False)
4. Non-fiction genres like biography and memoir are based on imaginary
stories. (True/False)
5. Fantasy literature is known for its realistic portrayal of everyday life.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each literary genre with its corresponding description from the pas-
sage.
 1. Fantasy
a) Features magical elements, mythical creatures, and imaginary worlds.
2. Science Fiction
b) Explores speculative concepts often based on scientific principles.
3. Mystery
c) Revolves around solving a crime or uncovering secrets.
4. Romance
d) Focuses on emotional connections and relationships between characters.
5. Historical Fiction
e) Blends fictional narratives with historical settings and events.
Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What themes are commonly explored in fantasy literature?
2. How does science fiction challenge readers to think about the future?
3. What is the central focus of mystery literature?
4. How does historical fiction offer readers a glimpse into the past?
5. What are the main differences between biography and memoir as non-
fiction genres?
 Below is an extended Cambridge B2 Reading Comprehension exercise
with the topic "Види спорту" (Types of Sports), including subtopics such as
спортивні уподобання (sport preferences), спортивні події/змагання (sporting
events/competitions), спортивні клуби, секції (sports clubs, sections),
обладнання для спорту/дозвілля (sports and leisure equipment), враження від
матчу/змагань (impressions from a match/competition), and відомі
спортсмени (famous athletes).
Reading Passage
The World of Sports: From Preferences to Competitions
Sports play a significant role in the lives of many people around the world,
providing a way to stay fit, compete, and connect with others. From individual
pursuits like running and swimming to team sports like football and basketball,
there is a sport for everyone. Understanding the different types of sports, sport-
ing events, and the equipment needed can help individuals choose the right sport
for their interests and abilities.
Types of Sports: Something for Everyone
Sports can be broadly categorized into individual sports, team sports, and
extreme sports. Individual sports, such as tennis, swimming, and athletics, focus
on personal achievement and self-discipline. These sports allow athletes to com-
pete against themselves, setting personal bests and striving for improvement. In
contrast, team sports, such as football, basketball, and volleyball, emphasize co-
operation, strategy, and teamwork. Players must work together to achieve a com-
mon goal, whether it's scoring points or defending their team. Extreme sports,
like snowboarding, rock climbing, and surfing, involve a higher level of risk and
thrill, attracting those who seek adventure and adrenaline.
Sport Preferences: Finding Your Passion
Choosing a sport often comes down to personal preferences, which can be
influenced by various factors such as physical abilities, interests, and social en-
vironment. Some people are drawn to the fast pace and excitement of team
sports, where the energy and coordination of a group lead to victory. Others may
prefer the solitude and focus of individual sports, where they can set their own
pace and goals. For those who love the outdoors and crave an adrenaline rush,
extreme sports offer a unique challenge that combines physical skill with mental
toughness.
Sporting Events and Competitions: The Thrill of Victory
Sporting events and competitions bring together athletes from all over the
world to showcase their talents and compete for glory. The Olympic Games,
held every four years, are one of the most prestigious sporting events, featuring
a wide range of sports from athletics to gymnastics. The FIFA World Cup is an-
other major event, drawing millions of fans to watch the best football teams
compete for the title of world champion. Local competitions, such as marathons,
cycling races, and regional tournaments, also provide opportunities for athletes
of all levels to test their skills and experience the thrill of competition.
Sports Clubs and Sections: A Place to Train and Compete
Joining a sports club or section is a great way to improve skills, stay motiv-
ated, and make new friends. Sports clubs offer structured training sessions, ac-
cess to facilities, and opportunities to compete in local, regional, or even na-
tional competitions. For young athletes, sports sections within schools or com-
munity centers provide a supportive environment to learn and develop their abil-
ities. Whether it's a football club, a swimming section, or a martial arts dojo,
these organizations play a crucial role in fostering talent and encouraging a
lifelong love of sports.
Equipment for Sports and Leisure: The Right Tools for the Job
The right equipment is essential for safe and effective participation in
sports and leisure activities. Different sports require specific gear, such as run-
ning shoes for athletics, racquets for tennis, or helmets for cycling. High-quality
equipment not only enhances performance but also reduces the risk of injury.
For example, proper footwear with good support can prevent ankle injuries dur-
ing running or basketball. In addition to specialized equipment, general fitness
gear like exercise mats, resistance bands, and dumbbells can be used for cross-
training and conditioning, helping athletes stay in top shape.
Impressions from a Match or Competition: The Emotional Roller-
coaster
Watching a live match or competition is an experience filled with emotion,
from the anticipation before the game starts to the exhilaration or disappoint-
ment at the final whistle. Fans often describe the atmosphere in the stadium as
electric, with cheers and chants creating a sense of unity and excitement. The
outcome of a match can evoke a wide range of feelings, from the joy of victory
to the heartbreak of defeat. Whether it's a local football match or a grand final,
the experience of watching live sports leaves lasting memories.
Famous Athletes: Icons of Inspiration
Famous athletes have the power to inspire millions with their dedication,
skill, and achievements. Figures like Usain Bolt, Serena Williams, and Lionel
Messi have become household names, known for their extraordinary perform-
ances and records. These athletes not only excel in their respective sports but
also serve as role models, demonstrating the importance of hard work, persever-
ance, and sportsmanship. Their success stories motivate aspiring athletes to pur-
sue their dreams and push the boundaries of what is possible.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is a key characteristic of individual sports?
o A) They require teamwork and cooperation.
o B) They focus on personal achievement and self-discipline.
o C) They involve high levels of risk and thrill.
o D) They are only played indoors.
2. Which of the following is an example of a team sport?
o A) Swimming
o B) Tennis
o C) Football
 o D) Rock climbing
3. What attracts people to extreme sports?
o A) The opportunity to work as a team.
o B) The mental toughness and physical skill required.
o C) The slow pace and low risk involved.
o D) The focus on individual achievement.
4. Why might someone join a sports club or section?
o A) To avoid competition.
o B) To access structured training and compete in events.
o C) To participate in non-competitive leisure activities.
o D) To focus solely on solo training.
5. What role does the right equipment play in sports?
o A) It only enhances the athlete's appearance.
o B) It reduces the risk of injury and enhances performance.
o C) It is only necessary for professional athletes.
o D) It has no impact on an athlete's performance.
6. How do famous athletes like Usain Bolt and Serena Williams inspire oth-
ers?
o A) By focusing on personal achievements without sharing their stories.
o B) By demonstrating hard work, perseverance, and sportsmanship.
o C) By discouraging others from trying to achieve similar success.
o D) By keeping their training methods secret.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Team sports emphasize cooperation, strategy, and teamwork. (True/
False)
2. The Olympic Games feature a narrow selection of sports focused only on
athletics. (True/False)
3. Proper sports equipment can help prevent injuries during activities.
(True/False)
 4. Extreme sports are typically associated with low-risk activities. (True/
False)
5. Watching a live sports match often evokes strong emotions and creates
lasting memories. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept related to sports with its corresponding description
from the passage.
1. Individual Sports
a) Focus on personal achievement and allow athletes to compete against them-
selves.
2. Extreme Sports
b) Involve high levels of risk and are popular among those seeking adventure.
3. Team Sports
c) Require players to work together to achieve a common goal.
4. Sports Clubs
d) Offer structured training, access to facilities, and opportunities for competi-
tion.
5. Famous Athletes
e) Inspire others through their dedication, skill, and achievements.
Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main differences between individual sports and team
sports?
2. How do sporting events like the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup
bring people together?
3. What are the benefits of joining a sports club or section?
4. Why is having the right equipment important for athletes?
5. How do famous athletes serve as role models for aspiring sports enthusi-
asts?
 Task 11
The Richness of the Plant and Animal World
The natural world is incredibly diverse, teeming with a vast array of plants
and animals that inhabit different ecosystems across the globe. From dense
forests to open plains, and from the depths of the oceans to the peaks of moun-
tains, the plant and animal world plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of
nature. Understanding the differences between wild and domestic animals, as
well as appreciating the variety of plant life, can deepen our connection to the
environment and highlight the importance of conservation.
Wild animals are those that live independently of humans in natural envir-
onments such as forests, savannas, mountains, and oceans. These animals have
adapted to survive in their specific habitats, often developing unique traits that
help them hunt, find food, or evade predators. Examples of wild animals include
lions, elephants, eagles, and sharks.
Wild animals are integral to their ecosystems, playing crucial roles in main-
taining ecological balance. For example, predators like wolves and tigers help
control the populations of herbivores, ensuring that vegetation is not overgrazed.
Herbivores such as deer and zebras, in turn, help to spread seeds and promote
plant growth through their grazing habits. The interactions between these anim-
als and their environments create a complex web of life that sustains biod-
iversity.
However, many wild animals face threats due to habitat loss, poaching, and
climate change. Conservation efforts are essential to protect these species and
preserve the delicate balance of nature.
Domestic animals are those that have been bred and raised by humans for
various purposes, such as companionship, work, or food production. Unlike their
wild counterparts, domestic animals are dependent on humans for their survival.
Common domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, and chickens.
Throughout history, humans have formed close relationships with domestic
animals, benefiting from their loyalty, strength, and productivity. Dogs, for in-
stance, have been companions to humans for thousands of years, serving as loyal
protectors, hunting partners, and even guides for the visually impaired. Cows
and chickens are raised for their milk, meat, and eggs, providing essential nutri-
ents to human diets. Horses, once the primary mode of transportation, are still
valued for their strength and endurance in certain regions.
Domestic animals have also played a significant role in cultural traditions
and agricultural practices worldwide. However, their dependence on humans
means that responsible care and ethical treatment are crucial for their well-being.
Plants are the foundation of life on Earth, providing oxygen, food, and shel-
ter to countless species, including humans. The plant world is incredibly diverse,
ranging from towering trees to tiny mosses, each species playing a specific role
in its ecosystem.
Forests, which cover about 31% of the Earth's land area, are home to a vast
number of plant species. Trees such as oaks, pines, and maples provide habitats
for animals, store carbon, and regulate the climate. In tropical rainforests, where
the diversity of plant life is at its peak, plants like orchids, ferns, and giant ferns
create a vibrant ecosystem that supports a wide range of wildlife.
On a smaller scale, grasses, shrubs, and flowers contribute to the beauty
and functionality of landscapes. Grasses, like wheat and rice, are staple foods for
much of the world’s population, while flowers such as roses, tulips, and daisies
are valued for their aesthetic appeal and symbolic meanings.
Just like animals, plants face threats from deforestation, pollution, and cli-
mate change. Conservation of plant species is essential for maintaining the
health of our planet and ensuring the survival of countless species that depend
on them.
The plant and animal worlds are deeply interconnected, with each depend-
ing on the other for survival. Plants provide food and oxygen to animals, while
animals contribute to the pollination and seed dispersal necessary for plant re-
production. This symbiotic relationship is evident in ecosystems like forests,
where trees offer shelter and food to birds, insects, and mammals, and these an-
imals, in turn, help to spread seeds and pollinate flowers.
In agricultural settings, domestic animals rely on plants for their diet, while
humans cultivate crops that provide food for both animals and themselves. The
balance between plant and animal life is delicate, and disruptions to this balance
—such as habitat destruction or overexploitation of resources—can have far-
reaching consequences for the environment.
As human activity continues to impact the natural world, conservation ef-
forts are more important than ever. Protecting wild animals and preserving their
habitats, ensuring the ethical treatment of domestic animals, and conserving
plant species are all vital steps in maintaining the health and diversity of our
planet. Education and awareness are key to fostering a culture of conservation,
where individuals and communities work together to protect the natural world
for future generations.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is a key difference between wild and domestic animals?
A) Wild animals depend on humans for survival, while domestic animals
do not.
B) Domestic animals live independently in natural environments, while
wild animals do not.
C) Wild animals live independently in natural environments, while do-
mestic animals depend on humans for survival.
D) Domestic animals are only found in forests, while wild animals live in
cities.
2. How do wild animals contribute to their ecosystems?
A) By providing food for humans.
B) By controlling the populations of other species and promoting plant
growth.
C) By destroying vegetation and depleting natural resources.
 D) By depending entirely on human care.
3. Why are conservation efforts important for wild animals?
A) Because they help wild animals become more dependent on humans.
B) Because they ensure that wild animals do not harm domestic animals.
C) Because they protect species from threats like habitat loss, poaching,
and climate change.
D) Because they increase the number of domestic animals in the wild.
4. What role do plants play in ecosystems?
A) They only provide aesthetic value to landscapes.
B) They are the primary source of food and oxygen for animals and hu-
mans.
C) They rely solely on animals for their survival.
D) They have no significant impact on the environment.
5. How are the plant and animal worlds interconnected?
A) Animals provide oxygen for plants, while plants produce food for hu-
mans only.
B) Plants provide food and oxygen to animals, while animals contribute to
pollination and seed dispersal.
C) Plants and animals have no interaction in natural ecosystems.
D) Plants only benefit from animals in agricultural settings.
6. Why is responsible care important for domestic animals?
A) Because they are independent and do not need human support.
B) Because they depend on humans for their survival and well-being.
C) Because they are the primary predators in natural ecosystems.
D) Because they are wild animals that live in forests.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Wild animals live independently in natural environments and do not rely
on humans for survival. (True/False)
 2. Domestic animals are bred and raised by humans for companionship,
work, or food production. (True/False)
3. Plants have no significant role in providing food and shelter for animals.
(True/False)
4. Conservation efforts are important for protecting both wild animals and
plant species. (True/False)
5. The balance between plant and animal life is essential for maintaining
healthy ecosystems. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept related to the plant and animal world with its corres-
ponding description from the passage.
1. Wild Anim- a) Live independently in natural environments
als and play a crucial role in maintaining ecological bal-
ance.
2. Domestic b) Bred and raised by humans, often for compan-
Animals ionship, work, or food production.
3. Forests c) Home to a vast number of plant species,
providing habitats for animals and regulating the cli-
mate.
4. Conservation d) Efforts to protect species from threats such as
habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.
5. Symbiotic e) The interdependence between plants and anim-
Relationship als for food, oxygen, and reproduction.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do wild animals help maintain ecological balance in their habitats?
2. What are some common purposes for which domestic animals are bred
and raised by humans?
3. Why is the conservation of plant species important for the environment?
4. How do plants and animals depend on each other in natural ecosystems?
5. What are some of the threats faced by wild animals, and why is it im-
portant to address them?
 Task 12
Natural Disasters: Types, Consequences, and the Impact of Weather
on Health and Mood
Natural disasters are catastrophic events that occur due to natural processes
of the Earth. These events can have devastating effects on human life, property,
and the environment. Understanding the different types of natural disasters and
their consequences is crucial for preparing for and mitigating their impact. Addi-
tionally, the weather, an everyday natural phenomenon, can significantly influ-
ence our health and mood, affecting how we feel both physically and emotion-
ally.
Natural disasters come in various forms, each with its unique causes and
effects. Some of the most common types include earthquakes, hurricanes,
floods, tornadoes, and wildfires.
Earthquakes are sudden shaking or movement of the Earth's surface caused
by the release of energy stored in the Earth's crust. They can range from minor
tremors to massive quakes that cause significant destruction. The primary con-
sequences of earthquakes include collapsed buildings, damaged infrastructure,
and loss of life. Earthquakes can also trigger secondary disasters like tsunamis,
landslides, and fires.
Hurricanes are powerful tropical storms that form over warm ocean waters.
They are characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges that can
flood coastal areas. The impact of hurricanes can be catastrophic, leading to
widespread flooding, wind damage, and the displacement of communities. In
addition to immediate destruction, hurricanes can have long-term effects on the
economy and environment.
Floods occur when water overflows onto normally dry land, often as a res-
ult of heavy rainfall, melting snow, or dam failure. Floods can inundate homes,
destroy crops, and disrupt transportation and utilities. The aftermath of flooding
often includes waterborne diseases, loss of livestock, and long-term damage to
agriculture and infrastructure.
 Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend from thunder-
storms to the ground. They can destroy buildings, uproot trees, and hurl debris
over great distances. Tornadoes are particularly dangerous because they can de-
velop rapidly and with little warning, leaving little time for people to seek shel-
ter. The damage caused by tornadoes is often severe and localized.
Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly through vegetation, of-
ten fueled by dry conditions, high temperatures, and strong winds. Wildfires can
devastate forests, wildlife habitats, and human settlements. They also contribute
to air pollution, which can have health impacts on people living in affected
areas. The recovery from wildfires can take years, as communities rebuild and
ecosystems regenerate.
The consequences of natural disasters can be far-reaching, affecting indi-
viduals, communities, and entire nations. The immediate impact often includes
loss of life, injury, and destruction of property. However, the long-term effects
can be just as devastating.
Natural disasters can lead to humanitarian crises, where large populations
are left without access to food, clean water, shelter, and medical care. Displaced
people may need to live in temporary shelters for extended periods, and the dis-
ruption of basic services can lead to further health and social issues.
The economic impact of natural disasters can be enormous. The cost of re-
building infrastructure, homes, and businesses can strain national budgets and
hinder economic growth. In some cases, entire industries, such as agriculture or
tourism, can be affected, leading to job losses and reduced income for affected
communities.
Natural disasters can cause significant environmental damage, including
deforestation, soil erosion, and contamination of water sources. The loss of biod-
iversity and destruction of ecosystems can have long-term consequences for
both the environment and the people who depend on it for their livelihoods.
 While natural disasters are extreme events, the weather itself can also have
a more subtle but powerful influence on our daily lives, particularly on our
health and mood.
Different weather conditions can affect physical health in various ways.
Cold weather can lead to hypothermia and frostbite, especially in vulnerable
populations such as the elderly and homeless. Hot weather, on the other hand,
can cause heat exhaustion, dehydration, and heatstroke. People with certain
health conditions, such as asthma or heart disease, may find their symptoms
worsened by extreme temperatures or changes in humidity.
Weather can also influence mood and mental health. Many people experi-
ence a positive boost in mood during sunny days, while cloudy or rainy weather
can lead to feelings of sadness or lethargy, a phenomenon sometimes referred to
as "seasonal affective disorder" (SAD). The lack of sunlight during winter
months can disrupt sleep patterns and decrease energy levels, contributing to
depression and anxiety.
Severe weather events, even those not classified as natural disasters, can
cause stress and anxiety. For example, prolonged heatwaves, heavy snowfalls, or
storms can disrupt daily routines, leading to frustration and worry. Preparing for
potential weather-related emergencies, such as stocking up on supplies or secur-
ing property, can also be a source of stress for individuals and families.
Natural disasters and weather conditions both play significant roles in our
lives, affecting everything from our safety and well-being to our emotions and
daily routines. By understanding the types of natural disasters and their con-
sequences, as well as the impact of weather on health and mood, we can better
prepare for and adapt to the challenges posed by the natural world.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is a primary consequence of earthquakes?
A) They cause wildfires and air pollution.
B) They lead to collapsed buildings and infrastructure damage.
 C) They only occur in coastal areas.
D) They primarily cause flooding.
2. Which natural disaster is characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and
storm surges?
A) Tornado
B) Hurricane
C) Wildfire
D) Earthquake
3. What are the possible long-term effects of flooding?
A) Air pollution and respiratory issues.
B) Waterborne diseases and agricultural damage.
C) Increased tourism and economic growth.
D) Forest regeneration and improved biodiversity.
4. How can cold weather negatively impact health?
A) By causing dehydration and heatstroke.
B) By leading to hypothermia and frostbite.
C) By improving mood and energy levels.
D) By reducing the risk of respiratory illnesses.
5. What is "seasonal affective disorder" (SAD)?
A) A health condition related to dehydration during hot weather.
B) A mental health condition associated with a lack of sunlight during
winter.
C) A type of injury common during tornadoes.
D) A positive mood boost caused by sunny weather.
6. Why is understanding the impact of weather on mood important?
A) It helps people prepare for natural disasters.
B) It can help individuals manage their mental health during different sea-
sons.
C) It has no real effect on daily life.
D) It only affects people living in tropical climates.
 Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Wildfires are often fueled by dry conditions, high temperatures, and
strong winds. (True/False)
2. Hurricanes primarily affect inland areas, far from the coast. (True/False)
3. Natural disasters can lead to long-term economic challenges for affected
communities. (True/False)
4. Cold weather generally has no significant impact on human health.
(True/False)
5. Weather can influence mood, sometimes leading to conditions like sea-
sonal affective disorder (SAD). (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each natural disaster or weather-related concept with its correspond-
ing description from the passage.
1. Earthquake a) Sudden shaking or movement of the
Earth's surface, leading to infrastructure damage.
2. Hurricane b) Powerful tropical storm characterized by
strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges.
3. Flood c) Overflow of water onto dry land, often
causing damage to homes and crops.
4. Seasonal Affect- d) A mental health condition related to re-
ive Disorder (SAD) duced sunlight during winter months.

5. Wildfire e) Uncontrolled fire that spreads rapidly

through vegetation, often fueled by dry conditions.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the immediate and long-term consequences of natural dis-
asters?
2. How can hot weather affect physical health?
3. Why is it important to prepare for potential natural disasters and severe
weather events?
 4. How does weather influence mood, and what are some examples of this
impact?
5. What role do conservation efforts play in mitigating the consequences of
natural disasters?
 Task 13
Exploring Different Types of Transport
Transportation is an essential aspect of modern life, enabling the movement
of people and goods across distances both short and long. The variety of trans-
port modes available today offers flexibility and convenience, allowing indi-
viduals and businesses to choose the most suitable option for their needs. Under-
standing the different types of transport, their advantages, and their impact on
the environment is crucial for making informed choices.
Road transport is one of the most common and accessible forms of trans-
portation, widely used for personal travel, public transport, and the delivery of
goods. Cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles are all part of road transport, mak-
ing it a versatile option for many purposes.
Personal vehicles like cars offer flexibility and convenience, allowing indi-
viduals to travel at their own pace and schedule. They are particularly useful for
short to medium distances and are the preferred mode of transport for daily com-
mutes, family trips, and running errands. However, the widespread use of cars
has also led to traffic congestion, air pollution, and the need for extensive infra-
structure, such as roads and parking spaces.
Public buses are a popular alternative to cars, especially in urban areas.
They provide an affordable and eco-friendly option for mass transit, reducing
the number of vehicles on the road and lowering overall emissions. Buses follow
fixed routes and schedules, making them ideal for daily commuters who need
reliable transportation.
Trucks play a crucial role in the transportation of goods, delivering
everything from food and clothing to industrial materials. They are essential for
the supply chain, ensuring that products reach stores and consumers. Despite
their importance, trucks contribute to road wear and tear and are a significant
source of carbon emissions.
Rail transport is a key mode of transportation for both passengers and
freight, known for its efficiency and lower environmental impact compared to
road transport. Trains can carry large numbers of passengers or substantial
amounts of cargo over long distances, making them ideal for intercity travel and
bulk transportation.
Passenger trains offer a comfortable and efficient way to travel between
cities or across countries. High-speed trains, such as Japan’s Shinkansen or
France’s TGV, are known for their speed and punctuality, significantly reducing
travel time. Trains also provide a more relaxing travel experience, with amenit-
ies like dining cars, comfortable seating, and scenic views.
Freight trains are used to transport goods such as coal, oil, grain, and manu-
factured products. They are capable of carrying large quantities over long dis-
tances, often at a lower cost and with fewer emissions than road transport. Rail
transport is particularly advantageous for heavy or bulky goods that are not
time-sensitive.
Air transport is the fastest mode of transportation, enabling people and
goods to travel quickly across the globe. It is essential for international travel
and trade, connecting countries and continents in a matter of hours.
Commercial airlines are the primary means of air transport for passengers,
offering both domestic and international flights. Air travel is indispensable for
long-distance journeys, allowing people to reach distant destinations in a frac-
tion of the time it would take by road or rail. However, air travel is also associ -
ated with high carbon emissions and is often more expensive than other modes
of transport.
Cargo planes are used to transport goods that require fast delivery, such as
perishable items, electronics, and urgent shipments. They are an integral part of
the global supply chain, ensuring that goods are delivered quickly to markets
around the world. The speed and reach of air cargo make it the preferred choice
for high-value or time-sensitive goods, despite its higher cost and environmental
impact.
 Water transport, one of the oldest forms of transportation, remains vital for
global trade and the movement of large volumes of goods. Ships and boats are
used to transport goods and people across oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes.
Cargo ships are the workhorses of international trade, carrying goods in
large quantities across the world’s oceans. They are the most cost-effective way
to transport bulk goods such as oil, grain, and raw materials. Container ships, in
particular, are crucial for the global economy, enabling the efficient movement
of manufactured goods between continents.
Ferries and passenger ships provide transportation for people and vehicles
across bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and coastal areas. They are com-
monly used for short trips, such as crossing a river or traveling between islands.
Some passenger ships, like cruise liners, offer luxury travel experiences, com-
bining transportation with leisure activities.
While transportation is essential for modern life, it also has significant en-
vironmental consequences. The burning of fossil fuels in cars, trucks, planes,
and ships contributes to air pollution and climate change. Road transport, in par-
ticular, is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to global
warming.
Efforts to reduce the environmental impact of transport include the devel-
opment of electric vehicles, investment in public transportation systems, and the
promotion of cycling and walking. Rail transport is also encouraged as a more
sustainable alternative to road and air travel, especially for long distances. By
making more eco-friendly choices, individuals and businesses can help mitigate
the environmental impact of transportation.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the main advantages of rail transport compared to road
transport?
A) It is faster and less expensive than air transport.
 B) It can carry large numbers of passengers or cargo with a lower environ-
mental impact.
C) It is more flexible and convenient for short distances.
D) It requires less infrastructure investment.
2. Which type of transport is known for being the fastest mode of transport-
ation?
A) Road transport
B) Rail transport
C) Air transport
D) Water transport
3. Why are trucks important in the transportation industry?
A) They are the primary means of public transportation in cities.
B) They are essential for transporting goods and ensuring products reach
consumers.
C) They are the most eco-friendly mode of transport.
D) They are primarily used for leisure activities.
4. What is a significant disadvantage of air transport?
A) It is the slowest mode of transportation.
B) It has the lowest carbon emissions.
C) It is often more expensive and has a high environmental impact.
D) It is only used for short-distance travel.
5. How do cargo ships contribute to global trade?
A) By providing the fastest transportation option for high-value goods.
B) By transporting bulk goods like oil, grain, and raw materials across
oceans.
C) By serving as the primary mode of transportation for passengers.
D) By reducing the need for road transport infrastructure.
6. What are some ways to reduce the environmental impact of transporta-
tion?
A) Increasing the use of fossil fuels in transport.
 B) Investing in electric vehicles, public transportation, and promoting cyc-
ling and walking.
C) Reducing investment in rail and water transport.
D) Encouraging more air travel for short distances.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Public buses are an eco-friendly alternative to personal cars in urban
areas. (True/False)
2. High-speed trains are slower and less reliable than other modes of trans-
portation. (True/False)
3. Air travel is indispensable for short-distance journeys within cities.
(True/False)
4. Cargo planes are used to transport goods that require fast delivery across
the globe. (True/False)
5. Water transport is the most cost-effective way to move large quantities
of goods over long distances. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of transport with its corresponding description from the
passage.
1. Cars a) Offer flexibility and convenience for personal
travel over short to medium distances.
2. Passenger b) Provide a comfortable and efficient way to
Trains travel between cities or across countries.

3. Cargo Ships c) Carry large quantities of goods across oceans,

playing a vital role in global trade.
4. Buses d) Serve as an affordable and eco-friendly op-
tion for mass transit in urban areas.
5. Cargo Planes e) Transport high-value or time-sensitive goods
quickly across international borders.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are some of the environmental impacts associated with road trans-
port?
2. How does rail transport offer a more sustainable alternative to other
modes of transport?
3. Why is air transport considered the fastest mode of transportation, and
what are its drawbacks?
4. What role do cargo ships play in the global economy?
5. What steps can individuals take to reduce the environmental impact of
their transportation choices?
 Task 14
The Internet and Online Communication: Connecting the World
The internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate,
making the world more connected than ever before. From social media plat-
forms to email, online forums, and instant messaging, the internet offers count-
less ways for people to stay in touch, share information, and collaborate. Under-
standing the impact of online communication and the potential challenges it
presents is essential in navigating the digital world effectively.
The internet began as a tool for academic and governmental use in the late
20th century, but it quickly expanded into a global network accessible to mil-
lions of people worldwide. Today, the internet is an integral part of daily life,
providing access to information, entertainment, education, and more. It has
transformed industries, created new opportunities for businesses, and allowed
individuals to connect with others regardless of geographic location.
One of the most significant developments in online communication is the
rise of social media platforms. Social media allows users to create profiles, share
content, and interact with others through comments, likes, and messages. Plat-
forms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok have become central to
how people communicate and express themselves online.
Social media enables people to stay connected with friends and family,
even if they live far apart. It also allows users to join communities based on
shared interests, hobbies, or causes. For example, a photography enthusiast can
share their work on Instagram and connect with other photographers from
around the world. Similarly, activists can use social media to raise awareness
about important issues and mobilize support for their causes.
However, social media also has its downsides. The pressure to present a
perfect image online can lead to stress and anxiety, and the spread of misinform-
ation on these platforms can have serious consequences. Additionally, the echo
chamber effect, where people are exposed only to information that aligns with
their existing beliefs, can limit the diversity of perspectives they encounter.
 Despite the rise of social media, email remains one of the most widely used
forms of online communication, especially in professional settings. Email allows
users to send messages, documents, and other files to individuals or groups,
making it an essential tool for business communication.
Emails are typically more formal than social media messages, and they are
often used for official correspondence, job applications, and other professional
interactions. The ability to send attachments and organize conversations into
threads also makes email a valuable tool for managing projects and collaborat-
ing with colleagues.
However, email communication can be time-consuming, with inboxes of-
ten filled with spam, promotional content, and irrelevant messages. Managing
email effectively requires good organizational skills and the ability to prioritize
important communications.
Instant messaging (IM) and online chat platforms offer real-time commu-
nication, allowing users to exchange messages instantly. Platforms like Whats-
App, Messenger, and Slack have become popular for both personal and profes-
sional communication, providing a quick and convenient way to stay in touch.
One of the advantages of instant messaging is the ability to have ongoing
conversations without the formality of email. Users can send quick updates, ask
questions, or share information without the need for lengthy introductions or
sign-offs. In professional settings, platforms like Slack allow teams to collabor-
ate in real-time, share files, and manage tasks.
However, the constant availability of instant messaging can also lead to
information overload and difficulty disconnecting from work. The expectation
of immediate responses can create stress and pressure, especially in a work en-
vironment.
Online forums and discussion boards are platforms where users can parti-
cipate in conversations on specific topics, ranging from technology and science
to hobbies and entertainment. Websites like Reddit, Quora, and Stack Overflow
are examples of forums where people ask questions, share knowledge, and en-
gage in discussions.
Forums are valuable for finding answers to specific questions, getting ad-
vice from experts, or learning from the experiences of others. They also allow
users to remain anonymous, which can encourage more open and honest discus-
sions.
However, the anonymity of forums can also lead to negative behaviors,
such as trolling, cyberbullying, and the spread of harmful content. Moderation is
often required to ensure that discussions remain respectful and productive.
While the internet has made communication easier and more accessible, it
also presents several challenges. One of the main issues is the lack of non-verbal
cues in online communication, which can lead to misunderstandings. Unlike
face-to-face interactions, where tone of voice, facial expressions, and body lan-
guage convey meaning, online communication relies solely on text, which can
be ambiguous.
Privacy and security are also major concerns. The vast amount of personal
information shared online can be vulnerable to hacking, phishing, and other
forms of cybercrime. It is important for users to be aware of the risks and take
steps to protect their information, such as using strong passwords, enabling two-
factor authentication, and being cautious about sharing sensitive data.
Additionally, the constant connectivity of the internet can lead to burnout
and mental fatigue. The pressure to stay updated and respond quickly to mes-
sages can make it difficult to maintain a healthy work-life balance. Setting
boundaries, such as limiting screen time and turning off notifications, can help
mitigate these effects.
The internet and online communication have transformed the way we con-
nect with others, offering numerous benefits but also presenting new challenges.
By understanding the different forms of online communication and their poten-
tial impacts, individuals can make informed decisions about how they use these
tools in their personal and professional lives.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the primary advantages of social media platforms?
A) They eliminate the need for face-to-face communication.
B) They allow users to connect with others based on shared interests.
C) They are exclusively used for professional communication.
D) They replace the need for email communication entirely.
2. Why is email considered an essential tool in professional settings?
A) It is informal and allows for quick updates.
B) It can be used to send messages, documents, and manage conversations.
C) It is only used for social interactions.
D) It requires no organizational skills to manage effectively.
3. What is a significant challenge associated with instant messaging plat-
forms?
A) They are too formal for most communication needs.
B) They lack the ability to share files or manage tasks.
C) They can lead to information overload and difficulty disconnecting from
work.
D) They are not widely used in professional environments.
4. How do online forums and discussion boards benefit users?
A) They provide a platform for anonymous trolling and cyberbullying.
B) They offer a space for users to share knowledge and get advice from
experts.
C) They are primarily used for professional communication only.
D) They discourage open and honest discussions.
5. What is a common issue in online communication due to the lack of non-
verbal cues?
A) It enhances the clarity of messages.
B) It leads to a more personal connection between users.
C) It can result in misunderstandings due to ambiguity.
 D) It ensures that messages are always interpreted correctly.
6. Why is it important to be aware of privacy and security concerns in on-
line communication?
A) To encourage the sharing of sensitive data freely.
B) To protect personal information from cyber threats.
C) To reduce the need for strong passwords.
D) To avoid using two-factor authentication.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Social media platforms allow users to connect with others based on
shared interests and hobbies. (True/False)
2. Email is less formal than instant messaging and is primarily used for so-
cial interactions. (True/False)
3. Instant messaging platforms are convenient for ongoing conversations
but can lead to stress due to constant availability. (True/False)
4. Online forums are useful for sharing knowledge, but their anonymity can
sometimes lead to negative behaviors. (True/False)
5. Online communication always conveys messages clearly without any
risk of misunderstanding. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of online communication with its corresponding descrip-
tion from the passage.

1. Social Media a) Platforms that allow users to create profiles,

share content, and interact with others through com-
ments and messages.
2. Email b) A widely used form of online communication
for sending messages, documents, and managing pro-
fessional interactions.
3. Instant Mes- c) Real-time communication platforms that al-
saging low users to exchange messages instantly, often used
for both personal and professional communication.
4. Online For- d) Platforms where users can participate in dis-
 ums cussions on specific topics, often allowing for an-
onymous contributions.
5. Cybersecurity e) The practice of protecting personal informa-
tion and data from online threats like hacking and
phishing.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are some of the benefits of using social media for online commu-
nication?
2. Why is email still an important tool in professional settings despite the
rise of social media?
3. How can the constant availability of instant messaging platforms affect
mental health?
4. What are the potential risks associated with participating in online for-
ums?
5. What steps can individuals take to protect their privacy and security
when communicating online?
 Task 15
Youth Organizations, Culture Trends, and the Challenges Facing
Today’s Youth
Youth organizations play a crucial role in shaping the future by providing
young people with opportunities to learn, grow, and make a difference in their
communities. These organizations, along with the broader trends in youth cul-
ture, reflect the values, interests, and challenges of the younger generation. Un-
derstanding the life and problems faced by youth today can help in addressing
their needs and empowering them to become active and responsible members of
society.
Youth organizations are groups or movements that focus on the develop-
ment and empowerment of young people. These organizations aim to provide
opportunities for leadership, skill-building, community service, and social activ-
ism. Some well-known international youth organizations include the Scouts, the
YMCA, and the Red Cross Youth.
 Scouts: The Scouts organization, founded in 1907 by Robert Baden-
Powell, is one of the oldest and most recognized youth organizations in the
world. Its mission is to promote outdoor activities, self-reliance, and teamwork
among young people. Scouts learn various skills such as camping, first aid, and
navigation, which prepare them for real-life challenges and encourage a sense of
responsibility and citizenship.
 YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association): The YMCA is a global
organization that focuses on youth development, healthy living, and social re-
sponsibility. It offers a wide range of programs, including sports, education, and
community service, designed to foster personal growth and community engage-
ment. The YMCA’s inclusive approach welcomes people of all backgrounds,
making it a vital resource for youth empowerment.
 Red Cross Youth: The Red Cross Youth is a branch of the International
Red Cross that engages young people in humanitarian activities. Members parti-
cipate in first aid training, disaster response, and health education initiatives.
The organization encourages a spirit of volunteerism and compassion, helping
young people to develop empathy and a commitment to helping others.
These organizations, along with countless local and national groups,
provide safe spaces for young people to explore their interests, build friendships,
and contribute positively to society. They play a crucial role in developing the
next generation of leaders and change-makers.
Youth culture is constantly evolving, influenced by technology, media,
fashion, and global trends. These cultural shifts reflect the ways in which young
people express themselves, connect with others, and view the world.
Social media has become a central part of youth culture, shaping how
young people communicate, form identities, and engage with the world. Plat-
forms like Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat allow youth to share their lives, ex-
press creativity, and connect with peers globally. However, the pressure to main-
tain a certain image online can lead to stress, anxiety, and issues related to self-
esteem.
Fashion is another important aspect of youth culture, often used as a form
of self-expression. Trends in clothing, hairstyles, and accessories allow young
people to experiment with their identity and align themselves with certain
groups or movements. Streetwear, vintage clothing, and sustainable fashion are
examples of trends that have gained popularity among today’s youth.
Music continues to be a powerful force in youth culture, influencing atti-
tudes, behaviors, and social interactions. Genres like hip-hop, pop, and elec-
tronic dance music (EDM) resonate with many young people, providing an out-
let for emotions and a way to connect with others who share similar tastes. The
rise of streaming services and social media has made it easier for emerging
artists to reach a global audience, further diversifying the music landscape.
Many young people are increasingly aware of and engaged with social is-
sues such as climate change, racial equality, and mental health. Youth-led move-
ments like Fridays for Future and Black Lives Matter demonstrate the power of
young voices in advocating for change. Activism has become a significant part
of youth culture, with many young people using digital platforms to raise aware-
ness and organize efforts for social justice.
Despite the vibrancy of youth culture and the opportunities provided by
youth organizations, today’s young people face a range of challenges that impact
their well-being and future prospects.
Mental health is a growing concern among young people, with issues like
anxiety, depression, and stress becoming increasingly common. The pressures of
academic achievement, social expectations, and the future job market can con-
tribute to these mental health challenges. Access to mental health resources and
support is crucial in helping young people navigate these difficulties.
Education remains a key priority for youth, but many face challenges in
accessing quality education or securing employment after graduation. The rising
cost of education, student debt, and the competitive job market can create uncer-
tainty and stress for young people as they transition into adulthood.
Building and maintaining healthy relationships is another challenge for
today’s youth. The influence of social media, peer pressure, and changing social
norms can complicate friendships, romantic relationships, and family dynamics.
Learning to navigate these relationships while developing a strong sense of self
is essential for personal growth.
Growing awareness of environmental issues has led to a phenomenon
known as "climate anxiety" among young people. Concerns about the future of
the planet and the impact of climate change can lead to feelings of helplessness
and fear. However, many young people are also leading the charge for environ-
mental sustainability, advocating for policies and practices that protect the
planet.
Youth organizations, trends in youth culture, and the challenges facing
young people today all contribute to the complex landscape of growing up in the
modern world. By understanding these factors, society can better support and
empower the younger generation to overcome obstacles, embrace opportunities,
and become the leaders of tomorrow.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is the primary mission of the Scouts organization?
A) To provide formal education in schools.
B) To promote outdoor activities, self-reliance, and teamwork among
young people.
C) To offer online courses in various subjects.
D) To focus exclusively on sports and fitness.
2. How has social media influenced youth culture?
A) By decreasing the importance of fashion and music.
B) By shaping how young people communicate, form identities, and en-
gage with the world.
C) By eliminating the need for in-person social interactions.
D) By providing a platform only for academic discussions.
3. What role does fashion play in youth culture?
A) It is no longer relevant to young people’s self-expression.
B) It allows young people to experiment with their identity and align with
certain groups.
C) It is solely focused on traditional clothing styles.
D) It is mainly influenced by older generations.
4. What is a major challenge related to mental health among today’s youth?
A) A lack of interest in social media.
B) The pressures of academic achievement and the future job market.
C) The absence of any concern for the environment.
D) The overabundance of free time.
5. How are young people contributing to social change?
A) By avoiding involvement in social issues.
B) By leading movements like Fridays for Future and Black Lives Matter.
C) By disengaging from activism and social issues.
 D) By focusing only on entertainment and fashion trends.
6. What is "climate anxiety," and how does it affect young people?
A) It is a term for excitement about new technology.
B) It refers to concerns about the future of the planet and the impact of cli-
mate change.
C) It describes a positive attitude toward the environment.
D) It has no impact on young people’s emotions or behaviors.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. The YMCA is a youth organization that focuses on outdoor activities and
camping only. (True/False)
2. Social media platforms have no significant impact on how young people
form their identities. (True/False)
3. Music plays an important role in youth culture, influencing social inter-
actions and emotional expression. (True/False)
4. Access to mental health resources is important for helping young people
cope with stress and anxiety. (True/False)
5. Youth-led movements have no real influence on social or environmental
issues. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept related to youth culture and challenges with its corres-
ponding description from the passage.
1. Scouts a) A youth organization that promotes outdoor
activities, self-reliance, and teamwork.
2. Fashion b) A form of self-expression that allows young
people to experiment with their identity.
3. Mental c) A growing concern among young people, influ-
Health enced by academic pressure and social expectations.
4. Climate d) Concerns about the future of the planet and the
Anxiety impact of environmental issues.
5. Social Me- e) A platform that shapes how young people com-
dia municate, form identities, and engage with the world.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the benefits of participating in youth organizations like the
Scouts or YMCA?
2. How has social media changed the way young people engage with the
world and each other?
3. What are some of the mental health challenges faced by today’s youth,
and why are they significant?
4. In what ways are young people contributing to social and environmental
activism?
5. What is the significance of fashion in youth culture, and how does it re-
late to identity?
 Task 16
The Impact of Scientific and Technological Progress on Human Life
and the Environment
Scientific and technological progress has dramatically shaped human life
and society over the past centuries. From the invention of the steam engine to
the development of the internet and modern medicine, technological advance-
ments have transformed every aspect of daily life. However, while scientific
progress has improved living standards and expanded opportunities, it has also
introduced new challenges, particularly concerning the environment. Under-
standing both the benefits and the drawbacks of this progress is essential for cre-
ating a sustainable future.
The advancements in science and technology have revolutionized the way
people live, work, and communicate. These changes have brought about numer-
ous benefits, making life more comfortable, efficient, and connected.
One of the most significant impacts of scientific progress has been in
healthcare. Advances in medical technology have led to the discovery of new
treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools that have extended life expectancy and
improved the quality of life for millions of people. Diseases that were once fatal,
such as smallpox or polio, have been eradicated or controlled, and medical ima-
ging technologies like MRI and CT scans allow doctors to diagnose conditions
early and accurately.
Technological progress has also transformed communication, making it
easier and faster to connect with people across the globe. The internet, smart-
phones, and social media platforms have revolutionized how we share informa-
tion and maintain relationships. People can now send messages, make video
calls, and collaborate with others regardless of geographic distance, fostering a
more connected and globalized society.
Innovations in transportation, such as airplanes, high-speed trains, and elec-
tric vehicles, have made travel more efficient and accessible. Air travel has made
it possible to visit distant parts of the world in a matter of hours, while electric
vehicles are reducing dependence on fossil fuels and lowering emissions. How-
ever, the convenience of modern transportation also comes with environmental
costs, as traditional forms of travel continue to contribute to pollution and cli-
mate change.
Technological progress has democratized education, making learning ma-
terials and courses accessible to a broader audience. Online platforms like
Coursera, Khan Academy, and university websites provide opportunities for in-
dividuals to gain knowledge from anywhere in the world. This has particularly
benefited remote communities and individuals who cannot attend traditional
schools due to financial or geographic limitations.
While the benefits of scientific and technological advancement are undeni-
able, the rapid pace of development has also led to significant environmental
challenges. The exploitation of natural resources, pollution, and climate change
are direct consequences of industrialization and technological growth.
Industrialization and the mass production of goods have led to an increase
in air, water, and soil pollution. Factories release harmful chemicals into the at-
mosphere, contributing to air quality problems and health issues such as respirat-
ory diseases. The improper disposal of industrial waste has contaminated rivers,
lakes, and oceans, threatening marine life and human health.
Technological advancements in agriculture and urbanization have led to
widespread deforestation, as forests are cleared to make way for farming, infra-
structure, and settlements. This loss of forests not only reduces biodiversity but
also disrupts ecosystems and contributes to climate change, as trees play a cru-
cial role in absorbing carbon dioxide.
The burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industry has led
to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, contributing to global
warming and climate change. Rising temperatures have caused glaciers to melt,
sea levels to rise, and extreme weather events such as hurricanes and droughts to
become more frequent. Climate change poses a serious threat to both the envir-
onment and human life, as it disrupts ecosystems, endangers species, and puts
vulnerable populations at risk.
The rise of consumer culture and the mass production of goods have cre-
ated a global waste management crisis. Single-use plastics, electronic waste, and
non-biodegradable materials are filling landfills and polluting the oceans. The
challenge of managing waste sustainably is one of the most pressing environ-
mental issues today, and finding solutions to reduce, reuse, and recycle is essen-
tial for protecting the planet.
As scientific and technological advancements continue, it is essential to
balance progress with sustainability to minimize the negative impact on the en-
vironment. This requires a shift towards more sustainable practices in energy
production, transportation, and consumption.
One of the most promising solutions to environmental degradation is the
development of renewable energy sources. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power
offer alternatives to fossil fuels that produce little to no greenhouse gas emis-
sions. Investing in renewable energy technologies can reduce our dependence on
non-renewable resources and help mitigate the effects of climate change.
Electric vehicles, public transportation, and cycling are all sustainable al-
ternatives to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Governments and businesses can
play a role in promoting these options by investing in infrastructure that supports
electric charging stations, bike lanes, and efficient public transit systems.
Scientists and engineers are continually developing eco-friendly technolo-
gies designed to reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. Biodegrad-
able materials, energy-efficient appliances, and green building practices are just
a few examples of innovations that are helping to create a more sustainable fu-
ture.
While governments and businesses play a significant role in promoting sus-
tainability, individuals also have a responsibility to make eco-conscious choices
in their daily lives. Simple actions like reducing energy consumption, recycling,
using public transport, and supporting environmentally friendly products can
collectively make a significant impact.
Education and awareness are key to driving change. By understanding the
environmental consequences of our actions and supporting policies that priorit-
ize sustainability, individuals can contribute to a more balanced relationship
between technological progress and the environment.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the major benefits of technological progress in health-
care?
A) It has decreased the number of hospitals worldwide.
B) It has led to the discovery of new diseases.
C) It has extended life expectancy and improved quality of life.
D) It has made healthcare more expensive and less accessible.
2. How has technological progress impacted communication?
A) It has made communication slower and more complicated.
B) It has only improved communication in small communities.
C) It has made it easier to connect with people across the globe through the
internet and smartphones.
D) It has reduced the importance of social relationships.
3. What is a significant environmental consequence of industrialization and
mass production?
A) The increase in public transportation options.
B) The development of renewable energy.
C) The rise of pollution in air, water, and soil.
D) The growth of global forests.
4. How does deforestation contribute to environmental problems?
A) By increasing air quality and reducing climate change.
B) By promoting biodiversity and strengthening ecosystems.
 C) By reducing biodiversity, disrupting ecosystems, and contributing to cli-
mate change.
D) By supporting industrial growth without negative consequences.
5. What is one solution to reducing the environmental impact of transporta-
tion?
A) Using gasoline-powered cars for short distances.
B) Relying exclusively on air travel.
C) Promoting electric vehicles, public transportation, and cycling.
D) Avoiding the use of any form of transportation.
6. What role can individuals play in promoting sustainability?
A) Ignoring environmental issues and relying on governments for solu-
tions.
B) Making eco-conscious choices, such as reducing energy consumption
and recycling.
C) Increasing consumption of non-renewable resources.
D) Supporting only traditional fossil fuel industries.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Advances in healthcare have led to longer life expectancy and the eradic-
ation of some diseases. (True/False)
2. The internet and smartphones have made global communication more
difficult and limited. (True/False)
3. The use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power can help
reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuels. (True/False)
4. Climate change is solely caused by natural processes and has no connec-
tion to human activity. (True/False)
5. Individuals have no influence on promoting environmental sustainability.
(True/False)
 Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Medical Tech- a) Innovations that have led to new treatments,
nology vaccines, and diagnostic tools.
2. Deforestation b) The clearing of forests for agriculture and
infrastructure, contributing to biodiversity loss and
climate change.
3. Renewable En- c) Energy sources such as solar, wind, and hy-
ergy droelectric power that offer alternatives to fossil
fuels.
4. Communica- d) Innovations that have transformed how
tion Technology people connect, share information, and collaborate
globally.
5. Climate e) A consequence of burning fossil fuels, lead-
Change ing to global warming and extreme weather events.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How has technological progress improved healthcare?
2. What are some environmental consequences of industrialization and
mass production?
3. Why is renewable energy considered an important solution for environ-
mental sustainability?
4. What steps can individuals take to reduce their environmental impact?
5. How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
 Task 17
The Geographical Location and Climate of Ukraine
Ukraine is a country located in Eastern Europe, known for its vast plains,
rich agricultural lands, and diverse climate. Its strategic position has played a
significant role in its history, culture, and economic development. Understanding
the geographical location and the climate of Ukraine is essential for appreciating
its natural resources, agricultural potential, and environmental challenges.
Ukraine is the second-largest country in Europe, covering an area of ap-
proximately 603,000 square kilometers. It shares borders with seven countries:
Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Belarus, and Russia. To the
south, Ukraine has a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, which
provides access to important trade routes and influences the climate of the south-
ern regions.
Ukraine’s landscape is characterized by vast plains and plateaus, with the
Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the southern
part of the country. The central and eastern parts of Ukraine are dominated by
fertile plains known as the Ukrainian Steppe, which is ideal for agriculture,
particularly the cultivation of grains such as wheat, barley, and corn. The
Dnieper River, one of the longest rivers in Europe, flows through the heart of
Ukraine, providing water for agriculture, industry, and transportation.
The geographical diversity of Ukraine also includes forests in the north and
wetlands in the southern regions. The Polissia region in the northwest is known
for its forests and marshes, while the south includes coastal plains and semi-arid
steppe regions.
Ukraine’s climate varies depending on the region, but it can generally be
classified as temperate continental. The country experiences four distinct sea-
sons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The climate is largely influenced by
the country’s geographical features, such as its latitude, proximity to the Black
Sea, and the Carpathian Mountains.
 Winters in Ukraine are typically cold, with temperatures often dropping
below freezing, especially in the northern and central regions. Snowfall is com-
mon, and the average winter temperature ranges from -4°C to -8°C, depending
on the region. The Carpathian Mountains and northern areas experience colder
winters, while the southern coastal regions near the Black Sea tend to have
milder winters due to the moderating influence of the sea.
Spring is a transitional season, with temperatures gradually warming up.
The snow begins to melt in March, and by April, temperatures usually rise to
around 10°C to 15°C. Spring is a time of renewal for Ukraine’s agricultural sec-
tor, as farmers begin planting crops after the winter thaw. The country’s fields
come to life with the blooming of flowers and the growth of early crops.
Summers in Ukraine are generally warm, with temperatures ranging from
18°C to 25°C. However, in the southern regions and along the Black Sea coast,
temperatures can reach up to 30°C or higher. The summer months are also a cru-
cial period for agriculture, as the long daylight hours and warm temperatures
support the growth of crops. Rainfall during the summer is moderate, with occa-
sional thunderstorms providing much-needed water for the fields.
Autumn in Ukraine is marked by cooler temperatures and the gradual de-
cline in daylight hours. The season begins with mild temperatures in September,
but by November, the temperatures drop, and the weather becomes colder. Au-
tumn is the harvest season, and Ukraine’s agricultural sector is in full swing,
gathering crops such as wheat, corn, and sunflowers.
While Ukraine’s climate is generally temperate continental, there are signi-
ficant regional variations due to the country’s size and geographical diversity.
The northern regions, including cities like Kyiv and Chernihiv, experience
colder winters and cooler summers compared to the south. Snowfall is common
in winter, and the growing season is shorter.
The southern regions, particularly along the Black Sea coast and in Crimea,
have a more moderate climate. Winters are milder, and summers are warmer,
making the region suitable for growing grapes, fruits, and vegetables. The influ-
ence of the Black Sea also reduces the likelihood of extreme cold in winter.
The Carpathian Mountains in western Ukraine have a unique climate due to
their elevation. Winters are colder, with heavy snowfall in the higher altitudes,
making the region popular for skiing and winter sports. Summers are cooler than
in the rest of the country, and the region experiences higher rainfall due to its
mountainous terrain.
The eastern regions, including cities like Kharkiv and Donetsk, experience
more extreme temperatures, with colder winters and hotter summers. The steppe
regions in the east are more prone to droughts, which can affect agriculture.
Ukraine is often referred to as the "breadbasket of Europe" due to its fertile
soil and favorable climate for agriculture. The temperate continental climate,
with its distinct seasons, allows for the cultivation of a wide variety of crops,
including wheat, barley, corn, sunflower seeds, and sugar beets. The long, warm
summers provide ideal conditions for crop growth, while the winter months al-
low the land to rest and rejuvenate.
However, climate change poses challenges to Ukraine’s agricultural sector.
Rising temperatures, increased frequency of droughts, and unpredictable
weather patterns are affecting crop yields and food security. Farmers are increas-
ingly adopting sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate the effects of climate
change and protect the country’s valuable natural resources.
Ukraine’s climate and geographical location also make it vulnerable to cer-
tain environmental issues, such as deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. The
country’s heavy reliance on agriculture and industry has led to the depletion of
natural resources in some areas. Moreover, Ukraine’s proximity to the
Chernobyl nuclear disaster site has left a lasting impact on the environment in
the northern regions.
Looking forward, Ukraine faces the challenge of balancing economic de-
velopment with environmental sustainability. Efforts to promote renewable en-
ergy, reduce pollution, and protect natural habitats are essential for ensuring a
healthy environment for future generations.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What type of landscape dominates the central and eastern parts of
Ukraine?
A) Mountainous terrain
B) Coastal plains
C) Fertile plains known as the Ukrainian Steppe
D) Marshes and wetlands
2. How would you describe Ukraine’s climate in general?
A) Tropical
B) Temperate continental with four distinct seasons
C) Arid and dry throughout the year
D) Polar with constant cold temperatures
3. Which region of Ukraine is known for having a milder winter due to the
influence of the Black Sea?
A) Northern Ukraine
B) Southern Ukraine
C) Eastern Ukraine
D) Western Ukraine
4. What is the primary agricultural advantage of Ukraine’s climate?
A) The constant warmth of its tropical climate
B) The long, warm summers and fertile soil ideal for crop growth
C) The short growing season with minimal rainfall
D) The high altitude of its mountainous regions
5. What is one of the environmental challenges that Ukraine faces due to
climate change?
A) Increased frequency of earthquakes
 B) Frequent volcanic eruptions
C) Rising temperatures, droughts, and unpredictable weather patterns af-
fecting agriculture
D) Constant floods due to excessive rainfall
6. How has the Chernobyl disaster impacted Ukraine’s environment?
A) It improved the environmental conditions in the northern regions.
B) It left a lasting impact, particularly in the northern areas of the country.
C) It had no lasting environmental effects.
D) It mainly affected the southern regions near the Black Sea.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Ukraine is the second-largest country in Europe. (True/False)
2. The Carpathian Mountains are located in eastern Ukraine. (True/False)
3. Southern Ukraine experiences milder winters due to the influence of the
Black Sea. (True/False)
4. Climate change has no impact on agriculture in Ukraine. (True/False)
5. The Dnieper River is one of the longest rivers in Europe and plays an
important role in Ukraine’s economy. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each region or geographical feature of Ukraine with its correspond-
ing description.
1. Ukrainian Steppe a) Fertile plains ideal for agriculture, loc-
ated in central and eastern Ukraine.
2. Carpathian Moun- b) Located in western Ukraine, known for
tains heavy snowfall and cooler summers.
3. Black Sea c) Influences the milder climate in south-
ern Ukraine.
4. Polissia Region d) Known for its forests and marshes in
the northwest of Ukraine.
5. Dnieper River e) A major river that provides water for
agriculture, industry, and transportation.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does the temperate continental climate of Ukraine benefit its agri-
cultural sector?
2. What are some of the environmental challenges facing Ukraine due to
climate change?
3. How does the Black Sea influence the climate in southern Ukraine?
4. Why is Ukraine often referred to as the "breadbasket of Europe"?
5. What is the significance of the Dnieper River to Ukraine’s economy and
agriculture?
 Task 18
Ukraine's International Cooperation and Involvement in Global Or-
ganizations
Ukraine, as a European nation with a strategic geographical position, has
established itself as an active participant in global diplomacy and international
cooperation. Since gaining independence in 1991, Ukraine has worked to
strengthen its relationships with international organizations such as the European
Union (EU), the United Nations (UN), and the Council of Europe. These organ-
izations play a crucial role in supporting Ukraine’s political, economic, and se-
curity objectives, while also promoting peace, stability, and human rights glob-
ally.
The European Union is a political and economic union of 27 member states
located primarily in Europe. While Ukraine is not yet an EU member, it has
taken significant steps to deepen its relationship with the EU. In 2014, Ukraine
signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, which marked a
major milestone in its efforts to align more closely with European standards and
values.
The Association Agreement focuses on political and economic cooperation,
trade, and reforms aimed at strengthening democracy, human rights, and the rule
of law in Ukraine. One of the key components of the agreement is the Deep and
Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), which opens up markets between
the EU and Ukraine, allowing for the free flow of goods, services, and invest-
ments. This agreement has contributed to the modernization of Ukraine’s eco-
nomy, increasing trade and attracting foreign investment.
In addition to economic cooperation, the EU has provided significant finan-
cial and technical support to Ukraine in areas such as energy efficiency, gov-
ernance, education, and the fight against corruption. The EU’s support has been
particularly crucial in the aftermath of the 2014 events in Ukraine, including the
annexation of Crimea by Russia and the conflict in eastern Ukraine. The EU has
consistently backed Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, imposing
sanctions on Russia and providing humanitarian aid to the affected regions.
The EU has also facilitated visa-free travel for Ukrainian citizens within the
Schengen Zone, allowing for easier mobility and cultural exchange. While
Ukraine’s full membership in the EU is still under discussion, its partnership
with the EU continues to grow stronger, bringing the country closer to European
integration.
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945, dedic-
ated to promoting peace, security, human rights, and sustainable development.
Ukraine is one of the founding members of the UN, having been a member since
the organization's inception.
As an active participant in the UN, Ukraine has contributed to peacekeep-
ing missions and global security initiatives. Ukrainian soldiers and police of-
ficers have taken part in peacekeeping operations in various conflict zones, in-
cluding the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lebanon, and Kosovo. Ukraine’s
involvement in these missions reflects its commitment to promoting interna-
tional peace and stability.
In addition to its role in peacekeeping, Ukraine has also engaged with the
UN on issues such as environmental protection, human rights, and economic
development. The country works closely with UN agencies like the UN Devel-
opment Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO), and
UNICEF to address global challenges and improve the quality of life for its cit-
izens.
The UN has also played a significant role in addressing the humanitarian
crisis in Ukraine caused by the conflict in the eastern part of the country.
Through its humanitarian agencies, the UN provides aid to internally displaced
persons (IDPs), supports rebuilding efforts in war-torn areas, and promotes dia-
logue for peace and reconciliation.
The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is an international organization
focused on promoting human rights, democracy, and the rule of law across
Europe. Ukraine became a member of the Council of Europe in 1995, shortly
after gaining independence. As a member, Ukraine has committed to upholding
the principles of democracy, protecting human rights, and ensuring the rule of
law.
The Council of Europe has supported Ukraine’s efforts to implement judi-
cial reforms, strengthen democratic institutions, and enhance the protection of
human rights. Ukraine has also ratified the European Convention on Human
Rights, a key treaty that provides a framework for protecting individual rights
and freedoms.
One of the most significant bodies within the Council of Europe is the
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which allows Ukrainian citizens
to file complaints if they believe their rights have been violated by the state. This
court serves as a critical mechanism for safeguarding human rights in Ukraine,
ensuring that individuals have access to justice.
The Council of Europe has also worked with Ukraine to support its educa-
tional and cultural development. Programs such as the European Cultural Con-
vention and the Youth Partnership initiative promote cultural exchange, youth
engagement, and education reform, fostering a stronger sense of European iden-
tity among Ukrainian citizens.
Despite its progress in international cooperation, Ukraine faces several
challenges, including ongoing conflict in the eastern part of the country and the
need for continued economic and political reforms. However, Ukraine’s close
partnerships with international organizations like the EU, UN, and the Council
of Europe offer opportunities for growth and development.
The future of Ukraine’s international relations depends on its ability to con-
tinue implementing reforms, strengthening its democratic institutions, and main-
taining peace and security. By working closely with its international partners,
Ukraine can achieve its goals of economic prosperity, political stability, and
deeper integration into the European and global communities.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What was a significant milestone in Ukraine’s relationship with the
European Union?
A) Ukraine joining the EU as a full member.
B) Ukraine signing the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014.
C) Ukraine ending all trade relations with the EU.
D) Ukraine signing an exclusive military alliance with the EU.
2. What is the role of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area
(DCFTA) in Ukraine’s cooperation with the EU?
A) It restricts Ukraine from trading with non-EU countries.
B) It establishes a free trade area that allows for the free flow of goods, ser-
vices, and investments.
C) It focuses solely on agricultural trade between the EU and Ukraine.
D) It limits Ukraine’s economic growth by imposing high tariffs.
3. How has Ukraine contributed to UN peacekeeping efforts?
A) By sending soldiers and police officers to various conflict zones around
the world.
B) By solely providing financial support to UN peacekeeping missions.
C) By focusing on domestic issues and avoiding international involvement.
D) By joining UN peacekeeping operations only in Europe.
4. What is one of the key roles of the Council of Europe in Ukraine?
A) To focus solely on economic development in Ukraine.
B) To support Ukraine in strengthening democracy, human rights, and the
rule of law.
C) To facilitate trade agreements between Ukraine and the EU.
D) To encourage Ukraine to withdraw from international organizations.
5. What is the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), and why is it
important for Ukraine?
 A) It is a court that handles economic disputes between European coun-
tries.
B) It provides Ukrainian citizens with the ability to file complaints if their
rights are violated.
C) It focuses on environmental protection laws in Ukraine.
D) It handles only criminal cases in Ukraine.
6. How does the Council of Europe contribute to the cultural development
of Ukraine?
A) By promoting only trade agreements with European countries.
B) By offering programs like the European Cultural Convention and the
Youth Partnership initiative.
C) By limiting cultural exchanges to only Council of Europe members.
D) By avoiding involvement in Ukraine’s educational and cultural policies.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Ukraine is a founding member of the United Nations. (True/False)
2. The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) focuses on cul-
tural exchange between the EU and Ukraine. (True/False)
3. Ukraine’s membership in the Council of Europe allows its citizens to file
complaints with the European Court of Human Rights. (True/False)
4. The European Union has provided support to Ukraine in areas such as
governance and the fight against corruption. (True/False)
5. Ukraine has never contributed troops to UN peacekeeping missions.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each organization with its corresponding role in Ukraine’s interna-
tional cooperation.
1. European a) Focuses on political and economic coopera-
Union (EU) tion, trade, and reforms aimed at strengthening
democracy and human rights.
2. United Na- b) Promotes global peace, security, human
 tions (UN) rights, and sustainable development, with Ukraine
actively participating in peacekeeping missions.
3. Council of c) Works to promote human rights, democracy,
Europe and the rule of law, with Ukraine being a member
since 1995.
4. European d) Provides a platform for Ukrainian citizens to
Court of Human seek justice if their rights are violated by the state.
Rights (ECHR)

5. UN Develop- e) Works with Ukraine to address issues such

ment Programme as environmental protection, economic develop-
(UNDP) ment, and health.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How has the European Union supported Ukraine’s economic and polit-
ical reforms?
2. What role does Ukraine play in UN peacekeeping missions?
3. How does the Council of Europe contribute to Ukraine’s judicial and hu-
man rights system?
4. What benefits has Ukraine gained from its Association Agreement with
the EU?
5. Why is Ukraine’s participation in international organizations important
for its future?
 Task 19
Great Britain: Geography, Population, and Cultural Heritage
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly
known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Great Britain, is an island nation located
off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. Known for its rich history, di-
verse population, and significant cultural and political influence, the UK is a key
player on the global stage. Understanding its geographical location, climate, nat-
ural resources, population, and administrative structure provides insight into
what makes this country unique.
The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries: England, Scot-
land, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The country is situated on two main islands:
Great Britain and the northeastern part of the island of Ireland. It is bordered by
the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the North Sea to the east, and the English Chan-
nel to the south, which separates the UK from mainland Europe.
The climate of the UK is temperate maritime, characterized by mild tem-
peratures and moderate rainfall throughout the year. The Gulf Stream, a warm
Atlantic ocean current, has a significant influence on the climate, keeping win-
ters milder and summers cooler than in many other countries at similar latitudes.
Rain is common, particularly in western regions such as Scotland and Wales,
while the southeast of England tends to be drier.
The UK is rich in natural resources, including coal, oil, natural gas, and
minerals. During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries, coal
was a key resource that powered the rapid industrialization of the country. Al-
though coal mining has significantly decreased, the UK remains a major produ-
cer of oil and natural gas, particularly from offshore fields in the North Sea.
In addition to fossil fuels, the UK has significant reserves of limestone, iron
ore, and tin. Agriculture also plays a role in the country's economy, with the fer-
tile lands of England supporting crops such as wheat, barley, and potatoes, as
well as livestock farming.
 The UK has a diverse population of approximately 67 million people, with
England being the most populous of the four countries. London, the capital of
England and the UK, is one of the most diverse cities in the world, with resid-
ents from all corners of the globe.
The people of the UK are made up of various nationalities, including Eng-
lish, Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish. In addition to these groups, the UK has
long been a destination for immigrants, with communities from India, Pakistan,
the Caribbean, Africa, and Eastern Europe contributing to the cultural fabric of
the nation. This diversity is reflected in the wide range of languages spoken, reli-
gions practiced, and cultural traditions celebrated across the UK.
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary
democracy. The head of state is the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II,
while the head of government is the Prime Minister. The UK Parliament consists
of two houses: the House of Commons, made up of elected Members of Parlia-
ment (MPs), and the House of Lords, made up of appointed and hereditary
members.
Each of the four constituent countries has a certain degree of devolved
power, meaning that Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have their own par-
liaments or assemblies responsible for certain areas of policy, such as education
and health. However, matters like foreign policy, defense, and immigration are
controlled by the UK Parliament in Westminster, London.
London, the capital of England and the UK, is a global financial and cul-
tural hub known for its historic landmarks such as the Tower of London, Buck-
ingham Palace, and Westminster Abbey. It is also home to modern attractions
like the London Eye and The Shard.
Scotland’s capital, Edinburgh, is famous for its medieval Old Town, the
Edinburgh Castle, and the annual Edinburgh Festival, one of the world's
largest arts festivals. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is known for the impressive
Cardiff Castle and its vibrant waterfront development in Cardiff Bay. Belfast,
the capital of Northern Ireland, is noted for its shipbuilding history, including the
construction of the famous Titanic.
Other major cities in the UK include Manchester, known for its industrial
heritage and thriving music scene, Liverpool, the birthplace of The Beatles, and
Birmingham, one of the UK’s largest and most diverse cities.
The UK is home to numerous historical and cultural monuments that attract
millions of visitors each year. Stonehenge, a prehistoric stone circle in Wilt-
shire, England, is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. The
Tower of London, a historic fortress, and Westminster Abbey, a Gothic church
where British monarchs are crowned, are also key symbols of British history.
In Scotland, the Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the
Queen’s official residence in Scotland, are major historical sites. Wales boasts
the impressive Caernarfon Castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and North-
ern Ireland is home to the Giant's Causeway, a natural wonder made up of
thousands of interlocking basalt columns.
The UK has several public holidays, also known as bank holidays, which
are observed throughout the year. These include:
 New Year’s Day (January 1): Celebrating the start of the new year.
 Good Friday and Easter Monday: Christian holidays marking the cruci-
fixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ.
 May Day (First Monday in May): Celebrating the arrival of spring.
 Christmas Day (December 25): A widely celebrated holiday marking the
birth of Jesus Christ.
 Boxing Day (December 26): A traditional holiday following Christmas,
historically associated with giving gifts to the less fortunate.
In addition to these holidays, each of the four countries has its own national
day, such as St. George’s Day (April 23) in England, St. Andrew’s Day
(November 30) in Scotland, St. David’s Day (March 1) in Wales, and St.
Patrick’s Day (March 17) in Northern Ireland.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What type of climate does the UK have?
A) Tropical
B) Temperate maritime
C) Arid desert
D) Polar
2. What is one of the main natural resources found in the UK?
A) Gold
B) Coal, oil, and natural gas
C) Diamonds
D) Silver
3. Which of the following cities is the capital of Scotland?
A) Cardiff
B) Belfast
C) Edinburgh
D) Manchester
4. What type of government does the UK have?
A) Republic
B) Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy
C) Absolute monarchy
D) Presidential system
5. Which of the following is a famous historical monument in England?
A) Stonehenge
B) The Eiffel Tower
C) The Colosseum
D) The Pyramids of Giza
6. What is celebrated on December 26 in the UK?
A) New Year’s Day
B) Easter Monday
 C) Boxing Day
D) May Day
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. The UK consists of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales,
and Northern Ireland. (True/False)
2. London is the capital of Wales. (True/False)
3. The climate of the UK is influenced by the Gulf Stream, which keeps
winters mild. (True/False)
4. Stonehenge is located in Scotland. (True/False)
5. St. Patrick’s Day is the national holiday of Northern Ireland. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each city or landmark with its corresponding description from the
passage.
1. London a) The capital of England, home to Buckingham
Palace and Westminster Abbey.
2. Edinburgh b) A historic castle located in the capital of
Castle Scotland.

3. Stonehenge c) A prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, Eng-

land, known for its ancient stone circle.
4. Giant’s d) A natural wonder made up of basalt columns,
Causeway located in Northern Ireland.

5. Belfast e) The capital of Northern Ireland, known for its

shipbuilding history.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does the geographical location of the UK influence its climate?
2. What are some of the major natural resources found in the UK?
3. How is the administrative structure of the UK organized?
4. Name three major cities in the UK and one landmark associated with
each.
 5. What are some of the key public holidays celebrated in the UK?
Task 20
Holidays in Ukraine and English-Speaking Countries: Cultural Signi-
ficance and Traditions
Holidays hold a significant place in both Ukrainian and English-speaking
cultures, acting as moments to reflect on history, celebrate traditions, and bring
people together. These celebrations are deeply rooted in each nation's values,
history, and cultural identity. In Ukraine, many holidays are tied to religious and
historical events, while in English-speaking countries, holidays often blend his-
torical milestones with modern-day traditions.
In Ukraine, holidays often reflect the country’s deep connection to its Or-
thodox Christian roots, yet they also showcase its struggle for independence and
national identity. Celebrations such as Christmas and Easter are not just religious
events but cultural phenomena that involve the whole community. People gather
with their families, prepare special dishes, and participate in rituals passed down
through generations. For example, on Easter, Ukrainians engage in the ancient
tradition of painting pysanky, decorative eggs symbolizing new life. This act is
a testament to how deeply the country’s traditions are woven into the fabric of
everyday life.
Meanwhile, Ukraine’s Independence Day is a relatively new holiday but
holds profound significance. It commemorates the day Ukraine declared its in-
dependence from the Soviet Union in 1991, reflecting the country’s modern his-
tory and its continued efforts to define its place in the world. The celebrations
often include parades, public speeches, and cultural events that highlight
Ukraine’s diverse heritage.
On the other hand, in English-speaking countries such as the United States
and the United Kingdom, holidays offer a different but equally rich cultural
tapestry. In the United States, Thanksgiving is one of the most important holi-
days of the year. It is deeply rooted in the nation’s colonial history and emphas -
izes gratitude, family, and community. Despite its historical origins, Thanksgiv-
ing has evolved into a celebration where people from all walks of life, regardless
of background, come together for a meal centered around turkey, symbolizing
harvest and abundance.
In the UK, Christmas carries both religious and cultural significance, sim-
ilar to its importance in Ukraine. However, while Ukrainians follow the Julian
calendar and celebrate Christmas on January 7, the UK celebrates it on Decem-
ber 25, in line with the Gregorian calendar. British Christmas traditions have
been popularized around the world, including exchanging gifts, decorating
Christmas trees, and enjoying festive meals with family. However, the holiday
season in the UK extends beyond just Christmas Day. Boxing Day, celebrated
on December 26, is a time for charitable acts and relaxation, reflecting the UK's
strong sense of community and generosity.
In both Ukraine and English-speaking countries, these holidays create a
space for reflecting on shared cultural values, family, and faith. They highlight
how each culture uses specific rituals and practices to foster unity and preserve
their heritage. Through these celebrations, people reaffirm their identities, and
communities are strengthened, as both countries seek to pass on traditions to the
next generation.
Despite the differences in historical context and traditions, there is a com-
mon thread running through the holidays of Ukraine and English-speaking coun-
tries—the desire to connect with others and honor cultural heritage. These celeb-
rations, whether in the form of religious festivals, national holidays, or com-
munity events, offer moments of joy and reflection, showing how deeply inter-
twined holidays are with the cultural identities of nations.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the key differences between Christmas in Ukraine and
Christmas in the UK?
A) The date of the celebration and some specific traditions.
B) The absence of family gatherings in both countries.
 C) The fact that Christmas is not celebrated in Ukraine.
D) The use of modern technology in celebrations.
2. What is the main purpose of Ukraine's Independence Day?
A) To celebrate the harvest season.
B) To commemorate the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
C) To honor religious leaders.
D) To celebrate international relations.
3. Which holiday in the United States emphasizes gratitude, family, and
community?
A) Christmas
B) Boxing Day
C) Thanksgiving
D) Halloween
4. How do holidays in Ukraine and English-speaking countries serve their
societies?
A) They are mainly commercial events with no cultural significance.
B) They provide opportunities for families to gather and celebrate cultural
traditions.
C) They are used to avoid historical reflection.
D) They focus solely on religious observance with no community involve-
ment.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Ukrainian Easter includes the tradition of painting pysanky, symbolizing
new life. (True/False)
2. Thanksgiving in the United States is rooted in the colonial period and
focuses on gratitude and community. (True/False)
3. Boxing Day in the UK is celebrated on January 7. (True/False)
4. Holidays in both Ukraine and English-speaking countries strengthen
community bonds and cultural heritage. (True/False)
 Part 3: Matching
Match each holiday with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Thanksgiving a) A day of gratitude, with a focus on
family gatherings and feasting in the United
States.
2. Independence Day b) Celebrates Ukraine’s independence
(Ukraine) from the Soviet Union, marked by patriotic
events.
3. Boxing Day c) A day following Christmas in the UK
that emphasizes charity and rest.
4. Easter (Ukraine) d) A religious holiday in Ukraine celeb-
rated with the decoration of pysanky, symbol-
izing new life.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does Thanksgiving in the United States reflect cultural values?
2. In what ways does Christmas in Ukraine differ from Christmas in the
UK?
3. What role does Independence Day play in Ukraine's national identity?
4. How do holidays in Ukraine and English-speaking countries contribute
to preserving cultural heritage?
 Task 21
Education in Ukraine and Abroad: Institutions and Learning Cultures
Education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals and societies. Across
the world, educational systems reflect the values, history, and economic needs of
each country. In Ukraine, as well as in many other countries, education is seen
as a pathway to personal and professional development. However, the structure,
goals, and institutions involved in education can vary greatly from one country
to another, making international comparisons both complex and insightful.
In Ukraine, education has a long tradition, with the first universities estab-
lished centuries ago. Today, the system includes primary, secondary, and higher
education institutions, all of which are overseen by the Ministry of Education
and Science of Ukraine. Ukrainian education places a strong emphasis on found-
ational subjects such as mathematics, literature, and sciences, and these subjects
form the core of both primary and secondary education. Students often take a
national exam, the External Independent Testing (EIT), to gain access to
higher education institutions. These institutions, particularly universities, play a
central role in Ukrainian society, offering a range of programs in both the hu-
manities and sciences.
Ukrainian universities are well-respected across the region. However, many
students and families still view studying abroad as a valuable opportunity, often
seen as a way to gain exposure to different teaching methods and more varied
career opportunities. Higher education in countries like the United States, the
United Kingdom, or Germany is often perceived as more flexible, with a greater
focus on critical thinking, creativity, and interdisciplinary learning. These sys-
tems tend to emphasize student-centered learning, where individuals are encour-
aged to explore their own academic interests within a broader curriculum.
In contrast to the Ukrainian model, many Western countries prioritize not
just academic knowledge, but also practical skills and problem-solving abilities.
For example, in the United States, a university education is often organized un-
der a "liberal arts" system, which allows students to select courses from a broad
range of disciplines before specializing in a particular field. This flexibility is
sometimes less common in Ukraine, where students choose a specialization
earlier in their academic journey and follow a more rigid curriculum. Despite
these differences, the core purpose of education in both Ukraine and abroad re-
mains the same: preparing students for successful careers and responsible cit-
izenship.
Another key difference between education in Ukraine and abroad lies in the
nature of the institutions themselves. While Ukrainian universities are largely
state-funded, many institutions in Western countries, particularly in the United
States and the UK, are privately funded and can be expensive. This difference
has implications for both access to education and the overall student experience.
In the US, for example, the cost of tuition is a major concern, and students often
rely on loans or scholarships to fund their education. In contrast, education in
Ukraine is generally more affordable, although access to certain elite institutions
or private universities may still be restricted by financial factors.
Educational institutions also vary in terms of the campus experience they
offer. In countries like the United Kingdom or the United States, universities of-
ten have large, self-contained campuses that include student accommodation,
libraries, sports facilities, and cultural centers. This creates a vibrant community
where students can live and study in close proximity. In Ukraine, universities are
typically more integrated into urban environments, with students often living in
private apartments or dormitories scattered throughout the city. The different
campus models reflect not only educational priorities but also broader cultural
and social values.
Despite the differences between educational systems in Ukraine and
abroad, students everywhere share many common experiences. The stress of ex-
ams, the excitement of learning new concepts, and the challenges of balancing
academic and personal life are universal. Whether in Kyiv or Cambridge, stu-
dents strive for academic success and look to the future with hope and ambition.
 As global mobility increases, educational institutions are also becoming
more connected. International exchange programs, such as Erasmus+ in
Europe, allow students from Ukraine and other countries to study abroad for a
semester or a year, gaining new perspectives and forming international net-
works. These experiences help bridge the gap between different educational sys-
tems and encourage cross-cultural understanding.
The global nature of education today offers students more opportunities
than ever before. However, it also raises important questions about how educa-
tional systems should evolve to meet the needs of the 21st century. In both
Ukraine and abroad, there is growing recognition of the importance of digital
literacy, environmental sustainability, and global citizenship as key components
of modern education. These priorities will continue to shape how educational
institutions develop in the future, as they adapt to a rapidly changing world.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one major difference between Ukrainian universities and univer-
sities in countries like the US and UK?
A) Ukrainian universities focus only on technical subjects.
B) Universities in the US and UK offer more flexibility in course selection.
C) Ukrainian universities require students to live on campus.
D) The US and UK universities have no exams.
2. What is a characteristic of the "liberal arts" system in the US?
A) Students focus exclusively on one subject from the beginning.
B) It requires students to take a wide range of courses before choosing a
major.
C) It eliminates the need for national exams.
D) It focuses entirely on scientific and technical subjects.
3. How do many students in the US fund their education?
A) Education in the US is completely free.
B) Students rely mainly on state grants.
 C) Students often use loans or scholarships to pay for tuition.
D) Students only pay for education after graduation.
4. What role do exchange programs like Erasmus+ play in modern educa-
tion?
A) They allow students to study exclusively in their home countries.
B) They provide opportunities for students to study abroad and gain inter-
national experience.
C) They limit student mobility across borders.
D) They focus only on students studying in Europe.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. The Ukrainian education system is largely state-funded, making it more
affordable than in some Western countries. (True/False)
2. In Ukraine, students are encouraged to explore a broad range of subjects
before choosing a specialization. (True/False)
3. Universities in the United States often rely on loans and scholarships to
help students cover tuition costs. (True/False)
4. Exchange programs like Erasmus+ are designed to keep students study-
ing in their home countries. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each educational feature with the country or region it is most closely
associated with, based on the passage.
1. State-funded education system a) Ukraine

2. Liberal arts education with a flex- b) United States

ible curriculum

3. Privately funded universities that c) United Kingdom

often require loans

4. National exam for access to higher d) Ukraine

education (EIT)
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does the university campus experience differ between Ukraine and
countries like the UK and US?
2. What is one advantage of studying abroad that Ukrainian students often
seek?
3. How do institutions in Western countries encourage critical thinking and
creativity compared to Ukraine’s educational system?
4. Why are exchange programs important for modern education?
 Task 22
Prestigious Professions in Ukraine and Abroad: Social Values and
Global Perspectives
The concept of a "prestigious profession" is not static; it changes across
cultures, economies, and historical periods. In Ukraine, as well as in many other
countries around the world, certain professions carry more social recognition
than others. The factors that contribute to the prestige of a job can include salary,
societal impact, personal fulfillment, and the cultural or historical significance
associated with that profession. While these factors play a role in shaping which
jobs are considered prestigious, the definition of a prestigious profession can
vary widely from country to country, influenced by different national priorities
and values.
In Ukraine, professions such as law, medicine, and engineering have long
held a place of prestige. Historically, these jobs were considered stable career
paths, associated with higher education and intellectual rigor. The Soviet legacy
left a strong emphasis on professional qualifications, with technical and aca-
demic skills highly valued in society. To become a lawyer, doctor, or engineer in
Ukraine, one typically needs to complete rigorous educational requirements, of-
ten lasting five or more years at university, and pass multiple examinations. This
long road to qualification contributes to the prestige associated with these roles.
At the same time, these professions are seen as contributing significantly to
society. Doctors, for instance, hold a unique place in Ukraine, where the health-
care system has undergone significant reforms in recent years. Despite chal-
lenges such as lower wages compared to Western countries, being a doctor is
still regarded as an honorable and noble pursuit. The medical profession contin-
ues to be seen as one where the individual serves the community, helping people
in life-and-death situations, which adds to its social respect.
Lawyers, similarly, are highly regarded in Ukraine, particularly in a time
when legal reforms are ongoing and the rule of law is being strengthened. As
Ukraine continues its journey toward integration with the European Union, the
role of legal professionals has become even more prominent. Lawyers are not
only seen as protectors of individual rights but also as crucial participants in
shaping the legal framework of the nation. Their role in advocating for justice
and ensuring compliance with both national and international laws gives them a
status of respectability.
However, the rise of technology and globalization has shifted the percep-
tion of other professions in Ukraine. Jobs in the IT sector, for instance, have
grown rapidly in prestige over the last decade. Ukraine has become a key player
in the global tech industry, with a growing number of companies outsourcing
their software development to Ukrainian professionals. These jobs are highly
coveted due to their relatively high salaries and the opportunity for remote work,
which allows individuals to work for international companies without leaving
their home country. Moreover, IT professionals are seen as part of the modern
wave of globalization, bridging Ukraine with the international market, and this
has increased their standing in society.
In contrast, the perception of prestigious professions in countries like the
United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany is shaped by different dynam-
ics, although there are also commonalities. In the United States, for example,
professions such as medicine, law, and finance are often considered prestigious
due to their high earning potential. A doctor in the United States can earn signi-
ficantly more than a doctor in Ukraine, and this financial incentive plays a major
role in the profession’s appeal. However, it’s not just about the money. Doctors
in the U.S. are also admired for their ability to work in cutting-edge medical en-
vironments, where technological advancements allow them to provide life-sav-
ing treatments. Similarly, lawyers in the U.S. are often associated with the coun-
try’s legal traditions, including high-profile cases and courtroom dramas that
captivate the public’s attention.
In the UK, the situation is somewhat similar, although there is a stronger
emphasis on academic and traditional professions such as teaching, law, and
public service. While high-paying jobs in finance and technology are certainly
prestigious, there is also a cultural respect for educators and public servants,
who are seen as making vital contributions to society. Teaching, in particular, is
regarded as a profession that shapes the future of the nation, which is why edu-
cators in prestigious institutions, such as Oxford or Cambridge, often enjoy both
high social status and respect.
Germany, on the other hand, presents a unique perspective on prestigious
professions. The country’s long-standing emphasis on engineering and technical
expertise means that careers in these fields are held in high esteem. German en-
gineers are known worldwide for their precision and innovation, particularly in
industries such as automotive manufacturing and renewable energy. The coun-
try’s apprenticeship system also supports the idea that technical expertise is just
as valuable, if not more so, than purely academic knowledge. This differs from
Ukraine, where academic degrees often hold more weight. In Germany, a highly
skilled technician or craftsman can achieve social recognition and financial sta-
bility on par with those in more traditionally prestigious professions like medi-
cine or law.
A recurring theme across both Ukraine and these other countries is the
growing prominence of jobs related to technology and innovation. Whether in
Silicon Valley or Kyiv, professions in the tech sector are becoming synonymous
with prestige. This shift reflects the broader trends of the 21st century, where
technological progress drives economies, influences cultures, and shapes the fu-
ture. Software engineers, data scientists, and cybersecurity experts are increas-
ingly seen as the architects of tomorrow, making them some of the most sought-
after professionals in the world.
However, despite the global rise of technology-focused professions, tradi-
tional jobs such as medicine, law, and education continue to carry significant
weight in terms of societal respect. These roles often require a deep sense of re-
sponsibility, commitment to public service, and years of specialized education,
which remain key factors in determining their prestige.
 Interestingly, the prestige of a profession is not only determined by eco-
nomic factors but also by the perceived impact on society. In both Ukraine and
abroad, the most respected jobs are often those that are seen as directly contrib-
uting to the public good. Whether it’s a doctor saving lives, a lawyer defending
human rights, or an engineer designing solutions to climate change, these roles
are revered because they help shape a better world.
In conclusion, while the definition of a prestigious profession varies
between Ukraine and other countries, there are universal elements that contrib-
ute to a job’s status. Education, societal contribution, financial rewards, and the
ability to adapt to a rapidly changing global landscape all play a role in how pro-
fessions are viewed. As economies evolve and new challenges emerge, the list of
prestigious professions will likely continue to change, reflecting the needs and
values of each society.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What has contributed to the increasing prestige of IT professions in
Ukraine?
A) The decline in traditional academic fields.
B) Higher salaries and opportunities for remote work with international
companies.
C) The decrease in demand for engineers and lawyers.
D) The government's promotion of technology in schools.
2. In what way does the perception of prestigious professions differ
between Ukraine and Germany?
A) Germany values academic qualifications more than technical expertise.
B) Ukraine places a higher emphasis on apprenticeships.
C) Germany highly values technical and engineering expertise, sometimes
more than academic degrees.
D) Ukraine values engineering more than medicine or law.
 3. Why are professions like law and medicine still considered prestigious in
countries like the United States and Ukraine?
A) They are relatively easy professions to enter.
B) These professions require little education but provide high salaries.
C) These professions contribute directly to public well-being and require
years of specialized education.
D) Both professions are largely immune to technological change.
4. How do professions in the tech sector compare to traditional fields such
as law or medicine in terms of societal respect?
A) Tech professions have surpassed traditional fields in prestige worldwide.
B) Traditional fields are still considered more prestigious due to their his-
torical importance.
C) Tech professions are gaining respect globally but traditional fields like
law and medicine still carry significant prestige.
D) Tech professions are generally less respected due to their novelty.
Part 2: True/False
1. In Ukraine, professions such as medicine and law are considered presti-
gious mainly due to their high financial rewards. (True/False)
2. Engineering and technical professions are highly respected in Germany,
sometimes even more so than purely academic professions. (True/False)
3. In the United States, the prestige of doctors and lawyers is only linked to
their high earnings. (True/False)
4. The rise of technology and IT professions has led to a decrease in the
respect for traditional careers like medicine and law globally. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each profession or concept with its corresponding description from
the passage.
1. Lawyers in a) Highly respected due to their role in
Ukraine shaping legal reforms and advocating for
justice.
2. IT sector in b) A rapidly growing industry that offers
 Ukraine high salaries and connects Ukraine with the
global market.
3. Liberal professions c) Professions like teaching and law,
in the UK which are valued for their contribution to pub-
lic service and education.
4. Engineering in d) A prestigious field where technical ex-
Germany pertise is highly respected, contributing to in-
dustries like automotive manufacturing.

Part 4: Short Answer

1. Why do professions such as medicine and law continue to hold high
prestige in Ukraine and other countries?
2. How has the global rise of the IT sector influenced the perception of
prestigious professions in Ukraine?
3. In what ways does Germany's approach to technical expertise differ from
Ukraine's focus on academic qualifications?
4. What universal factors contribute to the prestige of a profession, regard-
less of country?
 Task 23
Job Searching: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges
Finding a job is one of the most significant steps in a person’s life, a jour-
ney that can be exciting yet daunting at the same time. Whether you are fresh
out of university, looking for a career change, or reentering the workforce after a
break, the process of job searching is multifaceted and requires strategy, persist-
ence, and adaptability. Across different countries and industries, job seekers of-
ten face similar challenges, although the specifics can vary depending on the
labor market, cultural expectations, and individual circumstances.
The modern job search is drastically different from what it used to be. The
days when one could simply browse through newspaper ads for open positions
have been largely replaced by online platforms, networking, and social media.
Websites such as LinkedIn, Glassdoor, and local job portals have made it easier
than ever for both employers and candidates to find each other. While these plat-
forms offer a wealth of opportunities, they also present new challenges. The ease
of applying for jobs online means that recruiters are inundated with hundreds or
even thousands of applications for each position. This influx makes it harder for
individual job seekers to stand out from the crowd, leading to increased compet-
ition for desirable roles.
Creating a compelling CV or résumé is essential in this process, but the ex-
pectations for what makes a "good" résumé can vary by industry and country.
For example, in some places, a CV that is succinct and focused solely on quali-
fications and experience may be preferred, while in others, personal qualities,
hobbies, and extracurricular activities might also be emphasized. A candidate
seeking a job in a creative field such as marketing or design may need to incor-
porate a portfolio or use visually appealing formats to catch the employer’s at-
tention. In contrast, someone applying for a position in finance or engineering
might be expected to present a more formal and detailed document. Tailoring
one’s résumé to match the norms and expectations of the industry is crucial, and
failing to do so can often lead to missed opportunities.
 However, a CV is only one part of the equation. The job interview is argu-
ably the most crucial step in securing employment. Interviews provide an oppor-
tunity not only to showcase one’s professional skills but also to demonstrate in-
terpersonal abilities, problem-solving skills, and cultural fit within the organiza-
tion. In some industries, interviews may focus heavily on technical questions,
while in others, behavioral questions might be more common. In recent years,
there has been a growing trend of competency-based interviews, where candid-
ates are asked to provide examples from their past experiences to illustrate how
they handled specific situations.
For many job seekers, one of the biggest hurdles is overcoming the so-
called "experience paradox." Employers often require candidates to have relev-
ant work experience, even for entry-level positions. This requirement can be es-
pecially frustrating for recent graduates or individuals looking to switch careers.
The question then becomes: How can someone gain experience if they cannot
first secure a job? In response to this challenge, many candidates turn to intern-
ships, volunteer work, or freelance projects to build a portfolio of relevant ex-
periences. While these options may not always offer immediate financial re-
wards, they provide invaluable opportunities to develop skills, make profes-
sional connections, and demonstrate initiative to potential employers.
Networking, both online and offline, is another key component of the job
search. Attending industry events, job fairs, and workshops can help job seekers
establish valuable connections, while networking through social media plat-
forms, particularly LinkedIn, allows individuals to connect with professionals in
their field. Personal connections can often lead to job opportunities that are not
advertised publicly, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the "hidden job
market." Many positions are filled through recommendations or internal refer-
rals, highlighting the importance of building a professional network and main-
taining relationships.
While the practical aspects of job searching are important, the emotional
and psychological impact of the process should not be underestimated. Re-
peatedly facing rejection, or even hearing nothing back after multiple applica-
tions, can lead to frustration and discouragement. It’s easy for job seekers to feel
disheartened, especially when the job search extends for months or longer. Dur-
ing these times, it is important to stay positive, maintain motivation, and con-
tinue improving one’s skills. Persistence is key, and each rejection can be seen
as a learning experience rather than a personal failure.
Another challenge that many job seekers face is balancing the need for a
job with the desire for a fulfilling career. It can be tempting to accept the first
offer that comes along, especially when financial pressures are mounting. How-
ever, accepting a job that does not align with one’s long-term goals can lead to
dissatisfaction and burnout. On the other hand, being too selective may prolong
the job search unnecessarily. Finding the right balance between practicality and
ambition is essential for making informed career decisions. This is where career
counseling or mentorship can be incredibly valuable. Guidance from profession-
als who understand the industry can help job seekers refine their strategies and
identify the right opportunities.
For those seeking jobs internationally, the challenges multiply. Working
abroad presents exciting possibilities but also requires careful planning and re-
search. Understanding the legal requirements, such as work visas, permits, and
local labor laws, is a critical first step. Furthermore, adapting to cultural differ-
ences in the workplace can be a steep learning curve. What is considered appro-
priate or professional in one culture may not be perceived the same way in an-
other. For example, communication styles can vary widely. In some cultures,
directness and assertiveness are valued, while in others, politeness and indirect
communication are preferred. Being aware of these cultural nuances is crucial
for succeeding in an international job market.
The role of technology in the job search process cannot be overlooked
either. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in recruitment has changed how
companies filter applications. Many companies now use applicant tracking sys-
tems (ATS) to scan résumés for specific keywords before they even reach human
eyes. This makes it even more important for candidates to tailor their applica-
tions to match the job descriptions carefully. However, technology can also be
an ally in the job search. Online courses, webinars, and certifications allow job
seekers to upskill and stay competitive in the job market. The accessibility of
online learning platforms has democratized education, enabling individuals to
acquire new skills at their own pace.
Ultimately, the job search is a deeply personal journey, influenced by vari-
ous external factors, such as the economy, industry trends, and geographical loc-
ation. However, it also reflects an individual’s personal goals, values, and aspira-
tions. The process is rarely straightforward, and there are no guarantees. Never-
theless, with persistence, adaptability, and a clear strategy, job seekers can nav-
igate the challenges and find opportunities that align with their skills and ambi-
tions.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. How has the modern job search changed compared to previous decades?
A) Job seekers rely more on newspaper ads today.
B) The process has become more digital, with online platforms playing a
central role.
C) Networking has become less important.
D) There are fewer job opportunities now than in the past.
2. Why is tailoring a CV or résumé important in the job search process?
A) It is unnecessary since most employers do not read CVs carefully.
B) A well-tailored CV demonstrates that the candidate understands the spe-
cific demands of the job and industry.
C) It ensures the CV is as short as possible.
D) It allows the candidate to avoid including important details.
3. What is a major challenge for recent graduates during their job search?
A) Lack of interest in their chosen field.
 B) Employers requiring relevant work experience even for entry-level posi-
tions.
C) Having too many job offers to choose from.
D) Not needing a résumé.
4. Why is networking considered an essential part of job searching?
A) It guarantees a job offer after attending one event.
B) Networking allows candidates to connect with potential employers and
discover opportunities not advertised publicly.
C) It is only important for those seeking jobs in creative industries.
D) It replaces the need for submitting applications.
5. How has artificial intelligence (AI) affected the recruitment process?
A) AI is used to help candidates write their résumés.
B) Many companies use AI to filter job applications by scanning résumés
for specific keywords.
C) AI systems have made the job search more difficult for everyone.
D) AI has completely eliminated human involvement in hiring.
Part 2: True/False
1. Job seekers often face increased competition because online applications
make it easier to apply for jobs. (True/False)
2. Creating a visually appealing CV is unnecessary for candidates applying
to creative fields. (True/False)
3. Networking is only helpful for people working in highly specialized
fields. (True/False)
4. Job interviews are often used to assess not only professional skills but
also interpersonal abilities and cultural fit. (True/False)
5. Many companies now use technology to automatically screen résumés
before a human recruiter reads them. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Competency- a) A type of interview where candidates
 based interview provide specific examples from past experiences
to demonstrate their skills.
2. Applicant track- b) A technology used by companies to scan
ing system (ATS) résumés for relevant keywords.

3. Hidden job mar- c) Job opportunities that are not publicly

ket advertised, often filled through networking and
internal referrals.
4. Experience para- d) The challenge of finding a job without
dox previous experience when most positions require
it.
5. Online learning e) A tool that allows job seekers to acquire
platforms new skills through courses and certifications at
their own pace.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. Why is maintaining a positive attitude important during a prolonged job
search?
2. How does the use of AI in recruitment impact how job seekers should
prepare their résumés?
3. What strategies can job seekers use to overcome the challenge of need-
ing experience to get a job?
4. How do cultural differences affect job searching for those seeking em-
ployment abroad?
5. Why is balancing the need for a job with long-term career goals a key
challenge in the job search process?
 Task 24
Types of Close Relationships: Emotional Bonds and Social Dynamics
Human relationships are as complex and varied as the individuals who
form them. At the core of these connections are close relationships—those in-
timate bonds that offer emotional support, companionship, and a sense of be-
longing. These relationships can take many forms, from friendships to romantic
partnerships to familial ties, each serving distinct roles in an individual’s life.
The nature of close relationships reflects a balance of personal needs, societal
norms, and psychological development, all of which shape the ways in which
people interact and connect with others.
Friendships are often the most common form of close relationship and can
be one of the most fulfilling. Unlike family bonds, friendships are typically
formed through mutual interests, shared experiences, and a voluntary decision to
spend time together. Friendships can develop in various social settings, from
childhood playgrounds to professional workplaces, and the longevity of these
relationships often depends on how much effort both parties invest in maintain-
ing them. While some friendships last for a lifetime, others may be more tem-
porary, often shifting in response to life changes, such as moving to a new city,
changing jobs, or evolving interests. Despite this, the emotional support offered
by close friends can be invaluable, particularly in times of crisis or transition.
Romantic relationships, another central type of close connection, often play
a defining role in a person's emotional and social development. Unlike friend-
ships, romantic relationships typically involve a deeper level of emotional and
physical intimacy. For many people, the pursuit of a romantic partner is inter-
twined with societal expectations and personal goals related to love, companion-
ship, and family. Romantic partnerships can provide profound emotional support
and contribute to a person’s sense of identity, but they also demand significant
emotional investment and communication to thrive. Healthy romantic relation-
ships are built on mutual respect, trust, and understanding, while toxic relation-
ships, characterized by manipulation, control, or a lack of communication, can
have detrimental effects on mental and emotional well-being.
Family relationships are among the most fundamental close relationships,
as they are often the first social connections a person experiences. Family dy-
namics can vary significantly across cultures and individual households, but
they typically involve a sense of duty, loyalty, and emotional connection. Par-
ental relationships, for instance, are central to a child’s development, offering a
foundation of emotional security and support. Sibling relationships, meanwhile,
can range from close friendships to more distant or competitive dynamics, de-
pending on the individuals involved and the circumstances of their upbringing.
Family ties can sometimes be complicated by conflicts or generational differ-
ences, but they often serve as a constant source of support throughout a person's
life, especially in times of need.
In addition to friendships, romantic partnerships, and family bonds, there is
another form of close relationship that often gets overlooked: mentorship. A
mentor is someone who provides guidance, support, and advice, typically in a
professional or educational context. While not as emotionally intimate as other
close relationships, mentorships can be incredibly influential in shaping a per-
son’s career or personal development. The mentor-mentee relationship is built
on mutual respect and trust, with the mentor offering wisdom based on experi-
ence and the mentee seeking growth and knowledge. In many cases, these rela-
tionships can evolve into lasting friendships, though the primary focus remains
on the mentee’s development and success.
Close relationships, regardless of type, require effort to maintain and nur-
ture. Communication is perhaps the most important element in any relationship,
as it allows individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, and needs. In healthy
relationships, open communication fosters trust and understanding, while poor
communication can lead to misunderstandings, conflict, and emotional distance.
Empathy also plays a critical role in close relationships, enabling individuals to
understand and share in each other’s emotions. In both friendships and romantic
partnerships, the ability to empathize strengthens emotional bonds and promotes
mutual support.
Conflict is inevitable in any close relationship, but how individuals navig-
ate conflict often determines the health and longevity of that relationship. Con-
structive conflict resolution involves listening, compromise, and a willingness to
see the other person's perspective. In contrast, unresolved conflicts, marked by
defensiveness, avoidance, or aggression, can erode trust and cause lasting dam-
age to a relationship. Whether between friends, romantic partners, or family
members, learning how to manage conflict effectively is crucial for maintaining
strong and healthy connections.
The impact of close relationships extends far beyond emotional support and
companionship. Research has shown that individuals with strong social connec-
tions are generally healthier and happier than those who are isolated or have
weak social ties. Close relationships can act as a buffer against stress, providing
individuals with emotional resources to cope with life’s challenges. Addition-
ally, the social and emotional skills learned through close relationships, such as
communication, empathy, and conflict resolution, are transferable to other areas
of life, including professional settings.
However, the quality of close relationships is often more important than the
quantity. It is not the number of friends or romantic partners that determines a
person's well-being, but rather the depth and authenticity of those connections.
Superficial relationships, where individuals fail to share their true feelings or
intentions, can leave people feeling disconnected and lonely, even when sur-
rounded by others. In contrast, a few deep, meaningful relationships can provide
a strong sense of belonging and emotional fulfillment.
Cultural factors also play a significant role in shaping close relationships.
In some cultures, familial relationships are prioritized above all others, with ex-
tended family members playing a central role in daily life. In other cultures,
friendships or romantic partnerships may be given more importance, with indi-
viduals seeking emotional fulfillment outside of the family structure. These cul-
tural differences influence how people form and maintain their close relation-
ships, as well as the expectations they place on those relationships.
The digital age has introduced new dynamics to close relationships, partic-
ularly with the rise of social media and online communication. While techno-
logy has made it easier to stay in touch with friends and family across distances,
it has also introduced challenges in maintaining the depth and authenticity of
those connections. Online interactions can sometimes lack the emotional nuance
of face-to-face communication, and the pressure to present a perfect image on
social media can strain relationships. However, for many, online platforms offer
valuable opportunities to build and sustain close relationships, particularly for
those living far from their loved ones or in times of social isolation.
Сlose relationships—whether they are friendships, romantic partnerships,
family bonds, or mentorships—are vital to human happiness and well-being.
They provide emotional support, foster personal growth, and create a sense of
belonging. While every relationship is unique, they all require communication,
empathy, and effort to thrive. By understanding the complexities of different
types of close relationships, individuals can better navigate the social world and
build connections that are meaningful and fulfilling.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the main differences between friendships and romantic
relationships, as discussed in the passage?
A) Friendships require more emotional investment than romantic relation-
ships.
B) Romantic relationships typically involve a deeper level of emotional and
physical intimacy.
C) Friendships are formed through family connections, while romantic re-
lationships are not.
D) Friendships are always temporary, while romantic relationships are
lifelong.
 2. What role does empathy play in maintaining close relationships?
A) It helps individuals distance themselves from each other's emotions.
B) Empathy is not important for most close relationships.
C) It strengthens emotional bonds by allowing individuals to understand
and share each other's feelings.
D) It replaces the need for communication.
3. According to the passage, what is a common factor that leads to the
breakdown of close relationships?
A) Too much empathy
B) Poor communication and unresolved conflicts
C) Lack of social media interactions
D) Excessive compromise
4. How does the digital age influence close relationships?
A) It makes relationships less important.
B) It provides new opportunities for maintaining connections but can also
weaken emotional depth.
C) It eliminates the need for face-to-face communication.
D) It strengthens all types of close relationships.
Part 2: True/False
1. Family relationships are typically among the first social bonds a person
experiences. (True/False)
2. Mentorships are a form of close relationship that can significantly impact
personal and professional development. (True/False)
3. Conflict in close relationships should always be avoided because it dam-
ages the relationship. (True/False)
4. The rise of social media has simplified the process of maintaining deep,
meaningful relationships. (True/False)

Part 3: Matching
 Match each type of close relationship with its corresponding description
from the passage.
1. Friendship a) A close bond often formed through
shared experiences and interests, providing emo-
tional support.
2. Romantic Rela- b) A deeper emotional and physical connec-
tionship tion that often involves societal expectations of
love and partnership.
3. Family Relation- c) A fundamental social connection often
ship involving duty, loyalty, and emotional ties, start-
ing from childhood.
4. Mentorship d) A relationship based on providing guid-
ance and support, typically in professional or
educational contexts.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do cultural factors influence the way close relationships are formed
and maintained?
2. Why is communication essential in any type of close relationship?
3. What is the "experience paradox" in the context of job searching, and
how does it affect recent graduates?
4. What challenges do digital platforms introduce to close relationships?
 Task 25
The Formation of Personality: Influences, Development, and Individu-
ality
The formation of personality is a complex and lifelong process that in-
volves a multitude of factors, ranging from genetics to environment, experi-
ences, and personal choices. Personality refers to the unique patterns of
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish one individual from another.
Understanding how personality is shaped involves delving into psychology, so-
ciology, and biology, as well as recognizing the impact of culture, family, and
education. Over time, a person’s personality evolves, influenced by key mo-
ments and interactions, but some core traits remain relatively stable.
One of the first influences on personality formation is biology. From birth,
individuals are born with certain temperaments that are influenced by their ge-
netic makeup. Some infants may be naturally more curious or emotionally sens-
itive, while others might be more resilient or calm. These temperamental differ-
ences form the foundation upon which personality is built. However, while ge-
netics play an essential role, they are not the sole determinant of personality. En-
vironmental factors significantly shape how these innate traits develop over
time.
Family and upbringing are central to the early stages of personality forma-
tion. Parents and caregivers are often a child’s first role models, providing them
with their initial understanding of the world. The style of parenting a child re-
ceives—whether authoritative, permissive, or authoritarian—can shape how
they view authority, how they manage emotions, and how they interact with oth-
ers. For example, a child raised in a nurturing environment where open commu-
nication and emotional support are encouraged may develop strong emotional
intelligence and self-esteem. In contrast, a child raised in an environment where
emotions are suppressed or conflict is prevalent may struggle with expressing
feelings or building trust in relationships.
 Siblings and extended family also play a significant role in shaping person-
ality. Sibling relationships can foster competition, collaboration, or conflict,
each of which influences a person’s social development. A child who grows up
with siblings might develop negotiation skills, empathy, and a sense of team-
work. On the other hand, sibling rivalry can introduce feelings of inadequacy or
competitiveness that may impact how an individual views themselves and their
achievements. Extended family members such as grandparents, aunts, and
uncles can also provide additional support and perspectives, further contributing
to the child's understanding of social roles and relationships.
As children grow older, their social environment expands to include school,
friends, and teachers, all of whom exert significant influence on personality
formation. The school environment is particularly important, as it is often the
first place where children learn to function independently of their family. Teach-
ers can inspire children, encourage curiosity, and support the development of
social skills such as teamwork and conflict resolution. Peer relationships, espe-
cially during adolescence, become a dominant influence on personality develop-
ment. Adolescents often seek acceptance and validation from their peers, which
can shape their behavior and self-perception. Positive friendships can encourage
healthy risk-taking, emotional expression, and personal growth, while negative
peer pressure can lead to behavioral issues or a diminished sense of self-worth.
Culture plays a significant role in shaping personality as well. Individuals
are born into specific cultural contexts that provide the norms, values, and ex-
pectations that guide behavior. In some cultures, collectivism is emphasized,
where group harmony, family obligations, and communal success are priorit-
ized. In these environments, individuals may develop a strong sense of loyalty,
duty, and interdependence. Conversely, in cultures that value individualism,
such as many Western societies, personal achievement, independence, and self-
expression are often viewed as more important. These cultural influences shape
how individuals see themselves and interact with the world.
 As people navigate different social contexts throughout their lives, they are
constantly refining their personalities. Critical life events, such as moving to a
new city, starting a career, or experiencing loss, can trigger profound changes in
how a person views themselves and others. For example, overcoming a signific-
ant challenge—whether personal or professional—can foster resilience, confid-
ence, and adaptability. Similarly, facing failure or adversity may prompt indi-
viduals to re-evaluate their values, goals, and relationships.
However, the formation of personality is not simply a passive process in
which individuals are shaped solely by external forces. Each person plays an
active role in their own development, making choices that reflect their values,
preferences, and goals. This concept is known as agency—the ability to influ-
ence one’s own life and make decisions that shape the future. People make
countless decisions throughout their lives that contribute to the formation of
their personality, from the friends they choose to the careers they pursue. These
decisions reflect individual priorities and desires, further adding layers of com-
plexity to personality development.
While early experiences and upbringing lay the groundwork for personal-
ity, adulthood brings new opportunities for growth and transformation. Individu-
als continue to evolve as they face new roles and responsibilities, such as be-
coming a parent, advancing in a career, or forming long-term romantic relation-
ships. These experiences challenge people to adapt and grow, often leading to
new perspectives on life and relationships. For instance, becoming a parent may
deepen one’s capacity for empathy and responsibility, while pursuing a career
might enhance skills such as leadership or creativity.
An essential component of personality formation is self-awareness—the
ability to reflect on one’s own thoughts, emotions, and actions. Individuals who
develop a strong sense of self-awareness can better understand their motivations
and behaviors, which in turn allows them to make more informed decisions
about their lives. Self-awareness also enables individuals to recognize their
strengths and weaknesses, fostering personal growth and emotional resilience.
For example, a person who understands that they are naturally introverted might
seek out environments that allow them to recharge in solitude, while also work-
ing on skills that help them navigate social situations more comfortably.
Self-esteem, which refers to how a person values and perceives themselves,
also plays a pivotal role in personality formation. People with high self-esteem
tend to approach life with confidence, optimism, and a sense of purpose, while
those with low self-esteem may struggle with self-doubt, fear of failure, and
negative self-talk. Building and maintaining self-esteem is a continuous process
that can be influenced by external feedback, personal achievements, and internal
self-reflection. By setting and achieving personal goals, individuals can
strengthen their sense of self-worth and develop a more positive outlook on life.
In the end, personality is a dynamic and multi-layered aspect of human
identity. While genetics, family, culture, and life experiences all contribute to
shaping personality, each person also has the power to influence their own de-
velopment. The journey of personality formation is lifelong, and as people con-
tinue to grow and face new challenges, their personalities evolve accordingly.
Recognizing the factors that influence personality can help individuals make
conscious choices about how they wish to grow, ultimately leading to a more
fulfilled and self-aware life.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. According to the passage, what is one of the first factors influencing per-
sonality formation?
A) School environment
B) Peer relationships
C) Genetic makeup and temperament
D) Career choices
2. How do parents and caregivers contribute to early personality formation?
A) They provide genetic traits that determine personality.
 B) They model behavior, offer emotional support, and shape a child's
worldview.
C) They have no significant influence on a child's emotional development.
D) They focus only on academic achievements.
3. What is agency as discussed in the passage?
A) A psychological disorder.
B) The ability to influence one’s life through personal decisions and ac-
tions.
C) A social structure that controls personality.
D) A type of parental influence on behavior.
4. How does self-awareness influence personality development?
A) It limits a person’s ability to change their behavior.
B) It allows individuals to understand their motivations and improve their
emotional resilience.
C) It prevents individuals from forming close relationships.
D) It has little effect on personality compared to genetic factors.
5. What role does culture play in shaping personality?
A) Culture has no influence on personality development.
B) Culture only influences the professional choices people make.
C) Culture provides norms and values that shape how individuals see them-
selves and interact with others.
D) Culture strictly determines personality based on geographical location.
Part 2: True/False
1. Sibling relationships have no impact on personality formation. (True/
False)
2. Peer relationships, especially during adolescence, are crucial in shaping
self-perception and social development. (True/False)
3. Self-esteem is irrelevant to a person’s personality formation. (True/
False)
 4. Life experiences, such as career advancements or personal challenges,
can lead to significant personality changes. (True/False)
 Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Temperament a) The innate emotional and behavioral char-
acteristics present from birth.
2. Self-aware- b) The ability to reflect on one’s own
ness thoughts, feelings, and actions to understand mo-
tivations.
3. Family up- c) The early influence of parents and care-
bringing givers on a child’s emotional and social develop-
ment.
4. Cultural influ- d) Norms, values, and expectations provided
ence by society that shape behavior and identity.

5. Agency e) The capacity to make decisions and take

control of one’s own life path.

Part 4: Short Answer

1. How does peer influence during adolescence contribute to personality
formation?
2. In what ways can life events shape an individual’s personality over time?
3. What role does self-esteem play in personality development?
4. How do culture and individual choices interact to shape personality?
 Task 26
Conflict Resolution: Strategies, Challenges, and Growth
Conflict is an inevitable part of human interaction. Whether in personal re-
lationships, workplaces, or larger social settings, disagreements arise due to dif-
ferences in opinions, values, interests, or expectations. How individuals ap-
proach and manage these conflicts determines not only the outcome of the situ-
ation but also the quality of their relationships moving forward. Effective con-
flict resolution is essential for maintaining healthy, productive, and harmonious
connections, and it is a skill that requires self-awareness, emotional intelligence,
and communication. Conflict, when managed properly, can even lead to per-
sonal growth and stronger relationships.
At the heart of any conflict is a clash of perspectives. People often ap-
proach situations from different backgrounds, with unique experiences that
shape how they perceive the world. These differing viewpoints can create mis-
understandings or lead to feelings of frustration and anger when individuals feel
unheard or disrespected. Recognizing the underlying reasons for a conflict is the
first step toward resolution. It’s important to understand that most conflicts are
not about the surface issues, but about deeper needs, emotions, or insecurities
that may not be immediately apparent. For example, an argument between
friends over a missed meeting might actually stem from feelings of neglect or
frustration about broader patterns of behavior.
One of the most effective strategies in conflict resolution is open and hon-
est communication. When people are willing to express their feelings clearly and
listen to each other’s perspectives, they are more likely to find common ground.
Active listening is a key component of this process. This means not only hearing
the words that the other person is saying, but also understanding the emotions
behind those words. It involves paying full attention, maintaining eye contact,
and avoiding interrupting. By showing empathy and validating the other per-
son’s emotions, individuals can create an environment where both parties feel
respected and heard. This can defuse tensions and lead to a more constructive
conversation.
However, not all communication is effective in resolving conflicts. Poor
communication, such as yelling, blaming, or using aggressive language, can es-
calate a situation, making it harder to resolve. In many cases, people engage in
"defensive communication" when they feel attacked, which often results in mis-
understandings and more conflict. Defensive communication includes behaviors
such as justifying actions, denying responsibility, or shifting blame. When both
parties engage in this type of interaction, it becomes nearly impossible to resolve
the issue. The cycle of attack and defense can continue indefinitely unless one
party makes the conscious decision to change the tone of the conversation and
approach the conflict with a more open and cooperative mindset.
Another critical aspect of conflict resolution is finding a compromise. In
many conflicts, both parties have valid points, and the solution lies somewhere
in the middle. Compromise requires flexibility and a willingness to let go of the
need to be "right." It is about finding a solution that both sides can accept, even
if it is not their ideal outcome. This may involve prioritizing the relationship
over the need to win the argument or finding creative solutions that address both
parties' concerns. For example, in a workplace conflict, a manager and an em-
ployee may disagree on how a project should be executed, but through com-
promise, they might arrive at a new approach that incorporates elements of both
perspectives.
In some situations, conflicts cannot be resolved solely between the indi-
viduals involved. Mediation can be a valuable tool in such cases. A mediator,
who is a neutral third party, helps facilitate the conversation and ensures that
both parties have the opportunity to express themselves. Mediators guide the
discussion toward a solution by keeping emotions in check and helping parti-
cipants focus on the core issues rather than getting stuck in personal attacks or
irrelevant details. Mediation is particularly effective in more complex or emo-
tionally charged conflicts, such as family disputes or legal disagreements, where
communication has broken down and both parties need support in finding a res-
olution.
While conflict resolution is crucial in maintaining relationships, it also
serves an important role in personal development. Conflicts, when navigated
successfully, can lead to a deeper understanding of oneself and others. They of-
fer opportunities to practice patience, empathy, and problem-solving. Moreover,
resolving a conflict can strengthen a relationship by building trust. When two
individuals work through a disagreement and come to a resolution, they demon-
strate that their relationship can withstand challenges, which ultimately makes it
more resilient. In contrast, avoiding conflict or failing to resolve it can lead to
resentment, frustration, and the eventual breakdown of the relationship.
Emotional intelligence plays a fundamental role in conflict resolution.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize and manage one’s own emo-
tions, as well as understand the emotions of others. In conflict situations, high
emotional intelligence allows individuals to stay calm, respond thoughtfully
rather than react impulsively, and recognize when emotions are driving the con-
flict. For example, someone with high emotional intelligence might notice that
they are feeling defensive in a disagreement and take a step back to reflect on
why they are reacting that way. This awareness can prevent escalation and help
focus the conversation on the actual issues rather than emotional responses.
Cultural differences can also impact conflict resolution strategies. In some
cultures, direct confrontation is considered normal and even necessary for
resolving disagreements. In these environments, people may approach conflict
with a focus on assertiveness and clear communication. In other cultures, how-
ever, harmony and indirect communication are valued, and conflicts are often
resolved through subtle, non-verbal cues or by avoiding direct confrontation.
Understanding these cultural nuances is important when dealing with conflicts in
diverse environments. For instance, in a multicultural workplace, what might be
seen as assertiveness in one culture could be perceived as aggression in another,
leading to further misunderstandings.
 Not all conflicts can be fully resolved. In some cases, the best outcome is
not a resolution, but an agreement to disagree. This is particularly true when the
conflict is based on deeply held beliefs or values. In such situations, the goal
should be to reach a level of mutual respect where both parties can acknowledge
each other’s perspectives without necessarily agreeing on every point. For ex-
ample, political or religious disagreements may never be completely resolved,
but individuals can still maintain respectful relationships by focusing on com-
mon values and avoiding topics that lead to conflict.
Ultimately, the ability to manage and resolve conflicts is a vital skill for
personal and professional success. Whether in personal relationships, work-
places, or larger social settings, the way individuals handle conflict shapes their
interactions and overall well-being. Conflict is a natural part of life, but it
doesn’t have to be destructive. With the right approach—one that involves com-
munication, empathy, compromise, and emotional intelligence—conflicts can be
opportunities for growth and strengthened connections.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is the first step in resolving a conflict, according to the passage?
A) Defending one's position strongly.
B) Recognizing the underlying reasons for the conflict.
C) Avoiding communication until tensions decrease.
D) Immediately seeking the help of a mediator.
2. How does active listening contribute to conflict resolution?
A) It allows one person to dominate the conversation.
B) It helps both parties understand not only the words but also the emotions
behind them.
C) It eliminates the need for compromise.
D) It ensures the conflict never escalates.
3. What is a common pitfall in communication that often escalates con-
flicts?
 A) Using empathetic language.
B) Engaging in defensive communication such as shifting blame or justify-
ing actions.
C) Seeking compromise too early.
D) Listening without interrupting.
4. Why might mediation be necessary in some conflicts?
A) It replaces the need for the involved parties to communicate directly.
B) It provides a neutral third party to facilitate the conversation when emo-
tions run high.
C) It guarantees that both parties will agree on a solution.
D) It is used only when legal action is required.
5. How can emotional intelligence help in managing conflicts?
A) It encourages people to avoid conflict altogether.
B) It allows individuals to understand their emotions and manage them dur-
ing conflict.
C) It teaches people how to win arguments more effectively.
D) It reduces the need for compromise.
Part 2: True/False
1. Conflict resolution is most successful when both parties engage in open
and honest communication. (True/False)
2. Compromise requires one party to give up their position entirely. (True/
False)
3. Emotional intelligence involves understanding not only one's emotions
but also the emotions of others. (True/False)
4. Some conflicts, such as those based on deeply held values, may not be
fully resolvable. (True/False)
 Part 3: Matching
Match each conflict resolution concept with its corresponding description
from the passage.
1. Active listening a) A communication skill that involves
fully understanding both the words and emo-
tions of the speaker.
2. Compromise b) Finding a middle ground solution that
both parties can accept, even if it’s not ideal for
either.
3. Defensive commu- c) A reaction during conflict that includes
nication justifying actions, denying responsibility, or
shifting blame.
4. Mediation d) The involvement of a neutral third party
to help facilitate a solution when direct commu-
nication is difficult.
5. Emotional intelli- e) The ability to recognize and manage
gence one’s own emotions and understand those of
others during conflict.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does poor communication contribute to escalating conflicts?
2. Why is compromise important in resolving conflicts, and what does it
require from both parties?
3. How can emotional intelligence prevent conflicts from escalating?
4. Why is it sometimes necessary to "agree to disagree" in conflict resolu-
tion?
 Task 27
Personal Priorities in Diet: Tastes, Preferences, and Choices
Food is not just a source of nourishment; it is deeply tied to culture, iden-
tity, and personal priorities. People's choices regarding what they eat are influ-
enced by a wide range of factors, from health concerns to ethical considerations,
as well as personal tastes and preferences. In modern society, individuals are
more conscious than ever about their dietary choices, often prioritizing specific
values such as sustainability, wellness, or cultural tradition. Understanding these
diverse influences on personal diet sheds light on why people choose the foods
they do, and how their tastes and preferences evolve over time.
One of the most significant factors influencing dietary priorities is health.
Many individuals choose what to eat based on nutritional value, aiming to con-
sume foods that will promote longevity, increase energy, and prevent disease.
This focus on health has led to the rise of various diets designed to achieve spe-
cific health goals. For example, the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, is popular for its heart-healthy
benefits. Other diets, such as vegetarianism or veganism, exclude animal
products entirely, focusing on plant-based nutrition for both health and ethical
reasons. These dietary choices reflect a personal commitment to maintaining
physical well-being, but they also require individuals to balance health concerns
with their taste preferences.
Taste is a powerful driver of dietary choices. People often have strong pref-
erences for certain flavors, textures, and food combinations, and these prefer-
ences are shaped by both biological factors and cultural influences. For instance,
some individuals have a natural preference for sweet foods, while others may
gravitate towards savory or spicy dishes. These preferences can be traced back
to genetic predispositions, but they are also reinforced by early life experiences.
Children who grow up eating certain types of food often develop a taste for
those flavors, which carry into adulthood. For example, someone raised in a
household where spicy food is a staple may develop a lifelong love of chili pep-
pers, while others who have never been exposed to such flavors may find them
overwhelming.
Cultural background plays an equally significant role in shaping food pref-
erences. In many cultures, traditional foods are closely tied to family heritage,
religion, and community identity. For example, in Japan, meals often include
rice, fish, and miso soup, reflecting the country's geographic and cultural his-
tory. In Italy, pasta and olive oil are central to the cuisine, reflecting both agri-
cultural conditions and a long-standing culinary tradition. These culturally
rooted preferences shape not only what people eat but also how they view food.
In some cultures, food is seen as a communal experience meant to be shared
with family and friends, while in others, it may be viewed as a more individual
and functional necessity.
However, personal preferences in food are not always static. As people
grow and experience new things, their tastes can evolve. Exposure to different
cuisines, particularly through travel or globalization, can expand an individual’s
palate. Someone who has always preferred simple, mild flavors might discover a
newfound appreciation for bold, exotic spices after traveling to a foreign country
or dining at an international restaurant. Similarly, food trends often influence
preferences. For example, the popularity of sushi in Western countries over the
last few decades shows how a previously unfamiliar food can become main-
stream and widely appreciated.
Ethics and personal values also play a growing role in shaping modern diet-
ary preferences. Many people today consider not just the taste or health benefits
of food, but also the ethical implications of their choices. This is particularly
evident in the rise of plant-based diets and organic foods. Some individuals
choose to avoid meat due to concerns about animal welfare or the environmental
impact of livestock farming. Others opt for locally sourced, organic produce be-
cause they believe it supports sustainable agriculture and reduces their carbon
footprint. These ethical considerations can sometimes conflict with taste prefer-
ences, requiring individuals to make difficult choices between what they enjoy
eating and what aligns with their values.
For instance, someone who loves the taste of meat may decide to reduce
their consumption or eliminate it entirely in favor of a plant-based diet. This de-
cision often requires finding alternatives that satisfy their taste preferences
without compromising their ethical principles. The rise of plant-based meat sub-
stitutes, such as soy burgers or pea protein sausages, reflects the growing de-
mand for products that mimic the taste and texture of meat while aligning with
ethical concerns about the environment and animal welfare.
Another significant factor in personal dietary priorities is convenience. In
today’s fast-paced world, many people prioritize foods that are quick and easy to
prepare, especially when they lead busy lives or lack the time to cook elaborate
meals. The rise of pre-packaged, ready-to-eat meals and fast food is evidence of
this trend. However, convenience often comes at the cost of nutritional value, as
many processed foods are high in sugars, fats, and artificial additives. For indi-
viduals who prioritize convenience, balancing quick meal options with health
and taste can be a challenge. Some opt for meal prep services or subscribe to
diet plans that deliver healthy, ready-made meals, which allow them to maintain
their dietary priorities without sacrificing time.
In addition to health, ethics, and convenience, emotional factors often influ-
ence food preferences. For many people, food is strongly associated with com-
fort and emotional well-being. Certain foods, often referred to as "comfort
foods," evoke feelings of nostalgia or provide a sense of security during stressful
times. A bowl of soup, a warm pastry, or a favorite childhood snack can offer
emotional relief and a temporary sense of well-being. This emotional connection
to food is deeply personal and can vary widely depending on an individual’s
past experiences. For some, comfort foods are tied to memories of family gath-
erings or holidays, while for others, they are associated with simple moments of
relaxation or indulgence.
 Interestingly, food preferences and priorities can also be influenced by so-
cial dynamics. People may change their eating habits based on the company they
keep or the social environments they find themselves in. Dining with friends or
family can lead individuals to try new foods, adjust their eating habits, or even
adopt different dietary practices. Social settings often encourage people to con-
form to the preferences of the group, leading them to make choices they might
not make on their own. For example, someone who typically avoids desserts
might indulge in cake at a friend’s birthday party simply because everyone else
is enjoying it. Similarly, attending a formal dinner or event might encourage
someone to try unfamiliar dishes that they would not typically order.
Despite these various influences, personal dietary preferences remain
highly individual. What one person finds delicious, another may find unappeal-
ing. These differences reflect the complex interplay of biology, culture, ethics,
and personal experience that shapes each individual’s relationship with food.
Understanding one’s own food preferences and priorities can lead to more mind-
ful eating habits, helping individuals make choices that align with their health
goals, ethical values, and personal tastes.
In conclusion, personal priorities in diet are shaped by a combination of
health considerations, taste preferences, cultural influences, ethical values, con-
venience, and emotional factors. As people navigate these various influences,
their relationship with food becomes a reflection of who they are and what they
value. While some individuals may prioritize nutrition above all else, others may
focus on taste, ethics, or convenience. Regardless of the priorities, the choices
people make about food are deeply personal and reflect their broader life experi-
ences and goals.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the main reasons individuals choose specific diets like the
Mediterranean or vegan diets?
 A) To align with the latest food trends.
B) For health benefits and ethical concerns.
C) To reduce cooking time.
D) To explore new tastes.
2. How do early life experiences influence food preferences?
A) They have no impact on food preferences in adulthood.
B) They only affect preferences for sweet foods.
C) They help shape a person's taste preferences, which are often carried
into adulthood.
D) They limit a person's ability to appreciate new cuisines later in life.
3. Why do some people opt for plant-based meat substitutes?
A) To avoid meat due to ethical concerns while still satisfying their taste
for meat-like flavors.
B) Because they are allergic to animal protein.
C) To experiment with unfamiliar textures and flavors.
D) To follow a traditional cultural diet.
4. What is the role of convenience in shaping modern dietary priorities?
A) Convenience encourages people to spend more time preparing meals.
B) Convenience leads people to prioritize fast and easy meals, often at the
expense of nutritional value.
C) Convenience helps people make healthier food choices.
D) Convenience has no impact on food preferences in modern society.
5. How do social environments affect food preferences?
A) Social settings usually discourage trying new foods.
B) People’s eating habits may change based on the company they are with,
often leading them to try new or unfamiliar foods.
C) Eating with others has no influence on individual food preferences.
D) People become more health-conscious when dining in social settings.
 Part 2: True/False
1. People’s taste preferences are shaped solely by biological factors, with
no influence from culture or experiences. (True/False)
2. Ethical considerations, such as environmental impact and animal wel-
fare, can influence personal dietary choices. (True/False)
3. Convenience foods are typically high in nutritional value and are priorit-
ized for their health benefits. (True/False)
4. Comfort foods are often tied to personal memories and emotions, provid-
ing emotional relief during stressful times. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Health-conscious a) Diets like the Mediterranean or vegan
diets that prioritize nutritional value and wellness.

2. Cultural influence b) The impact of traditions, heritage, and

on food family customs on food preferences.

3. Comfort foods c) Foods that provide emotional relief and

are often linked to memories of family or
childhood.
4. Ethical eating d) Dietary choices based on concerns
about the environment, sustainability, or an-
imal welfare.
5. Convenience-driven e) Food choices that prioritize ease and
eating quick preparation, often associated with busy
lifestyles.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do cultural factors shape an individual’s food preferences?
2. Why might someone choose to follow a plant-based diet despite enjoy-
ing the taste of meat?
3. How do emotional factors influence food choices and preferences?
4. What role does convenience play in modern dietary habits, and what are
some of the challenges associated with it?
 Task 28
The State of Health: Factors, Challenges, and Personal Responsibility
Health is a complex and multi-dimensional aspect of human life that influ-
ences every facet of our existence. A person’s state of health is not simply the
absence of illness or disease but the overall well-being of the body and mind. It
encompasses physical, mental, and emotional components that, together, define
how we feel, function, and live our lives. Achieving and maintaining a good
state of health is a dynamic process shaped by genetics, lifestyle choices, envir-
onmental factors, and social conditions. While some aspects of health are bey-
ond an individual's control, there are significant ways in which people can take
responsibility for their well-being.
Physical health is perhaps the most visible aspect of a person’s overall state
of health. It refers to how well the body functions, and it can be influenced by
several factors, including genetics, diet, exercise, and access to healthcare. Ge-
netics play a role in determining an individual’s susceptibility to certain condi-
tions, such as diabetes, heart disease, or certain types of cancer. However, life-
style choices are just as important in determining physical health outcomes.
Regular physical activity, a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and avoiding harmful
habits like smoking or excessive alcohol consumption all contribute to maintain-
ing good physical health.
Diet, in particular, plays a crucial role in supporting physical health. A bal-
anced diet provides the body with essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals ne-
cessary for growth, repair, and overall functioning. Diets high in processed
foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats can lead to obesity, heart disease, and other
health problems. On the other hand, diets rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins,
and whole grains promote long-term health and vitality. Nutrition also impacts
energy levels, concentration, and mood, highlighting the connection between
what we eat and how we feel.
Physical activity is another critical component of physical health. Regular
exercise strengthens muscles, improves cardiovascular health, boosts the im-
mune system, and helps to maintain a healthy weight. Beyond the physical bene-
fits, exercise also plays a significant role in mental health by releasing en-
dorphins, which reduce stress and improve mood. Whether through sports, walk-
ing, cycling, or more structured workouts, finding ways to incorporate move-
ment into daily life is essential for maintaining physical well-being.
Mental health, although less visible than physical health, is just as import-
ant in determining overall well-being. It refers to how we think, feel, and behave
in response to life’s challenges. Good mental health allows individuals to cope
with stress, build healthy relationships, and lead productive lives. However,
mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder, can
severely affect a person’s quality of life. These conditions often arise from a
combination of genetic predispositions, traumatic experiences, chronic stress,
and environmental factors.
Mental health is closely intertwined with emotional health, which refers to
a person’s ability to manage their emotions and express them appropriately.
Emotional health involves understanding and accepting one’s feelings, develop-
ing resilience in the face of adversity, and maintaining a positive outlook on life.
Emotional well-being does not mean being happy all the time but having the
ability to navigate negative emotions like anger, sadness, or frustration in a
healthy way. When emotional health is neglected, it can lead to mental health
challenges, which in turn affect physical health.
Stress management is a critical aspect of both mental and emotional health.
Chronic stress, whether caused by work pressures, financial difficulties, or per-
sonal relationships, can have detrimental effects on the body and mind. Long-
term stress can contribute to conditions such as high blood pressure, heart dis-
ease, and weakened immune function. It can also exacerbate mental health is-
sues, leading to anxiety, depression, or burnout. Learning to manage stress
through techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, physical exercise, or time
management is key to maintaining overall well-being.
 Sleep is another vital element in maintaining good health. Sleep affects
both physical and mental functioning, with insufficient sleep linked to a range of
health issues, including weakened immunity, obesity, and impaired cognitive
function. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, processes memories, and re-
stores energy. Quality sleep is essential for mental clarity, emotional stability,
and overall resilience to stress. Developing healthy sleep habits, such as main-
taining a consistent sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine before bed, and creating a
calm sleeping environment, can significantly improve one’s state of health.
Social health, though often overlooked, plays a significant role in a per-
son’s overall well-being. Humans are inherently social beings, and the quality of
our relationships can affect both mental and physical health. Having strong so-
cial connections provides emotional support, reduces stress, and contributes to a
sense of belonging. Conversely, social isolation or toxic relationships can have
negative effects on mental health, contributing to feelings of loneliness, depres-
sion, or anxiety. Maintaining positive relationships with family, friends, and
community is essential for social well-being and overall health.
Environmental factors also contribute to the state of health. The quality of
air, water, and food, along with exposure to pollutants or toxins, can directly im-
pact physical health. Living in an area with poor air quality or contaminated wa-
ter sources, for example, increases the risk of respiratory and other diseases. Cli-
mate change and environmental degradation are also emerging as significant
health threats, as they can lead to increased rates of illnesses related to heat, poor
sanitation, and food insecurity.
Access to healthcare is another key factor in determining a person’s state of
health. In many parts of the world, healthcare is a fundamental right, and indi-
viduals have access to preventive care, treatment for illnesses, and support for
managing chronic conditions. However, access to quality healthcare is not uni-
versal. Socioeconomic status, geographical location, and social inequalities can
limit people’s access to necessary medical services. This inequality can lead to
disparities in health outcomes, with disadvantaged groups experiencing higher
rates of illness and lower life expectancies. Promoting equitable access to
healthcare is crucial for improving public health globally.
Personal responsibility plays a central role in maintaining and improving
one’s state of health. While external factors like genetics and environment can-
not always be controlled, individuals can take proactive steps to manage their
health. This includes making informed choices about diet, exercise, sleep, and
stress management, as well as seeking regular medical check-ups and profes-
sional support when needed. Educating oneself about health and wellness is a
powerful tool for prevention, enabling individuals to make decisions that sup-
port long-term well-being.
Preventive healthcare is particularly important in reducing the risk of de-
veloping chronic conditions. Regular screenings, vaccinations, and early detec-
tion of illnesses can save lives and reduce the burden of disease. Preventive
measures also include maintaining healthy habits, such as avoiding smoking,
limiting alcohol consumption, and practicing safe behaviors to reduce the risk of
injury or infection.
Ultimately, health is a deeply personal yet universally relevant aspect of
life. It is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, social,
and personal factors. Maintaining a good state of health requires ongoing atten-
tion and effort, but the rewards—greater physical vitality, mental clarity, emo-
tional resilience, and overall life satisfaction—are well worth the investment.
While no one can completely avoid illness or hardship, individuals have the
power to shape their own health through conscious choices and healthy habits,
leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is the most visible aspect of a person’s overall state of health?
A) Mental health
B) Physical health
C) Emotional health
 D) Social health
2. How does diet impact a person’s physical health?
A) It only affects body weight and appearance.
B) It provides essential nutrients for growth and repair, influencing energy
levels, mood, and long-term health.
C) Diet has no significant effect on overall health.
D) It affects only short-term energy but not long-term health.
3. What is the role of emotional health in a person’s overall well-being?
A) Emotional health has no direct impact on physical health.
B) Emotional health helps individuals manage their emotions and navigate
difficult situations, influencing both mental and physical health.
C) It only affects relationships and does not influence stress or mental
health.
D) It is only important during childhood development.
4. Why is sleep critical for maintaining a good state of health?
A) It allows the body to produce more food.
B) Sleep repairs tissues, processes memories, and restores energy, improv-
ing both physical and mental functioning.
C) Sleep is only important for mental health.
D) Lack of sleep has no long-term impact on health.
5. How do environmental factors influence a person’s health?
A) They only affect people who live in rural areas.
B) Environmental factors, such as air and water quality, can directly impact
physical health and contribute to the risk of diseases.
C) They are not as important as diet and exercise.
D) They only affect individuals in developing countries.
Part 2: True/False
1. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains promotes
long-term health and well-being. (True/False)
 2. Emotional health is unrelated to mental health and does not influence
how people handle stress. (True/False)
3. Chronic stress can negatively affect both mental and physical health,
contributing to illnesses like high blood pressure. (True/False)
4. Strong social connections can improve mental health, while social isola-
tion can contribute to anxiety and depression. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each health concept with its corresponding description from the pas-
sage.
1. Physical health a) How well the body functions, influenced
by factors such as diet, exercise, and genetics.
2. Mental health b) The ability to cope with life’s challenges,
build relationships, and maintain emotional well-
being.
3. Emotional c) The capacity to manage emotions, express
health them appropriately, and maintain resilience in dif-
ficult situations.
4. Social health d) The quality of relationships and social con-
nections, which provide emotional support and
reduce stress.
5. Preventive e) Measures such as regular check-ups and
healthcare screenings that help detect and prevent chronic
conditions.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do lifestyle choices, such as diet and exercise, impact physical
health?
2. What role does stress management play in maintaining overall health?
3. Why is sleep essential for both physical and mental well-being?
4. How can individuals take personal responsibility for maintaining their
health, despite factors beyond their control?
 Task 29
Medicinal Drugs: Uses, Regulation, and Individual Responsibility
Medicinal drugs play a vital role in modern healthcare, allowing people to
treat, manage, and sometimes even cure a variety of health conditions. From
common over-the-counter remedies like painkillers to prescription medications
for chronic illnesses, drugs are essential tools in promoting health and well-be-
ing. However, the world of medicinal drugs is complex, with a range of factors
influencing their development, regulation, usage, and individual responsibility.
The safe and effective use of medication depends on a balance between sci-
entific knowledge, legal regulations, and personal awareness.
At the core of understanding medicinal drugs is recognizing the different
categories they fall into. Medications are generally divided into two main
groups: over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and prescription drugs. Over-the-
counter drugs are medications that can be purchased without a doctor’s pre-
scription. These include common remedies such as ibuprofen for pain, anti-
histamines for allergies, or cough syrups for colds. OTC drugs are considered
safe for general use, provided that individuals follow the recommended dosage
instructions. Despite their availability, misuse of OTC drugs can still result in
negative health effects, such as liver damage from excessive use of acet-
aminophen or drowsiness from some antihistamines.
Prescription drugs, on the other hand, require authorization from a health-
care professional before they can be obtained. These medications are often used
to treat more serious or chronic conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pres-
sure, or infections. Prescription drugs are typically more potent than OTC drugs
and may have a greater risk of side effects or interactions with other medica -
tions. Because of these risks, they must be prescribed by a qualified medical
professional who can determine the appropriate dosage, duration, and combina-
tion of treatments. Patients are expected to follow the prescribed instructions
closely to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of the medication.
 Another important category of drugs includes generic drugs, which are
versions of brand-name medications that contain the same active ingredients and
are just as effective, but are typically sold at a lower price. Generic drugs be-
come available after the patent on a brand-name drug expires, allowing other
manufacturers to produce and sell the same medication. This makes treatments
more accessible to a wider population, as generic drugs offer the same thera-
peutic benefits as their branded counterparts but at a fraction of the cost.
The process of developing and approving medicinal drugs is lengthy and
highly regulated. Before any drug reaches the market, it must undergo a series of
rigorous tests and clinical trials to ensure it is both safe and effective. These tri-
als typically include several phases, starting with small-scale tests on animals or
cells and progressing to larger human trials. Clinical trials are designed to assess
not only the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific condition but also its po-
tential side effects, interactions with other drugs, and appropriate dosage levels.
Once a drug has passed clinical trials, it must be approved by regulatory
bodies before it can be sold to the public. In many countries, including the
United States and the European Union, drugs are regulated by agencies such as
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines
Agency (EMA). These organizations review the data from clinical trials to en-
sure that the benefits of the drug outweigh any risks. They also monitor the
safety of drugs after they have been released to the market, collecting reports of
side effects and taking action if necessary, such as issuing warnings or with-
drawing drugs from the market.
Despite the careful regulation of medicinal drugs, issues related to misuse
and abuse persist. Drug misuse occurs when people take medication incorrectly
—whether by taking the wrong dose, using someone else’s prescription, or com-
bining drugs that should not be used together. Misuse can result in harmful side
effects, reduced effectiveness of the drug, or even serious health risks such as
overdose. Drug abuse, on the other hand, refers to the intentional use of drugs
for non-medical purposes, often to achieve a euphoric effect. This type of abuse
is most common with painkillers and other narcotics, which can lead to addic -
tion, long-term health damage, or death.
Opioid addiction, in particular, has become a significant public health crisis
in recent years. Prescription opioids, such as oxycodone and hydrocodone, are
effective at treating severe pain but carry a high risk of addiction. Many people
who are prescribed opioids for legitimate medical reasons end up developing a
dependency on the drug, leading to abuse and, in some cases, transitioning to
illegal substances such as heroin. Addressing the opioid crisis has required a
multifaceted approach, including better education for doctors and patients about
the risks of opioids, stricter regulations on prescribing practices, and increased
access to addiction treatment programs.
Patient responsibility plays a critical role in the safe use of medicinal drugs.
Whether taking OTC or prescription medications, individuals must be aware of
the importance of following medical advice and dosage instructions. This in-
cludes understanding the potential side effects of a medication, being aware of
possible interactions with other drugs or supplements, and knowing when to
seek medical help if an adverse reaction occurs. Patients also need to communic-
ate openly with their healthcare providers about any concerns they have regard-
ing their medication, such as possible side effects or the effectiveness of the
treatment.
Self-medication, the practice of treating oneself without consulting a
healthcare professional, is another area of concern. While self-medication with
OTC drugs for minor health issues is common, it can become dangerous when
individuals rely on it for more serious conditions or ignore symptoms that re-
quire medical attention. The overuse of antibiotics, for instance, is a significant
problem. Antibiotics are intended to treat bacterial infections, but they are often
misused by people who self-diagnose or take them for viral infections, such as
the common cold, where they are ineffective. This misuse contributes to the
growing issue of antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become resistant to the
effects of the medication, making it harder to treat infections in the future.
 Another key issue in the use of medicinal drugs is the placebo effect,
which occurs when a patient experiences a perceived improvement in their con-
dition despite taking a non-active substance. The placebo effect highlights the
power of belief in the healing process. In clinical trials, placebos are often used
to determine the true efficacy of a drug, by comparing the effects of the actual
medication with those of a placebo. Interestingly, the placebo effect can still
lead to real improvements in some cases, showing that the psychological com-
ponent of treatment is a crucial aspect of overall health and recovery.
The role of technology in the field of medicine has also influenced the de-
velopment and monitoring of medicinal drugs. Telemedicine and digital health
platforms have made it easier for patients to consult with healthcare providers
remotely, manage their prescriptions, and receive personalized advice on medic-
ation use. Meanwhile, advancements in biotechnology have led to the develop-
ment of more targeted drugs, designed to treat specific conditions with fewer
side effects. Personalized medicine, which tailors treatments based on an indi-
vidual’s genetic makeup, is also becoming more common, offering the possibil-
ity of more effective treatments with fewer risks.
In conclusion, medicinal drugs are a powerful tool in maintaining and im-
proving health, but their safe and effective use requires a combination of sci-
entific knowledge, regulatory oversight, and personal responsibility. While
healthcare professionals play a crucial role in prescribing and advising on med-
ication, patients must take an active role in understanding and following the
guidelines for drug use. As the field of medicine continues to evolve, ongoing
education, awareness, and open communication between patients and healthcare
providers will remain essential for maximizing the benefits of medicinal drugs
while minimizing their risks.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is the main difference between over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and
prescription drugs?
A) OTC drugs are only available online.
B) Prescription drugs are stronger and require a doctor’s authorization,
while OTC drugs can be bought without a prescription.
C) Prescription drugs are cheaper than OTC drugs.
D) OTC drugs are always more effective than prescription drugs.
2. Why are generic drugs generally cheaper than brand-name drugs?
A) They are less effective.
B) They are produced after the patent on a brand-name drug expires, allow-
ing for competition.
C) They contain fewer active ingredients.
D) They are not regulated by health agencies.
3. How do regulatory agencies like the FDA or EMA ensure the safety of
medicinal drugs?
A) By selling the drugs directly to patients.
B) By reviewing clinical trial data and monitoring the safety of drugs after
they are released to the market.
C) By setting the price for all medications.
D) By conducting surgeries using the drugs.
4. What is a significant risk associated with the misuse of prescription
opioids?
A) Patients can become more resistant to all medications.
B) Patients may develop an addiction, leading to abuse and potential use of
illegal substances.
C) The drugs become less effective over time.
D) Patients will never recover from their original health condition.
5. What role does the placebo effect play in clinical trials?
A) It is used to treat patients who refuse real medication.
 B) It is a psychological phenomenon where patients feel better after taking
a non-active substance, helping researchers compare the effects of real drugs.
C) It is a form of medication that mimics the effects of drugs without side
effects.
D) It is a medical device used to measure drug effectiveness.
Part 2: True/False
1. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are always safe to use without any risks.
(True/False)
2. Drug abuse typically involves using medications for non-medical pur-
poses, often leading to addiction. (True/False)
3. Self-medication is always safe and should be encouraged for serious
health conditions. (True/False)
4. The placebo effect demonstrates the psychological impact of belief in the
healing process. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Generic drugs a) Medications that contain the same active
ingredients as brand-name drugs but are sold at
lower prices.
2. Prescription b) Medications that require a doctor’s authoriz-
drugs ation and are typically used for more serious health
conditions.
3. Opioid crisis c) A public health issue involving the abuse of
prescription painkillers, leading to addiction and
overdoses.
4. Antibiotic res- d) A growing problem caused by the misuse of
istance antibiotics, where bacteria become resistant to treat-
ments.
5. Telemedicine e) The use of digital platforms to consult with
healthcare providers and manage prescriptions re-
motely.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. Why is it important for patients to follow dosage instructions when using
prescription drugs?
2. How can self-medication with antibiotics contribute to the problem of
antibiotic resistance?
3. What are the key roles of regulatory agencies like the FDA in the ap-
proval and monitoring of drugs?
4. How does technology, such as telemedicine, improve patient access to
medicinal drugs and healthcare?
 Task 30
Visiting Art Institutions for Self-Education: A Journey of Personal
Growth
Art institutions, such as museums, galleries, and cultural centers, play a
vital role in the cultural and intellectual development of individuals. These
spaces serve not only as repositories for artistic masterpieces but also as dy-
namic places for learning, reflection, and personal growth. Visiting such institu-
tions offers an opportunity for self-education, allowing individuals to deepen
their understanding of history, culture, and creative expression. Whether one is
an artist, a student, or simply someone curious about the world, art institutions
provide invaluable resources for intellectual and emotional enrichment.
Self-education, the process of acquiring knowledge through independent
study, has become increasingly popular in the modern world, where access to
information is more abundant than ever. While books, documentaries, and on-
line courses are common resources, art institutions offer a unique form of learn-
ing that cannot be replicated in other formats. When people visit an art museum
or gallery, they engage with physical artifacts, paintings, sculptures, and installa-
tions that represent the artistic and cultural heritage of different societies. Unlike
reading about art in a book, experiencing art firsthand allows for a sensory con-
nection that fosters a deeper emotional and intellectual response.
One of the most significant benefits of visiting art institutions is the oppor-
tunity to explore a wide variety of artistic styles, genres, and periods. Museums
often house collections that span centuries, from ancient artifacts to contempor-
ary works. This exposure to a range of artistic movements helps visitors under-
stand the evolution of human creativity and how historical events, cultural shifts,
and technological advancements have influenced artistic expression. For ex-
ample, a visit to an art museum with a strong collection of Renaissance paintings
offers insight into how religion, science, and politics of the time shaped the way
artists approached themes of spirituality, nature, and human existence.
 In addition to traditional art museums, contemporary galleries offer a win-
dow into the latest trends and ideas shaping the modern art world. These spaces
often host temporary exhibitions featuring up-and-coming artists or experi-
mental works that challenge traditional notions of art. Visitors to such galleries
can engage with themes that reflect current social, political, and environmental
concerns, encouraging critical thinking and debate. By interacting with contem-
porary art, individuals can develop a deeper understanding of the issues that are
shaping society today, all while reflecting on their own views and values.
Art institutions also provide opportunities for learning that extend beyond
simply viewing artworks. Many museums and galleries offer guided tours, edu-
cational programs, workshops, and lectures, all of which enhance the visitor’s
experience. These resources help contextualize the art on display, offering back-
ground information on the artists, the historical period, and the techniques used.
For someone interested in self-education, attending a workshop or a lecture by
an art historian can provide invaluable insight into the creative process, as well
as the social and cultural significance of the works being discussed. By particip-
ating in these programs, visitors are not merely passive observers but active
learners engaging with the material in meaningful ways.
Another important aspect of self-education through art institutions is the
development of critical thinking skills. Viewing art requires interpretation and
analysis, encouraging individuals to question what they see and form their own
conclusions. When looking at a painting, for instance, a viewer might consider
the artist’s use of color, composition, and symbolism, while also thinking about
the cultural or historical context in which the work was created. This process of
interpretation fosters independent thinking, helping individuals develop their
ability to analyze and critique not only art but other areas of knowledge as well.
Art can also evoke strong emotional responses, which adds another layer to
the learning process. The power of art to convey human experiences, emotions,
and ideas allows visitors to connect with the works on a personal level. For
some, seeing a particular painting or sculpture might spark memories or emo-
tions that resonate with their own life experiences. This emotional connection
can lead to greater empathy, as art often reflects universal themes such as love,
loss, hope, and struggle. In this way, art institutions serve as spaces for both in-
tellectual and emotional exploration, helping individuals grow in self-awareness
and understanding.
In today’s digital age, where much of our learning happens online, visiting
physical art institutions offers a unique experience that cannot be replicated in a
virtual environment. The tactile, spatial, and immersive qualities of art are best
appreciated in person, where visitors can fully engage with the scale, texture,
and atmosphere of the works on display. For example, standing in front of a
large mural or installation can create a sense of awe and wonder that is difficult
to achieve through a screen. This direct engagement with art can inspire creativ-
ity and curiosity, encouraging individuals to explore new ideas and ways of
thinking.
Beyond the individual benefits, visiting art institutions for self-education
also has broader cultural and social implications. Art institutions preserve cul-
tural heritage and make it accessible to the public, allowing visitors to learn
about different civilizations, time periods, and artistic traditions. By exploring
diverse artistic expressions, individuals can gain a greater appreciation for the
richness of human history and the ways in which different cultures have shaped
the world. This exposure to diverse perspectives fosters cultural understanding
and empathy, as visitors recognize the commonalities and differences that define
the human experience.
In addition, art institutions often serve as hubs for community engagement.
Many museums and galleries organize events that bring people together,
whether for exhibition openings, artist talks, or workshops. These gatherings
provide a platform for individuals to exchange ideas, discuss their interpreta-
tions of the artworks, and build connections with others who share similar in-
terests. For those seeking to expand their knowledge and social networks, parti-
cipating in these events can be a valuable aspect of the self-education process.
 However, self-education through art institutions requires a proactive and
open-minded approach. Unlike formal education settings, where learning is
structured and guided by teachers or instructors, self-education is largely self-
directed. Visitors must take the initiative to explore the exhibits, ask questions,
and seek out additional resources to deepen their understanding. It’s important to
approach art with curiosity and a willingness to engage with unfamiliar or chal-
lenging ideas. By doing so, individuals can gain a more nuanced understanding
of the world around them, as well as their own place within it.
Moreover, the benefits of visiting art institutions are not limited to those
with a background in art. People from all walks of life can find value in explor-
ing these spaces, as art speaks to universal themes and experiences. Whether
someone is a novice or an experienced art enthusiast, each visit to a museum or
gallery offers something new to learn or reflect on. For example, a first-time vis-
itor to a gallery might discover a new favorite artist, while a seasoned visitor
might gain fresh insights by seeing familiar works in a different context.
In conclusion, visiting art institutions for self-education is a rewarding and
enriching experience that offers a unique blend of intellectual, emotional, and
cultural learning. These institutions provide opportunities to explore a wide
range of artistic styles and periods, engage with contemporary social issues, and
develop critical thinking and emotional awareness. By taking an active approach
to learning, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation for art, culture, and hu-
man history, all while enhancing their own personal growth. Whether through
solitary reflection or community engagement, art institutions serve as valuable
spaces for lifelong learning and self-discovery.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. Why is visiting an art institution considered a valuable method for self-
education?
A) It allows people to take free classes.
 B) It offers hands-on experiences with art that cannot be replicated by
books or online resources.
C) It is the only way to learn about ancient civilizations.
D) It provides access to online lectures and workshops.
2. How do contemporary galleries differ from traditional art museums?
A) Contemporary galleries focus exclusively on historical art.
B) Contemporary galleries often display experimental or modern works
that challenge traditional ideas of art.
C) They do not offer educational programs or workshops.
D) They only feature art from the Renaissance period.
3. What is the role of emotional responses when visiting art institutions?
A) Emotions are irrelevant to the learning process.
B) Emotional responses help visitors connect personally with the artwork
and can lead to greater self-awareness.
C) Visitors should avoid emotions and focus only on technical aspects of
art.
D) Emotional reactions are only important when viewing abstract art.
4. How can participating in programs and workshops at art institutions en-
hance the learning experience?
A) They allow visitors to ask questions directly to the artists.
B) They provide deeper context for the art on display, allowing for a more
comprehensive understanding of the works.
C) They are less important than simply viewing the artwork.
D) They are only useful for those with a professional background in art.
5. What is one way that art institutions contribute to cultural and social un-
derstanding?
A) By teaching visitors how to create art.
B) By preserving cultural heritage and exposing visitors to diverse artistic
traditions.
C) By promoting only local artists.
 D) By focusing on a single artistic movement.
Part 2: True/False
1. Self-education through art institutions requires visitors to be proactive in
seeking knowledge and engaging with the material. (True/False)
2. Visiting art institutions is only beneficial for people with an academic
background in art history. (True/False)
3. The emotional connection to artwork can enhance the learning process
and foster personal growth. (True/False)
4. Art institutions are primarily focused on selling art rather than providing
educational opportunities. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Contemporary art gal- a) Spaces that often host modern and ex-
leries perimental works, reflecting current social and
political issues.
2. Emotional connection b) A personal reaction to art that can lead
to art to greater empathy and self-awareness.

3. Workshops and lec- c) Educational programs that provide

tures background information on the art and enhance
the visitor’s understanding.
4. Self-directed learning d) The proactive process of acquiring
knowledge by exploring exhibitions and seek-
ing additional resources independently.
5. Cultural preservation e) The role of art institutions in maintain-
ing and showcasing artistic traditions from
various civilizations.
Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does visiting an art museum or gallery offer a unique experience
that differs from learning about art through books or online resources?
2. Why are critical thinking and interpretation important when viewing art-
work in an art institution?
3. How do art institutions foster a sense of community and social engage-
ment?
 4. What are some of the benefits of participating in educational programs,
such as workshops or lectures, during a visit to an art institution?
Task 31
The Role of Sports in Society and Individual Life
Sports have long held a central role in human life, transcending geograph-
ical, cultural, and social boundaries. Whether on a professional or amateur level,
sports bring people together, foster a sense of community, and promote physical
and mental well-being. They also provide a platform for individual develop-
ment, offering participants opportunities to build resilience, teamwork, and dis-
cipline. The significance of sports extends far beyond entertainment; it impacts
society by shaping values, encouraging social interaction, and contributing to the
physical and emotional health of individuals.
One of the most visible impacts of sports on society is the way it fosters
unity and brings people from diverse backgrounds together. International sport-
ing events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup illustrate how
sports can unite entire nations, as people come together to support their national
teams. During these events, people set aside political, cultural, and even reli-
gious differences to celebrate the achievements of athletes who represent their
countries on the global stage. The excitement and passion generated by these
events create a shared experience that transcends individual differences and
fosters a sense of collective identity.
At the local level, sports serve as an important community-building tool.
Local clubs, amateur leagues, and school teams provide opportunities for indi-
viduals to come together, compete, and socialize. These settings often serve as
spaces for people to connect, form friendships, and develop a sense of belong-
ing. Participation in community sports fosters social cohesion by bringing to-
gether people who might not otherwise interact in their daily lives. In this way,
sports help break down social barriers and promote inclusivity. Additionally,
sports-related activities can have positive economic impacts, particularly in
small towns or cities where local teams and sports events attract visitors and
generate revenue for businesses.
While sports play an essential role in building communities and strengthen-
ing social bonds, they also offer significant personal benefits. Physical health is
perhaps the most obvious advantage of engaging in sports. Regular physical
activity helps individuals maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular
health, build muscle strength, and increase flexibility. Participation in sports also
reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.
For children and adolescents, involvement in sports helps establish lifelong
habits of physical activity, which contribute to better overall health in adulthood.
However, the benefits of sports are not limited to physical health. Engaging
in sports also promotes mental well-being. Physical exercise has been shown to
reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, improve mood, and increase self-
esteem. This is partly due to the release of endorphins, often referred to as the
body’s “feel-good” hormones, which occur during physical activity. Moreover,
the structured nature of sports provides individuals with goals to work toward,
which can foster a sense of purpose and achievement. Overcoming challenges,
setting personal records, and experiencing victories, whether large or small, con-
tribute to improved mental resilience and emotional well-being.
Beyond physical and mental health, sports also play a vital role in develop-
ing important life skills. Participating in team sports, for instance, teaches indi-
viduals the value of cooperation and teamwork. In many sports, success is not
determined by individual talent alone but by how well team members commu-
nicate and collaborate toward a common goal. Learning to work with others,
handle both victory and defeat gracefully, and support teammates are valuable
skills that extend beyond the playing field and into personal and professional
life.
In individual sports such as running, swimming, or martial arts, athletes
learn self-discipline and goal-setting. These sports require participants to take
responsibility for their own progress, often pushing themselves to achieve per-
sonal bests. The self-discipline required to train regularly, even when motivation
is low, helps individuals build perseverance. These traits are not only crucial for
athletic success but also for personal growth, as they encourage individuals to
stay focused on their goals and overcome obstacles.
Sports also play an important educational role, particularly for young
people. Schools often incorporate sports into their curricula, recognizing the
value of physical education in promoting a balanced lifestyle. Organized sports
activities teach children important lessons in time management, responsibility,
and dedication. Many schools use sports to teach the value of fair play, honesty,
and respect for others. In this way, sports become a vehicle for instilling moral
values and ethical principles, preparing young people to navigate the complexit-
ies of life both on and off the field.
In addition to personal development, sports have the power to challenge
societal norms and bring about social change. Athletes, both amateur and profes-
sional, often serve as role models, and their actions can inspire movements for
equality and justice. For example, many athletes have used their platforms to
speak out against racial discrimination, gender inequality, or political oppres-
sion. Their influence extends beyond sports, encouraging broader conversations
about social justice and human rights. In recent years, sports have increasingly
been recognized as a platform for promoting inclusion, diversity, and equality,
particularly in campaigns that challenge stereotypes related to gender and race.
However, the world of sports is not without its challenges. The commer-
cialization of sports, particularly at the professional level, has introduced issues
related to corruption, doping, and unequal access to opportunities. For instance,
athletes from economically disadvantaged backgrounds may struggle to access
the training and resources needed to compete at higher levels. Similarly, gender
disparities persist in many sports, with female athletes often receiving less re-
cognition, funding, and media coverage than their male counterparts. Addressing
these issues requires a commitment from sports organizations, governments, and
communities to promote fairness, transparency, and equal access for all parti-
cipants.
Despite these challenges, the positive impact of sports on society and indi-
viduals remains undeniable. The global reach of sports and its ability to tran-
scend cultural and social differences make it a powerful force for good. It en-
courages physical and mental well-being, builds social cohesion, promotes im-
portant life skills, and serves as a platform for social change. Whether through
informal games played in parks or highly organized professional leagues, sports
continue to enrich the lives of individuals and communities around the world.
For individuals, the benefits of participating in sports go beyond physical
fitness. Sports offer an opportunity for personal growth, teaching valuable les-
sons about perseverance, discipline, and teamwork. They also provide a way to
cope with stress and improve mental health. Whether participating in competit-
ive sports or simply enjoying physical activity for fun, the lessons learned
through sports can be applied to many areas of life, including education, career,
and personal relationships.
In conclusion, the role of sports in society and individual life is vast and
multifaceted. From promoting health and well-being to fostering social connec-
tions and challenging societal norms, sports are a vital aspect of human culture.
Their influence extends far beyond the playing field, shaping individuals' char-
acter, values, and attitudes. By continuing to promote the positive aspects of
sports while addressing its challenges, societies can ensure that sports remain a
force for unity, progress, and personal development for generations to come.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the most visible societal impacts of sports?
A) They help athletes make money quickly.
B) They foster unity and bring people from diverse backgrounds together.
C) They encourage people to only focus on individual achievements.
D) They limit the interaction between people from different cultures.
 2. How do sports contribute to physical health?
A) They replace the need for a healthy diet.
B) They encourage regular physical activity, which improves cardiovascu-
lar health and reduces the risk of chronic diseases.
C) They have no effect on physical health.
D) They are only useful for professional athletes.
3. In what way do team sports promote personal development?
A) By teaching individuals how to work alone to achieve their goals.
B) By fostering cooperation, teamwork, and communication, which are im-
portant skills in personal and professional life.
C) By encouraging players to focus only on winning.
D) By allowing individuals to avoid responsibility for their actions.
4. How have athletes used their platforms to promote social change?
A) By focusing only on winning and avoiding social issues.
B) By using their influence to raise awareness about racial discrimination,
gender inequality, and political issues.
C) By encouraging more commercialization of sports.
D) By avoiding participation in any public debates or movements.
5. What is one of the challenges faced in the world of sports today?
A) Athletes are receiving too much recognition in the media.
B) Gender disparities, commercial corruption, and unequal access to re-
sources are ongoing issues in sports.
C) The focus is only on individual sports rather than team sports.
D) Sports organizations have successfully eliminated all issues of inequal-
ity and corruption.
Part 2: True/False
1. Sports can help promote social cohesion by bringing people together
from different backgrounds. (True/False)
2. Participation in sports is only beneficial for physical health and has no
impact on mental well-being. (True/False)
 3. Professional athletes often use their influence to raise awareness about
important social issues. (True/False)
4. Gender disparities in sports have been completely eliminated, with equal
recognition and funding for male and female athletes. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Physical health a) Involves improved cardiovascular health,
benefits of sports reduced risk of chronic diseases, and increased
strength.
2. Mental health be- b) Includes reduced anxiety and depression,
nefits of sports improved mood, and enhanced self-esteem.

3. Team sports c) Encourage cooperation, teamwork, and

the ability to work toward common goals with
others.
4. Social change in d) Athletes using their platforms to chal-
sports lenge issues such as racial discrimination and
gender inequality.
5. Challenges in e) Issues such as corruption, doping, gender
sports inequality, and unequal access to resources.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do sports foster social cohesion and community engagement?
2. In what ways do sports contribute to personal development and the
building of life skills?
3. What are some of the key challenges faced by athletes and sports organ-
izations today?
4. Why is it important for societies to promote the positive aspects of sports
while addressing its challenges?
 Task 32
Environmental Protection: Challenges and Responsibilities
Environmental protection has become one of the most pressing issues of
the 21st century. The rapid pace of industrialization, urbanization, and popula-
tion growth has led to significant environmental degradation, threatening eco-
systems, wildlife, and human health. As the effects of climate change, deforesta-
tion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity become more evident, societies around
the world are increasingly recognizing the need to take action to preserve the
natural world. Environmental protection is not just about safeguarding nature; it
is about ensuring a sustainable future for all living beings. Addressing these
challenges requires collective efforts at the global, national, and individual
levels, with a focus on balancing human activities and the health of the planet.
One of the most urgent environmental challenges is climate change, which
is primarily driven by the increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide
(CO₂), methane, and nitrous oxide, resulting from human activities like burning
fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. The warming of the Earth’s
atmosphere has led to rising global temperatures, melting polar ice caps, and
more frequent extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods.
These changes are already having severe consequences for ecosystems and hu-
man populations, particularly in vulnerable regions. For example, small island
nations are at risk of disappearing due to rising sea levels, while droughts and
floods are disrupting agriculture in many parts of the world, threatening food
security.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical to mitigating the effects of
climate change. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to
transition away from fossil fuels and embrace renewable energy sources, such as
solar, wind, and hydropower. Many countries have pledged to reduce their car-
bon footprints under international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement,
which aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial
levels. However, progress has been slow, and many experts argue that more am-
bitious actions are needed to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. These
actions include transitioning to electric vehicles, investing in green infrastruc-
ture, and supporting reforestation projects that absorb carbon from the atmo-
sphere.
In addition to climate change, deforestation is a major environmental issue
that threatens biodiversity and disrupts ecosystems. Forests play a vital role in
regulating the Earth’s climate by absorbing CO₂, maintaining the water cycle,
and providing habitat for countless species. However, large areas of forests are
being cleared each year for agriculture, logging, and urban expansion. The loss
of forests not only contributes to climate change by reducing the planet’s ability
to absorb carbon, but it also leads to the extinction of plant and animal species
that rely on these ecosystems. The destruction of tropical rainforests, such as the
Amazon, is particularly concerning, as these regions contain some of the most
biodiverse areas on Earth.
Efforts to combat deforestation include promoting sustainable forestry
practices, reforesting degraded lands, and enforcing laws that protect en-
dangered forests. Many countries have introduced regulations to limit illegal
logging and encourage the use of certified sustainable timber. Additionally, re-
forestation projects aim to restore degraded ecosystems and create carbon sinks
that help mitigate the effects of climate change. Reforestation efforts are particu-
larly important in tropical regions, where the rapid loss of trees has had devastat-
ing environmental consequences.
Pollution is another critical issue that affects both the environment and hu-
man health. Pollution can take many forms, including air pollution, water con-
tamination, and soil degradation. Air pollution, which is caused by emissions
from vehicles, factories, and power plants, poses a serious threat to public
health, particularly in urban areas. The inhalation of pollutants such as particu-
late matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) can lead to
respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and even premature death. Children, the
elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are particularly vul-
nerable to the effects of air pollution.
Water pollution, caused by the release of harmful substances such as chem-
icals, plastics, and waste into rivers, lakes, and oceans, also has far-reaching
consequences. Polluted water sources can harm aquatic life, disrupt ecosystems,
and endanger human populations that rely on these water sources for drinking
and agriculture. Plastic pollution is particularly concerning, as millions of tons
of plastic waste enter the oceans each year, forming large floating garbage
patches and endangering marine animals, which often mistake plastic for food.
Addressing pollution requires stronger regulations, improved waste management
systems, and public awareness campaigns that encourage more responsible con-
sumption and disposal of materials.
Another environmental challenge is the loss of biodiversity, which refers
to the decline in the number of species and ecosystems on the planet. Biod-
iversity is essential for the health of ecosystems, as each species plays a unique
role in maintaining balance within its environment. The loss of biodiversity can
disrupt food chains, reduce ecosystem resilience, and lead to the collapse of en-
tire habitats. Human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overex-
ploitation of resources have accelerated the rate of species extinction, with many
experts warning that we are currently experiencing the sixth mass extinction in
Earth’s history.
Conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species and preserve biod-
iversity by establishing protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife re-
serves, and regulating hunting, fishing, and other activities that threaten wildlife.
International agreements, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), encourage countries to take action to preserve their natural heritage and
promote sustainable development practices that minimize harm to the environ-
ment. Additionally, education and awareness campaigns are essential in encour-
aging individuals to adopt more environmentally friendly behaviors and support
conservation initiatives.
 At the individual level, personal responsibility is a crucial aspect of envir-
onmental protection. While large-scale government policies and corporate ac-
tions are essential in addressing environmental challenges, individuals also play
a role in reducing their environmental impact. Simple actions such as reducing
energy consumption, recycling, and using public transportation can contribute to
lowering carbon footprints and reducing pollution. Additionally, supporting en-
vironmentally conscious businesses, reducing plastic use, and adopting sustain-
able dietary practices, such as eating less meat or choosing organic products, can
make a difference in protecting the environment.
Environmental education is key to raising awareness about the importance
of environmental protection. Schools, universities, and community organizations
can play an important role in teaching people of all ages about the value of biod-
iversity, the dangers of climate change, and the importance of sustainable living.
By fostering a sense of responsibility for the environment, education can inspire
individuals to take action and advocate for stronger environmental policies at the
local, national, and global levels.
Despite the many challenges facing the environment, there are reasons for
hope. Advances in technology, such as the development of clean energy sources,
more efficient waste management systems, and innovations in sustainable agri-
culture, offer promising solutions to environmental problems. Additionally, the
growing global environmental movement, driven by young activists, scientists,
and concerned citizens, is putting pressure on governments and corporations to
take action.
In conclusion, environmental protection is a multifaceted issue that requires
a comprehensive and coordinated approach. The challenges posed by climate
change, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss are significant, but they
are not insurmountable. By taking responsibility for our actions, supporting sus-
tainable practices, and advocating for stronger environmental policies, individu-
als and societies can work together to create a more sustainable and healthy fu-
ture for all living beings. The choices we make today will determine the health
of the planet for generations to come.

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. What is one of the primary causes of climate change?
A) Overpopulation
B) Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning
fossil fuels
C) Deforestation in small rural areas
D) Natural fluctuations in Earth’s temperature
2. How does deforestation contribute to climate change?
A) It increases rainfall in forested areas.
B) It reduces the Earth’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide, a major green-
house gas.
C) It only affects local ecosystems and has no impact on global climate.
D) It primarily benefits agricultural growth.
3. What is one of the main concerns regarding water pollution?
A) It only affects industrial areas.
B) It leads to the extinction of land animals.
C) Polluted water harms aquatic life and disrupts ecosystems, endangering
humans who rely on these water sources.
D) Water pollution has been largely solved by modern waste management
systems.
4. Why is the loss of biodiversity a critical issue?
A) It reduces the number of pets people can keep at home.
B) Biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem balance, and its de-
cline threatens food chains and ecosystem resilience.
C) It only affects small, isolated ecosystems.
D) It improves agricultural efficiency and production.
5. What role do individuals play in protecting the environment?
 A) Individuals cannot influence environmental protection; it is solely the
responsibility of governments.
B) Individuals can take simple actions like reducing energy consumption,
recycling, and supporting environmentally conscious businesses.
C) Personal actions have no significant impact on global environmental
issues.
D) Individuals should only focus on advocating for government policies
without making personal changes.
Part 2: True/False
1. Climate change is caused primarily by natural processes, and human
activities have little to no impact. (True/False)
2. Reforestation projects help combat climate change by restoring ecosys-
tems and increasing carbon absorption. (True/False)
3. Air pollution is a major concern because it can lead to serious health
problems, particularly in urban areas. (True/False)
4. Biodiversity loss does not affect humans or the balance of ecosystems.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Greenhouse gases a) Emissions such as carbon dioxide and
methane that contribute to global warming and
climate change.
2. Deforestation b) The removal of large areas of forests for
agriculture, logging, or urban expansion, leading
to environmental degradation.
3. Paris Agreement c) An international accord aimed at limiting
global warming to well below 2°C above pre-in-
dustrial levels.
4. Biodiversity loss d) The decline in the number of species and
ecosystems, leading to disruption in food chains
and reduced ecosystem resilience.
5. Personal respons- e) Actions taken by individuals, such as re-
ibility ducing energy use and recycling, to reduce their
environmental impact.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does pollution affect both the environment and human health?
2. What are some of the ways that deforestation negatively impacts the en-
vironment?
3. How can individuals contribute to environmental protection in their daily
lives?
4. Why is raising awareness about environmental issues important for long-
term sustainability?
 Task 33
Eco-Tourism: Balancing Adventure and Conservation
Eco-tourism has emerged as one of the most popular forms of travel in re-
cent years, reflecting a growing global awareness of the need to protect the en-
vironment while still enjoying the beauty of natural landscapes. Unlike tradi-
tional tourism, which can often have a negative impact on ecosystems and local
communities, eco-tourism is rooted in the principles of sustainability, conserva-
tion, and respect for local cultures. It offers travelers an opportunity to experi-
ence nature responsibly, while also contributing to the preservation of the envir-
onment and supporting the well-being of local populations. Eco-tourism is more
than just a travel trend; it is a conscious effort to protect fragile ecosystems
while promoting education and awareness about environmental issues.
One of the main goals of eco-tourism is to minimize the ecological foot-
print of travelers. Traditional tourism often leads to environmental degradation
through practices such as deforestation, pollution, and the overuse of natural re-
sources. Large-scale resort construction, for example, frequently involves clear-
ing land, which destroys habitats and disrupts local ecosystems. Additionally,
mass tourism contributes to water pollution, littering, and the excessive con-
sumption of energy and water resources. In contrast, eco-tourism is designed to
have a low impact on the environment. Eco-lodges, for instance, are often built
using sustainable materials and operate with renewable energy sources like solar
or wind power. These accommodations are typically smaller and more integ-
rated into their natural surroundings, reducing the strain on local ecosystems.
Moreover, eco-tourism places a strong emphasis on conservation efforts.
Many eco-tourism destinations are located in protected areas, such as national
parks, wildlife reserves, or marine sanctuaries, where visitors can observe wild-
life and natural habitats in a responsible way. These areas are often home to en-
dangered species or fragile ecosystems that need careful protection from human
interference. By promoting eco-tourism in such areas, governments and conser-
vation organizations can generate revenue to fund conservation projects, re-
search, and environmental education programs. This creates a positive cycle,
where tourism directly supports the preservation of the very environments that
visitors come to see.
Eco-tourism also aims to benefit local communities by providing them with
sustainable economic opportunities. In many developing countries, where tradi-
tional tourism can lead to the exploitation of natural resources and local labor,
eco-tourism offers a more ethical alternative. It encourages local involvement in
the tourism industry, whether through the operation of eco-lodges, guiding ser-
vices, or the production of handicrafts and locally sourced food. By ensuring
that local people benefit directly from eco-tourism, this model of travel helps to
support livelihoods while reducing the pressure on local ecosystems.
One of the key principles of eco-tourism is education. Eco-tourism is not
simply about enjoying natural beauty; it is also about learning and raising aware-
ness about environmental conservation. Many eco-tourism destinations offer
educational programs that teach visitors about the local flora and fauna, the im-
portance of biodiversity, and the challenges facing the environment. Guided
tours led by experts or local community members provide an opportunity to
learn about the ecosystem and the conservation efforts in place to protect it.
These educational experiences aim to inspire visitors to take action in their own
lives, encouraging them to adopt more sustainable practices and become advoc-
ates for environmental protection.
However, eco-tourism is not without its challenges. While it is intended to
have a minimal impact on the environment, even small-scale tourism can have
unintended negative consequences if not managed properly. For example, an
influx of visitors to fragile ecosystems can lead to habitat disturbance, particu-
larly if tourists do not adhere to established guidelines or if the carrying capacity
of the area is exceeded. In some cases, the demand for eco-tourism has led to the
commercialization of natural areas, with an emphasis on profit over conserva-
tion. This has resulted in overcrowding, overdevelopment, and environmental
damage in certain locations that were once pristine.
 Another issue is the “greenwashing” of the tourism industry. As eco-tour-
ism has become more popular, some businesses and destinations have started
marketing themselves as environmentally friendly without actually adhering to
the core principles of sustainability. This misleading practice, known as green-
washing, can result in tourists believing they are participating in eco-friendly
travel, when in reality, their visit may still be contributing to environmental
harm. It is essential for eco-tourism operators to be transparent about their prac-
tices and for travelers to research destinations and accommodations carefully
before booking.
Despite these challenges, eco-tourism remains one of the most promising
forms of travel for those who want to experience nature responsibly and contrib-
ute to conservation efforts. For eco-tourism to be successful, it must be based on
genuine sustainability practices and include the active participation of local
communities in decision-making processes. This ensures that both the environ-
ment and the people who depend on it are protected in the long term. Addition-
ally, eco-tourism operators and governments must continue to monitor the envir-
onmental impact of tourism and implement measures to mitigate any negative
effects.
Travelers also play a critical role in the success of eco-tourism. They must
be willing to adopt responsible travel behaviors, such as following designated
trails, reducing waste, and respecting wildlife. Tourists should educate them-
selves about the environmental and cultural significance of the areas they are
visiting and adhere to guidelines set by local authorities and conservation organ-
izations. Simple actions like bringing reusable water bottles, avoiding plastic
waste, and choosing eco-friendly transportation options can make a significant
difference in reducing the environmental impact of travel.
Eco-tourism also has a role to play in combating climate change. As one of
the largest industries globally, tourism contributes significantly to carbon emis-
sions, particularly through air travel. However, by promoting eco-friendly trans-
portation options, such as trains, bicycles, or even walking, eco-tourism can help
reduce the carbon footprint of travel. Additionally, some eco-tourism operators
have introduced carbon offset programs, where travelers can compensate for
their carbon emissions by supporting reforestation or renewable energy projects.
While these measures are not a complete solution, they represent an important
step toward making travel more sustainable in a time of growing environmental
concern.
In conclusion, eco-tourism offers a sustainable and responsible alternative
to traditional tourism, one that prioritizes the protection of the environment, the
well-being of local communities, and the education of travelers. Although it is
not without its challenges, eco-tourism has the potential to play a key role in
global conservation efforts. By fostering a deeper connection between people
and nature, it encourages individuals to take responsibility for the environment
and inspires a greater sense of stewardship for the planet. As eco-tourism contin-
ues to grow, it is crucial that all stakeholders—governments, businesses, local
communities, and travelers—work together to ensure that tourism can be a force
for good in protecting the world’s most precious natural and cultural resources.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main goals of eco-tourism?
A) To build large resorts in natural areas
B) To minimize the ecological footprint of travelers and protect natural en-
vironments
C) To promote traditional tourism methods in developing countries
D) To encourage mass tourism in all parts of the world
2. How does eco-tourism benefit local communities?
A) By providing them with unsustainable economic opportunities
B) By allowing them to sell natural resources to tourists
C) By offering sustainable livelihoods through eco-lodges, guiding ser-
vices, and locally produced goods
D) By keeping tourists away from local areas to preserve nature
3. What is a key principle of eco-tourism?
 A) Focusing solely on the entertainment aspect of travel
B) Promoting educational experiences that raise awareness about environ-
mental conservation
C) Encouraging travelers to leave no trace at all in the environment
D) Ensuring that all tourists can access fragile ecosystems without restric-
tions
4. What is greenwashing, as discussed in the passage?
A) A practice where eco-tourism operators limit tourist access to protected
areas
B) The commercialization of natural areas for eco-tourism purposes
C) The misleading marketing of businesses as environmentally friendly
without actual sustainability practices
D) A method of reforestation used in eco-tourism destinations
5. What can travelers do to support eco-tourism principles?
A) Only visit large cities and avoid natural areas
B) Follow responsible travel behaviors, such as reducing waste and respect-
ing wildlife
C) Fly as frequently as possible to contribute to the local economy
D) Avoid learning about the environmental and cultural significance of the
places they visit
Part 2: True/False
1. Eco-tourism aims to minimize the environmental impact of travelers and
support conservation efforts. (True/False)
2. Eco-tourism mainly focuses on providing luxurious accommodations in
natural settings. (True/False)
3. Greenwashing is a genuine practice where companies make a strong ef-
fort to protect the environment. (True/False)
4. Travelers have no role in contributing to the success of eco-tourism.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
 Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Eco-lodges a) Sustainable accommodations that minimize
environmental impact and are often built with renew-
able energy sources.
2. Conservation b) Efforts to protect endangered ecosystems and
wildlife, often funded by eco-tourism activities.
3. Greenwashing c) A practice where businesses falsely claim to
be eco-friendly without adhering to sustainability
principles.
4. Carbon offset d) Programs that allow travelers to compensate
programs for their carbon emissions by supporting environ-
mental projects.
5. Education in e) Guided tours and programs that teach visitors
eco-tourism about the local ecosystem and conservation chal-
lenges.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How does eco-tourism differ from traditional tourism in terms of envir-
onmental impact?
2. What role do local communities play in the success of eco-tourism?
3. Why is it important for eco-tourism operators to be transparent about
their sustainability practices?
4. How can travelers contribute to reducing the carbon footprint associated
with eco-tourism?
 Task 34
The Impact of Scientific and Technological Progress on Human Life
and the Environment
Scientific and technological progress has transformed human life in count-
less ways, shaping the world we live in and defining the way we interact with
one another and our surroundings. Over the past century, advances in science
and technology have revolutionized industries, improved living standards, and
offered solutions to many of society’s challenges. From healthcare and trans-
portation to communication and energy production, these developments have
made life more convenient and productive. However, this progress has not come
without consequences. While technology has brought significant benefits to hu-
man life, it has also had profound impacts on the environment, raising questions
about sustainability and the future of the planet.
One of the most striking effects of technological progress is its influence on
communication. The invention of the telephone, followed by the internet and
smartphones, has dramatically changed how people connect with each other.
Today, individuals can communicate instantly across the globe, allowing for un-
precedented levels of collaboration, information sharing, and social interaction.
This interconnectedness has had a profound impact on education, business, and
entertainment, providing access to information and opportunities that were pre-
viously unimaginable. However, while digital communication has increased
connectivity, it has also contributed to social challenges such as information
overload, the spread of misinformation, and the erosion of privacy.
The impact of technology on transportation is another key area where ad-
vancements have transformed human life. The development of automobiles, air-
planes, and trains has made it easier to travel long distances in short periods, sig-
nificantly expanding the range of human mobility. Global travel has become
more accessible, allowing people to explore new cultures, engage in interna-
tional business, and foster global cooperation. However, the convenience of
modern transportation comes at an environmental cost. The widespread use of
fossil fuel-powered vehicles has led to increased carbon emissions, contributing
to climate change and air pollution. As a result, there has been growing interest
in developing more sustainable transportation solutions, such as electric
vehicles, hydrogen-powered transportation, and improved public transit systems.
In the field of healthcare, scientific and technological progress has saved
countless lives and improved the quality of life for millions of people. Advances
in medical research, pharmaceuticals, and diagnostic tools have led to the devel-
opment of life-saving treatments and vaccines, the eradication of certain dis-
eases, and a better understanding of human health. For example, the invention of
antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, while modern
imaging technologies like MRI and CT scans have allowed doctors to diagnose
and treat conditions more effectively. Additionally, technology has facilitated
the rise of telemedicine, enabling healthcare providers to reach patients in re-
mote areas and offering new ways to deliver medical care. However, the access-
ibility of these technologies remains uneven, particularly in low-income regions,
where healthcare infrastructure is less developed.
While technological advancements have improved human life in many
ways, they have also raised concerns about the environment. Industrialization,
driven by technological innovation, has led to the over-exploitation of natural
resources, deforestation, and pollution. Factories, power plants, and mining op-
erations have contributed to environmental degradation by releasing harmful
pollutants into the air, water, and soil. The extraction of raw materials for tech-
nological devices, such as rare earth metals for smartphones and computers, has
also resulted in habitat destruction and the depletion of non-renewable re-
sources.
One of the most pressing environmental challenges associated with techno-
logical progress is the issue of climate change. As industries and populations
have expanded, so too have the levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other green-
house gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to global warming
and more frequent extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and hur-
ricanes. Industrial processes, energy production, and transportation are major
sources of greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for more sustainable
technologies. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower,
offer promising alternatives to fossil fuels, but the transition to these cleaner
technologies has been slow, and the environmental impacts of renewable energy
production must also be considered.
The rise of technology has also contributed to the waste crisis. The rapid
pace of technological innovation has led to a culture of consumerism, where
electronic devices quickly become obsolete and are replaced by newer models.
This has resulted in a growing amount of electronic waste (e-waste), which con-
tains toxic materials that can harm the environment if not properly disposed of.
E-waste is often exported to developing countries, where it is dismantled in un-
safe conditions, posing risks to both the environment and human health. To ad-
dress this issue, some companies are adopting circular economy models, in
which products are designed to be reused, recycled, or repaired, reducing waste
and the need for new resources.
Despite the environmental challenges posed by scientific and technological
progress, technology also holds the potential to solve many of the problems it
has created. For example, advances in green technology aim to reduce the en-
vironmental impact of human activities by improving energy efficiency, redu-
cing waste, and developing cleaner production methods. Innovations in fields
such as agriculture, energy, and manufacturing are helping to make industries
more sustainable. Precision agriculture, which uses sensors and data analysis to
optimize crop yields and reduce water and pesticide use, is an example of how
technology can contribute to both environmental protection and food security.
Moreover, scientific research has improved our understanding of environ-
mental processes, enabling us to develop better strategies for conservation and
restoration. For instance, satellite technology allows scientists to monitor defor-
estation, track wildlife populations, and predict natural disasters, providing valu-
able data for environmental protection efforts. Genetic research is also contribut-
ing to conservation by helping scientists understand how species adapt to chan-
ging environments, which can inform strategies for protecting endangered spe-
cies.
The role of technology in human life and the environment is complex,
presenting both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, technological pro-
gress has greatly improved living standards, extended life expectancy, and
opened up new possibilities for communication, education, and healthcare. On
the other hand, these advancements have contributed to environmental degrada-
tion, resource depletion, and pollution. As we move forward, it is essential to
find a balance between technological development and environmental sustainab-
ility. This requires not only technological innovation but also changes in human
behavior, policies, and economic systems.
The future of technology and its impact on the environment will depend on
our ability to develop and implement sustainable solutions. Governments, busi-
nesses, and individuals all have a role to play in reducing the negative effects of
technology on the planet. This includes investing in renewable energy, support-
ing research into green technologies, and adopting more sustainable consump-
tion habits. By embracing innovation while remaining mindful of the environ-
mental consequences, it is possible to create a future where technology enhances
human life without compromising the health of the planet.
In conclusion, scientific and technological progress has had a profound im-
pact on both human life and the environment. While technology has improved
living standards, increased connectivity, and offered solutions to global chal-
lenges, it has also contributed to environmental degradation and the depletion of
natural resources. As we continue to develop new technologies, it is crucial to
prioritize sustainability and ensure that progress does not come at the expense of
the environment. By working together to create a more balanced relationship
between technological advancement and environmental protection, we can build
a future that benefits both people and the planet.
 Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main benefits of technological advancements in com-
munication?
A) It has slowed down the pace of global collaboration.
B) It has allowed people to connect instantly across the world, facilitating
collaboration and information sharing.
C) It has limited the spread of information and access to resources.
D) It has made personal communication less efficient.
2. How has technological progress in transportation affected the environ-
ment?
A) It has reduced carbon emissions by promoting air travel.
B) It has made transportation more convenient without causing environ-
mental harm.
C) It has led to increased carbon emissions and air pollution, contributing
to climate change.
D) It has had no significant impact on the environment.
3. What is one example of how technology has improved healthcare?
A) It has reduced the need for medical research.
B) It has limited access to life-saving treatments.
C) It has led to the development of life-saving treatments, such as antibiot-
ics and vaccines.
D) It has eliminated the need for doctors and medical professionals.
4. What is one of the major environmental challenges associated with tech-
nological progress?
A) The lack of technological innovation in agriculture.
B) The overuse of renewable energy sources.
C) The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting climate
change.
D) The absence of scientific research in environmental protection.
 5. How can technology contribute to solving the environmental challenges
it has created?
A) By promoting the use of non-renewable resources.
B) By developing green technologies that improve energy efficiency and
reduce waste.
C) By encouraging consumerism and faster technological upgrades.
D) By limiting research into sustainable practices.
Part 2: True/False
1. The rise of electronic waste is partly due to the rapid pace of technolo-
gical innovation and consumerism. (True/False)
2. Advances in communication technologies have decreased global con-
nectivity and limited information sharing. (True/False)
3. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are examples
of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. (True/False)
4. Technological progress has only had positive effects on the environment
and does not contribute to environmental degradation. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Telemedi- a) The use of technology to deliver healthcare
cine services remotely, improving access to medical care.

2. Greenhouse b) Emissions that trap heat in the atmosphere,

gases contributing to global warming and climate change.
3. E-waste c) Discarded electronic devices that contribute to
environmental pollution when not properly recycled.
4. Renewable d) Energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro-
energy power that offer alternatives to fossil fuels and reduce
carbon emissions.
5. Green tech- e) Innovations aimed at reducing environmental
nology impact by improving efficiency and sustainability in
industries such as agriculture and manufacturing.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How has technological progress contributed to environmental degrada-
tion?
2. What are some of the ways that renewable energy can help address the
issue of climate change?
3. What role do governments and individuals play in promoting the devel-
opment of green technologies?
4. Why is it important to balance technological advancement with environ-
mental sustainability?
 Task 35
Professional Qualities and Skills: Keys to Success in the Modern
Workplace
In today’s fast-paced and highly competitive work environment, possessing
the right professional qualities and skills is crucial for both personal career
growth and the success of an organization. Employers increasingly seek indi-
viduals who bring more than just technical expertise to the table. They look for
candidates who demonstrate a balance of hard skills, which are directly related
to job performance, and soft skills, which are more interpersonal and emotional
in nature. As industries evolve and new challenges emerge, the ability to adapt,
communicate effectively, and work collaboratively has become just as important
as specific technical knowledge. Developing a range of professional qualities
and skills not only enhances an individual’s employability but also ensures long-
term career progression.
One of the most essential professional qualities is adaptability. The mod-
ern workplace is constantly changing due to advancements in technology, shift-
ing market demands, and evolving organizational structures. Employees who
can adapt to new situations and quickly learn new skills are highly valued by
employers. Adaptability means being open to change, demonstrating flexibility
in problem-solving, and being willing to take on new roles or responsibilities.
For example, as businesses increasingly rely on digital tools and platforms, em-
ployees must continuously upgrade their technological skills to remain relevant
in their fields. A person who embraces lifelong learning is better equipped to
handle the uncertainties of the job market and to thrive in dynamic environ-
ments.
In addition to adaptability, communication skills are critical in nearly
every profession. Whether interacting with colleagues, clients, or managers, ef-
fective communication is essential for ensuring that information is conveyed
clearly and that ideas are understood. Communication includes both verbal and
written abilities, as well as non-verbal cues like body language and tone of
voice. Being able to explain complex concepts in simple terms, listen actively,
and respond appropriately in discussions can prevent misunderstandings and
contribute to smoother collaboration within teams. Strong communication skills
are particularly important for leadership positions, where the ability to inspire
and guide a team depends largely on the leader’s ability to articulate a clear vis-
ion and motivate others to achieve common goals.
Closely related to communication is emotional intelligence, which refers
to the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions while also being
sensitive to the emotions of others. High emotional intelligence enables indi-
viduals to navigate social interactions with empathy and to resolve conflicts in a
constructive manner. In the workplace, emotional intelligence fosters a positive
working environment, enhances teamwork, and improves overall job satisfac-
tion. Leaders with strong emotional intelligence are better at handling stress,
managing difficult situations, and building trusting relationships with their em-
ployees. Emotional intelligence has become a key differentiator in the work-
place, as it influences how individuals work with others and handle the emo-
tional complexities of professional life.
Another important skill in today’s job market is problem-solving. Employ-
ers seek candidates who can identify issues, think critically, and develop creat-
ive solutions to challenges. Problem-solving is not limited to addressing imme-
diate crises; it also involves proactive thinking, anticipating potential obstacles,
and finding ways to improve processes or outcomes. For example, in industries
like engineering, medicine, or information technology, the ability to analyze
data, evaluate different options, and implement effective solutions is crucial for
success. Strong problem-solving skills allow individuals to approach tasks with
confidence and help organizations stay competitive by continuously improving
operations and addressing inefficiencies.
Equally important is teamwork, which is increasingly emphasized as
workplaces become more collaborative. Many projects require input from vari-
ous departments, and individuals must be able to work effectively with col-
leagues who have different areas of expertise or perspectives. Successful team-
work depends on mutual respect, the ability to share ideas openly, and the will-
ingness to compromise when necessary. Those who excel at teamwork are able
to contribute their skills while also recognizing the value of others’ contribu-
tions. The ability to work as part of a team is especially important in remote or
hybrid work settings, where clear communication and collaboration are essential
despite physical distance.
Another critical quality in the professional world is time management.
With multiple tasks and deadlines to juggle, the ability to prioritize and manage
time efficiently is key to productivity. Time management involves setting clear
goals, breaking tasks into manageable parts, and staying organized to ensure that
deadlines are met without compromising the quality of work. Procrastination
and poor planning can lead to stress and decreased performance, so developing
time management strategies, such as creating to-do lists or using project man-
agement software, can help professionals stay on track. Time management is
especially important in fast-paced industries like finance, healthcare, and media,
where quick decision-making and timely execution are essential.
Leadership skills are also highly sought after, even for employees who are
not in formal leadership positions. Leadership involves the ability to influence,
motivate, and guide others toward achieving a common goal. Good leaders in-
spire trust, delegate tasks effectively, and create a supportive work environment
where team members can thrive. Leadership is not just about managing people;
it also involves strategic thinking and the ability to see the bigger picture.
Whether leading a team on a specific project or simply demonstrating leadership
qualities in everyday tasks, the ability to take initiative and drive results is a
valuable asset in any workplace.
In addition to these interpersonal and cognitive skills, technical expertise
remains a critical component of professional success. Depending on the in-
dustry, technical skills can range from proficiency in software and data analysis
to knowledge of engineering principles or medical procedures. However, in
many fields, technical skills alone are no longer enough to ensure career success.
The rapid pace of technological change means that professionals must continu-
ously update their skills to keep up with new developments. In fields like in-
formation technology, for example, coding languages, software platforms, and
cybersecurity protocols evolve quickly, and employees must stay informed
about the latest trends to remain competitive.
Finally, professionalism is a foundational quality that underpins all other
skills and behaviors in the workplace. Professionalism refers to the way indi-
viduals conduct themselves on the job, including their work ethic, reliability,
and respect for others. Professionals demonstrate a commitment to their roles by
showing up on time, meeting deadlines, and maintaining a positive attitude even
in challenging situations. They also uphold ethical standards and take responsib-
ility for their actions. Whether working independently or as part of a team,
maintaining a high level of professionalism earns respect from colleagues and
supervisors and contributes to a positive workplace culture.
In conclusion, professional qualities and skills are essential for success in
today’s job market, where adaptability, communication, teamwork, and prob-
lem-solving abilities are highly valued. As industries evolve and become more
interconnected, the ability to combine technical expertise with interpersonal
skills is increasingly important. Professionals who invest in developing a broad
range of qualities and skills are better positioned to navigate the complexities of
the modern workplace and achieve long-term career success. Whether working
in a leadership role or as part of a team, the combination of hard and soft skills is
the key to thriving in any professional environment.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the most essential professional qualities in a constantly
changing workplace?
A) Stubbornness
B) Adaptability
C) Individualism
 D) Passive learning
2. How do strong communication skills benefit professionals in the work-
place?
A) They ensure individuals never have to work in teams.
B) They help prevent misunderstandings and contribute to smooth collabor-
ation.
C) They allow employees to avoid difficult conversations.
D) They eliminate the need for emotional intelligence.
3. Why is emotional intelligence important in professional environments?
A) It helps individuals avoid social interactions.
B) It allows professionals to understand and manage their emotions, while
also being sensitive to others’ emotions.
C) It focuses only on improving technical skills.
D) It reduces the need for teamwork.
4. What does time management involve?
A) Procrastinating on tasks until the last minute.
B) Setting clear goals, staying organized, and prioritizing tasks to meet
deadlines.
C) Working without any deadlines.
D) Focusing only on small tasks without planning long-term projects.
5. How has the importance of technical expertise changed in modern indus-
tries?
A) Technical expertise is no longer relevant.
B) It remains critical but must be complemented by the continuous updat-
ing of skills and knowledge to keep up with industry changes.
C) It is the only skill required for success in any profession.
D) It has become less important than soft skills.
Part 2: True/False
1. Adaptability is important in the modern workplace because industries
and technologies are constantly evolving. (True/False)
 2. Leadership skills are only valuable for those in formal management posi-
tions. (True/False)
3. Strong problem-solving abilities involve only reacting to immediate
crises, not proactive thinking. (True/False)
4. Professionalism is demonstrated through work ethic, reliability, and re-
spect for others. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Adaptability a) The ability to adjust to changing situations
and learn new skills in a dynamic work environ-
ment.
2. Emotional intel- b) The ability to understand and manage
ligence emotions, navigate social interactions, and handle
conflicts constructively.
3. Problem-solving c) The skill of identifying challenges, think-
ing critically, and finding creative solutions to is-
sues.
4. Time manage- d) The practice of organizing tasks, setting
ment priorities, and meeting deadlines efficiently.

5. Leadership e) The ability to inspire, guide, and motivate

others toward achieving common goals.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. Why is teamwork important in modern work environments?
2. How can emotional intelligence contribute to a positive working envir-
onment?
3. What role does professionalism play in building respect and trust in the
workplace?
4. How does adaptability benefit both individuals and organizations in a
rapidly changing job market?
 Task 36
The Balance Between Healthy Eating and Unhealthy Habits
Maintaining a balanced diet is essential for good health and well-being. The
food we consume directly impacts our energy levels, mood, and overall health.
While eating healthy, nutritious food provides numerous benefits, indulging in
unhealthy foods and habits can have adverse effects on our bodies and minds.
Healthy food is rich in essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, proteins,
and fiber, which are necessary for the body to function properly. A diet that in-
cludes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy
fats is key to maintaining good health. These foods provide the body with the
energy it needs to perform daily activities, support the immune system, and re-
duce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
Fruits and vegetables are particularly important as they are packed with
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help protect the body from damage.
Whole grains, such as brown rice, oats, and quinoa, are excellent sources of
fiber, which aids in digestion and helps maintain a healthy weight. Lean pro-
teins, including chicken, fish, beans, and tofu, provide the building blocks for
muscles and tissues, while healthy fats, found in nuts, seeds, and avocados, are
essential for brain health and hormone production.
On the other hand, consuming unhealthy foods high in sugar, salt, and un-
healthy fats can lead to a variety of health issues. Processed foods, fast food, and
sugary drinks are often loaded with empty calories, which provide little to no
nutritional value. Regular consumption of these foods can lead to weight gain,
high blood pressure, and an increased risk of chronic diseases.
In addition to unhealthy food choices, bad habits such as overeating, skip-
ping meals, and eating late at night can also negatively impact health. Overeat-
ing, even when it involves healthy foods, can lead to weight gain and digestive
problems. Skipping meals, particularly breakfast, can slow down metabolism
and lead to overeating later in the day. Eating late at night disrupts the body's
natural rhythms and can contribute to weight gain and poor sleep quality.
 Achieving a healthy lifestyle requires finding a balance between eating nu-
tritious foods and avoiding unhealthy habits. Moderation is key—occasional in-
dulgences are not harmful as long as they are balanced with healthy eating and
regular physical activity. Being mindful of portion sizes, planning meals ahead,
and making conscious food choices can help maintain a balanced diet.
Moreover, staying hydrated, getting enough sleep, and managing stress are
also important components of a healthy lifestyle. Water is essential for digestion
and overall health, while adequate sleep and stress management play crucial
roles in maintaining energy levels and mental well-being.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main benefits of eating healthy and nutritious food?
A) It helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
B) It allows for more frequent indulgences in unhealthy foods.
C) It slows down the metabolism.
D) It encourages skipping meals.
2. Why are fruits and vegetables particularly important in a healthy diet?
A) They are low in calories and easy to digest.
B) They provide vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that protect the body.
C) They are the only source of healthy fats.
D) They are high in protein and fiber.
3. What is a potential consequence of regularly consuming unhealthy
foods?
A) Improved immune system function.
B) Increased risk of chronic diseases.
C) Enhanced energy levels.
D) Reduced blood pressure.
4. Which of the following is considered a bad habit that can negatively im-
pact health?
A) Drinking plenty of water.
B) Eating a balanced breakfast.
 C) Skipping meals.
D) Planning meals ahead.
5. What is the key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle according to the pas-
sage?
A) Completely avoiding all indulgent foods.
B) Exercising daily without considering diet.
C) Finding a balance between healthy eating and avoiding unhealthy habits.
D) Eating as much healthy food as possible.
6. How can overeating, even healthy foods, affect the body?
A) It can lead to improved digestion.
B) It can cause weight gain and digestive problems.
C) It boosts metabolism and energy levels.
D) It has no negative effects if the food is healthy.
Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. Whole grains are a good source of fiber, which aids in digestion. (True/
False)
2. Unhealthy foods are typically high in sugar, salt, and healthy fats.
(True/False)
3. Skipping breakfast can lead to overeating later in the day. (True/False)
4. Eating late at night can disrupt the body's natural rhythms and contribute
to weight gain. (True/False)
5. Drinking plenty of water is a bad habit that should be avoided. (True/
False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each type of food or habit with its corresponding description from
the passage.
1. Fruits and Veget- a) Packed with vitamins, minerals, and anti-
ables oxidants.

2. Processed Foods b) High in sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats.

 3. Lean Proteins c) Provide the building blocks for muscles
and tissues.
4. Overeating d) Can lead to weight gain and digestive
problems, even if the food is healthy.
5. Skipping Meals e) Can slow down metabolism and cause
overeating later.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main components of a healthy and nutritious diet?
2. Why is consuming processed foods regularly harmful to health?
3. How can bad eating habits, such as skipping meals, impact overall
health?
4. What is the importance of finding a balance between healthy eating and
occasional indulgences?
5. How do hydration, sleep, and stress management contribute to a healthy
lifestyle?
 Task 37
Maintaining Good Health: A Comprehensive Guide
Good health is one of the most valuable assets a person can have. It in-
volves taking care of your body through personal hygiene, recognizing the signs
and symptoms of illnesses, seeking medical advice when needed, and using
medications appropriately. Understanding the parts of the human body, how they
function, and how to care for them is essential in maintaining overall well-being.
The human body is a complex system made up of various parts, each play-
ing a crucial role in maintaining health. Key parts include the brain, which con -
trols all bodily functions; the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body; the
lungs, responsible for breathing; and the digestive system, which processes food
and absorbs nutrients. Muscles and bones provide structure and movement,
while the skin serves as a protective barrier against external elements. It’s im-
portant to understand how these parts work together to keep the body function-
ing properly.
Personal hygiene refers to the practices that individuals perform to main-
tain cleanliness and prevent illness. Regular activities such as washing hands,
brushing teeth, and bathing are essential in removing germs and preventing in-
fections. Proper hygiene also includes caring for the skin, hair, and nails, as well
as maintaining oral health. For example, brushing and flossing teeth daily helps
prevent cavities and gum disease, while washing hands regularly reduces the
risk of spreading bacteria and viruses.
Being aware of your health condition involves monitoring how you feel
physically and mentally. Common symptoms of illness include fever, fatigue,
headaches, and sore throat, which can indicate anything from a mild cold to
more serious conditions like the flu or infections. Recognizing these symptoms
early allows for timely intervention and treatment.
Chronic diseases, such as diabetes or hypertension, require ongoing man-
agement and monitoring. Regular check-ups and blood tests can help track the
progression of these conditions and adjust treatments as necessary. Maintaining
a healthy lifestyle through diet, exercise, and stress management is also crucial
in managing chronic illnesses.
Regular visits to the doctor are important for preventive care and early de-
tection of potential health issues. During a check-up, a doctor may perform a
physical examination, ask about symptoms, and order tests to assess your overall
health. If you experience unusual symptoms, such as persistent pain, difficulty
breathing, or sudden changes in weight, it’s important to seek medical advice
promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent minor health issues from
developing into serious conditions.
Medications are used to treat or manage a wide range of health conditions.
They can include over-the-counter drugs for common ailments like headaches
and colds, as well as prescription medications for more serious conditions. It is
important to follow the doctor’s instructions when taking medications, including
dosage and duration. Misuse of medications, such as taking incorrect doses or
stopping a course of treatment early, can lead to ineffective treatment or even
harm.
Medical institutions vary in size and function, from local clinics and phar-
macies to large hospitals and specialized medical centers. Clinics often provide
primary care services, such as routine check-ups and minor treatments. Hospitals
offer a wider range of services, including emergency care, surgery, and special-
ized treatments. Specialized medical centers focus on specific areas of health,
such as cardiology, oncology, or mental health, providing advanced care for pa-
tients with particular needs.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is the main function of the heart in the human body?
A) To control bodily functions.
B) To pump blood throughout the body.
C) To process food and absorb nutrients.
D) To serve as a protective barrier.
2. Why is personal hygiene important for maintaining good health?
 A) It helps to enhance physical appearance.
B) It prevents the spread of bacteria and viruses.
C) It replaces the need for regular doctor visits.
D) It improves muscle and bone strength.
3. What should you do if you experience persistent pain or unusual symp-
toms?
A) Ignore them until they become severe.
B) Attempt to treat them with over-the-counter medication.
C) Seek medical advice promptly.
D) Wait until your next regular check-up.
4. Why is it important to follow the doctor’s instructions when taking med-
ications?
A) To avoid unnecessary doctor visits.
B) To ensure the effectiveness and safety of the treatment.
C) To save money on prescription costs.
D) To avoid having to buy additional medications.
5. What type of medical institution would most likely provide specialized
care for heart conditions?
A) A local clinic.
B) A pharmacy.
C) A hospital.
D) A specialized medical center.
6. Which of the following is a common symptom that may indicate an ill-
ness?
A) Increased energy levels.
B) Persistent headaches.
C) Clear skin and bright eyes.
D) A positive mood.
 Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. The brain is responsible for controlling all bodily functions. (True/False)
2. Personal hygiene is only important for physical appearance. (True/False)
3. Chronic diseases like diabetes require ongoing management and regular
monitoring. (True/False)
4. It is safe to stop taking prescription medication as soon as you feel better.
(True/False)
5. Hospitals generally offer a wider range of services than local clinics.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept related to health with its corresponding description
from the passage.
1. Heart a) Pumps blood throughout the body.
2. Personal hygiene b) Involves practices like handwashing and
brushing teeth to prevent illness.
3. Chronic disease c) Requires ongoing management and regular
medical check-ups.
4. Pharmacy d) A place where medications are dispensed.
5. Specialized med- e) Focuses on specific areas of health, such as
ical center cardiology or oncology.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. Why is it important to understand the parts of the human body?
2. What role does personal hygiene play in preventing illness?
3. What are some common symptoms that may indicate the presence of an
illness?
4. Why is it crucial to follow the prescribed instructions when taking med-
ications?
5. How do different types of medical institutions serve the needs of pa-
tients?
 Task 38
Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle: The Importance of a Daily Routine
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for physical and mental well-be-
ing. It involves making conscious choices about diet, exercise, sleep, and stress
management. One of the key components of a healthy lifestyle is establishing a
consistent daily routine that supports these choices. A well-structured routine
can help you manage your time effectively, reduce stress, and promote overall
health.
A healthy lifestyle is built on a foundation of balanced nutrition, regular
physical activity, adequate sleep, and stress management. Eating a diet rich in
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats provides the body
with essential nutrients. Regular exercise, such as walking, running, swimming,
or yoga, keeps the body strong and flexible, while also improving cardiovascular
health. Getting enough sleep is crucial for restoring energy, supporting brain
function, and maintaining a healthy immune system. Additionally, managing
stress through relaxation techniques, hobbies, or social activities is important for
mental well-being.
A daily routine is a set of habits and activities that you perform regularly,
usually at the same times each day. Establishing a daily routine can bring numer-
ous benefits, including improved time management, reduced stress, and better
overall health. For example, starting the day with a healthy breakfast and some
physical activity can set a positive tone for the rest of the day. Similarly, going to
bed at the same time each night helps regulate your sleep patterns, ensuring you
get the rest you need.
Having a routine also allows you to plan your day more effectively, making
it easier to balance work, exercise, meals, and leisure activities. By sticking to a
routine, you create a sense of order and predictability, which can reduce feelings
of anxiety and overwhelm. A daily routine can also help you establish and main-
tain healthy habits, such as drinking enough water, eating nutritious meals, and
taking breaks to relax.
 Creating a healthy daily routine begins with setting clear goals and priorit-
ies. Start by identifying the key areas of your life that you want to focus on, such
as work, exercise, and self-care. Then, plan your day around these priorities,
making sure to include time for healthy meals, physical activity, and relaxation.
It’s also important to be flexible and adjust your routine as needed to accom-
modate changes in your schedule or unexpected events.
Here are some tips for creating a healthy daily routine:
 Morning Routine: Begin your day with a nutritious breakfast, some light
exercise, and a moment of mindfulness or meditation. This can help you start the
day with energy and focus.
 Work and Study Routine: Set specific times for work or study, with
regular breaks to avoid burnout. Use a planner or calendar to keep track of tasks
and deadlines.
 Meal Times: Plan your meals in advance and try to eat at the same times
each day. This helps regulate your metabolism and prevents overeating.
 Evening Routine: Wind down in the evening with relaxing activities,
such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing yoga. Avoid screens and
heavy meals before bed to promote better sleep.
 Sleep Schedule: Aim to go to bed and wake up at the same time each
day, even on weekends. This helps regulate your body’s internal clock and im-
proves sleep quality.
While establishing a daily routine is beneficial, it can also be challenging,
especially when life gets busy or unpredictable. It’s important to stay flexible
and not be too hard on yourself if you miss a day or need to make adjustments.
The key is to get back on track as soon as possible and remember that consist-
ency, not perfection, is what leads to lasting results.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main benefits of having a daily routine?
A) It allows you to eat whenever you want.
B) It helps regulate your time and reduce stress.
 C) It eliminates the need for exercise.
D) It makes you more productive at work.
2. How does a daily routine contribute to better sleep?
A) By encouraging late-night screen time.
B) By promoting irregular sleep patterns.
C) By helping you go to bed at the same time each night.
D) By allowing you to skip meals.
3. What is the purpose of including regular breaks in your work or study
routine?
A) To increase the amount of time spent working.
B) To prevent burnout and improve focus.
C) To reduce the amount of work you have to do.
D) To shorten the length of the workday.
4. Which of the following is NOT recommended as part of an evening
routine?
A) Reading a book.
B) Practicing yoga.
C) Eating a large meal.
D) Taking a warm bath.
5. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) A daily routine should be rigid and unchangeable.
B) Establishing a daily routine is key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
C) A daily routine is unnecessary for managing stress.
D) Healthy eating is the only important aspect of a healthy lifestyle.
6. What should you do if you find it difficult to stick to your daily routine?
A) Give up on the routine entirely.
B) Be flexible and make adjustments as needed.
C) Add more activities to your routine.
D) Stop prioritizing self-care.
 Part 2: True/False
Decide if the following statements are true or false based on the passage.
1. A daily routine can help improve time management and reduce stress.
(True/False)
2. Regular exercise is not necessary if you have a consistent daily routine.
(True/False)
3. Eating meals at the same time every day helps regulate metabolism.
(True/False)
4. It’s important to be flexible with your routine and adjust it as needed.
(True/False)
5. Skipping breakfast is a good way to save time in the morning. (True/
False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each component of a healthy lifestyle with its corresponding de-
scription from the passage.
1. Balanced nutri- a) Provides the body with essential nutrients
tion through a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean
proteins.
2. Regular exercise b) Keeps the body strong, flexible, and im-
proves cardiovascular health.
3. Sleep schedule c) Helps regulate the body’s internal clock
and improves sleep quality.
4. Stress manage- d) Important for maintaining mental well-be-
ment ing through relaxation techniques or hobbies.

5. Evening routine e) Includes activities like reading or yoga to

wind down before bed.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are the main components of a healthy lifestyle according to the
passage?
2. How does a daily routine help with stress management?
3. Why is it important to have a consistent sleep schedule?
 4. What should be the focus of an evening routine to promote better sleep?
5. How can flexibility help in maintaining a daily routine?
Reading Passage
The Role of Large Cities in Modern Society
Large cities, often referred to as metropolises, play a crucial role in shaping
the social, economic, and cultural landscape of the modern world. With their
bustling streets, towering skyscrapers, and diverse populations, these urban cen-
ters act as hubs of innovation, trade, and cultural exchange. They attract millions
of people seeking opportunities, experiences, and a better quality of life. How-
ever, the rapid growth of large cities also presents challenges, including over-
crowding, pollution, and social inequality. Understanding the role of large cities
in modern society requires an examination of both their benefits and the diffi-
culties they face as they continue to grow and evolve.
One of the most significant advantages of large cities is their ability to
stimulate economic growth. Urban centers are magnets for businesses, entre-
preneurs, and workers. They offer a wide range of employment opportunities
across various industries, from technology and finance to healthcare and educa-
tion. The concentration of industries and companies in large cities creates a net-
work of economic activity that drives innovation and productivity. For example,
cities like New York, Tokyo, and London are global financial hubs where inter-
national trade, banking, and investment thrive. The presence of multinational
corporations, tech startups, and creative industries helps create jobs and attract
talent from around the world, contributing to the city’s economic development.
Large cities also serve as cultural and intellectual hubs. They are home to
world-class museums, theaters, galleries, and universities, offering residents and
visitors access to a wealth of cultural and educational resources. Cities like
Paris, Berlin, and Rome are known for their rich artistic heritage, while others,
such as San Francisco and Shanghai, are recognized for their contributions to
modern technology and innovation. The concentration of people from diverse
backgrounds and cultures in large cities creates a dynamic environment where
new ideas and creative projects can flourish. This cultural diversity not only en-
riches the local population but also contributes to the city’s global influence.
In addition to their economic and cultural significance, large cities play a
crucial role in shaping political and social movements. Urban centers have his-
torically been sites of political activism, social change, and grassroots move-
ments. The concentration of people and resources in cities allows for greater
communication and collaboration among activists and organizations. For in-
stance, cities have been at the forefront of civil rights movements, environ-
mental campaigns, and efforts to address social justice issues. In the 21st cen-
tury, many cities have taken the lead in addressing global challenges such as cli-
mate change, inequality, and public health. Urban governments are increasingly
working to develop sustainable policies and practices that can be models for
other cities around the world.
Despite the many advantages of large cities, they also face significant chal-
lenges. One of the most pressing issues is overpopulation. As more people
move to urban areas in search of better opportunities, the population density in
large cities continues to increase. This rapid growth puts pressure on housing,
transportation, and public services, often leading to overcrowded living condi-
tions and a higher cost of living. In cities like Mumbai, São Paulo, and Lagos,
many residents live in informal settlements or slums where access to basic
amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity is limited. Overpopula-
tion also strains public transportation systems, leading to traffic congestion and
longer commuting times for residents.
Another major challenge facing large cities is environmental degradation.
The concentration of people, vehicles, and industries in urban areas results in
high levels of air pollution, waste generation, and energy consumption. Air qual-
ity in large cities often fails to meet international health standards due to the
emissions from cars, factories, and power plants. In cities like Beijing and Mex-
ico City, air pollution has become a serious public health issue, contributing to
respiratory illnesses and reducing life expectancy. Additionally, the accumula-
tion of waste in urban areas presents significant environmental risks. Many cities
struggle to manage the increasing amounts of plastic, food, and electronic waste
generated by their populations.
Urban sprawl, the expansion of cities into surrounding rural areas, is an-
other concern. As cities grow, they consume more land, leading to the destruc-
tion of natural habitats and agricultural land. This expansion can contribute to
biodiversity loss and disrupt local ecosystems. Urban sprawl also makes cities
more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as flooding and heat-
waves. As cities spread out, the amount of green space per capita often de-
creases, which can exacerbate the urban heat island effect, where urban areas
become significantly warmer than their rural surroundings due to human activit-
ies and infrastructure.
Social inequality is another significant issue in large cities. While urban
areas often provide opportunities for wealth creation and social mobility, they
are also places where disparities in income, education, and access to resources
are starkly visible. In many large cities, there is a growing divide between the
wealthy elite and the lower-income population. High property prices, gentrifica-
tion, and the concentration of wealth in certain neighborhoods contribute to this
inequality. As a result, many residents of large cities struggle with unaffordable
housing, limited access to quality education, and inadequate healthcare. These
disparities often lead to social tensions and can fuel unrest or protests.
Addressing the challenges faced by large cities requires innovative solu-
tions and cooperation between governments, businesses, and communities. One
key approach is the development of sustainable urban planning practices that
prioritize the needs of both the environment and the population. This includes
investing in public transportation systems, creating affordable housing, and pro-
moting green spaces within cities. Many cities are also implementing policies
aimed at reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy
sources. For example, cities like Copenhagen and Amsterdam have made signi-
ficant strides in becoming more bike-friendly, reducing reliance on cars and
lowering emissions.
Another important solution is the promotion of smart city technologies,
which use data and technology to improve urban infrastructure and services.
Smart city initiatives focus on optimizing energy use, improving traffic manage-
ment, and enhancing public safety through the use of sensors, data analytics, and
automation. For example, some cities have introduced smart grids to monitor
energy consumption and distribute power more efficiently. Others have imple-
mented intelligent transportation systems that reduce traffic congestion and im-
prove mobility for residents. By integrating technology into urban planning, cit-
ies can become more sustainable, efficient, and resilient.
In conclusion, large cities are vital to the functioning of modern society,
serving as centers of economic activity, cultural exchange, and political influ-
ence. However, their rapid growth and development also present significant
challenges, including overpopulation, environmental degradation, and social in-
equality. As urban populations continue to rise, it is essential for cities to adopt
sustainable practices that balance the needs of their residents with the protection
of the environment. By investing in smart technologies, green infrastructure, and
inclusive policies, large cities can continue to thrive while addressing the chal-
lenges of the future.

Comprehension Questions
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the main advantages of large cities?
o A) They promote rural development.
o B) They stimulate economic growth by attracting businesses and work-
ers.
o C) They reduce the need for transportation systems.
o D) They offer unlimited access to natural resources.
2. Why are large cities considered cultural hubs?
o A) They focus only on business activities.
o B) They are home to museums, theaters, and universities that foster cul-
tural and intellectual growth.
o C) They discourage international visitors.
o D) They only promote local traditions and ignore global influences.
3. What is one of the main environmental challenges faced by large cities?
 o A) Overpopulation has no effect on the environment.
o B) Urban areas produce large amounts of waste and pollution, leading to
environmental degradation.
o C) Cities have an abundance of green spaces and natural habitats.
o D) Urban sprawl has a positive impact on biodiversity.
4. How can smart city technologies benefit large cities?
o A) By replacing all human workers with robots.
o B) By optimizing energy use, improving transportation systems, and en-
hancing public safety through data and automation.
o C) By increasing the consumption of natural resources.
o D) By reducing the need for technology in urban planning.
5. What role do large cities play in social and political movements?
o A) They discourage any form of activism or social change.
o B) They serve as centers for political activism and social movements,
providing platforms for communication and collaboration.
o C) They focus only on economic growth and ignore social issues.
o D) They avoid addressing global challenges like climate change.
Part 2: True/False
1. Large cities are major centers of economic activity, contributing to in-
novation and job creation. (True/False)
2. Overpopulation in large cities has no impact on housing, transportation,
or public services. (True/False)
3. Social inequality is often more visible in large cities, where there is a
growing divide between wealthy and lower-income populations. (True/False)
4. Sustainable urban planning and smart technologies can help address the
challenges of overpopulation and environmental degradation in large cities.
(True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Urban sprawl
a) The expansion of cities into rural areas, often leading to the destruction of nat-
ural habitats and agricultural land.
2. Cultural hub
b) A city that serves as a center for artistic, intellectual, and educational activit-
ies, attracting diverse populations.
3. Social inequality
c) The gap between wealthy and lower-income populations in cities, leading to
disparities in access to resources and opportunities.
4. Smart city technologies
d) The use of data, sensors, and automation to improve energy efficiency, trans-
portation, and public safety in urban areas.
 5. Sustainable urban planning
e) An approach to city development that focuses on balancing environmental
protection with the needs of residents through green infrastructure and efficient
public services.
Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. How do large cities contribute to economic growth?
2. What environmental challenges are associated with large cities, and how
can they be addressed?
3. Why is social inequality more visible in large cities, and what impact
does it have on residents?
4. How can smart city technologies and sustainable urban planning im-
prove the quality of life in large cities?
 Task 39
The Influence of Technology on Modern Communication
In today’s world, technology has radically transformed the way people
communicate. From the invention of the telephone to the development of the
internet, advancements in communication technology have connected individu-
als and communities across the globe, making information more accessible and
enabling faster interactions. However, while technology has enhanced commu-
nication in many ways, it has also introduced new challenges and reshaped the
way people interact with one another. The evolution of modern communication
reflects both the benefits and the complexities of living in a digitally connected
world.
One of the most significant impacts of technology on communication is the
speed and efficiency with which information can be exchanged. In the past,
people relied on letters or face-to-face conversations to convey messages, often
waiting days or weeks for a response. Today, emails, text messages, and instant
messaging platforms allow people to communicate in real time, regardless of
their location. This rapid exchange of information has revolutionized industries,
from business and education to healthcare and entertainment. Companies can
now operate across continents, students can attend virtual classes from their
homes, and doctors can consult with patients remotely, providing care to those
in isolated areas.
Social media platforms have further transformed the communication land-
scape by providing individuals with new ways to share ideas, experiences, and
opinions. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter allow users to in-
teract with a global audience, posting updates, sharing news, and participating in
online discussions. These platforms have democratized communication, giving
everyone a voice and allowing for the exchange of diverse perspectives. In addi-
tion to facilitating personal connections, social media has become a powerful
tool for businesses, influencers, and political movements to reach and engage
with large audiences. The ability to connect with others quickly and easily has
made social media an indispensable part of modern life.
Despite the many benefits of technology-enhanced communication, there
are several downsides that have emerged in the digital age. One of the most
pressing concerns is the loss of privacy. As people share more of their personal
information online, their data becomes vulnerable to misuse by companies,
hackers, and even governments. Social media platforms collect vast amounts of
data on their users, including their interests, habits, and relationships. While this
data can be used to personalize experiences and improve services, it also raises
ethical questions about surveillance, data ownership, and consent. Many users
are unaware of how much information they are sharing and how it might be
used, leading to a growing awareness of the need for stronger data protection
laws and personal privacy safeguards.
Another challenge of digital communication is the potential for miscom-
munication. While technology allows people to communicate quickly, it also
limits the richness of human interaction. Non-verbal cues, such as body lan-
guage, facial expressions, and tone of voice, play a significant role in how mes-
sages are interpreted. In text-based communication, these elements are absent,
leading to a higher risk of misunderstanding. A short message sent without con-
text or emotional nuance can be easily misinterpreted, causing confusion or con-
flict. In addition, the informal nature of online communication, particularly on
social media, has led to a rise in misinformation and harmful discourse. People
often share information without verifying its accuracy, contributing to the spread
of false news and increasing polarization in society.
Technology has also changed the way people form and maintain relation-
ships. Virtual relationships, whether personal or professional, have become a
common part of modern life. Video conferencing platforms such as Zoom and
Microsoft Teams allow colleagues to collaborate remotely, while dating apps
enable individuals to form romantic connections without ever meeting in person.
These platforms have made it easier to connect with others, particularly for
those who live far apart or have limited mobility. However, the rise of virtual
relationships has also led to concerns about the decline in face-to-face interac-
tion. Many people fear that the convenience of online communication may be
eroding the quality of real-world connections, leading to feelings of isolation
and social disconnection.
Furthermore, the constant availability of digital communication can con-
tribute to information overload and stress. With smartphones, emails, and so-
cial media notifications constantly vying for attention, many people struggle to
disconnect from their devices and find time for rest or focused work. The pres-
sure to respond immediately to messages, stay updated with news, or maintain a
constant online presence can lead to burnout and anxiety. This phenomenon, of-
ten referred to as “digital fatigue,” highlights the need for balance between stay-
ing connected and maintaining personal well-being. As a result, some individu-
als are adopting strategies such as digital detoxes or setting limits on screen time
to reduce the negative impact of technology on their mental health.
Despite these challenges, technology continues to offer new possibilities
for enhancing communication and improving lives. Artificial intelligence (AI)
and machine learning are already being used to develop more sophisticated com-
munication tools, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, that can provide instant
support and streamline workflows. In the future, AI may further revolutionize
communication by enabling more natural interactions between humans and ma-
chines, breaking down language barriers, and improving accessibility for people
with disabilities. Additionally, the integration of virtual and augmented reality
into communication platforms may offer new ways for people to connect, col-
laborate, and experience the world together, even when physically distant.
In conclusion, the impact of technology on modern communication is pro-
found and multifaceted. While it has improved the speed, convenience, and
reach of communication, it has also introduced new challenges related to pri-
vacy, miscommunication, and social disconnection. As technology continues to
evolve, it is important to find ways to maximize its benefits while addressing its
potential drawbacks. By fostering responsible use of digital communication
tools and promoting digital literacy, society can ensure that technology remains
a force for good, enhancing human connection rather than diminishing it.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the most significant impacts of technology on communic-
ation?
o A) It has slowed down the exchange of information.
o B) It has increased the speed and efficiency of communication.
o C) It has limited the use of social media.
o D) It has prevented companies from operating globally.
2. How have social media platforms changed communication?
o A) They have made it difficult for people to express their opinions.
o B) They have restricted personal connections to face-to-face interactions.
o C) They have provided new ways for people to share ideas, experiences,
and engage with global audiences.
o D) They have eliminated the need for written communication.
3. What is one downside of modern digital communication?
o A) It always guarantees accurate information.
o B) It eliminates privacy concerns for users.
o C) It can lead to miscommunication due to the absence of non-verbal
cues.
o D) It makes in-person communication unnecessary and irrelevant.
4. Why do some people experience “digital fatigue”?
o A) Because they are not using digital communication tools effectively.
o B) Due to the constant pressure to stay connected, respond quickly to
messages, and manage information overload.
o C) Because they spend too little time on social media.
o D) Because digital communication requires face-to-face interaction.
5. How might artificial intelligence (AI) impact future communication?
o A) AI will limit the ability of people to communicate globally.
 o B) AI will make communication slower and less efficient.
o C) AI could break down language barriers and offer more natural inter-
actions between humans and machines.
o D) AI will reduce the need for any technological communication tools.
Part 2: True/False
1. Digital communication has made it easier for people to connect globally
and share information quickly. (True/False)
2. Privacy concerns in digital communication are minimal, and most users
are fully aware of how their data is being used. (True/False)
3. Non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, are often
missing in digital communication, leading to potential miscommunication.
(True/False)
4. Digital fatigue is a result of balancing online interactions with real-life
communication, reducing stress and anxiety. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Virtual relationships a) Connections formed through digital platforms,
allowing people to communicate without meeting
in person.
2. Information over- b) The overwhelming amount of data and commu-
load nication demands people experience in the digital
age.
3. Miscommunication c) A problem that arises when text-based commu-
nication lacks emotional context and non-verbal
cues.
4. Artificial intelligence d) Advanced technology that is transforming com-
munication tools by enabling more natural human-
machine interactions.
5. Digital fatigue e) A state of exhaustion caused by constant online
engagement and the pressure to remain connected.

Part 4: Short Answer

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What are some of the benefits of modern technology for communica-
tion?
 2. How has the rise of social media influenced the way people connect and
share information?
3. What are some of the challenges associated with the loss of privacy in
digital communication?
4. How can AI and other emerging technologies improve communication in
the future?
 Task 40
Professional Qualities and Skills: The Foundation of Success in the
Workplace
In today’s ever-changing job market, possessing the right professional
qualities and skills is more important than ever. Employers not only look for
candidates with technical knowledge but also seek individuals who can demon-
strate soft skills, such as adaptability, communication, and leadership. These
qualities are essential for navigating the complexities of modern work environ-
ments, where collaboration, problem-solving, and innovation are key. While
technical skills are often specific to a job or industry, soft skills are universally
valued and contribute to personal growth, career advancement, and overall suc-
cess in the workplace.
One of the most critical professional qualities is adaptability. In an era of
rapid technological advancement and global competition, the ability to adjust to
new situations is invaluable. Jobs today are rarely static, and professionals are
expected to keep up with changes in technology, work processes, and organiza-
tional structures. Adaptable individuals can handle unexpected challenges, em-
brace new responsibilities, and learn new skills quickly. For instance, many in-
dustries have shifted toward digital platforms, requiring employees to adopt new
software, collaborate remotely, and remain flexible in the face of uncertainty.
Those who resist change may find themselves struggling to keep pace, while
those who are adaptable thrive in a dynamic environment.
Closely linked to adaptability is problem-solving, which involves the abil-
ity to identify issues, analyze situations, and implement effective solutions. In
the workplace, challenges can arise at any time, whether due to unforeseen
obstacles, changes in market conditions, or internal conflicts. Problem-solving
skills allow professionals to tackle these issues methodically, finding creative
ways to overcome them and improve processes. This skill is particularly import-
ant in leadership roles, where decision-making and the ability to navigate com-
plex problems can have a significant impact on the success of a project or organ-
ization. A strong problem-solver does not only fix what is broken but also anti-
cipates potential challenges and takes proactive steps to prevent them.
Another essential quality is effective communication, both verbal and
written. Good communication skills are crucial for ensuring that ideas, instruc-
tions, and feedback are conveyed clearly and understood by all parties involved.
In a team setting, effective communication promotes collaboration and reduces
the risk of misunderstandings that can lead to mistakes or delays. It also plays a
key role in conflict resolution, allowing individuals to express their concerns
openly and work toward a constructive solution. Additionally, professionals who
can articulate their thoughts confidently and persuasively are better equipped to
lead teams, negotiate deals, and influence stakeholders.
Emotional intelligence is another skill that has gained importance in the
professional world. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognize and
manage one’s own emotions, as well as understand and influence the emotions
of others. In the workplace, this skill can enhance relationships, foster team-
work, and create a positive working environment. For example, a manager with
high emotional intelligence can provide feedback in a way that motivates em-
ployees rather than discouraging them, or help resolve conflicts by understand-
ing the emotions driving the disagreement. Emotional intelligence also allows
individuals to navigate stressful situations calmly, which is crucial in maintain-
ing productivity and morale in high-pressure environments.
Leadership, regardless of one’s official title, is a quality that can set indi-
viduals apart in any job. Leadership is not just about managing others; it is about
inspiring and guiding colleagues, making informed decisions, and taking initiat-
ive when necessary. In the modern workplace, leadership can take many forms,
from mentoring a junior team member to spearheading a new project. A strong
leader demonstrates accountability, empowers others, and fosters a culture of
trust and collaboration. Leadership skills are especially important in positions
that require strategic thinking and long-term planning, as leaders must balance
immediate tasks with a broader vision for the future.
 In addition to these interpersonal skills, time management is critical for
achieving success in a fast-paced work environment. Effective time management
allows professionals to prioritize tasks, meet deadlines, and balance multiple
responsibilities. Poor time management can lead to missed opportunities,
burnout, and a decline in the quality of work. On the other hand, individuals
who manage their time well are more productive and better able to handle com-
peting demands. Techniques such as setting clear goals, breaking tasks into
manageable parts, and using tools like calendars or project management soft-
ware can help individuals stay organized and efficient.
Collaboration is another key element of success in today’s work environ-
ment, where teamwork is often essential for achieving goals. Whether working
in a small team or across departments, the ability to collaborate effectively with
others can significantly impact the outcome of a project. Collaboration requires
professionals to be open to different perspectives, actively listen to others, and
contribute their ideas in a constructive way. It also involves a willingness to
compromise and share responsibility for both successes and failures. In indus-
tries that rely heavily on teamwork, such as healthcare, technology, and educa-
tion, collaboration is not just a desired skill but a necessary one.
Finally, professionalism serves as the foundation for all other qualities.
Professionalism encompasses a wide range of behaviors, including punctuality,
reliability, and a commitment to ethical standards. It is reflected in how indi-
viduals conduct themselves in the workplace, from meeting deadlines to treating
colleagues with respect. A professional attitude earns trust and respect from oth-
ers, whether it’s through delivering high-quality work, maintaining a positive
attitude, or adhering to company policies. Professionalism also extends to per-
sonal presentation, including appropriate dress, clear communication, and a
courteous demeanor. Ultimately, professionalism shapes how individuals are
perceived by their colleagues, managers, and clients, influencing their career
trajectory.
 In conclusion, professional qualities and skills are essential not only for
getting hired but for thriving in a competitive job market. While technical ex-
pertise is necessary, employers increasingly prioritize soft skills such as adapt-
ability, problem-solving, communication, and emotional intelligence. These
skills are transferable across industries and play a key role in fostering career
growth, innovation, and collaboration. As the workplace continues to evolve,
individuals who invest in developing these qualities will be better equipped to
navigate challenges, build meaningful relationships, and achieve long-term suc-
cess.
Part 1: Multiple Choice
1. What is one of the most important qualities in today’s workplace due to
technological advancements?
A) Resistance to change
B) Adaptability
C) Overconfidence
D) Perfectionism
2. How do problem-solving skills benefit professionals?
A) They help professionals avoid conflict.
B) They enable individuals to anticipate challenges and find creative solu-
tions to issues.
C) They reduce the need for communication.
D) They allow individuals to work alone without input from others.
3. Why is emotional intelligence important in the workplace?
A) It focuses only on improving personal performance.
B) It helps professionals manage their own emotions and understand the
emotions of others, improving relationships and teamwork.
C) It allows professionals to avoid stressful situations.
D) It encourages a purely logical approach to work.
4. What role does professionalism play in the workplace?
A) It only applies to high-level managers.
 B) It influences how individuals are perceived by others, including their
colleagues and managers.
C) It focuses only on technical expertise.
D) It is no longer valued in today’s job market.
5. How does time management contribute to professional success?
A) It allows individuals to complete tasks without deadlines.
B) It helps professionals stay organized, prioritize tasks, and meet dead-
lines efficiently.
C) It reduces the need for collaboration.
D) It focuses solely on long-term goals without regard to daily tasks.
Part 2: True/False
1. Adaptability is a key professional quality that helps individuals navig-
ate changes in the workplace. (True/False)
2. Effective communication only involves verbal skills and does not in-
clude non-verbal cues or written communication. (True/False)
3. Collaboration in the workplace requires openness to different perspect-
ives and a willingness to work together to achieve goals. (True/False)
4. Professionalism is only necessary for high-level positions and not for
entry-level roles. (True/False)
Part 3: Matching
Match each concept with its corresponding description from the passage.
1. Problem-solving a) The ability to identify challenges and imple-
ment effective solutions.
2. Emotional intelligence b) The capacity to recognize and manage both
one’s own emotions and the emotions of oth-
ers.
3. Time management c) The practice of organizing tasks and re-
sponsibilities to maximize productivity and
meet deadlines.
4. Leadership d) The ability to inspire and guide others, re-
gardless of official job title.
5. Collaboration e) Working effectively with others by contrib-
uting ideas and being open to different per-
spectives.
 Part 4: Short Answer
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. Why is adaptability important in the modern workplace?
2. How does emotional intelligence contribute to a positive working en-
vironment?
3. What are some key elements of professionalism that impact how others
perceive an individual?
4. How can time management help professionals balance multiple re-
sponsibilities effectively?
 PART 3
USE
of
ENGLISH
 Task 1
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Learning a second language is an important skill that can (1) ____ many
benefits throughout one’s life. In today's globalized world, being able to commu-
nicate in more than one language is (2) ____ considered an asset by employers.
Not only does it open up (3) ____ job opportunities, but it also allows individu-
als to connect with people from different cultures.
Studies have shown that people who are bilingual or multilingual tend to
have better (4) ____ skills. They are often more adept at problem-solving and
multitasking. Additionally, learning a new language can (5) ____ cognitive abil-
ities and may even delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline.
Moreover, speaking a second language can (6) ____ a sense of accom-
plishment and boost self-confidence. It also enables travelers to immerse them-
selves in new environments, making their experiences more (7) ____ and enjoy-
able.
In conclusion, the ability to speak more than one language (8) ____
provides a wide range of personal and professional advantages.
1. A) offer B) supply C) provide D) donate
2. A) broadly B) widely C) largely D) highly
3. A) various B) plenty C) numerous D) plenty of
4. A) intellectual B) logical C) mental D) thinking
5. A) strengthen B) amplify C) widen D) increase
6. A) create B) construct C) build D) develop
7. A) fulfilling B) complete C) satisfied D) filled
8. A) extensively B) thoroughly C) really D) truly
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Reading is one of the most beneficial activities a person can engage in. It
not only broadens the mind but also (9) ____ the imagination. Through reading,
individuals can explore new ideas, gain knowledge, and (10) ____ their under-
standing of the world around them. Books offer a (11) ____ of perspectives,
allowing readers to see life from different viewpoints.
Furthermore, reading (12) ____ people to develop empathy. By reading
about the experiences of others, readers can (13) ____ more understanding and
compassionate toward others. In addition, reading is a great way to (14) ____
stress and relax after a long day.
It is important to note that reading regularly can also improve language
skills. The more one reads, the better their vocabulary and (15) ____ of lan-
guage become. Therefore, making reading a daily habit can have (16) ____ pos-
itive effects on both the mind and the soul.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. She was praised for her ____ in solving the complex problem.
18. The new policy has been met with strong ____ from the public.
19. His ____ to succeed is what sets him apart from his peers.
20. The manager's ____ in handling the situation was commendable.
21. The company announced an ____ increase in profits this year.
22. She has a natural ____ for languages and learns them quickly.
23. There has been a significant ____ in the number of students enrolling in
online courses.
24. The documentary provided a ____ insight into the issue.
 Part 4: Key Word Transformations
For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. The hotel isn't nearly as luxurious as we expected.
The hotel is _______________ as we expected.
26. I regret not taking your advice.
I _______________ your advice.
27. She last visited her hometown two years ago.
It _______________ she last visited her hometown.
28. The test was easier than I thought it would be.
The test _______________ I thought it would be.
29. The new restaurant is cheaper than the old one.
The old restaurant _______________ the new one.
30. He doesn't often go to the cinema these days.
He _______________ to the cinema more often.
 Task 2
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Technology has (1) ____ transformed the way we communicate with one
another. In the past, people relied (2) ____ on letters and face-to-face meetings
to stay in touch. However, the advent of the internet and smartphones has (3)
____ communication faster and more efficient.
Social media platforms, in particular, have (4) ____ a significant role in
connecting people globally. These platforms allow users to share (5) ____ of
their lives with friends and family instantly. However, some argue that this type
of communication can be superficial, (6) ____ the depth of personal interactions.
Moreover, the constant use of technology has led to concerns about its (7)
____ on mental health. Many people find it difficult to disconnect from their
devices, which can (8) ____ to increased stress and anxiety.
1. A) dramatically B) steadily C) slowly D) slightly
2. A) widely B) solely C) merely D) entirely
3. A) made B) done C) gotten D) turned
4. A) acted B) created C) played D) made
5. A) moments B) events C) happenings D) occasions
6. A) lowering B) reducing C) minimizing D) shortening
7. A) effects B) impact C) influence D) outcome
8. A) result B) lead C) drive D) force

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Teamwork is an essential skill in both personal and professional (9) ____.
Working in a team allows individuals to pool their strengths and (10) ____ on
each other's ideas. When people work together, they can achieve goals (11) ____
would be difficult to accomplish alone.
However, effective teamwork requires good communication. Team mem-
bers must (12) ____ able to express their thoughts clearly and listen to others’
suggestions. This can (13) ____ to better decision-making and a more harmoni-
ous working environment.
It is also important to recognize that each member of the team has (14)
____ own unique strengths and weaknesses. A successful team will (15) ____
these differences and use them to their advantage. Ultimately, teamwork can
lead to (16) ____ productivity and more innovative solutions.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The ______________ of the new policy has been well-received by the
employees.
18. She was awarded for her ______________ in the field of medicine.
19. His ______________ in the project was evident from his dedication.
20. The company’s ______________ to customer service is one of its key
strengths.
21. The ______________ of the new software improved our productivity
significantly.
22. She has a ______________ interest in environmental issues. (PAS-
SION)
23. The report provided an ______________ analysis of the current eco-
nomic situation.
24. The ______________ of the building was delayed due to weather con-
ditions.
 Part 4: Key Word Transformations
For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I didn't realize how late it was.
I didn't realize ______________ it was.
26. They will probably finish the project next week.
They are ______________ the project next week.
27. She prefers studying in the library to studying at home.
She ______________ in the library than at home.
28. It wasn't necessary for him to work late yesterday.
He ______________ late yesterday.
29. I've never eaten sushi before.
This is the ______________ sushi.
30. I haven't seen Sarah for two years.
The ______________ Sarah was two years ago.
 Task 3
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Positive thinking is a mental attitude that focuses on optimistic thoughts
and expectations. It is (1) ____ to believe that a positive mindset can lead to bet-
ter outcomes in life. People who practice positive thinking are generally more
(2) ____ to challenges and setbacks. They tend to see difficulties as opportunit-
ies for growth rather than as insurmountable problems.
Research has shown that positive thinking can have a (3) ____ impact on
both mental and physical health. For example, individuals with a positive out-
look are less likely to suffer from stress-related illnesses. They also tend to have
stronger immune systems, (4) ____ allows them to recover more quickly from
illnesses. One of the key aspects of positive thinking is the ability to (5) ____
negative thoughts with positive ones. This doesn't mean ignoring reality but
rather choosing to focus on what can be learned from any situation. By doing so,
people can maintain a sense of (6) ____ even in difficult circumstances.
However, it is important to note that positive thinking should not be con-
fused with unrealistic optimism. While it is beneficial to have a positive outlook,
it is equally important to (7) ____ realistic expectations and prepare for chal-
lenges. By balancing optimism with realism, people can (8) ____ the benefits of
positive thinking without falling into the trap of wishful thinking.
1. A) debated B) argued C) discussed D) questioned
2. A) resilient B) resistant C) durable D) strong
3. A) significant B) noticeable C) prominent D) influential
4. A) what B) that C) which D) who
5. A) substitute B) replace C) exchange D) switch
6. A) well-being B) wellness C) health D) happiness
7. A) hold B) retain C) maintain D) keep
8. A) gain B) obtain C) achieve D) receive
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Social media has (9) ____ a significant part of our daily lives. Many people
use platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to (10) ____ in touch with
friends and family, share their experiences, and stay informed about current
events.
However, while social media offers numerous benefits, it also has its down-
sides. One of the main concerns is that it can lead to (11) ____ feelings of isola-
tion, even when people are connected online. Studies have shown that excessive
use of social media can negatively (12) ____ mental health, leading to increased
levels of anxiety and depression.
Another issue is the spread of misinformation. False or misleading informa-
tion can quickly go viral, causing confusion and harm. Therefore, it is important
for users to (13) ____ critical thinking skills and to verify the accuracy of the
information they consume.
Despite these challenges, social media can be a powerful tool (14) ____
used responsibly. It can connect people across the globe, create opportunities for
networking, and even drive social change. Ultimately, the impact of social me-
dia depends on (15) ____ it is used and the intentions behind it. If we (16) ____
mindful of our usage, we can maximize its benefits while minimizing its risks.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ to the project was evident from her enthusiasm.
18. The ______________ of the new software was a major success.
19. His ______________ to follow instructions led to mistakes in the pro-
ject.
20. The ______________ of the artwork left the audience speechless.
 21. There is a growing ______________ of the importance of mental
health.
22. She has shown remarkable ______________ in overcoming her chal-
lenges.
23. The ______________ of the project depends on careful planning.
24. His ______________ made him a well-respected leader. (WISE)

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I’ve never been to Paris before.
This is the ______________ been to Paris.
26. "I’ll finish the report tomorrow," she said.
She said she ______________ the report the next day.
27. They last saw each other five years ago.
They haven't seen each other ______________ five years.
28. He wasn't allowed to enter the building.
They did not ______________ the building.
29. I wish I hadn’t missed the concert.
I ______________ the concert.
30. The teacher made us do extra homework.
We ______________ extra homework by the teacher.
 Task 4
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Public speaking is a skill that many people find challenging, yet it is one
that can be (1) ____ with practice and preparation. Whether speaking to a small
group or a large audience, it is important to (2) ____ confidence and clarity.
One of the most effective ways to overcome the fear of public speaking is
to be well-prepared. This means not only knowing your material but also under-
standing your audience. (3) ____ the content to meet the needs and interests of
your listeners can make your speech more engaging and impactful.
In addition to preparation, it is essential to practice your delivery. Rehears-
ing your speech multiple times will help you become more familiar with the
flow of your words and allow you to (4) ____ any potential issues with timing or
pronunciation. Moreover, successful public speaking often (5) ____ the ability
to connect with the audience. This can be achieved by making eye contact, using
appropriate gestures, and modulating your voice to emphasize key points. By
doing so, you can hold the audience's attention and convey your message (6)
____.
Finally, remember that public speaking is a skill that can be (7) ____ over
time. The more you practice and expose yourself to speaking opportunities, the
more comfortable and effective you will become. With (8) ____, anyone can
become a confident and persuasive public speaker.
1. A) achieved B) gained C) managed D) obtained
2. A) perform B) deliver C) exude D) display
3. A) Adjusting B) Adapting C) Modifying D) Customizing
4. A) anticipate B) predict C) expect D) foresee
5. A) involves B) contains C) consists D) requires
6. A) effectively B) efficiently C) powerfully D) successfully
7. A) polished B) sharpened C) developed D) improved
 8. A) determination B) resolution C) persistence D) perseverance
Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Regular exercise is one of the best things you can do (9) ____ your health.
It not only helps you maintain a healthy weight but also (10) ____ your mood
and boosts your energy levels.
Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as
heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Furthermore, it can (11)
____ your mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Phys-
ical activity stimulates the production of endorphins, which are chemicals in the
brain that act (12) ____ natural mood lifters.
In addition to these benefits, regular exercise also promotes better sleep.
People who exercise regularly tend to fall asleep more quickly and enjoy deeper
sleep. (13) ____ is because physical activity increases body temperature, and the
drop in temperature afterward can (14) ____ you fall asleep.
It is important to find an exercise routine that you enjoy, as this will help
you stick (15) ____ it in the long term. Whether it’s running, swimming, dan-
cing, or even walking, the key is to stay active and make exercise a part of your
daily (16) ____.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The ______________ of the internet has changed the way we commu-
nicate.
18. Her ______________ in the project was crucial to its success.
19. He showed great ______________ in overcoming the obstacles he
faced.
 20. The ______________ of the new technology will revolutionize the in-
dustry.
21. She has a natural ______________ for languages and learns them eas-
ily.
22. The ______________ of the new law caused a lot of debate.
23. His ______________ approach to problem-solving impressed every-
one.
24. The company’s ______________ to customer satisfaction is well
known.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It's a long time since I saw a film.
I haven't seen a film ______________ time.
26. She didn’t expect the movie to be so good.
The movie was ______________ expected.
27. They canceled the event due to bad weather.
The event ______________ because of bad weather.
28. I can't wait to go on holiday.
I’m ______________ on holiday.
29. He can’t have left without saying goodbye.
He ______________ goodbye before leaving.
30. They persuaded me to stay longer.
They ______________ staying longer.
 Task 5
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Time management is a skill that can have a significant (1) ____ on both
personal and professional life. People who manage their time effectively are
more likely to achieve their goals and (2) ____ higher levels of productivity.
One of the key aspects of time management is prioritization. It involves
identifying the most important tasks and focusing on them first. This can (3)
____ to better results and a more organized workflow. In contrast, those who fail
to prioritize may find themselves overwhelmed by less important tasks, which
can (4) ____ to stress and burnout.
Another important aspect is planning. By setting clear goals and (5) ____ a
realistic schedule, individuals can ensure that they have enough time to complete
each task. This also helps in avoiding procrastination, which is a common issue
for many people. Effective time management can (6) ____ to a better work-life
balance. By managing their time well, individuals can make sure that they have
enough time for both work and personal activities, (7) ____ to overall well-be-
ing and satisfaction.
In conclusion, time management is a crucial skill that (8) ____ numerous
benefits. By mastering it, individuals can improve their productivity, reduce
stress, and achieve a better balance in their lives.
1. A) impact B) effect C) influence D) consequence
2. A) reach B) attain C) accomplish D) achieve
3. A) cause B) lead C) bring D) result
4. A) direct B) lead C) guide D) push
5. A) making B) creating C) forming D) designing
6. A) support B) contribute C) assist D) promote
7. A) contributing B) leading C) adding D) joining
8. A) gives B) brings C) offers D) provides
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Music plays an important role in our lives, often influencing our emotions
and moods. It has the power to make us feel happy, sad, excited, or calm. Many
people listen to music as a way to relax (9) ____ unwind after a long day.
In addition to its emotional impact, music can also (10) ____ a powerful
tool for bringing people together. Concerts, festivals, and other musical events
often (11) ____ people from different backgrounds who share a common love
for music.
Furthermore, music is often (12) ____ in special events and ceremonies,
such as weddings, graduations, and national celebrations. It helps to create a
sense of atmosphere and can make these occasions even more memorable.
Another important aspect of music is its ability to inspire creativity. Many
artists and writers (13) ____ music as a source of inspiration for their work.
Even in everyday life, listening to music can (14) ____ us to think differently or
come up with new ideas.
Overall, music is a universal language that has a profound effect (15) ____
our lives. Whether we are listening to it, playing it, or simply enjoying it in the
background, music can enrich our lives (16) ____ so many ways.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The ______________ of the new policy was widely debated in the
meeting.
18. Her ______________ in the project made a significant difference.
19. He is known for his ______________ to achieve his goals. (DETERM-
INE)
 20. The ______________ of the conference was praised by all the at-
tendees.
21. She has a ______________ talent for painting. (NATURE)
22. The ______________ of the product is expected to increase sales.
23. His ______________ to solve problems quickly made him a valuable
team member.
24. The ______________ of the project was delayed due to unforeseen cir-
cumstances.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. She regrets not applying for the job.
She ______________ for the job.
26. They postponed the meeting because of the weather.
They ______________ because of the weather.
27. I didn’t know he was a famous author until yesterday.
I ______________ a famous author yesterday.
28. It’s possible that he didn’t receive your message.
He ______________ your message.
29. You should go to the dentist as soon as possible.
You ______________ to the dentist as soon as possible.
30. I wasn’t expecting to see you here!
To ______________ to see you here!
 Task 6
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
Social media has become a major part of our daily lives, influencing how
we interact with others and how we view the world. While it has many benefits,
it can also have some negative effects if not (1) ____ carefully.
One of the main advantages of social media is that it allows people to stay
(2) ____ with friends and family, regardless of distance. It also provides a plat-
form for sharing ideas and opinions, which can be a powerful tool for (3) ____
change. However, social media can also lead to problems such as cyberbullying
and the spread of misinformation. These issues can have serious consequences,
especially for young people who may be more (4) ____ to online pressure.
Another concern is that social media can be addictive. Many people find
themselves spending (5) ____ time on these platforms, which can interfere with
their daily responsibilities and social lives.
To avoid these issues, it's important to use social media in (6) ____ and to
be aware of the potential risks. By managing your online presence wisely, you
can (7) ____ the benefits of social media while minimizing its negative effects.
In conclusion, while social media can be a valuable tool, it is essential to
(8) ____ a balance between online and offline activities to maintain a healthy
lifestyle.
1. A) used B) managed C) applied D) handled
2. A) linked B) attached C) connected D) joined
3. A) creating B) making C) producing D) bringing
4. A) exposed B) open C) sensitive D) vulnerable
5. A) much B) too C) excessive D) more
6. A) moderation B) balance C) limitation D) control
7. A) enjoy B) experience C) gain D) obtain
8. A) make B) keep C) take D) hold
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
In today's globalized world, learning languages has become increasingly
important. Being able to communicate in more than one language is a valuable
skill that can open up many opportunities, both personally and professionally.
Learning a new language is not only about memorizing vocabulary and
grammar rules; it also involves understanding the culture and traditions (9) ____
that language. This cultural awareness can (10) ____ to more meaningful inter-
actions with people from different backgrounds.
Moreover, speaking multiple languages can improve cognitive abilities.
Studies have shown that bilingual individuals are better at multitasking and
problem-solving. They are also (11) ____ likely to develop dementia in old age
compared to monolingual individuals.
Language learning requires dedication and practice, but the rewards are
well worth the effort. It can (12) ____ to new job opportunities, travel experi-
ences, and personal growth.
In conclusion, learning a language is a lifelong journey that offers numer-
ous benefits. Whether you are learning for work, travel, or personal enrichment,
the (13) ____ you invest in language study will always be worthwhile.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The company's new advertising campaign was a huge
______________.
18. Her ______________ in the project helped it to be completed on time.
19. He has always shown great ______________ in his studies.
20. The team was praised for its ______________ during the crisis.
21. They made a ______________ effort to improve customer service.
 22. The ______________ of the new technology was widely anticipated.
23. Her ______________ to detail is what makes her work stand out.
24. The ______________ of the event attracted people from all over the
city.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not studying harder for the exam.
I ______________ harder for the exam.
26. They didn’t let us enter the concert without tickets.
We ______________ the concert without tickets.
27. I was surprised by how easy the test was.
The test was ______________ I expected.
28. She started working at the company ten years ago.
She has ______________ ten years.
29. They are planning to build a new shopping center.
A new shopping center ______________.
30. I’m sure he didn’t mean to upset you.
He ______________ to upset you.
 Task 7
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Value of Volunteering
Volunteering is an activity that not only benefits the community but also
provides the volunteer with a sense of (1) ____ and accomplishment. Many
people choose to volunteer because they want to make a (2) ____ in the world,
even in a small way.
One of the main advantages of volunteering is the opportunity to (3) ____
new skills and gain experience. For example, volunteering in a healthcare setting
can provide valuable experience for someone interested in pursuing a career in
medicine. Similarly, working with children or elderly people can help develop
(4) ____ skills.
Moreover, volunteering allows individuals to meet new people and (5)
____ connections that could be beneficial in the future. The friendships and net-
works formed during volunteering can often lead to new job opportunities or
personal growth.
However, it’s important to remember that volunteering should be a (6)
____ activity. While it’s rewarding to help others, it should not feel like an ob-
ligation. Volunteering is most effective when it’s done with genuine interest and
enthusiasm.
In conclusion, volunteering is an activity that (7) ____ many benefits. Not
only does it help the community, but it also allows the volunteer to grow person-
ally and professionally. By giving (8) ____ time and effort to a cause, individu-
als can make a real difference.
1. A) pride B) worth C) value D) pride
2. A) difference B) change C) shift D) move
3. A) teach B) learn C) acquire D) develop
4. A) communication B) interact C) relation D) social
 5. A) create B) build C) construct D) grow
6. A) voluntary B) mandatory C) compulsory D) optional
7. A) consists B) brings C) offers D) provides
8. A) your B) one's C) her D) his

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Rise of Online Education
Over the past decade, online education has (9) ____ increasingly popular,
providing students with the flexibility to learn from anywhere in the world. This
type of learning is particularly beneficial for those who have (10) ____ commit-
ments, such as work or family, that make it difficult to attend traditional classes.
One of the key advantages of online education is that it allows students to
learn at their (11) ____ pace. This means they can spend more time on topics
they find difficult and move quickly through subjects they find easier. Addition-
ally, online courses often provide a (12) ____ range of resources, including
videos, readings, and interactive activities.
However, online education also has its challenges. Without the structure of
a classroom, some students may struggle to stay motivated and manage their
time effectively. It is important for students to develop good study habits and
stay (13) ____ on their goals.
Despite these challenges, the popularity of online education continues to
grow, and it is likely to become (14) ____ important in the future. As technology
advances, online learning platforms are becoming more sophisticated, offering
students a high-quality education that can rival traditional (15) ____.
In conclusion, online education is a valuable option for those seeking flex-
ibility and convenience in their studies. With the right approach and dedication,
students can achieve (16) ____ success through online learning.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ to the team was crucial in completing the project
on time.
18. The company’s new policy aims to improve employee
______________.
19. He showed great ______________ in solving the complex problem.
20. The ______________ of the building took much longer than expected.
21. She is known for her ______________ in dealing with difficult situ-
ations.
22. The teacher praised the student for his ______________ in completing
the assignment early.
23. The ______________ of the event attracted attention from the media.
24. His ______________ approach to business has earned him a lot of re-
spect.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy a new phone.
She ______________ a new phone.
26. He prefers playing football to watching it on TV.
He ______________ it on TV.
27. They are expecting that the new regulations will improve safety.
The new regulations ______________ safety.
28. I haven’t visited my grandparents for two months.
The ______________ my grandparents was two months ago.
29. I’m sure that she didn’t mean to upset you.
She ______________ to upset you.
 30. They managed to finish the project on time, despite the difficulties.
They ______________ the project on time, despite the difficulties.
 Task 8
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Regular Exercise
Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health and well-being. It
not only helps to keep the body fit but also has numerous other benefits. Exer-
cise has been shown to (1) ____ stress levels, improve mood, and increase en-
ergy. Additionally, regular physical activity can help to prevent a (2) ____ of
health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
Many people find it difficult to (3) ____ a consistent exercise routine due to
busy schedules or lack of motivation. However, it’s important to (4) ____ that
even small amounts of physical activity can have a positive impact on health.
Whether it’s taking a brisk walk during lunch or doing a quick workout at home,
every little bit helps. Another benefit of regular exercise is that it can improve
mental health. Physical activity has been found to reduce symptoms of anxiety
and depression, (5) ____ individuals feel more relaxed and positive. Moreover,
exercise can boost self-esteem and provide a sense of accomplishment.
In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into your daily routine is one
of the best things you can do for your health. By making physical activity a pri-
ority, you can (6) ____ the benefits of a healthier body and mind. Remember
that the key to success is consistency, so find an activity you enjoy and (7) ____
with it.
1. A) diminish B) decrease C) lower D) reduce
2. A) series B) range C) set D) group
3. A) maintain B) retain C) preserve D) sustain
4. A) recall B) remind C) recollect D) remember
5. A) making B) causing C) letting D) allowing
6. A) gain B) enjoy C) experience D) receive
7. A) stay B) remain C) stick D) keep
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Influence of Technology on Communication
Technology has drastically changed the way we communicate. In the past,
people relied on letters and face-to-face meetings, but now we can (9) ____ in
touch with others instantly, no matter where they are in the world. This has
made communication faster and more efficient.
One of the biggest advantages of technology is that it has (10) ____ people
to stay connected, even if they live far apart. Social media platforms, in particu-
lar, have made it easier to share updates and photos with friends and family.
However, there are also some downsides to the (11) ____ use of technology
in communication. Some people believe that it has led to a decline in the quality
of interactions. For example, text messages and emails lack the personal touch
that comes with face-to-face conversations.
Furthermore, the constant (12) ____ to technology can be overwhelming.
Many people feel pressured to be available at all times, which can lead to stress
and burnout. It is important to find a balance between staying connected and tak-
ing (13) ____ from technology when needed.
In conclusion, while technology has greatly improved the ease and speed of
communication, it is crucial to use it (14) ____ and maintain meaningful rela-
tionships with those around us.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ in the project was greatly appreciated by the
team.
18. The ______________ of the new product was announced last week.
19. He is known for his ______________ in difficult situations. (CALM)
 20. The ______________ of the campaign was a result of careful planning.
21. The new law aims to protect consumers from ______________ prac-
tices.
22. His ______________ to help others is what makes him stand out.
(WILL)
23. The manager emphasized the need for ______________ in the work-
place.
24. The ______________ of the hotel was beyond our expectations.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. The teacher made us do extra homework.
We ______________ do extra homework by the teacher.
26. They should have arrived by now.
They ______________ by now.
27. I haven't eaten sushi before.
This is the first ______________ sushi.
28. She regrets not going to the party.
She ______________ to the party.
29. He didn't expect to win the prize.
He was ______________ the prize.
30. They need to solve this problem as soon as possible.
This problem ______________ as soon as possible.
 Task 9
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Travel
Traveling is an experience that can greatly enrich your life. It allows you to
(1) ____ new cultures, try different foods, and meet people from all walks of
life. Many travelers say that the most valuable part of traveling is the (2) ____ it
gives you to see the world from a different perspective.
One of the main advantages of travel is that it can (3) ____ your horizons.
By stepping out of your comfort zone and experiencing new environments, you
can gain a better understanding of the world and its diverse cultures. This not
only makes you more (4) ____ but also helps you to develop a greater appreci-
ation for different ways of life.
Traveling can also be a great way to (5) ____ stress. Whether you're lying
on a beach or exploring a bustling city, getting away from your daily routine can
help you to relax and recharge. Moreover, travel can (6) ____ lasting memories
that you can cherish for years to come.
In conclusion, travel offers numerous benefits that can positively impact
your life. By making time to explore new places, you can (7) ____ valuable life
experiences and gain a broader outlook on the world. So, next time you have the
opportunity to travel, (8) ____ it with open arms.
1. A) discover B) uncover C) find D) explore
2. A) ability B) chance C) opportunity D) potential
3. A) extend B) broaden C) widen D) expand
4. A) informed B) educated C) knowledgeable D) understanding
5. A) relieve B) reduce C) lower D) release
6. A) make B) create C) produce D) build
7. A) collect B) earn C) gather D) acquire
8. A) take B) receive C) accept D) greet
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Music in Our Lives
Music is a universal language that has the power to bring people together.
It is something that everyone can (9) ____ to, regardless of their background or
culture. Music has been a part of human life for thousands of years and contin-
ues to play an important role in our lives today.
One of the most powerful aspects of music is its ability to (10) ____ emo-
tions. Whether you're feeling happy, sad, or angry, there is likely a song that can
express how you feel. Music has the ability to lift your spirits or provide comfort
(11) ____ times of need.
In addition to its emotional impact, music can also help to create a sense of
community. People often come (12) ____ to enjoy music, whether it's at a con-
cert, festival, or simply sharing a favorite song with a friend. This shared experi-
ence can strengthen bonds and create lasting memories.
Moreover, music can be a source of inspiration and creativity. Many artists,
writers, and musicians (13) ____ music as a way to express themselves and
communicate their ideas to the world. Even if you're not an artist, music can in-
spire you to think differently or see things from a new perspective.
In conclusion, music is a powerful force that has the ability to connect us,
inspire us, and express our emotions. It is a vital part of our lives that will (14)
____ to be important for generations to come.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The concert was an incredible ______________ of talent and creativity.
18. His ______________ to the team was recognized by everyone.
19. The teacher praised the student for his ______________ in the project.
 20. The ______________ of the event required careful planning and co-
ordination.
21. She is known for her ______________ approach to solving problems.
22. The ______________ of the new policy was met with mixed reactions.
23. He showed great ______________ in dealing with the difficult situ-
ation.
24. The artist’s work is known for its ______________ and beauty.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to finish the report yesterday.
She ______________ the report yesterday.
26. He started working here five years ago.
He ______________ five years.
27. It’s possible that she didn’t receive the message.
She ______________ the message.
28. They should have invited more people to the event.
They ______________ more people to the event.
29. She didn’t expect to win the award.
She was ______________ the award.
30. The students were made to clean the classroom.
The students ______________ the classroom.
 Task 10
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Power of Reading
Reading is one of the most valuable activities you can engage in. It (1)
____ you to gain knowledge, improve your vocabulary, and develop your ima-
gination. Whether you prefer fiction or non-fiction, reading can transport you to
different worlds and introduce you to new ideas.
One of the main benefits of reading is that it can help (2) ____ your under-
standing of different cultures and perspectives. By reading books from authors
around the world, you can (3) ____ a deeper insight into the lives of others. This
can make you more empathetic and open-minded.
Reading also has a significant impact on your brain. Studies have shown
that regular reading can (4) ____ cognitive function and improve concentration.
It can even slow down the (5) ____ of cognitive decline as you age.
Moreover, reading can be a great source of (6) ____. It allows you to es-
cape from the stress of daily life and immerse yourself in a good story. Whether
you're reading a thrilling novel or an inspiring biography, books can provide a
sense of relaxation and enjoyment.
In conclusion, reading is a powerful tool that offers numerous benefits. It
not only enhances your knowledge and understanding but also (7) ____ your
mind and enriches your life. So, make it a habit to read regularly and (8) ____
the countless rewards it brings.
1. A) lets B) allows C) enables D) permits
2. A) deepen B) increase C) extend D) widen
3. A) acquire B) obtain C) learn D) gain
4. A) stimulate B) motivate C) elevate D) activate
5. A) growth B) process C) pace D) development
6. A) entertainment B) amusement C) relaxation D) distraction
 7. A) opens B) broadens C) stretches D) expands
8. A) enjoy B) experience C) appreciate D) realize

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of Learning a New Language
Learning a new language is one of the most rewarding challenges you can
undertake. It not only opens up new opportunities for travel and work but also
helps to (9) ____ your brain active and healthy.
When you learn a new language, you are exposed to different ways of
thinking and expressing yourself. This can improve your problem-solving skills
and (10) ____ you more adaptable in various situations.
In addition to cognitive benefits, learning a language can also have a posit-
ive impact on your social life. It allows you to (11) ____ with people from dif-
ferent cultures and backgrounds, broadening your understanding of the world.
Moreover, speaking more than one language can give you a (12) ____ in
the job market. Employers often look for candidates who can communicate in
multiple languages, as it is a valuable skill in today’s globalized world.
In conclusion, learning a new language is an investment in yourself. It (13)
____ only enhances your cognitive abilities but also provides you with practical
skills that can benefit you in many areas of life.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The ______________ of the new policy led to several changes within
the organization.
18. She has shown great ______________ in overcoming the obstacles in
her career.
 19. His ______________ to detail made him the perfect candidate for the
job.
20. The new software was designed to improve the ______________ of the
system.
21. The artist is known for her ______________ and unique style.
22. The ______________ of the event was a huge success, attracting hun-
dreds of visitors.
23. He received an award for his ______________ to the community.
24. Her ______________ to learn new things is truly inspiring.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. The manager made them stay late to finish the project.
They ______________ late to finish the project by the manager.
26. It wasn’t necessary for him to attend the meeting.
He ______________ the meeting.
27. They haven’t decided where to go on holiday yet.
They ______________ where to go on holiday.
28. I haven’t seen my cousins for ages.
It’s been ages ______________ my cousins.
29. I regret not studying harder for the exam.
I ______________ harder for the exam.
30. The teacher allowed us to use dictionaries during the test.
The teacher ______________ dictionaries during the test.
 Task 11
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Power of Reading
Reading is one of the most valuable activities you can engage in. It (1)
____ you to gain knowledge, improve your vocabulary, and develop your ima-
gination. Whether you prefer fiction or non-fiction, reading can transport you to
different worlds and introduce you to new ideas.
One of the main benefits of reading is that it can help (2) ____ your under-
standing of different cultures and perspectives. By reading books from authors
around the world, you can (3) ____ a deeper insight into the lives of others. This
can make you more empathetic and open-minded.
Reading also has a significant impact on your brain. Studies have shown
that regular reading can (4) ____ cognitive function and improve concentration.
It can even slow down the (5) ____ of cognitive decline as you age.
Moreover, reading can be a great source of (6) ____. It allows you to es-
cape from the stress of daily life and immerse yourself in a good story. Whether
you're reading a thrilling novel or an inspiring biography, books can provide a
sense of relaxation and enjoyment.
In conclusion, reading is a powerful tool that offers numerous benefits. It
not only enhances your knowledge and understanding but also (7) ____ your
mind and enriches your life. So, make it a habit to read regularly and (8) ____
the countless rewards it brings.
1. A) lets B) allows C) enables D) permits
2. A) deepen B) increase C) extend D) widen
3. A) acquire B) obtain C) learn D) gain
4. A) stimulate B) motivate C) elevate D) activate
5. A) growth B) process C) pace D) development
6. A) entertainment B) amusement C) relaxation D) distraction
 7. A) opens B) broadens C) stretches D) expands
8. A) enjoy B) experience C) appreciate D) realize

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of Learning a New Language
Learning a new language is one of the most rewarding challenges you can
undertake. It not only opens up new opportunities for travel and work but also
helps to (9) ____ your brain active and healthy.
When you learn a new language, you are exposed to different ways of
thinking and expressing yourself. This can improve your problem-solving skills
and (10) ____ you more adaptable in various situations.
In addition to cognitive benefits, learning a language can also have a posit-
ive impact on your social life. It allows you to (11) ____ with people from dif-
ferent cultures and backgrounds, broadening your understanding of the world.
Moreover, speaking more than one language can give you a (12) ____ in
the job market. Employers often look for candidates who can communicate in
multiple languages, as it is a valuable skill in today’s globalized world.
In conclusion, learning a new language is an investment in yourself. It (13)
____ only enhances your cognitive abilities but also provides you with practical
skills that can benefit you in many areas of life.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The ______________ of the new policy led to several changes within
the organization.
18. She has shown great ______________ in overcoming the obstacles in
her career.
 19. His ______________ to detail made him the perfect candidate for the
job.
20. The new software was designed to improve the ______________ of the
system.
21. The artist is known for her ______________ and unique style.
22. The ______________ of the event was a huge success, attracting hun-
dreds of visitors.
23. He received an award for his ______________ to the community.
24. Her ______________ to learn new things is truly inspiring.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. The manager made them stay late to finish the project.
They ______________ late to finish the project by the manager.
26. It wasn’t necessary for him to attend the meeting.
He ______________ the meeting.
27. They haven’t decided where to go on holiday yet.
They ______________ where to go on holiday.
28. I haven’t seen my cousins for ages.
It’s been ages ______________ my cousins.
29. I regret not studying harder for the exam.
I ______________ harder for the exam.
30. The teacher allowed us to use dictionaries during the test.
The teacher ______________ dictionaries during the test.
 Task 12
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Advantages of Teamwork
Teamwork is an essential part of many work environments, and it offers
numerous benefits that can lead to greater success. Working as part of a team (1)
____ individuals to combine their strengths and tackle challenges more effect-
ively than they could alone. When people collaborate, they can (2) ____ ideas,
offer different perspectives, and come up with innovative solutions to problems.
One of the key advantages of teamwork is that it can (3) ____ creativity.
When team members brainstorm together, they can (4) ____ each other's ideas
and develop concepts that they might not have thought of individually. This col-
laborative approach often leads to more (5) ____ outcomes and a higher quality
of work. Furthermore, teamwork can also improve productivity. By distributing
tasks among team members according to their skills and strengths, a group can
(6) ____ projects more efficiently and meet deadlines more easily. This not only
benefits the team but also the organization as a whole.
In conclusion, teamwork is a valuable asset in any workplace. It (7) ____
collaboration, encourages innovation, and enhances productivity. By working
together, teams can achieve (8) ____ that might be impossible for individuals to
accomplish on their own.
1. A) lets B) allows C) enables D) permits
2. A) exchange B) swap C) trade D) share
3. A) motivate B) stimulate C) activate D) inspire
4. A) expand B) build C) raise D) heighten
5. A) creative B) effective C) impressive D) efficient
6. A) finish B) manage C) complete D) handle
7. A) promotes B) supports C) aids D) strengthens
8. A) aims B) goals C) results D) targets
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Technology in Education
Technology has become an integral part of education in recent years. It has
transformed the way students learn and teachers (9) ____ their Task s. One of
the biggest advantages of technology in education is that it provides access to a
vast amount of information. Students can now easily find resources online that
can help them with their studies.
In addition to providing information, technology also (10) ____ learning
more interactive and engaging. For example, educational apps and online games
can make learning fun and motivate students to study more regularly.
However, there are also some challenges associated (11) ____ the use of
technology in education. One of the main concerns is that students might be-
come too dependent on technology and lose the ability to think critically. Teach-
ers need to (12) ____ sure that technology is used effectively and that it comple-
ments traditional teaching methods.
Moreover, there is also the issue of access. Not all students have equal ac-
cess to technology, which can create a digital divide. Schools and governments
need to work together to ensure that all students have the (13) ____ to benefit
from technological advancements in education.
In conclusion, while technology offers many benefits, it is important to use
it in a balanced and thoughtful way to (14) ____ the best results in education.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The company made a ______________ decision to expand into interna-
tional markets.
18. Her ______________ in the project was crucial to its success.
 19. The ______________ of the event attracted media attention.
20. He is known for his ______________ and attention to detail.
21. The new software provides a more ______________ way to manage
data.
22. The artist's ______________ was evident in every piece of her work.
23. The team showed great ______________ in overcoming the obstacles
they faced.
24. The ______________ of the new policy was met with widespread ap-
proval.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for them to arrive so early.
They ______________ so early.
26. They last visited the museum five years ago.
It ______________ they last visited the museum.
27. I regret not applying for the job.
I ______________ for the job.
28. She is likely to be late for the meeting.
She ______________ late for the meeting.
29. They gave us permission to leave early.
They ______________ early.
30. He forgot his wallet, so he couldn’t pay for lunch.
He could have paid for lunch ______________ his wallet.
 Task 13
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Hobbies
Having a hobby is an excellent way to spend your free time and can have a
significant impact on your overall well-being. Whether you enjoy painting, play-
ing sports, or gardening, hobbies provide an opportunity to (1) ____ stress and
focus on something you enjoy. Engaging in a hobby allows you to develop new
skills and (2) ____ your knowledge in a particular area. For example, if you take
up photography, you will learn about composition, lighting, and editing tech-
niques. This can be both (3) ____ and rewarding as you see your skills improve
over time.
Moreover, hobbies can also lead to social (4) ____. Joining a club or group
related to your hobby can help you meet new people who share similar interests.
These connections can (5) ____ to lasting friendships and a stronger sense of
community. In addition, having a hobby can also improve your mental health. It
provides a creative outlet and can be a great way to (6) ____ your mind off the
stresses of daily life. This can lead to increased happiness and a more (7) ____
attitude. In conclusion, hobbies are an essential part of a balanced life. They of-
fer numerous benefits, from developing new skills to improving mental health,
and should be (8) ____ by everyone.
1. A) ease B) relieve C) release D) reduce
2. A) expand B) grow C) increase D) extend
3. A) fun B) enjoyable C) pleasing D) exciting
4. A) exchange B) interaction C) connection D) involvement
5. A) result B) create C) lead D) turn
6. A) move B) take C) turn D) get
7. A) positive B) optimistic C) hopeful D) bright
8. A) followed B) practiced C) undertaken D) embraced
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Sleep in Health
Sleep is an essential part of our daily lives, and it plays a crucial role in
maintaining our physical and mental health. Getting enough sleep allows the
body to (9) ____ and repair itself, which is vital for overall well-being.
During sleep, the body goes through several stages, each of (10) ____
serves a different purpose. Deep sleep is particularly important for (11) ____ the
immune system, while REM sleep is linked to dreaming and cognitive function.
Lack of sleep can have serious consequences. It can (12) ____ to a
weakened immune system, making you more susceptible to illness. Addition-
ally, chronic sleep deprivation has been (13) ____ to an increased risk of condi-
tions such as heart disease, diabetes, and depression.
To improve your sleep quality, it is important to establish a regular sleep
routine and create a comfortable sleep environment. This includes (14) ____
factors like room temperature, noise levels, and lighting. Reducing screen time
before bed and avoiding caffeine late in the day can also (15) ____ in better
sleep.
In conclusion, prioritizing sleep is one of the best things you can do for
your health. By ensuring you get enough rest, you can (16) ____ your body the
chance it needs to recover and function at its best.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ in the charity event helped raise a significant
amount of money.
 18. The company’s new advertising campaign was a huge
______________.
19. He was praised for his ______________ in handling the situation
calmly and effectively.
20. The artist’s ______________ was evident in every piece of his work.
21. The ______________ of the new policy will take place next month.
22. She is known for her ______________ and always does things with
great care.
23. The ______________ of the event was evident from the large crowd it
attracted.
24. His ______________ to the team made a big difference in their per-
formance.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. They made us clean the entire house before we could leave.
We ______________ the entire house before we could leave.
26. It’s possible that they didn’t receive the email.
They ______________ the email.
27. She regrets not taking the job offer.
She ______________ the job offer.
28. I haven’t spoken to Sarah since last month.
The last ______________ to Sarah was last month.
29. He wasn’t allowed to enter the club without a membership card.
They didn’t ______________ without a membership card.
30. It’s necessary to submit your application by Friday.
Your application ______________ by Friday.
 Task 14
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of a Healthy Diet
Eating a healthy diet is essential for maintaining good health and well-be-
ing. The food you consume has a direct impact on your energy levels, mood, and
overall physical condition. A balanced diet (1) ____ of a variety of foods that
provide the nutrients your body needs to function properly. One of the main be-
nefits of eating a healthy diet is that it can help you maintain a healthy weight.
By (2) ____ nutritious foods and avoiding excessive amounts of sugar and un-
healthy fats, you can reduce your risk of obesity and related health problems.
In addition to physical health, a healthy diet can also have a positive effect
on your mental health. Studies have shown that certain nutrients, such as omega-
3 fatty acids and vitamins, can (3) ____ your mood and reduce symptoms of de-
pression and anxiety. Moreover, eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can
boost your immune system, making you less (4) ____ to illnesses. These foods
are packed with vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help protect your body
from harmful substances.
In conclusion, a healthy diet is one of the most important factors in achiev-
ing and maintaining good health. By making smart food choices, you can (5)
____ your energy, improve your mood, and protect your body from a variety of
health issues. Remember, it's never too late to (6) ____ healthy eating habits and
enjoy the benefits of a balanced diet.
1. A) consists B) composes C) contains D) involves
2. A) choosing B) selecting C) picking D) opting
3. A) elevate B) enhance C) raise D) boost
4. A) prone B) vulnerable C) sensitive D) liable
5. A) increase B) heighten C) uplift D) boost
6. A) adapt B) adopt C) adjust D) assume
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of Exercise
Regular exercise is one of the best things you can do for your health. It not
only helps you maintain a healthy weight, but it also (9) ____ your muscles and
bones, improves your cardiovascular system, and boosts your mental health.
Exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases, in-
cluding heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. It can also help (10)
____ stress and anxiety, leading to a more balanced and positive outlook on life.
In addition to the physical and mental health benefits, exercise can also im-
prove your (11) ____ quality. People who exercise regularly tend to fall asleep
faster and enjoy deeper sleep, which is crucial for overall health.
It’s important to find an exercise routine that you enjoy, as this will make it
easier to (12) ____ with it in the long term. Whether you prefer running, swim-
ming, dancing, or practicing yoga, the key is to stay active and make exercise a
regular part of your life.
In conclusion, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. By
staying active, you can (13) ____ your physical health, boost your mood, and
enhance your overall quality of life. So, (14) ____ you haven’t already, start in-
corporating regular exercise into your routine and reap the rewards it offers.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The scientist's ______________ to the field of genetics was ground-
breaking.
18. Her ______________ during the meeting helped resolve the issue
quickly.
 19. The team was praised for their ______________ in completing the pro-
ject on time.
20. The ______________ of the new policy was met with approval by the
staff.
21. The ______________ of the city’s transportation system is a top prior-
ity.
22. His ______________ to succeed motivated the entire team.
23. She has a ______________ ability to solve complex problems.
24. The ______________ of the event was evident from the large number
of attendees.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. They are building a new shopping center in town.
A new shopping center ______________ in town.
26. He prefers playing tennis to swimming.
He ______________ swimming.
27. I haven't visited my grandparents for two months.
It’s been two months ______________ my grandparents.
28. It wasn’t necessary for her to attend the meeting.
She ______________ the meeting.
29. She started working here five years ago.
She ______________ five years.
30. The teacher allowed us to use calculators during the exam.
The teacher ______________ calculators during the exam.
 Task 15
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Impact of Social Media
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, and it has signi-
ficantly (1) ____ the way we communicate and interact with others. While social
media platforms offer numerous benefits, such as staying connected with friends
and family, they also (2) ____ several challenges that can affect our mental and
emotional well-being. One of the main concerns about social media is its poten-
tial to create unrealistic expectations. People often (3) ____ only the highlights
of their lives, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem
among those who (4) ____ themselves to these idealized images.
Another issue is the risk of cyberbullying, which can (5) ____ significant
emotional distress. Many individuals, particularly young people, have been tar-
gets of online harassment, leading to serious consequences for their mental
health. Despite these challenges, social media also has the power to (6) ____
positive change. It can be a platform for raising awareness about important is-
sues, promoting social causes, and bringing people together for collective action.
In conclusion, while social media can have both positive and negative ef-
fects, it is crucial to use it mindfully and responsibly. By being aware of its im-
pact, we can (7) ____ the benefits while minimizing the risks associated with its
use.
1. A) transformed B) influenced C) impacted D) modified
2. A) present B) produce C) create D) offer
3. A) upload B) post C) share D) display
4. A) compare B) relate C) contrast D) connect
5. A) cause B) result C) lead D) bring
6. A) generate B) initiate C) inspire D) motivate
7. A) enjoy B) achieve C) realize D) maximize
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Education in Society
Education is one of the most important pillars of any society. It not only
provides individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary for personal devel-
opment, but it also (9) ____ a crucial role in shaping the future of a nation.
A well-educated population is more likely to (10) ____ informed decisions,
contribute to economic growth, and promote social harmony. Education helps
individuals develop critical thinking skills, which are essential for (11) ____
problems and making sound judgments.
Moreover, education is a powerful tool for reducing inequality. It (12) ____
opportunities for people from all backgrounds to succeed, regardless of their so-
cio-economic status. By providing equal access to education, societies can help
break the cycle of poverty and create a more just and equitable world.
However, it is important to ensure that education systems are inclusive and
accessible to everyone. This means addressing barriers such (13) ____ gender
discrimination, economic constraints, and geographic limitations.
In conclusion, education is a fundamental human right that should be avail-
able to all. By investing in education, societies can (14) ____ a brighter future
for generations to come.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The government's ______________ to improve the education system
has been widely praised.
18. Her ______________ to the research project was invaluable.
 19. The new policy aims to increase ______________ among students
from different backgrounds.
20. The teacher's ______________ approach made the Task s more enga-
ging for the students.
21. The ______________ of the new school building was delayed due to
unforeseen circumstances.
22. He showed great ______________ in overcoming the challenges he
faced during his studies.
23. The ______________ of educational resources is essential for effective
learning.
24. She has a natural ______________ for teaching and connecting with
her students.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for us to complete the assignment by today.
We ______________ the assignment by today.
26. I regret not taking the opportunity to study abroad.
I ______________ the opportunity to study abroad.
27. They are likely to finish the project ahead of schedule.
They ______________ the project ahead of schedule.
28. He started learning French two years ago.
He ______________ two years.
29. They didn’t allow us to enter the building without an ID card.
They didn’t ______________ the building without an ID card.
30. She wasn’t able to attend the meeting because of the traffic.
She was ______________ the meeting by the traffic.
 Task 16
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Rise of Remote Work
The COVID-19 pandemic has (1) ____ significant changes in the way we
work. One of the most notable shifts has been the rapid increase in remote work.
As companies were forced to adapt to lockdowns and social distancing meas-
ures, many employees began working from home. Remote work offers several
advantages. For employees, it means greater (2) ____ in managing their work-
life balance. Without the need to commute, they have more time to spend with
family or engage in personal activities. Additionally, remote work can lead to
increased productivity, as workers can (3) ____ a comfortable and personalized
workspace.
For employers, remote work can result in cost savings, as there is less need
for office space and utilities. However, remote work also presents challenges.
Communication and collaboration can become more difficult, especially when
team members are in different time zones. This can (4) ____ to feelings of isola-
tion among employees. To make remote work successful, companies need to
invest in technology and tools that facilitate communication and project manage-
ment. Regular check-ins and virtual meetings can help maintain a sense of (5)
____ within the team. Remote work is likely to remain a significant part of the
modern work environment. As companies and employees continue to (6) ____ to
this new way of working, it is important to find strategies that maximize the be-
nefits while addressing the challenges.
1. A) prompted B) caused C) led D) made
2. A) ability B) flexibility C) opportunity D) possibility
3. A) create B) establish C) set D) form
4. A) result B) lead C) cause D) bring
5. A) community B) collaboration C) unity D) engagement
 6. A) transition B) convert C) shift D) adapt
Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Saving Money
Saving money is a habit that everyone should develop, no matter their in-
come level. It is important to have a financial cushion that can help you (9) ____
unexpected expenses, such as medical bills or car repairs. Without savings, these
costs can lead to financial stress and even debt.
One of the most effective ways to save money is to create a budget and
stick to it. A budget allows you to track your spending and identify areas where
you can cut (10) ____ unnecessary expenses. By making small adjustments to
your daily habits, you can (11) ____ up significant savings over time.
In addition to covering emergencies, savings can also be used to achieve
financial goals, (12) ____ as buying a house, starting a business, or funding your
education. Having savings gives you the freedom to pursue opportunities that
may arise in the future.
It is also important to consider long-term savings, such as retirement funds.
The earlier you start saving for retirement, the (13) ____ your money has to
grow through investments and compound interest.
In conclusion, saving money is a crucial part of financial stability and suc-
cess. By being mindful of your spending and making saving a priority, you can
(14) ____ a secure financial future for yourself and your family.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. His ______________ to save money allowed him to buy a new car last
year.
 18. The new software was designed to increase ______________ in the
workplace.
19. She is known for her ______________ in dealing with difficult custom-
ers.
20. The ______________ of the charity event exceeded everyone’s expect-
ations.
21. We need to focus on the ______________ of our savings plan to ensure
we meet our financial goals.
22. Her ______________ to work hard paid off when she received a pro-
motion.
23. The company’s ______________ to reduce costs led to a significant
increase in profits.
24. He was praised for his ______________ during the crisis.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to work late last night.
She ______________ late last night.
26. I haven’t seen Tom since last year.
The ______________ Tom was last year.
27. They managed to complete the project on time, despite the delays.
They were ______________ the project on time, despite the delays.
28. They are likely to win the contract.
They ______________ the contract.
29. The noise made it difficult for me to concentrate.
I ______________ to concentrate because of the noise.
30. They didn’t allow us to leave the room until the meeting was over.
They didn’t ______________ until the meeting was over.
 Task 17
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Learning a Musical Instrument
Learning to play a musical instrument is a rewarding experience that offers
numerous benefits. Not only does it (1) ____ creativity, but it also helps to im-
prove cognitive abilities. Studies have shown that individuals who play instru-
ments often have better memory and problem-solving skills.
Playing music requires discipline and practice, which can (2) ____ to better
time management skills. Musicians often have to balance practice with other
responsibilities, teaching them how to prioritize their time effectively.
Another benefit of learning an instrument is the sense of accomplishment it
provides. Mastering a difficult piece of music or performing in front of an audi-
ence can (3) ____ self-confidence. Additionally, music can be a great way to re-
lieve stress and express emotions.
For many people, playing an instrument is also a social activity. Joining a
band or an orchestra (4) ____ opportunities to meet new people and make
friends who share similar interests. Music has a unique ability to bring people
together and create a sense of community.
In conclusion, learning a musical instrument offers a wide range of bene-
fits, from cognitive improvements to social connections. Whether you choose to
play for fun or pursue it more seriously, music can (5) ____ your life in many
positive ways.
1. A) inspire B) enhance C) stimulate D) generate
2. A) contribute B) lead C) result D) support
3. A) boost B) build C) increase D) raise
4. A) provides B) creates C) offers D) gives
5. A) improve B) enrich C) elevate D) expand
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Volunteer Work
Volunteering is an activity that benefits both the volunteer and the com-
munity. It provides an opportunity to give (9) ____ to others and make a positive
impact on society. By dedicating time and effort to helping those in need, volun-
teers can develop a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
One of the key benefits of volunteering is the chance to learn new skills.
Many volunteer positions require specific training, which can (10) ____ valu-
able experience and knowledge. This can be particularly useful for young people
who are looking to gain experience in their chosen field.
Volunteering also offers social benefits. It allows individuals to connect
with others who share similar values and interests. This can lead to (11) ____
friendships and a stronger sense of community.
Moreover, volunteering has been shown to have positive effects on mental
health. Helping others can boost self-esteem and reduce feelings of depression
and anxiety. The act of giving (12) ____ often provides a sense of satisfaction
and well-being.
In conclusion, volunteering is a rewarding activity that offers numerous
personal and social benefits. Whether you volunteer locally or globally, your
efforts can make a significant difference in the lives of others.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ to the project was recognized by the entire team.
18. The organization’s ______________ to helping the homeless is com-
mendable.
19. He has shown great ______________ in learning to play the piano.
 20. The ______________ of the event was largely due to the hard work of
the volunteers.
21. Her ______________ to detail is what sets her work apart.
22. They were praised for their ______________ in responding to the
crisis.
23. The ______________ of the charity event helped raise a significant
amount of money.
24. His ______________ to the cause inspired others to get involved.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not taking that job offer.
I ______________ that job offer.
26. They didn’t allow us to take photos inside the museum.
They didn’t ______________ photos inside the museum.
27. It wasn’t necessary for her to bring a gift.
She ______________ a gift.
28. She found it difficult to understand the instructions.
She ______________ the instructions.
29. I haven’t visited my aunt in over a year.
The ______________ my aunt was over a year ago.
30. They managed to complete the project on time despite the difficulties.
They were ______________ the project on time despite the difficulties.
 Task 18
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Outdoor Activities
Spending time outdoors is essential for maintaining both physical and men-
tal well-being. Whether it’s hiking in the mountains, cycling through the coun-
tryside, or simply walking in a park, outdoor activities offer numerous benefits.
One of the most obvious advantages is the (1) ____ of physical fitness. Regular
exercise in the fresh air helps to improve cardiovascular health, strengthen
muscles, and increase flexibility. Outdoor activities also provide an opportunity
to (2) ____ stress. Being surrounded by nature has a calming effect on the mind,
helping to reduce anxiety and improve mood. Studies have shown that people
who spend more time outdoors are generally happier and more relaxed.
In addition to physical and mental health benefits, outdoor activities can
also (3) ____ social connections. Participating in group activities, such as team
sports or guided nature walks, allows individuals to meet new people and build
friendships. These social interactions are crucial for maintaining a sense of com-
munity and belonging. Outdoor activities can be a great way to (4) ____ new
skills. Whether it’s learning how to navigate a trail, identify different species of
plants, or master a new sport, the outdoors offers countless opportunities for per-
sonal growth and development. Making time for outdoor activities is a simple
yet effective way to improve overall well-being. By (5) ____ the many benefits
that nature has to offer, individuals can lead healthier, happier lives.
1. A) increase B) boost C) improvement D) gain
2. A) release B) ease C) relieve D) reduce
3. A) create B) foster C) develop D) enhance
4. A) gain B) acquire C) obtain D) learn
5. A) embracing B) taking C) enjoying D) accepting
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Recycling
Recycling is one of the most effective ways to protect the environment and
reduce waste. By reusing materials, we can conserve natural resources, save en-
ergy, and (9) ____ pollution. Recycling helps to decrease the amount of waste
that ends (10) ____ in landfills, which can have harmful effects on the environ-
ment.
One of the key benefits of recycling is that it conserves raw materials. For
example, recycling paper reduces the need to cut down trees, while recycling
metals reduces the need for mining. This not only saves natural resources but
also reduces the environmental impact (11) ____ extracting and processing these
materials.
In addition to conserving resources, recycling can also save energy. It typ-
ically requires less energy to produce new products from recycled materials than
it does from raw materials. This (12) ____ to lower greenhouse gas emissions
and helps to combat climate change.
To make recycling more effective, it’s important for individuals to separate
their waste correctly and to (13) ____ aware of what can and cannot be recycled.
By making a conscious effort to recycle, we can all contribute to a healthier
planet.
In conclusion, recycling is a simple yet powerful way to make a positive
impact on the environment. By taking small steps in our daily lives, we can (14)
____ a big difference in protecting our planet for future generations.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
 17. The ______________ of renewable energy is essential for a sustainable
future.
18. She showed great ______________ in finding a solution to the prob-
lem.
19. The new regulations aim to increase ______________ among compan-
ies.
20. His ______________ in the project was greatly appreciated by the
team.
21. The ______________ of the waste disposal system has significantly
improved.
22. They were impressed by her ______________ and dedication to the
cause.
23. The company’s ______________ practices have set a new standard in
the industry.
24. He was awarded a medal for his ______________ during the rescue
operation.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for us to finish the report today.
We ______________ the report today.
26. I regret not telling her the truth earlier.
I ______________ her the truth earlier.
27. They didn’t allow us to enter the building without ID.
They didn’t ______________ without ID.
28. He started working at the company in 2010.
He ______________ 2010.
29. She found it difficult to concentrate because of the noise.
She ______________ to concentrate because of the noise.
 30. They will probably finish the project by tomorrow.
They ______________ the project by tomorrow.
Task 19
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Advantages of Learning Online
In recent years, online learning has become increasingly popular as a (1)
____ of education. With the advancement of technology, students now have the
opportunity to take courses from the comfort of their own homes, (2) ____ the
flexibility to learn at their own pace.
One of the primary benefits of online learning is the wide range of courses
available. Students can choose from a variety of subjects, many of (3) ____ are
not offered at traditional schools. This allows learners to explore new areas of
interest and gain knowledge in specialized fields.
Another advantage is that online learning often (4) ____ lower costs com-
pared to traditional education. Without the need for physical classrooms and ma-
terials, educational institutions can offer courses at a reduced price. This makes
education more accessible to a broader audience. Online learning promotes self-
discipline and time management skills. Students are required to (5) ____ their
own schedules and meet deadlines independently, which can be beneficial in
both academic and professional settings.
In conclusion, online learning offers numerous advantages, from flexibility
and cost savings to the development of important life skills. As technology con-
tinues to evolve, it is likely that online education will (6) ____ to play a signific-
ant role in the future of learning.
1. A) method B) form C) way D) means
2. A) allowing B) letting C) giving D) providing
3. A) them B) which C) that D) these
4. A) brings B) has C) offers D) provides
 5. A) set B) make C) organize D) prepare
6. A) proceed B) continue C) follow D) keep

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Technology in Communication
Technology has transformed the way we communicate, making it easier
and faster to connect with people all over the world. The invention of smart-
phones, for example, has made it possible to send messages, make calls, and (9)
____ photos instantly, no matter where you are.
One of the most significant changes brought (10) ____ by technology is the
rise of social media. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow
people to share their thoughts, experiences, and (11) ____ with a global audi-
ence. This has not only changed personal communication but has also had a pro-
found impact on businesses, politics, and culture.
However, the (12) ____ of technology in communication also comes with
challenges. For instance, the constant need to stay connected can lead to stress
and a lack of privacy. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on
social media platforms poses a significant problem that (13) ____ to be ad-
dressed.
In conclusion, while technology has greatly enhanced our ability to com-
municate, it is essential to use it responsibly. By being mindful of the potential
drawbacks, we can (14) ____ the benefits of technology while minimizing its
negative effects.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
 17. The ______________ of the new communication system improved effi-
ciency in the workplace.
18. Her ______________ to solve the problem quickly was impressive.
19. The company’s ______________ strategy led to a significant increase
in sales.
20. He received an award for his ______________ in developing the new
software.
21. They were impressed by her ______________ to detail in the project.
22. The ______________ of the event was praised by all who attended.
23. His ______________ to the team’s success was acknowledged by
everyone.
24. The ______________ of their communication made it difficult to un-
derstand the message.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to attend the meeting.
She ______________ the meeting.
26. I last saw John two years ago.
I ______________ two years.
27. They didn’t allow us to leave until the presentation was over.
They didn’t ______________ until the presentation was over.
28. The concert was less interesting than I had expected.
The concert ______________ I had expected.
29. He is likely to arrive late.
He ______________ late.
30. She found it difficult to concentrate because of the noise.
She ______________ to concentrate because of the noise.
 Task 20
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Sleep
Getting enough sleep is crucial for maintaining both physical and mental
health. Sleep allows the body to rest and repair itself, which is essential for (1)
____ well-being. During sleep, the body undergoes various processes that help
to strengthen the immune system, consolidate memories, and (2) ____ emotional
stability.
Lack of sleep can have serious consequences, including decreased cognit-
ive function, impaired judgment, and a weakened immune system. People who
do not get enough sleep are more (3) ____ to illnesses and are at a higher risk of
developing chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes.
One of the most effective ways to improve sleep quality is to establish a
regular sleep routine. Going to bed and waking up at the same time each day
helps to regulate the body’s internal clock, making it easier to fall asleep and (4)
____ asleep.
Creating a comfortable sleep environment is also important. This includes
keeping the bedroom cool, dark, and quiet, and (5) ____ distractions such as
electronic devices before bedtime.
In conclusion, sleep is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. By pri-
oritizing sleep and taking steps to improve sleep quality, individuals can (6)
____ their overall health and well-being.
1. A) general B) overall C) entire D) complete
2. A) maintain B) keep C) stay D) hold
3. A) prone B) vulnerable C) likely D) exposed
4. A) remain B) stay C) keep D) continue
5. A) avoiding B) removing C) excluding D) ignoring
6. A) boost B) raise C) uplift D) heighten
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Technology in Education
Technology has revolutionized education, making it more accessible and
interactive for students around the world. With the rise of online courses and
digital resources, students can now learn at their own pace and access informa-
tion from anywhere in the world. This (9) ____ become especially important
during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many schools were forced to close and
move to online learning.
One of the major benefits of technology in education is the ability to cus-
tomize learning experiences. Students can choose from a variety of resources,
(10) ____ as videos, quizzes, and interactive simulations, to enhance their under-
standing of complex concepts.
However, the increased use of technology in education also presents some
challenges. One of the main concerns is the digital divide, which refers to the
gap between those who have access to technology and those who (11) ____ not.
This can lead to inequalities in education, with some students falling behind due
to a lack of resources.
To address this issue, it is important for governments and educational insti-
tutions to (12) ____ measures to ensure that all students have equal access to
technology. This could include providing devices and internet access to those in
need, as well as offering training on how to use digital tools effectively.
In conclusion, technology has the potential to greatly enhance education,
but it must be used in a way that (13) ____ equal opportunities for all students.
By bridging the digital divide and providing the necessary support, we can cre-
ate a more inclusive and effective educational system for future generations.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The new policy has had a ______________ impact on the company’s
performance.
18. His ______________ to solve the problem quickly saved the project.
19. The ______________ of the new software was met with enthusiasm by
the staff.
20. She is known for her ______________ and dedication to her work.
21. The teacher praised the student for his ______________ in completing
the assignment early.
22. The ______________ of the charity event helped raise a significant
amount of money.
23. His ______________ during the crisis was admirable and earned him
the respect of his colleagues.
24. The new regulations are designed to increase ______________ in the
workplace.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to attend the meeting.
She ______________ the meeting.
26. They started working on the project two years ago.
They ______________ two years.
27. They didn’t allow us to leave the classroom until the exam was over.
They didn’t ______________ until the exam was over.
28. The book was less interesting than I expected.
The book ______________ I expected.
 29. He is likely to finish the report by tomorrow.
He ______________ the report by tomorrow.
30. She found it difficult to understand the instructions.
She ______________ the instructions.
 Task 21
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Joys of Traveling
Traveling is one of the most enriching experiences a person can have. It (1)
____ individuals to explore new cultures, try different cuisines, and meet people
from diverse backgrounds. Whether you're visiting a bustling city or a tranquil
village, each destination offers a unique (2) ____ that can broaden your per-
spective on the world.
One of the key benefits of traveling is the opportunity to learn. When you
travel, you (3) ____ yourself to new ideas and ways of thinking. You may dis-
cover historical landmarks, learn about local traditions, or even pick up a few
words of a foreign language. These experiences not only (4) ____ your know-
ledge but also help you develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of
other cultures.
Traveling can also be a great way to (5) ____ stress. Taking a break from
your daily routine and immersing yourself in a new environment can help you
relax and recharge. Whether you prefer the excitement of an adventure or the
calm of a beach holiday, travel offers something for everyone.
In conclusion, traveling is an investment in yourself. It (6) ____ you to see
the world from different perspectives, gain new knowledge, and create lasting
memories. So, the next time you have the chance to travel, embrace the oppor-
tunity with open arms.
1. A) lets B) enables C) allows D) makes
2. A) experience B) knowledge C) lesson D) wisdom
3. A) subject B) expose C) open D) involve
4. A) extend B) expand C) increase D) raise
5. A) reduce B) relieve C) ease D) lower
6. A) encourages B) persuades C) convinces D) motivates
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Impact of Music on Our Lives
Music is a universal language that has the power to connect people from
different cultures and backgrounds. It plays a significant role in our lives, influ-
encing our emotions, thoughts, and even our behavior. Whether you are listening
to a lively tune that makes you want to dance or a soothing melody that helps
you relax, music has a profound effect (9) ____ our mood.
One of the most powerful aspects of music is its ability to evoke memories.
A particular song can transport you back to a specific moment in your life, (10)
____ you recall the emotions and experiences associated with that time. This
connection between music and memory is why certain songs can hold such deep
personal meaning for people.
In addition to its emotional impact, music also has social benefits. It can
bring people together, whether through concerts, festivals, or simply sharing a
playlist with friends. Music creates a sense of community and (11) ____ people
to bond over shared tastes and experiences.
Moreover, music can be a source of inspiration and creativity. Many artists
and writers draw on music as a source of motivation for their work. Even if you
are not an artist, listening to music can help you think more creatively and (12)
____ new ideas.
In conclusion, music is an essential part of our lives that enriches our emo-
tional, social, and creative experiences. It has the power to inspire, comfort, and
unite us, making it a truly universal art form.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
 17. The concert was a huge ______________, attracting thousands of fans
from around the world.
18. Her ______________ as a musician has inspired many young artists to
pursue their dreams.
19. The ______________ of music in therapy is becoming increasingly re-
cognized.
20. He was praised for his ______________ to the charity event.
21. The ______________ of the festival was a testament to the hard work
of the organizers.
22. The artist’s work is known for its ______________ and originality.
23. The music industry has seen significant ______________ over the past
decade.
24. She has a natural ______________ for playing the piano and has been
performing since she was a child.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not learning to play the guitar when I was younger.
I ______________ to play the guitar when I was younger.
26. They didn’t allow us to take photos during the concert.
They didn’t ______________ photos during the concert.
27. It wasn’t necessary for her to bring her own instrument.
She ______________ her own instrument.
28. He started playing the piano five years ago.
He ______________ five years.
29. The concert was less exciting than I expected.
The concert ______________ I expected.
30. She is likely to win the music competition.
She ______________ the music competition.
 Task 22
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Role of Sports in Society
Sports have always played an important role in society, bringing people
together and fostering a sense of community. Whether it’s watching a football
match with friends or participating in a local marathon, sports (1) ____ individu-
als to connect with others and share a common interest.
One of the main benefits of sports is the promotion of physical health. Reg-
ular participation in sports can help (2) ____ the risk of chronic diseases, im-
prove cardiovascular health, and maintain a healthy weight. Additionally, sports
can have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and boosting
self-esteem.
Sports also teach valuable life skills, such as teamwork, discipline, and per-
severance. These skills are (3) ____ not only in sports but also in everyday life,
helping individuals to succeed in their personal and professional lives.
Moreover, sports have the power to bring about social change. They can (4)
____ awareness of important issues, promote inclusivity, and unite people from
different backgrounds. Major sporting events, such as the Olympics, have a
global reach and can (5) ____ attention to social and environmental causes.
In conclusion, sports are much more than just physical activities. They play
a crucial role in shaping our society by promoting health, teaching life skills,
and bringing people together for a greater cause.
1. A) allow B) enable C) let D) give
2. A) reduce B) decrease C) lower D) minimize
3. A) beneficial B) useful C) valuable D) important
4. A) raise B) rise C) increase D) bring
5. A) attract B) draw C) gain D) pull
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Impact of Technology on Communication
Technology has drastically changed the way we communicate, making it
easier and faster to connect with people all over the world. The development of
the internet and mobile devices has (9) ____ it possible to send messages, make
calls, and share information instantly.
One of the biggest changes brought (10) ____ by technology is the rise of
social media. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow people to
share their thoughts and experiences with a global audience. This has not only
transformed personal communication but also (11) ____ a profound impact on
business, politics, and culture.
However, the widespread use of technology in communication has also
raised some concerns. The constant availability of digital communication can
(12) ____ to feelings of stress and anxiety, as people feel the need to be always
connected. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation has become a
significant issue that (13) ____ to be addressed.
In conclusion, while technology has greatly improved our ability to com-
municate, it is important to be mindful of its potential downsides. By using tech-
nology responsibly, we can (14) ____ the benefits while minimizing the risks.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. His ______________ in the project was crucial to its success.
18. The new policy was implemented to improve ______________ in the
workplace.
19. The team’s ______________ led them to win the championship.
 20. She was praised for her ______________ in handling the difficult situ-
ation.
21. The ______________ of the event was a huge success, attracting parti-
cipants from all over the country.
22. His ______________ to learn new skills helped him advance quickly in
his career.
23. The company’s ______________ strategy led to significant growth in
sales.
24. The ______________ of the new product exceeded all expectations.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for us to arrive so early.
We ______________ so early.
26. They didn’t allow us to enter the stadium without tickets.
They didn’t ______________ without tickets.
27. I haven’t seen Sarah since last summer.
The ______________ Sarah was last summer.
28. He is likely to win the race.
He ______________ the race.
29. She found it difficult to concentrate because of the noise.
She ______________ to concentrate because of the noise.
30. The match was less exciting than I expected.
The match ______________ I expected.
 Task 23
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Healthy Eating
Eating a balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health and well-be-
ing. A healthy diet provides the body with the necessary nutrients to function
properly and can help (1) ____ the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease,
diabetes, and obesity.
One of the key components of a healthy diet is variety. By including a wide
range of foods in your meals, you can ensure that you get all the essential vitam-
ins, minerals, and other nutrients your body needs. Fruits and vegetables, for
example, are rich (2) ____ vitamins and antioxidants that protect the body from
damage caused by free radicals.
In addition to providing essential nutrients, healthy eating also (3) ____
energy levels and improves mental clarity. Foods that are high in sugar and un-
healthy fats can cause energy spikes and crashes, leading to fatigue and diffi-
culty concentrating. On the other hand, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy
fats provide sustained energy throughout the day.
Moreover, healthy eating habits can have a positive impact on mental
health. Studies have shown that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
is associated (4) ____ a lower risk of depression and anxiety.
In conclusion, making healthy food choices is an important part of living a
balanced life. By focusing on nutrient-rich foods and maintaining a varied diet,
you can (5) ____ your overall health and well-being.
1. A) prevent B) avoid C) reduce D) lessen
2. A) with B) in C) on D) by
3. A) raises B) boosts C) enhances D) improves
4. A) with B) by C) in D) for
5. A) promote B) develop C) improve D) maintain
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Exercise in Daily Life
Regular exercise is one of the most important things you can do to improve
your health. It not only helps you maintain a healthy weight, but it also reduces
the risk of chronic diseases such (9) ____ heart disease and diabetes. Addition-
ally, exercise can improve mental health by reducing symptoms of depression
and anxiety.
One of the best things about exercise is that it can be done almost anywhere
and at any time. Whether you prefer to work out at the gym, go for a run in the
park, or practice yoga in your living room, there are countless ways to (10) ____
active. The key is to find an activity that you enjoy and make it a regular part of
your routine.
In addition to its physical benefits, exercise can also (11) ____ your mood
and boost your energy levels. This is because physical activity increases the pro-
duction of endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that act (12) ____ nat-
ural painkillers and mood elevators.
To get the most out of your exercise routine, it’s important to set realistic
goals and track your progress. By doing so, you can stay motivated and see the
(13) ____ of your hard work over time.
In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into your daily life is essential
for maintaining both physical and mental well-being. No matter what form of
exercise you choose, the (14) ____ are well worth the effort.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ to the project was highly valued by the team.
 18. The new exercise program promises to improve your ______________
in just four weeks.
19. The doctor recommended regular exercise as a ______________ meas-
ure against heart disease.
20. His ______________ attitude towards healthy eating has inspired many
people.
21. The company’s ______________ plan includes gym memberships for
all employees.
22. She was praised for her ______________ in completing the marathon.
23. The new diet is designed to boost energy and improve overall
______________.
24. The ______________ of the exercise equipment was well received by
the gym members.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for him to go to the gym today.
He ______________ the gym today.
26. The last time I saw Mike was at the gym last week.
I ______________ last week.
27. They didn’t allow us to use the new equipment until it was fully in-
stalled.
They didn’t ______________ the new equipment until it was fully installed.
28. The exercise routine was more challenging than I expected.
The exercise routine ______________ I expected.
29. He is likely to join the fitness program.
He ______________ the fitness program.
30. She found it difficult to stick to her diet.
She ______________ to her diet.
 Task 24
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Reading Fiction
Reading fiction is an activity that many people enjoy, but it also offers nu -
merous benefits beyond mere entertainment. Engaging with fictional stories can
(1) ____ your imagination and creativity, allowing you to think in new and in-
novative ways.
One of the key benefits of reading fiction is its ability to develop empathy.
When you read about characters and their experiences, you (2) ____ yourself in
their shoes, which helps you understand and relate to others in real life. This
skill is particularly valuable in building social connections and improving inter-
personal relationships.
In addition to enhancing empathy, reading fiction can also improve your
language skills. Exposure to well-written stories introduces you to new vocabu-
lary and complex sentence structures, which (3) ____ your ability to express
yourself clearly and effectively. Moreover, reading fiction can serve as a form of
stress relief. It provides an escape from the pressures of everyday life and allows
you to (4) ____ yourself in a different world. This can lead to a reduction in
stress and anxiety levels, making you feel more relaxed and refreshed.
In conclusion, reading fiction is not only a source of enjoyment but also a
powerful tool for personal growth. It (5) ____ your mind, enhances your em-
pathy, and improves your language skills, all while offering a much-needed
break from the demands of daily life.
1. A) trigger B) stimulate C) provoke D) incite
2. A) put B) set C) place D) take
3. A) boosts B) rises C) increases D) grows
4. A) involve B) immerse C) engage D) submerge
5. A) broadens B) widens C) expands D) deepens
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Role of Travel in Personal Development
Traveling is often seen as a way to relax and take a break from everyday
life, but it can also play a significant role in personal development. When you
travel, you expose yourself to new cultures, ideas, and experiences that can (9)
____ your perspective and help you grow as an individual.
One of the most important aspects of travel is the opportunity to step out of
your comfort zone. Being in an unfamiliar environment forces you to adapt and
(10) ____ problems creatively. This not only boosts your confidence but also
enhances your ability to handle challenges in other areas of life.
Moreover, travel allows you to meet people from different backgrounds
and learn about their customs and traditions. This exposure helps you become
more open-minded and (11) ____ aware of the diversity that exists in the world.
In addition, travel can lead to personal reflection. Being away from your
usual surroundings gives you the time and space to think about your life, your
goals, and your values. This introspection can result (12) ____ personal growth
and a clearer sense of direction.
In conclusion, travel is much more than just a leisure activity. It offers
valuable experiences that contribute to your overall development, making you a
more well-rounded and open-minded individual.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The artist’s work is known for its ______________ and originality.
18. Her ______________ in the cultural exchange program helped her gain
a deeper understanding of other cultures.
 19. The company’s expansion into new markets was a ______________
success.
20. His ______________ to learning new languages has opened up many
opportunities for him.
21. The ______________ of the museum’s exhibits attracted visitors from
all over the world.
22. They were impressed by his ______________ to the project, which ex-
ceeded their expectations.
23. The ______________ of the festival brought together people from di-
verse backgrounds.
24. She was praised for her ______________ in handling the complex situ-
ation with grace.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not traveling more when I was younger.
I ______________ more when I was younger.
26. They didn’t allow us to visit the restricted area.
They didn’t ______________ the restricted area.
27. It wasn’t necessary for her to book the tickets in advance.
She ______________ the tickets in advance.
28. He started learning Spanish three years ago.
He ______________ three years.
29. The trip was less expensive than I expected.
The trip ______________ I expected.
30. She is likely to explore more destinations next year.
She ______________ more destinations next year.
 Task 25
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Growth of Online Shopping
Online shopping has become increasingly popular over the past decade, (1)
____ to the convenience it offers. Consumers can now purchase almost anything
from the comfort of their own homes, without having to visit a physical store.
This shift in consumer behavior has (2) ____ significant changes in the retail
industry.
One of the main advantages of online shopping is the ability to compare
prices easily. With just a few clicks, customers can find the best deals and (3)
____ money on their purchases. Additionally, online stores are open 24/7, allow-
ing people to shop at any time that (4) ____ them.
However, there are also some disadvantages to online shopping. One of the
biggest concerns is the lack of a tangible experience. Shoppers cannot physically
touch or try on products before buying them, which can (5) ____ to dissatisfac-
tion if the product does not meet their expectations. Moreover, the (6) ____ of
personal data is another major issue, as cybercriminals can potentially access
and misuse this information. While online shopping offers many benefits, it is
important for consumers to be aware of the potential risks and take precautions
to protect themselves. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that online
shopping will (7) ____ to grow in popularity and become an even more integral
part of our lives.
1. A) because B) due C) thanks D) related
2. A) triggered B) resulted C) caused D) led
3. A) spare B) conserve C) save D) retain
4. A) fits B) suits C) meets D) matches
5. A) lead B) bring C) cause D) drive
6. A) defense B) safety C) protection D) security
 7. A) continue B) proceed C) keep D) maintain

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Teamwork
Teamwork is essential in many aspects of life, especially in the workplace.
When people work together towards a common goal, they can achieve much
more than they (9) ____ if they were working alone. Effective teamwork re-
quires good communication, mutual respect, and a willingness to share respons-
ibilities. One of the key benefits of teamwork is that it allows individuals to pool
their strengths and compensate for each other's weaknesses. For example, one
team member may excel at creative thinking, (10) ____ another may be more
skilled at organizing and planning. By working together, they can (11) ____
their strengths and produce better results. Teamwork also fosters a sense of ca-
maraderie and belonging. When people collaborate and support each other, they
(12) ____ more connected to their colleagues and are more likely to stay motiv-
ated. This positive work environment can lead to increased job satisfaction and
productivity.
However, teamwork is not without its challenges. Conflicts can arise when
team members have different opinions or approaches to a task. It is important to
address these issues openly and constructively to (13) ____ that the team re-
mains focused and effective. In conclusion, teamwork is a valuable skill that can
(14) ____ to success in many areas of life. By working together, individuals can
achieve their goals more efficiently and create a positive and supportive envir-
onment for everyone involved.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
 17. Her ______________ to the project was highly appreciated by the en-
tire team.
18. The new manager is known for his ______________ approach to prob-
lem-solving.
19. The ______________ of the event was evident from the large number
of participants.
20. His ______________ in the face of adversity inspired his colleagues.
21. The ______________ of the meeting was postponed due to unforeseen
circumstances.
22. The ______________ between the two departments has greatly im-
proved efficiency.
23. She was praised for her ______________ in handling the difficult situ-
ation.
24. The company's ______________ efforts have significantly reduced
waste.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not working harder in school.
I ______________ harder in school.
26. They didn’t allow us to leave the building until the fire drill was over.
They didn’t ______________ until the fire drill was over.
27. The last time I saw him was two weeks ago.
I ______________ two weeks.
28. The project was more complicated than we expected.
The project ______________ we expected.
29. He is likely to be promoted to manager.
He ______________ to manager.
 30. She found it difficult to explain her ideas clearly.
She ______________ her ideas clearly.
 Task 26
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Art in Education
Art has long been recognized as an essential part of a well-rounded educa-
tion. It allows students to express their creativity and (1) ____ their understand-
ing of the world in ways that other subjects may not. Through art, students can
explore their emotions, develop critical thinking skills, and learn to appreciate
different perspectives.
One of the most valuable aspects of art education is that it encourages stu-
dents to think (2) ____. Unlike subjects that require rote memorization or strict
adherence to rules, art allows for experimentation and innovation. This kind of
thinking is essential not only in creative fields but also in problem-solving situ-
ations in everyday life.
Moreover, art can play a significant role in helping students develop a
sense of identity and self-confidence. When students create something unique,
they gain a sense of (3) ____ that can boost their self-esteem. This confidence
can carry over into other areas of their education and (4) ____ their overall aca-
demic performance.
Art education also promotes cultural awareness. By studying art from dif-
ferent cultures and historical periods, students learn to appreciate the diversity of
human expression. This understanding fosters empathy and (5) ____ students to
engage with the world around them in a more meaningful way.
In conclusion, art is not just a supplementary subject in education but a cru-
cial component that enhances students' intellectual and emotional development.
Incorporating art into the curriculum (6) ____ students with the tools they need
to succeed in various aspects of life.
1. A) convey B) explain C) share D) depict
2. A) logically B) creatively C) methodically D) analytically
 3. A) achievement B) accomplishment C) fulfillment D) recognition
4. A) assist B) help C) benefit D) enhance
5. A) motivates B) leads C) enables D) persuades
6. A) offers B) provides C) equips D) supplies

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Power of Music
Music has the power to influence our emotions, thoughts, and even our be-
havior. Whether you are listening to a fast-paced tune that energizes you or a
slow melody that calms you down, music can have a profound effect (9) ____
your mood.
One of the reasons music is so powerful is that it can evoke memories. A
particular song can take you back to a specific moment in your life, (10) ____
you recall the emotions and experiences associated with that time. This ability to
connect with our past makes music a very personal and emotional experience.
Music is also a universal language that brings people together. It (11) ____
not matter what language you speak or where you come from; music can tran-
scend cultural and linguistic barriers, allowing people to connect on a deeper
level.
In addition to its emotional impact, music also plays a role in cognitive de-
velopment. Studies have shown that learning to play a musical instrument can
improve memory, enhance coordination, and (12) ____ problem-solving skills.
These cognitive benefits make music an important part of a well-rounded educa-
tion.
In conclusion, music is more than just entertainment; it is a powerful tool
that can shape our emotions, memories, and even our cognitive abilities. By in-
corporating music into our daily lives, we can (13) ____ a richer and more ful-
filling experience.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The artist’s ______________ was evident in the originality of his work.
18. Her ______________ to the project was recognized by everyone on the
team.
19. The ______________ of the music festival attracted thousands of visit-
ors.
20. His ______________ in playing the piano has improved significantly
over the past year.
21. The teacher praised the student for her ______________ in completing
the assignment early.
22. The ______________ of the concert was due to the dedication of the
organizers.
23. She has a natural ______________ for singing and has been performing
since she was a child.
24. The new policy aims to improve ______________ among employees.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for them to arrive so early.
They ______________ so early.
26. The last time I saw him was two months ago.
I ______________ two months.
27. They didn’t allow us to take pictures inside the gallery.
They didn’t ______________ inside the gallery.
28. The exhibition was more impressive than I expected.
The exhibition ______________ I expected.
 29. He is likely to join the art class.
He ______________ the art class.
30. She found it difficult to explain her ideas clearly.
She ______________ her ideas clearly.
 Task 27
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Outdoor Exercise
Outdoor exercise offers a range of benefits that can improve both your
physical and mental health. Whether you enjoy running, cycling, or hiking, be-
ing active in nature (1) ____ you to enjoy fresh air and sunshine, which can en -
hance your mood and energy levels. One of the main advantages of outdoor ex-
ercise is the opportunity to connect with nature. Studies have shown that spend-
ing time in natural environments can reduce stress and (2) ____ a sense of well-
being. This is particularly important in today’s fast-paced world, where many
people (3) ____ from stress and anxiety. Additionally, outdoor exercise can be
more varied and stimulating than working out indoors. The changing scenery,
weather conditions, and terrain (4) ____ new challenges and keep your workouts
interesting. This variety can help you stay motivated and prevent the boredom
that sometimes (5) ____ in with a repetitive indoor routine. Furthermore, out-
door exercise can be a social activity. Joining a group for a hike or a bike ride
can (6) ____ you with opportunities to meet new people and build a supportive
community. Exercising with others can make the experience more enjoyable and
help you stay committed to your fitness goals. In conclusion, outdoor exercise is
a great way to improve your physical fitness while enjoying the benefits of be-
ing in nature. It can (7) ____ your mood, reduce stress, and keep you motivated
to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
1. A) allows B) lets C) provides D) enables
2. A) create B) generate C) build D) promote
3. A) experience B) endure C) suffer D) struggle
4. A) offer B) present C) bring D) show
5. A) takes B) steps C) sets D) falls
6. A) give B) provide C) supply D) serve
 7. A) boost B) lift C) enhance D) heighten
Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Time Management
Time management is a crucial skill that can have a significant impact on
your success in both your personal and professional life. By learning how to
manage your time effectively, you can (9) ____ more done in less time, reduce
stress, and achieve your goals more efficiently. One of the key principles of time
management is prioritization. It’s important to identify the tasks that are most
important and focus on (10) ____ first. This helps you ensure that you are mak-
ing progress on your most critical goals and not getting (11) ____ in less import-
ant activities. Another important aspect of time management is setting realistic
deadlines. When you set a deadline for a task, you create a sense of urgency that
can help you stay (12) ____ and avoid procrastination. However, it’s important
to make sure that the deadlines you set are achievable, so you don’t become
overwhelmed. In addition to prioritization and setting deadlines, it’s also import-
ant to take breaks. Working without taking breaks can lead to burnout and (13)
____ productivity. By taking short breaks throughout the day, you can recharge
your energy and return to your tasks with renewed focus. Time management is
a valuable skill that can help you make the (14) ____ of your time and achieve
your goals more effectively. By prioritizing tasks, setting realistic deadlines, and
taking breaks, you can improve your productivity and reduce stress.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. His ______________ to time management has helped him succeed in
his career.
 18. The new software was designed to increase ______________ and re-
duce errors.
19. She showed great ______________ in completing the project ahead of
schedule.
20. The ______________ of the plan depends on careful coordination
between all team members.
21. Time management skills are essential for ______________ tasks and
meeting deadlines.
22. The ______________ of taking regular breaks during work has been
proven to boost productivity.
23. His ______________ approach to solving problems has made him a
valuable team member.
24. They are working on a ______________ plan to improve the com-
pany’s productivity.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to attend the meeting.
She ______________ the meeting.
26. The last time I spoke to him was two months ago.
I ______________ two months.
27. They didn’t allow us to leave until the work was finished.
They didn’t ______________ until the work was finished.
28. The task was more difficult than I expected.
The task ______________ I expected.
29. He is likely to start the project next week.
He ______________ the project next week.
30. She found it difficult to stay focused on her work.
She ______________ stay focused on her work.
 Task 28
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Role of Technology in Education
Technology has become an integral part of education in the modern world,
(1) ____ both teachers and students with tools that enhance the learning experi-
ence. From interactive whiteboards to online resources, the use of technology in
the classroom has (2) ____ the way information is delivered and absorbed.
One of the key benefits of technology in education is the ability to person-
alize learning. With the help of educational software, students can work at their
own pace and (3) ____ the material that is most relevant to their needs. This al -
lows teachers to (4) ____ instruction to individual learning styles, ensuring that
each student gets the support they need.
Moreover, technology has made education more accessible. Online courses
and virtual classrooms allow students from all over the world to (5) ____ classes
that would have otherwise been out of reach. This has opened up new opportun-
ities for people who might not have had access to quality education in the past.
However, the integration of technology in education is not without its chal-
lenges. Ensuring that all students have equal access to the necessary devices and
internet connections is a significant concern. Additionally, there is the issue of
maintaining (6) ____ during online learning, as the lack of a physical classroom
can make it easier for students to get distracted.
In conclusion, while technology has brought about many positive changes
in education, it is important to address the challenges that come with it to (7)
____ that all students benefit from its use.
1. A) offering B) providing C) giving D) supplying
2. A) changed B) shifted C) altered D) transformed
3. A) focus on B) concentrate C) study D) examine
4. A) adapt B) modify C) tailor D) alter
 5. A) attend B) participate C) take D) enroll
6. A) discipline B) engagement C) interest D) attention
7. A) ensure B) confirm C) secure D) guarantee

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of Meditation
Meditation is a practice that has been around for thousands of years, and it
continues to be popular today because of its numerous benefits. By taking time
to meditate regularly, you can (9) ____ both your mental and physical health.
One of the primary benefits of meditation is stress reduction. When you
meditate, you focus your mind on the present moment, which helps to (10) ____
feelings of anxiety and worry. This practice can be particularly useful in today’s
fast-paced world, where many people feel overwhelmed by their daily respons-
ibilities.
Meditation also improves concentration and focus. By practicing regularly,
you can train your mind to (11) ____ distractions and stay focused on the task at
hand. This increased concentration can lead to greater productivity and a (12)
____ sense of accomplishment.
In addition to these mental benefits, meditation can also have a positive
impact on your physical health. Studies have shown that regular meditation can
lower blood pressure, reduce symptoms of depression, and even boost the im-
mune system. These health benefits (13) ____ it an excellent practice for overall
well-being.
In conclusion, meditation is a simple yet powerful tool that can (14) ____ a
significant difference in your life. Whether you are looking to reduce stress, im-
prove concentration, or enhance your physical health, incorporating meditation
into your daily routine can be highly beneficial.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. His ______________ to practicing meditation every day has greatly
improved his mental clarity.
18. The teacher praised the students for their ______________ during the
difficult assignment.
19. The new online course has proven to be highly ______________ in
helping students learn.
20. The ______________ of the meditation retreat was evident in the parti-
cipants’ positive feedback.
21. She is known for her ______________ to learning new techniques.
22. The ______________ use of technology in the classroom has trans-
formed education.
23. He was recognized for his ______________ in leading the project to
completion.
24. The company’s ______________ to providing quality products has
earned them a loyal customer base.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to attend the workshop yesterday.
She ______________ the workshop yesterday.
26. The last time I practiced yoga was two weeks ago.
I ______________ two weeks.
27. They didn’t allow us to leave the meditation session early.
They didn’t ______________ the meditation session early.
28. The new meditation app was more effective than I expected.
The new meditation app ______________ I expected.
 29. He is likely to continue practicing meditation daily.
He ______________ practicing meditation daily.
30. She found it difficult to focus during the session.
She ______________ during the session.
 Task 29
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Environmental Impact of Plastic Waste
Plastic waste has become one of the most pressing environmental issues of
our time. Every year, millions of tons of plastic (1) ____ are produced and, un-
fortunately, a significant portion of it ends up in the oceans. This has a devastat-
ing effect on marine life, as animals often mistake plastic for food, which can
lead to injury or death. One of the biggest challenges in dealing with plastic
waste is its durability. Unlike organic materials, plastic does not (2) ____ down
easily. It can take hundreds of years for plastic to decompose, during which time
it continues to pollute the environment. In recent years, there has been a growing
awareness of the need to reduce plastic consumption. Many countries have intro-
duced measures to (3) ____ the use of single-use plastics, such as banning
plastic bags and promoting the use of reusable products. However, much more
needs to be done to address this global problem.
One way to tackle the issue is through recycling. Recycling plastic helps to
reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and oceans. It also (4) ____
the need for producing new plastic, which can help conserve natural resources
and reduce energy consumption.
In conclusion, while plastic is a useful material, its environmental impact
cannot be ignored. It is essential for individuals, businesses, and governments to
(5) ____ together to find sustainable solutions to the plastic waste crisis.
1. A) items B) products C) goods D) materials
2. A) break B) wear C) tear D) put
3. A) limit B) cut C) reduce D) stop
4. A) lowers B) decreases C) reduces D) minimizes
5. A) cooperate B) collaborate C) unite D) combine
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Saving Energy
Saving energy is crucial for both the environment and our economy. By
reducing energy consumption, we can (9) ____ the impact of climate change and
conserve natural resources for future generations.
One of the simplest ways to save energy is to turn off lights and appliances
when they are not in use. This small action can (10) ____ a significant differ-
ence over time. Additionally, using energy-efficient appliances can (11) ____
reduce energy consumption and lower utility bills.
Another important aspect of saving energy is improving home insulation. A
well-insulated home retains heat more effectively, (12) ____ the need for ex-
cessive heating in winter and cooling in summer. This not only saves energy but
also reduces costs.
Governments can also play a role in promoting energy conservation by of-
fering incentives for renewable energy sources, such as solar panels. These in-
centives encourage individuals and businesses to (13) ____ the switch to
cleaner, more sustainable energy options.
In conclusion, saving energy is essential for protecting the environment and
ensuring a sustainable future. By making small changes in our daily lives and
supporting renewable energy initiatives, we can all contribute to a healthier
planet.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The company’s ______________ to sustainability has earned it a posit-
ive reputation.
 18. Using ______________ appliances can help reduce energy consump-
tion in households.
19. The government introduced new measures to promote the
______________ of renewable energy.
20. Her ______________ to reducing waste has inspired others to do the
same.
21. The ______________ of plastic waste is one of the biggest challenges
facing our environment today.
22. By ______________ our energy use, we can help combat climate
change.
23. The ______________ of natural resources is critical for future genera-
tions.
24. ______________ energy sources, such as wind and solar, are becoming
increasingly popular.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for them to buy a new refrigerator.
They ______________ a new refrigerator.
26. The last time I checked the energy usage was last month.
I ______________ last month.
27. They didn’t allow us to enter the building until we had shown our ID.
They didn’t ______________ until we had shown our ID.
28. Installing solar panels was easier than I expected.
Installing solar panels ______________ I expected.
29. He is likely to invest in renewable energy.
He ______________ in renewable energy.
30. She found it difficult to reduce her energy consumption.
She ______________ reduce her energy consumption.
 Task 30
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Importance of Sleep
Sleep is an essential part of our daily lives, and it plays a crucial role in
maintaining both physical and mental health. Despite its importance, many
people (1) ____ the amount of sleep they need, which can lead to a range of
health problems. One of the most important functions of sleep is to allow the
body to rest and repair itself. During sleep, the body undergoes various pro-
cesses that help to (2) ____ energy, strengthen the immune system, and support
overall well-being. Lack of sleep can have serious consequences, including de-
creased cognitive function, impaired judgment, and a weakened immune system.
Over time, chronic sleep deprivation can (3) ____ to more serious health issues
such as heart disease, diabetes, and even mental health disorders. To improve
sleep quality, it is important to establish a regular sleep routine. Going to bed
and waking up at the same time each day helps to regulate the body's internal
clock, making it easier to (4) ____ asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.
Creating a comfortable sleep environment is also key. This includes keep-
ing the bedroom cool, dark, and quiet, and (5) ____ electronic devices before
bedtime. Reducing screen time and practicing relaxation techniques can also
contribute to better sleep. Sleep is vital for overall health and well-being. By pri-
oritizing sleep and taking steps to improve sleep quality, individuals can (6)
____ their health, increase productivity, and enhance their quality of life.
1. A) underestimate B) underplay C) undervalue D) underrate
2. A) recharge B) renew C) replenish D) revive
3. A) result B) cause C) contribute D) lead
4. A) fall B) get C) remain D) stay
5. A) ignoring B) removing C) avoiding D) excluding
6. A) boost B) raise C) elevate D) improve
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of a Healthy Diet
Eating a balanced and nutritious diet is essential for maintaining good
health and preventing disease. A healthy diet provides your body with the nutri-
ents it needs to function properly, including vitamins, minerals, protein, and
healthy fats. One of the primary benefits of a healthy diet is that it can help you
maintain a healthy weight. By eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods and con-
trolling portion sizes, you can (9) ____ the risk of obesity and related health is-
sues such as diabetes and heart disease. In addition to physical health benefits, a
healthy diet also has a positive impact on mental health. Studies have shown that
certain nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins B and D, (10) ____
contribute to better mood and cognitive function.
Furthermore, a balanced diet can boost your energy levels and improve
your overall quality of life. When you provide your body with the right fuel, you
feel more energized and ready to (11) ____ the day’s challenges. It’s also im-
portant to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Proper
hydration supports digestion, keeps your skin healthy, and (12) ____ in regulat-
ing body temperature. Adopting a healthy diet is one of the best things you can
do for your body and mind. By making nutritious food choices, you can (13)
____ your health, increase your energy, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Regular exercise and a balanced diet are important for maintaining
overall ______________.
 18. The doctor stressed the ______________ of eating a variety of fruits
and vegetables every day.
19. Her ______________ to improve her diet has led to significant health
benefits.
20. Eating too much sugar can have a ______________ effect on your
health.
21. The ______________ of water throughout the day is crucial for staying
hydrated.
22. A diet high in fruits and vegetables is known to improve
______________ and reduce the risk of disease.
23. The ______________ of junk food can lead to weight gain and other
health issues.
24. His ______________ to exercise regularly has helped him maintain a
healthy weight.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to follow a strict diet.
She ______________ a strict diet.
26. The last time I had a check-up was six months ago.
I ______________ six months.
27. They didn’t allow us to eat in the examination room.
They didn’t ______________ in the examination room.
28. Drinking water is more beneficial than I expected.
Drinking water ______________ I expected.
29. He is likely to reduce his sugar intake.
He ______________ his sugar intake.
30. She found it difficult to maintain her diet.
She ______________ maintain her diet.
 Task 31
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Influence of Social Media on Society
Social media has become a powerful tool in modern society, influencing
the way we communicate, share information, and interact with one another.
With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, people
now have the ability to connect with others around the world instantly. How-
ever, this increased connectivity has also led to a number of challenges. One of
the main concerns is the spread of misinformation. Social media platforms (1)
____ a space where information can be shared quickly, but not all of it is accur-
ate. This can lead to confusion and, in some cases, harm. For example, false
health information can (2) ____ people to make poor decisions about their well-
being. Another issue is the impact on mental health. While social media can
provide a sense of community, it can also lead to feelings of inadequacy. Many
users compare themselves to others, which can (3) ____ to anxiety and depres-
sion. The constant exposure to idealized versions of life can make individuals
feel as though they are not living up to societal standards. Despite these chal-
lenges, social media has also had positive effects. It has given a voice to margin-
alized communities, allowing them to share their stories and (4) ____ awareness
about important issues. Additionally, social media has become a platform for
activism, enabling people to organize movements and (5) ____ for change.
While social media has its drawbacks, it has also brought about significant bene-
fits. The key is to use it (6) ____ and to be mindful of the information we con-
sume and share.
1. A) give B) create C) make D) form
2. A) lead B) bring C) result D) cause
3. A) contribute B) add C) cause D) lead
4. A) create B) rise C) raise D) increase
 5. A) push B) call C) press D) demand
6. A) responsibly B) carefully C) cautiously D) wisely

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Public Transportation
Public transportation is an essential part of urban life, providing a conveni-
ent and affordable way for people to get around cities. In addition to reducing
traffic congestion, public transportation helps to (9) ____ air pollution by de-
creasing the number of vehicles on the road.
One of the most significant benefits of public transportation is that it is ac-
cessible to everyone. Whether you own a car or not, public transit allows you to
travel (10) ____ to your destination without the need for private transportation.
This is particularly important for those who cannot afford a car or are unable to
drive.
Public transportation also contributes to a more sustainable future. By
choosing to take the bus or train instead of driving, individuals can (11) ____
their carbon footprint and help combat climate change. Cities that invest in pub-
lic transportation infrastructure tend to have better air quality and a higher qual-
ity of life for their residents.
However, for public transportation to be effective, it must be reliable and
efficient. Delays, overcrowding, and poor maintenance can (12) ____ people
from using public transit, leading them to rely more on private cars, which only
exacerbates traffic and pollution problems.
In conclusion, public transportation plays a vital role in creating sustainable
and livable cities. By improving and investing in public transit systems, we can
(13) ____ a cleaner environment and a better quality of life for everyone.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The city’s investment in new buses has greatly improved the
______________ of the public transportation system.
18. Public transportation is a key factor in reducing the ______________
impact of urban areas.
19. The government introduced new policies to promote the
______________ use of public transit.
20. The ______________ of the subway system is crucial to the daily lives
of millions of people.
21. Public transportation provides a ______________ alternative to driving
in congested cities.
22. The ______________ of the train service led to increased passenger
satisfaction.
23. ______________ public transportation can help lower emissions and
improve air quality.
24. The ______________ of public transit routes is important for accessib-
ility in all areas of the city.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. It wasn’t necessary for her to drive to work today.
She ______________ to work today.
26. The last time I used public transportation was last week.
I ______________ last week.
27. They didn’t allow us to board the train without a ticket.
They didn’t ______________ the train without a ticket.
 28. Taking the bus was more convenient than I expected.
Taking the bus ______________ I expected.
29. He is likely to start using public transportation regularly.
He ______________ public transportation regularly.
30. She found it difficult to navigate the subway system.
She ______________ navigate the subway system.
 Task 32
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Benefits of Learning a Musical Instrument
Learning to play a musical instrument is a rewarding experience that offers
numerous benefits. Not only does it (1) ____ creativity, but it also helps to im-
prove cognitive abilities. Studies have shown that individuals who play instru-
ments often have better memory and problem-solving skills.
Playing music requires discipline and practice, which can (2) ____ to better
time management skills. Musicians often have to balance practice with other
responsibilities, teaching them how to prioritize their time effectively.
Another benefit of learning an instrument is the sense of accomplishment it
provides. Mastering a difficult piece of music or performing in front of an audi-
ence can (3) ____ self-confidence. Additionally, music can be a great way to
relieve stress and express emotions.
For many people, playing an instrument is also a social activity. Joining a
band or an orchestra (4) ____ opportunities to meet new people and make
friends who share similar interests. Music has a unique ability to bring people
together and create a sense of community.
In conclusion, learning a musical instrument offers a wide range of bene-
fits, from cognitive improvements to social connections. Whether you choose to
play for fun or pursue it more seriously, music can (5) ____ your life in many
positive ways.
1. A) inspire B) enhance C) stimulate D) generate
2. A) contribute B) lead C) result D) support
3. A) boost B) build C) increase D) raise
4. A) provides B) creates C) offers D) gives
5. A) improve B) enrich C) elevate D) expand
 Part 2: Open Cloze
For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Importance of Volunteer Work
Volunteering is an activity that benefits both the volunteer and the com-
munity. It provides an opportunity to give (9) ____ to others and make a positive
impact on society. By dedicating time and effort to helping those in need, volun-
teers can develop a sense of purpose and fulfillment.
One of the key benefits of volunteering is the chance to learn new skills.
Many volunteer positions require specific training, which can (10) ____ valu-
able experience and knowledge. This can be particularly useful for young people
who are looking to gain experience in their chosen field.
Volunteering also offers social benefits. It allows individuals to connect
with others who share similar values and interests. This can lead to (11) ____
friendships and a stronger sense of community.
Moreover, volunteering has been shown to have positive effects on mental
health. Helping others can boost self-esteem and reduce feelings of depression
and anxiety. The act of giving (12) ____ often provides a sense of satisfaction
and well-being.
In conclusion, volunteering is a rewarding activity that offers numerous
personal and social benefits. Whether you volunteer locally or globally, your
efforts can make a significant difference in the lives of others.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. Her ______________ to the project was recognized by the entire team.
18. The organization’s ______________ to helping the homeless is com-
mendable.
19. He has shown great ______________ in learning to play the piano.
 20. The ______________ of the event was largely due to the hard work of
the volunteers.
21. Her ______________ to detail is what sets her work apart. (ATTEND)
22. They were praised for their ______________ in responding to the
crisis.
23. The ______________ of the charity event helped raise a significant
amount of money.
24. His ______________ to the cause inspired others to get involved.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not taking that job offer.
I ______________ that job offer.
26. They didn’t allow us to take photos inside the museum.
They didn’t ______________ photos inside the museum.
27. It wasn’t necessary for her to bring her own instrument.
She ______________ her own instrument.
28. He started playing the piano five years ago.
He ______________ five years.
29. The concert was less exciting than I expected.
The concert ______________ I expected.
30. She is likely to win the music competition.
She ______________ the music competition.
 Task 33
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1-8, read the text below and choose the correct word (A,
B, C, or D) for each gap.
The Popularity of Podcasts
Podcasts have rapidly grown in popularity over the past few years, becom-
ing a favorite source of entertainment and information for millions of people
around the world. The rise of podcasts can be (1) ____ to their convenience and
accessibility. Unlike traditional media, podcasts allow listeners to enjoy content
on the go, whether they are commuting, exercising, or doing household chores.
One of the key advantages of podcasts is the wide range of topics they (2)
____. From true crime stories to educational lectures, there is a podcast for
nearly every interest. This diversity has allowed podcasts to (3) ____ a broad
audience, appealing to people of all ages and backgrounds.
Another factor contributing to the success of podcasts is the intimate nature
of the medium. Listening to a podcast often feels like having a personal conver-
sation with the host, which (4) ____ a strong connection between the listener
and the content creator. This sense of connection can lead to higher levels of en-
gagement and loyalty among listeners.
Moreover, podcasts are relatively easy to produce, which has (5) ____
many individuals to start their own shows. This has led to a surge in creative
content, as more voices and perspectives are shared with the world.
In conclusion, the popularity of podcasts is likely to continue growing as
more people discover the convenience and variety they offer. Whether you are
looking for entertainment, education, or inspiration, podcasts (6) ____ a unique
and engaging way to consume content.
1. A) credited B) given C) attributed D) resulted
2. A) present B) cover C) discuss D) explain
3. A) gain B) gather C) attract D) catch
4. A) develops B) forms C) creates D) builds
 5. A) led B) caused C) influenced D) encouraged
6. A) provide B) offer C) supply D) deliver

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
The Benefits of Reading
Reading is a pastime that offers numerous benefits, both mental and emo-
tional. It allows individuals to escape into different worlds, explore new ideas,
and develop a deeper understanding of various topics. Moreover, reading can (9)
____ as a form of relaxation, helping to reduce stress and improve overall well-
being. One of the primary benefits of reading is that it stimulates the brain. En-
gaging with a book requires concentration, which (10) ____ improve cognitive
function and strengthen neural connections. This mental exercise can help to
keep the brain sharp, especially as we age. Reading also enhances vocabulary
and language skills. The more you read, the more words you are exposed to,
which can (11) ____ your ability to communicate effectively. This is particularly
important for young learners, as a strong vocabulary is essential for academic
success. Reading fiction can improve empathy by allowing readers to experience
life from different perspectives. When you (12) ____ yourself in a story, you
begin to understand the thoughts and feelings of the characters, which can lead
to greater emotional intelligence in real-life situations. In conclusion, reading is
a powerful activity that can enrich your mind, improve your language skills, and
increase your empathy. Whether you prefer fiction or non-fiction, making time
to read every day can have a lasting positive impact on your life.
 Part 3: Word Formation
For questions 17-24, complete the sentences using the correct form of
the word in capitals at the end of each sentence.
17. The author’s latest book was praised for its ______________
storytelling and complex characters.
18. Regular reading has been shown to improve ______________ and con-
centration.
19. The ______________ of the story left a lasting impression on the read-
ers.
20. She was recognized for her ______________ to promoting literacy in
the community.
21. His ______________ in the literary world has grown significantly over
the past few years.
22. The teacher encouraged students to read a ______________ range of
books to broaden their perspectives.
23. The ______________ of her writing style made the novel a joy to read.
24. Reading regularly can improve ______________ and make it easier to
learn new concepts.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a sim-
ilar meaning to the first sentence.
25. I regret not reading more books when I was younger.
I ______________ more books when I was younger.
26. They didn’t allow us to borrow more than two books at a time.
They didn’t ______________ more than two books at a time.
27. It wasn’t necessary for her to finish the novel in one day.
She ______________ the novel in one day.
28. The last time I read a classic novel was a year ago.
I ______________ a year.
 29. Reading the biography was more inspiring than I expected.
Reading the biography ______________ I expected.
30. He is likely to start a book club next month.
He ______________ a book club next month.
 Task 34
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each gap (1–8). Mark
the correct letter (A, B, C, or D).
Wildlife Conservation
Efforts to protect endangered species have become increasingly important
in recent years. Many animals are now (1) ________ extinction due to habitat
loss, climate change, and illegal hunting. Conservationists are working tirelessly
to (2) ________ the decline of these species, using various methods to (3)
________ the impact of human activities on wildlife.
One of the most effective ways to (4) ________ species is through the es-
tablishment of protected areas. These reserves provide a safe environment where
animals can live and reproduce without the threat of human interference. Addi-
tionally, captive breeding programs have been developed to (5) ________ spe-
cies that are on the brink of extinction.
However, these efforts are not without their challenges. The (6) ________
of natural habitats continues to pose a significant threat, and many species are
still at risk. To (7) ________ awareness of these issues, organizations are work-
ing to educate the public about the importance of wildlife conservation. It is cru-
cial that we all (8) ________ responsibility for the protection of our planet's
biodiversity.
1. A) at risk of B) under C) in danger D) near
2. A) increase B) halt C) cause D) motivate
3. A) escalate B) reduce C) evaluate D) preserve
4. A) monitor B) protect C) relocate D) interfere
5. A) reintroduce B) decline C) eradicate D) stabilize
6. A) prevention B) conservation C) destruction D) restoration
7. A) give B) raise C) make D) spread
8. A) hold B) bear C) carry D) take
 Part 2: Open Cloze
Complete the text below. Write ONE word in each gap.
Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most pressing issues (1) ________ our time.
The effects of climate change (2) ________ becoming increasingly evident, with
more frequent and severe weather events, rising sea levels, and the melting of
polar ice caps. These changes are largely the result (3) ________ human activit-
ies, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large amounts (4)
________ greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Scientists warn that if we do not take immediate action to reduce our car-
bon footprint, the consequences could be catastrophic. We must (5) ________
towards a more sustainable way of living, reducing our reliance on non-renew-
able energy sources and (6) ________ more environmentally friendly practices
in our daily lives.
Governments around the world have agreed (7) ________ take measures to
combat climate change, but the success of these efforts depends on the coopera-
tion and commitment of all nations. It is essential that we (8) ________ together
to address this global challenge.

Part 3: Word Formation

Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.
Tourism
Tourism is a rapidly growing industry, and many countries rely heavily on
it for economic (1) ________. However, there are concerns about the (2)
________ of tourism, particularly in areas that are popular with large numbers
of visitors. The (3) ________ of mass tourism on the environment and local
communities can be severe, leading to (4) ________, habitat destruction, and a
loss of cultural heritage.
To address these issues, many destinations are promoting (5) ________
tourism, encouraging visitors to be more mindful of their impact and to respect
local customs and environments. Sustainable tourism practices can help to en-
sure that the benefits of tourism are (6) ________ fairly, while minimizing neg-
ative effects.
In recent years, there has been an increase in demand for eco-friendly travel
options, such as (7) ________ that use renewable energy sources and offer loc-
ally sourced food. By making small changes to the way we travel, we can all
contribute to a more (8) ________ and sustainable tourism industry.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. "I haven't seen a better performance this year," said John.
John said that it was the ________ seen this year.
2. The teacher made us all stay late after class.
We ________ late after class by the teacher.
3. It’s a long time since we saw such a great concert.
We ________ such a great concert for a long time.
4. I didn't invite Sarah to the party, which I now regret.
I ________ Sarah to the party.
5. As soon as the show was over, everyone left the theater.
No sooner ________ the theater.
 Task 35
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each gap (1–8).
Mark the correct letter (A, B, C, or D).
Environmental Awareness
Over the past few decades, environmental issues have become increasingly
prominent on the global stage. Concerns about pollution, climate change, and
deforestation have led to a growing awareness of the need to protect our planet.
Many people are now (1) ________ that human activities are having a negative
impact on the environment, and they are eager to (2) ________ steps to reduce
their carbon footprint.
Governments around the world have implemented various policies to (3)
________ environmental damage. These include regulations on emissions, initi-
atives to promote renewable energy, and efforts to (4) ________ natural habit-
ats. However, while these measures are important, they are not enough to solve
the problem entirely. It is essential that individuals also take (5) ________ for
their actions and make environmentally friendly choices in their daily lives.
One of the simplest ways to reduce environmental impact is to cut down on
waste. For instance, by (6) ________ reusable bags, water bottles, and contain-
ers, people can significantly reduce the amount of plastic waste they generate.
Additionally, choosing to walk or cycle instead of driving can (7) ________
emissions and improve overall health.
Ultimately, preserving the environment requires a collective effort. By
making small changes to our lifestyle, we can all (8) ________ a positive differ-
ence and help ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.
1. A) aware B) known C) noticed D) informed
2. A) take B) do C) make D) have
3. A) reduce B) control C) limit D) prevent
4. A) maintain B) conserve C) keep D) protect
5. A) responsibility B) charge C) duty D) care
 6. A) carrying B) bringing C) using D) holding
7. A) decrease B) lessen C) diminish D) reduce
8. A) create B) have C) make D) produce

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below. Write ONE word in each gap.
The Role of Technology in Communication
Technology has revolutionized the way people communicate. Just a few
decades (1) ________, most communication was done through letters or landline
phones, which were slow and often unreliable. Today, thanks to advances in
technology, people can communicate instantly with (2) ________ other, no mat-
ter where they are in the world.
One of the most significant developments in recent years has been the rise
of social media platforms. These platforms allow people to (3) ________ not
only with friends and family, but also with people who share similar interests,
regardless of geographical location. This has led to the creation of global com-
munities where ideas and information are shared freely.
However, while technology has (4) ________ many benefits, it also has its
downsides. The (5) ________ of social media has raised concerns about privacy,
as well as the spread of misinformation. It is important for users to be aware of
these risks and to take steps to protect themselves online.
In conclusion, technology has fundamentally changed the way we commu-
nicate. (6) ________ it has made communication easier and faster, it is import-
ant to use it responsibly. By being mindful of how we use technology, we can
ensure that it continues to (7) ________ a positive role in our lives.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Globalization
Globalization has had a profound effect on the world, bringing people and
cultures closer together. It has led to the (1) ________ of trade and commerce,
allowing businesses to reach new markets and consumers to access a wider vari-
ety of goods. However, globalization has also had its (2) ________, particularly
when it comes to the impact on local communities and the environment.
One of the main concerns is that globalization can lead to the (3) ________
of multinational corporations, which may prioritize profit over the well-being of
local populations. This has sparked debates about the need for (4) ________ to
ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably.
In addition, there are concerns about the (5) ________ of cultural identity
as global influences become more pervasive. Some argue that the spread of a (6)
________ global culture can lead to the erosion of local traditions and customs.
Despite these concerns, globalization has also created opportunities for
greater (7) ________ and cooperation between nations. By working together,
countries can address global challenges such as climate change and (8)
________ more effectively.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not going to the concert last night.
I ________ to the concert last night.
2. The manager let us leave work early.
We ________ leave work early by the manager.
3. It’s not necessary for you to come to the meeting.
You ________ come to the meeting.
 4. They canceled the football match because of the rain.
The football match ________ because of the rain.
5. I didn’t know she was a famous author when I met her.
I ________ she was a famous author when I met her.
 Task 36
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Family Ties
Family plays an essential role in shaping who we are. From an early age,
our parents and siblings influence our beliefs, values, and behaviors. Growing
up in a close-knit family can (1) _______ a strong sense of belonging and sup-
port, which is vital for emotional well-being.
However, as we grow older, the dynamics within the family may change.
Some people move away from home for education or work, while others may
start their own families. Despite these changes, maintaining a (2) _______ con-
nection with our loved ones remains important. Regular communication,
whether through phone calls, video chats, or visits, can help (3) _______ the
bond that we share.
Friends also play a significant role in our lives. They are the people we (4)
_______ our time with, share our joys and sorrows, and rely on for support. A
strong friendship is often based on mutual respect, trust, and understanding. Just
like with family, it’s important to (5) _______ effort into nurturing these rela-
tionships, even when life gets busy.
In times of difficulty, both family and friends can offer the (6) _______ we
need to overcome challenges. Whether it's offering advice, lending a listening
ear, or simply being there, their presence can make a world of difference.
Ultimately, the relationships we have with our family and friends shape our
identity and (7) _______ us with a sense of purpose. By cherishing these con-
nections and (8) _______ them with care, we can ensure that they continue to
enrich our lives.
1. A) create B) build C) form D) develop
2. A) steady B) strong C) stable D) solid
3. A) retain B) keep C) maintain D) preserve
 4. A) spend B) pass C) enjoy D) share
5. A) make B) take C) put D) get
6. A) help B) assistance C) aid D) support
7. A) give B) provide C) offer D) present
8. A) looking after B) taking care of C) dealing with D) tending to

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
My Best Friend
Having a best friend is something that many people consider essential to
their happiness. A best friend is someone you can (1) _______ in, share your
secrets with, and rely on during difficult times. For me, my best friend has al-
ways been there when I needed (2) _______ most, offering support and encour-
agement.
We met when we were just children, and our friendship (3) _______ grown
stronger over the years. Despite the changes that life has brought, we have al-
ways managed to (4) _______ in touch, whether through phone calls, messages,
or visits. Our shared experiences and memories have (5) _______ us even
closer.
One of the things I appreciate most about my best friend is (6) _______
ability to understand me without the need for words. We can communicate with
just a look or a smile, and this connection is something I truly value. It’s rare to
(7) _______ someone who knows you so well, and I feel fortunate to have such
a person in my life.
In conclusion, my best friend has been a constant source of joy and support.
I can’t imagine my life (8) _______ them, and I am grateful for the bond we
share.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
 1. My family always shows great ___________ when I need their help.
2. The ___________ of our friendship has only grown stronger over time.
3. I am ___________ to have such a caring and understanding friend.
4. My parents have always taught me the importance of ___________ in
relationships.
5. Our ___________ family gatherings are something I look forward to
every year.
6. The ___________ of spending time with friends is something I cherish.
7. It’s important to show ___________ in your friendships, even when life
gets busy.
8. My best friend’s ___________ makes every day brighter. (PRESENCE)

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
I have never seen such a close-knit family.
It’s the closest-knit family I ________ seen.
My parents always encourage me to pursue my dreams.
I have always ________ my parents to pursue my dreams.
We last visited our grandparents six months ago.
We ________ six months.
He isn’t as close to his siblings as I am to mine.
I am ________ to my siblings.
She started helping her family with the business when she was fifteen.
She ________ she was fifteen.
Our friends are coming over tomorrow.
We ________ friends over tomorrow.
I regret not spending more time with my grandparents.
I ________ more time with my grandparents.
They are planning a family reunion next month.
They ________ a family reunion next month.
 Task 37
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Finding the Perfect Home
Choosing the right place to live is one of the most important decisions you
can make. Whether you are buying or renting, the (1) _______ of your home has
a significant impact on your quality of life. It’s essential to consider various
factors, such as the (2) _______ of the neighborhood, proximity to work, and
access to public transport.
Many people prefer to live in the city center because it offers easy (3)
_______ to shops, restaurants, and entertainment. However, living in the city
often means dealing with noise and higher living costs. On the other hand, sub-
urban or rural areas tend to be quieter and more (4) _______ for families, though
they may lack the convenience of urban life. When searching for a new home,
it’s crucial to (5) _______ your priorities. Do you need more space, or is loca-
tion more important? For some, having a large garden is essential, while others
might prioritize modern (6) _______ or being close to public transportation.
Once you have (7) _______ on your ideal home, it’s important to inspect it thor-
oughly before making a decision. Look for any signs of damage, such as damp-
ness or cracks in the walls, and make sure that everything is in good (8) _______
before signing any contracts.
1. A) location B) position C) place D) area
2. A) safety B) security C) quality D) condition
3. A) reach B) access C) entry D) entrance
4. A) appropriate B) suitable C) ideal D) perfect
5. A) set B) list C) identify D) define
6. A) conveniences B) equipment C) appliances D) amenities
7. A) decided B) determined C) selected D) chosen
8. A) state B) shape C) condition D) form
 Part 2: Open Cloze
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Moving to a New Apartment
Moving to a new apartment can be both exciting and stressful. On the one
(1) ______, it’s a fresh start in a new place, but on the other, it involves a lot of
work. The first step in the moving process is finding the right apartment. You
need to consider the location, size, and (2) ______ of the apartment to ensure it
meets your needs.
Once you’ve found the perfect place, the next step is to organize the move.
This includes packing your belongings, arranging transportation, and (3) ______
sure that everything is ready for the moving day. It’s important to (4) ______ all
your items carefully, especially fragile ones, to avoid damage during the move.
After moving in, you’ll need to (5) ______ everything into your new home.
This can take time, so it’s a good idea to start with the essentials. Once you’ve
unpacked the basics, you can focus on making the apartment feel like home by
adding personal touches, such as photos or decorations.
It’s also important to (6) ______ sure that all utilities, such as water, elec-
tricity, and internet, are set up and working properly. Finally, take some time to
explore your new neighborhood and (7) ______ out where the nearest shops,
restaurants, and public transport options are located.
Moving can be challenging, but with careful planning and organization, it
can also be a smooth and enjoyable experience. Before you know it, you’ll be
(8) ______ in and enjoying your new apartment.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The location of the apartment was very ___________ for my daily com-
mute.
2. We were impressed by the ___________ of the building and its sur-
roundings.
 3. Before moving in, we had to pay a ___________ deposit to the landlord.
4. The ___________ of the apartment was well-maintained and looked
brand new.
5. The landlord was very ___________ and answered all our questions.
6. Finding an ___________ apartment within our budget was challenging.
7. The ___________ of living in the city is that everything is close by.
8. We were happy to see that the apartment had all the modern
___________ we needed.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. We moved into our new apartment two weeks ago.
We ________ our new apartment for two weeks.
2. The neighborhood is very quiet at night.
There ________ in the neighborhood at night.
3. The rent was lower than we expected.
The rent ________ as we expected.
4. I regret not choosing an apartment with a balcony.
I ________ an apartment with a balcony.
5. The apartment is close to public transport, which is convenient.
The apartment’s ________ close to public transport is convenient.
6. It was difficult to find an affordable apartment in the city center.
We ________ an affordable apartment in the city center.
7. The landlord gave us permission to paint the walls.
The landlord ________ the walls.
8. The apartment needs some minor repairs before we move in.
Some minor things ________ before we move in.
 Task 38
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For each
question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Influence of Fashion
Fashion plays a significant role in our lives, influencing not only what we
wear but also how we feel. The clothes we choose can (1) _______ a lot about
our personality, mood, and even our social status. Over the years, fashion trends
have changed dramatically, reflecting broader cultural and societal shifts.
One of the key factors that (2) _______ fashion trends is the media.
Magazines, television shows, and social media platforms all contribute to shap-
ing public opinion on what is fashionable. Celebrities and influencers, in partic-
ular, have a (3) _______ impact on the choices people make when it comes to
clothing. However, fashion is not just about following trends; it is also about (4)
_______ yourself. Many people use fashion as a way to express their individual-
ity and creativity. Whether you prefer classic styles or more daring outfits, your
clothing choices can (5) _______ you stand out and make a statement.
It’s also important to consider the practical aspects of clothing. Different
occasions require different types of attire, and it’s essential to (6) _______ your
wardrobe accordingly. For example, formal events typically require elegant and
sophisticated outfits, while casual gatherings allow for more relaxed and com-
fortable clothing. Moreover, the fashion industry has become increasingly aware
of the need for (7) _______ fashion. As consumers become more conscious of
environmental issues, there is a growing demand for clothing that is ethically
produced and environmentally friendly.
Fashion is a powerful form of self-expression that goes beyond simply
wearing clothes. It allows us to convey our identity, values, and lifestyle, while
also (8) _______ the practical needs of our daily lives.
1. A) express B) reveal C) show D) describe
2. A) causes B) makes C) affects D) triggers
 3. A) big B) great C) heavy D) strong
4. A) creating B) producing C) making D) expressing
5. A) make B) let C) help D) allow
6. A) supply B) fill C) stock D) equip
7. A) durable B) sustainable C) lasting D) consistent
8. A) meeting B) matching C) fulfilling D) com-
pleting

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Choosing the Right Outfit
Choosing the right outfit can be a challenging task, especially when you
want to look your best. The first thing to consider is the occasion. Is it a formal
event, a casual gathering, or a business meeting? The type of event will often
dictate what (1) _______ of clothing is appropriate.
It’s also important to think about the weather. Wearing layers can be a
good idea if the weather is (2) _______ or unpredictable. For example, you
might start with a light shirt and add a sweater or jacket if it gets colder.
Color coordination is another key aspect of putting together a good outfit.
Some people prefer to stick to neutral colors, which are easier to (3) _______
and match, while others enjoy adding a pop of color to make their outfit stand
out. Accessories, such as belts, scarves, and jewelry, can also (4) _______ a big
difference in the overall look.
Comfort should never be overlooked when selecting your clothes. No mat-
ter how stylish an outfit is, if it’s not comfortable, it can affect your confidence
and how you (5) _______ yourself. It’s essential to choose clothing that fits well
and allows you to move (6) _______.
Finally, don’t be afraid to experiment with your style. Fashion is about hav-
ing fun and expressing your personality. By trying out new looks, you can dis-
cover what works best for you and (7) _______ a personal style that makes you
feel confident and (8) _______.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The fashion designer is known for her ___________ creations that push
the boundaries of traditional style.
2. This brand focuses on ___________ fashion, using eco-friendly materi-
als in all their products.
3. The ___________ of her dress was perfect for the summer wedding.
4. He was praised for his ___________ in combining different patterns and
textures in his outfit.
5. The ___________ of the event called for formal attire, so everyone was
dressed elegantly.
6. She always manages to look ___________ no matter what she wears.
7. The ___________ of the fabric made the dress extremely comfortable to
wear.
8. His sense of ___________ is evident in the way he coordinates his out-
fits.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not buying that jacket when it was on sale.
I ________ that jacket when it was on sale.
2. Her outfit is so stylish that everyone is complimenting her.
She is wearing ________ that everyone is complimenting her.
3. It’s important to wear appropriate clothing for the weather.
It’s important to wear clothing ________ for the weather.
 4. My shoes are less comfortable than yours.
My shoes are ________ yours.
5. He started designing clothes when he was a teenager.
He ________ clothes since he was a teenager.
6. The dress was too expensive for me to buy.
The dress was ________ I couldn’t buy it.
7. They advised me to try on the coat before buying it.
They said I ________ on the coat before buying it.
8. This scarf is very similar to the one you lost.
This scarf is ________ the one you lost.
 Task 39
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Evolution of Shopping
Shopping has undergone significant changes over the years, evolving from
traditional markets to modern shopping malls and now to online platforms. In
the past, people would visit local markets to buy their daily (1) _______ of gro-
ceries, clothes, and other essentials. These markets were often the social hubs of
the community, where people would (2) _______ not just to shop, but also to
meet friends and exchange news.
Today, with the advent of online shopping, consumers can purchase almost
anything they need without leaving their homes. This convenience has led to a
dramatic (3) _______ in the way people shop. Instead of spending hours walk-
ing through stores, customers can browse products online, compare prices, and
read reviews before making a (4) _______. Online shopping also offers the ad-
vantage of 24/7 availability, allowing people to shop at any time that suits them.
However, this shift towards online shopping has not come without its chal-
lenges. One of the main concerns is the (5) _______ of personal data. As con-
sumers provide their information to online retailers, there is a risk of data
breaches and identity theft. Additionally, the lack of physical interaction in on-
line shopping means that customers cannot (6) _______ or try on products be-
fore purchasing, which sometimes leads to dissatisfaction.
Despite these drawbacks, online shopping continues to grow in popularity.
Retailers are constantly improving their websites and offering better customer
service to (7) _______ consumer confidence. For those who still enjoy the ex-
perience of shopping in physical stores, many retailers now offer a combination
of both, with options to buy online and pick up in-store, providing the best of
both (8) _______.
1. A) supply B) amount C) stock D) load
 2. A) gather B) collect C) combine D) meet
3. A) switch B) change C) shift D) turn
4. A) purchase B) choice C) decision D) selection
5. A) safety B) protection C) security D) guarding
6. A) touch B) handle C) grasp D) feel
7. A) increase B) boost C) improve D) lift
8. A) markets B) worlds C) areas D) places

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Psychology of Shopping
Shopping is not just about buying things; it’s also about how the process
makes us feel. For many people, shopping can be a way to relieve stress or (1)
_______ themselves after a hard day. This is why you’ll often hear the term "re-
tail therapy" being used.
However, the psychology of shopping is more complex than it might (2)
_______ at first glance. Retailers use a variety of techniques to encourage con-
sumers to buy more than they originally planned. For example, items placed
near the checkout are often there to (3) _______ impulse purchases. These are
usually small, inexpensive items that are easy to add to your basket at the last
minute.
Sales and discounts are another tactic used to (4) _______ shoppers into
spending more. When people see that something is on sale, they feel they are
getting a good (5) _______ and are more likely to buy it, even if they don’t need
it. The excitement of getting a bargain can sometimes (6) _______ shoppers to
make unplanned purchases.
The layout of a store can also influence shopping behavior. Stores are de-
signed in a way that encourages customers to (7) _______ as much time as pos-
sible inside, often by placing essential items, like groceries, at the back. This
means that shoppers have to walk through the entire store, potentially picking up
other items along the way.
Understanding these psychological tricks can help consumers become more
aware of their shopping habits and (8) _______ more informed decisions when
making purchases.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of online shopping has made it easier for people to
shop from home.
2. Many shoppers find it difficult to resist the ___________ to buy some-
thing on sale.
3. The store offered a wide ___________ of products, from groceries to
electronics.
4. The ___________ of shopping malls has decreased due to the rise of on-
line shopping.
5. Customers expect high levels of ___________ when shopping online,
especially regarding payment security.
6. The ___________ of shopping locally is that you can support small busi-
nesses.
7. Retailers use various ___________ strategies to attract more customers.
8. Many people find that shopping can be a ___________ activity, helping
them relax.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not buying that sweater during the sale.
I ________ that sweater during the sale.
 2. The store is offering a discount on all items this weekend.
All items ________ this weekend.
3. It’s important to compare prices before making a purchase.
You ________ prices before making a purchase.
4. I didn’t expect the shopping mall to be so crowded.
The shopping mall was ________ I expected.
5. She started working as a cashier at the supermarket last year.
She ________ as a cashier at the supermarket since last year.
6. The delivery of the package took longer than expected.
The package wasn’t delivered ________ expected.
7. They recommended that we check the return policy before buying.
They said we ________ the return policy before buying.
8. This dress is similar to the one I bought last week.
This dress is ________ the one I bought last week.
 Task 40
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Healthy Eating Habits
Maintaining a balanced diet is essential for good health. What we eat can
have a significant (1) _______ on our physical and mental well-being. A diet
rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins provides the nutrients
our bodies need to function (2) _______.
One of the key principles of healthy eating is moderation. While it’s im-
portant to include a variety of foods in your diet, (3) _______ any one food
group can lead to imbalances. For example, consuming too much sugar or fat
can increase the (4) _______ of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes or
heart disease.
Another important aspect of nutrition is portion control. Many people (5)
_______ the size of their portions, which can lead to overeating and weight gain.
It’s helpful to use smaller plates and be mindful of how much food you are con-
suming.
In addition to what we eat, how we eat is also crucial. Eating meals in a
relaxed environment, taking time to chew your food properly, and (6) _______
distractions like television or smartphones can improve digestion and help you
enjoy your food more.
Lastly, staying hydrated is an essential part of a healthy diet. Water helps to
(7) _______ the body’s functions, aids in digestion, and can even reduce the
feeling of hunger. It’s recommended to drink at least eight glasses of water a
day.
By making small changes to your eating habits and being conscious of your
dietary choices, you can significantly improve your overall health and well-be-
ing. Remember that (8) _______ eating is not about strict restrictions but about
making better choices for a healthier life.
 1. A) effect B) impact C) result D) consequence
2. A) efficiently B) effectively C) sufficiently D) properly
3. A) lacking B) avoiding C) excluding D) overemphasizing
4. A) possibility B) chance C) risk D) opportunity
5. A) overestimate B) underestimate C) misjudge D) overlook
6. A) avoiding B) skipping C) preventing D) ignoring
7. A) maintain B) preserve C) support D) sustain
8. A) healthy B) proper C) balanced D) correct

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Nutrition in Mental Health
It’s widely known that nutrition plays a vital role in our physical health, but
fewer people realize how much it can affect our mental health as well. What we
eat can influence our mood, energy levels, and even our ability to (1) _______
with stress.
A diet that is high in refined sugars, for example, has been linked to mood
disorders such as depression. On the other hand, a balanced diet rich in fruits,
vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids can help (2) _______ brain function and
reduce the risk of mental health problems.
One of the most important nutrients for mental health is vitamin D, which
is often obtained through (3) _______ to sunlight. However, it can also be found
in foods like fatty fish and fortified dairy products. Low levels of vitamin D
have been associated (4) _______ depression and anxiety.
Another crucial aspect of mental health is the gut-brain connection. The gut
microbiome, which consists of trillions of bacteria, can have a significant impact
on our emotions and cognitive functions. Consuming probiotics, found in foods
like yogurt and fermented vegetables, can help maintain a healthy balance of gut
bacteria and (5) _______ overall mental well-being.
 In conclusion, paying attention to what we eat can have far-reaching effects
on both our physical and mental health. By making nutritious food choices, we
can improve our mood, boost our energy levels, and enhance our ability to (6)
_______ life’s challenges.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. A diet high in ___________ can lead to weight gain and other health is-
sues.
2. It is important to eat a ___________ diet that includes all food groups.
3. Regular ___________ of fruits and vegetables is crucial for good health.
4. The ___________ of water is essential for maintaining hydration.
5. Probiotics are beneficial for maintaining a healthy ___________ system.
6. Many people ___________ the amount of calories they consume daily.
7. Nutrient ___________ is key to preventing deficiencies in your diet.
8. Proper ___________ of food is important for nutrient absorption and di-
gestion.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence.
1. I regret eating so much fast food last week.
I ________ so much fast food last week.
2. The nutritionist advised me to include more vegetables in my diet.
The nutritionist said I ________ more vegetables in my diet.
3. It’s essential to drink enough water throughout the day.
It’s ________ enough water throughout the day.
4. They were surprised by how much healthier they felt after changing their
diet.
They felt much healthier ________ after changing their diet.
 5. Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
Eating too much sugar can ________ health problems.
6. She started following a vegetarian diet two years ago.
She ________ a vegetarian diet for two years.
7. I didn’t expect the new diet to make such a difference.
I didn’t expect ________ such a difference.
8. You should avoid eating late at night to improve digestion.
It’s ________ eat late at night to improve digestion.
 Task 41
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of Preventive Healthcare
Preventive healthcare is essential for maintaining good health and (1)
_______ the risk of developing chronic diseases. It involves regular check-ups,
screenings, and vaccinations that help detect health problems early, when they
are more easily treatable. Many people underestimate the (2) _______ of pre-
ventive care, often only visiting the doctor when they are already ill.
Regular health screenings can identify risk factors such as high blood pres-
sure, high cholesterol, or elevated blood sugar levels, which can lead to more
serious conditions if left (3) _______. For instance, early detection of high blood
pressure can prevent heart disease and stroke. Vaccinations are another crucial
aspect of preventive healthcare, as they (4) _______ the spread of infectious dis-
eases like the flu, measles, and pneumonia.
In addition to medical screenings, a healthy lifestyle plays a significant role
in disease prevention. Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding
harmful habits such as smoking or excessive alcohol consumption are all im-
portant (5) _______ of maintaining good health. Stress management is also vital,
as chronic stress can (6) _______ to various health issues, including heart dis-
ease and mental health disorders.
Despite the clear benefits, many people still neglect preventive care due to
busy schedules or a lack of understanding of its importance. However, investing
time in preventive healthcare can (7) _______ to a longer, healthier life and can
reduce the need for more costly treatments later on.
In conclusion, taking proactive steps to care for your health is one of the
best ways to ensure a better quality of life. By making preventive healthcare a
priority, you can (8) _______ your chances of staying healthy and avoiding seri-
ous illnesses.
 1. A) lowering B) reducing C) dropping D) decreasing
2. A) value B) worth C) cost D) importance
3. A) unnoticed B) unchecked C) untreated D) unobserved
4. A) stop B) block C) prevent D) avoid
5. A) elements B) aspects C) factors D) parts
6. A) contribute B) connect C) relate D) add
7. A) lead B) cause C) result D) follow
8. A) raise B) heighten C) increase D) improve

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Public Health Campaigns
Public health campaigns play a crucial role in educating the population
about health risks and promoting healthier behaviors. These campaigns often
focus (1) _______ issues such as smoking cessation, healthy eating, and vaccin-
ation. By raising awareness and providing information, public health campaigns
can encourage individuals to make healthier choices and reduce the (2) _______
of preventable diseases.
One example of a successful public health campaign is the anti-smoking
initiative. Over the years, smoking rates have (3) _______ dramatically, thanks
to widespread education on the dangers of tobacco use. Campaigns highlighting
the health risks associated with smoking, along with legislation restricting
smoking in public places, have helped to change public attitudes and behavior.
Public health campaigns also aim to reduce the stigma (4) _______ with
certain conditions, such as mental health disorders. By promoting understanding
and encouraging open discussion, these campaigns help to create a more sup-
portive environment for those affected.
The success of a public health campaign depends on its ability to reach a
wide audience and deliver a clear, impactful message. Social media, television,
and print advertisements are all common (5) _______ used to disseminate in-
formation. Additionally, partnerships with schools, workplaces, and community
organizations can (6) _______ the campaign’s reach and effectiveness.
In conclusion, public health campaigns are a powerful tool in the fight
against disease and in promoting a healthier society. By continuing to invest in
these initiatives, we can work towards a future (7) _______ everyone has the
knowledge and resources to make informed health decisions.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Regular ___________ of healthcare services is essential for maintaining
good health.
2. The ___________ of vaccines has greatly reduced the spread of infec-
tious diseases.
3. A ___________ diet and regular exercise are key components of a
healthy lifestyle.
4. Public health campaigns aim to raise ___________ about important
health issues.
5. Smoking is a major ___________ factor for many chronic diseases.
6. Many people do not realize the ___________ of preventive care.
7. Regular exercise can help reduce ___________ levels and improve over-
all well-being.
8. A strong ___________ system is crucial for fighting off infections and
staying healthy.
Part 4: Key Word Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not going to the doctor sooner.
I ________ to the doctor sooner.
2. The vaccination program has been successful in reducing disease rates.
The vaccination program ________ in a reduction in disease rates.
 3. It’s important to manage stress to maintain good health.
It’s ________ stress to maintain good health.
4. The campaign encouraged people to quit smoking.
The campaign ________ people to quit smoking.
5. He started taking regular check-ups last year.
He ________ regular check-ups since last year.
6. Regular exercise contributes to overall well-being.
Regular exercise ________ overall well-being.
7. They advised us to get vaccinated before traveling abroad.
They said we ________ vaccinated before traveling abroad.
8. The doctor said that a balanced diet is crucial for health.
The doctor ________ a balanced diet is crucial for health.
 Task 42
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle
Adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential for maintaining overall well-being
and (1) _______ a longer, more fulfilling life. A balanced diet, regular physical
activity, and adequate sleep are all key components of a healthy lifestyle. How-
ever, it's not just about physical health; mental and emotional well-being also
play a crucial role.
One of the most important aspects of a healthy lifestyle is making sustain-
able choices. Many people (2) _______ to extreme diets or intense workout
routines, but these are often difficult to maintain in the long term. Instead, it’s
better to make small, gradual changes that can become permanent habits. For
instance, (3) _______ sugary snacks with fruits or walking instead of driving
can make a big difference over time.
Another vital component of a healthy lifestyle is stress management.
Chronic stress can (4) _______ to various health problems, including heart dis-
ease, anxiety, and depression. It’s important to find ways to relax and (5)
_______ stress, whether through meditation, hobbies, or spending time with
loved ones.
Social connections also contribute significantly to our quality of life. Build-
ing strong relationships with family and friends provides emotional support and
a sense of belonging. Engaging in social activities and maintaining close ties
with others can improve your mental health and (6) _______ your life satisfac-
tion.
Finally, a healthy lifestyle involves making mindful decisions that align
with your values and goals. This might include choosing a career that brings you
joy, living in a place that suits your needs, or pursuing hobbies that you are pas-
sionate about. By living intentionally, you can (7) _______ a lifestyle that not
only supports your health but also brings you happiness and fulfillment.
In conclusion, a healthy lifestyle is a holistic approach that encompasses
physical, mental, and emotional well-being. By making conscious choices every
day, you can (8) _______ a better quality of life and enjoy the benefits for years
to come.
1. A) achieving B) gaining C) reaching D) earning
2. A) resort B) turn C) revert D) retreat
3. A) changing B) switching C) replacing D) substituting
4. A) cause B) lead C) result D) produce
5. A) control B) reduce C) manage D) minimize
6. A) enhance B) increase C) improve D) raise
7. A) create B) build C) design D) develop
8. A) secure B) ensure C) guarantee D) provide

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Balancing Work and Life
In today’s fast-paced world, finding a balance between work and personal
life can be challenging. Many people struggle to (1) _______ time for both their
careers and their personal interests, which can lead to stress and burnout. How-
ever, achieving a work-life balance is crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
One of the key strategies for achieving this balance is setting clear bound-
aries. It’s important to know when to (2) _______ working and focus on per-
sonal time. This might mean turning off work emails in the evening or setting
aside specific hours for family activities. By (3) _______ these boundaries, you
can ensure that you have time to relax and recharge.
Another important factor is time management. Prioritizing tasks and plan-
ning your day effectively can help you (4) _______ more done in less time,
leaving you with more free time for leisure activities. It’s also essential to make
time for regular exercise, as physical activity can help (5) _______ stress and
improve overall well-being.
In addition, it’s important to recognize the (6) _______ of taking breaks.
Many people feel guilty about taking time off, but regular breaks can actually
make you more productive in the long run. Whether it’s a short walk during the
day or a longer vacation, breaks give your mind and body a chance to rest and
recover.
Finally, staying connected with loved ones is a crucial part of a balanced
lifestyle. Spending quality time with family and friends can provide emotional
support and help you maintain a positive outlook on life. In conclusion, balan-
cing work and life requires effort and planning, but the benefits are well (7)
_______ it.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Regular physical activity is an important part of maintaining a
___________ lifestyle.
2. Time ___________ is crucial for balancing work and personal life.
3. Many people struggle with ___________ between their careers and per-
sonal lives.
4. Stress ___________ techniques such as meditation can improve overall
well-being.
5. Building strong ___________ with family and friends is essential for
emotional support.
6. It’s important to ___________ time for self-care and relaxation.
7. Making ___________ decisions can lead to a more fulfilling life.
8. ___________ stress can lead to serious health problems. (CHRONIC)

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not making more time for exercise.
I ________ more time for exercise.
2. The manager advised us to take regular breaks to avoid burnout.
The manager said we ________ regular breaks to avoid burnout.
3. It’s important to find a balance between work and personal life.
It’s ________ a balance between work and personal life.
4. Many people struggle to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Many people ________ a healthy lifestyle.
5. She started practicing mindfulness last year.
She ________ mindfulness since last year.
6. Regular exercise contributes to physical and mental well-being.
Regular exercise ________ physical and mental well-being.
7. They advised us to focus on long-term goals for a better life.
They said we ________ on long-term goals for a better life.
8. He made a conscious effort to reduce his stress levels.
He ________ reduce his stress levels.
 Task 43
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of Leisure Activities
Leisure activities play a crucial role in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. En-
gaging in hobbies, sports, or simply relaxing can help reduce stress and improve
overall well-being. In today’s fast-paced world, people often (1) _______ the
importance of taking time off from their busy schedules to unwind and recharge.
One of the benefits of participating in leisure activities is that they provide
an opportunity to (2) _______ from the pressures of work or study. Whether it’s
reading a book, going for a walk, or spending time with friends, these activities
allow individuals to relax and enjoy themselves.
Additionally, leisure activities can help (3) _______ creativity and prob-
lem-solving skills. Many people find that they come up with their best ideas
when they are engaged in a hobby or other leisure activity. This is because the
mind is free to (4) _______ on new possibilities without the constraints of work-
related tasks.
Moreover, spending time on leisure activities can improve physical health.
Engaging in sports or outdoor activities can help maintain fitness and prevent
health problems. Even simple activities like walking or gardening can have a
positive (5) _______ on physical well-being.
Another important aspect of leisure is the social (6) _______ it provides.
Participating in group activities or spending time with friends and family helps
to strengthen relationships and build a sense of community. These social con-
nections are essential for emotional health and can provide support during diffi-
cult times.
In conclusion, making time for leisure activities is essential for a healthy
and fulfilling life. By (7) _______ leisure into your daily routine, you can im-
prove your mental, physical, and emotional well-being. Remember that (8)
_______ is not just a luxury but a necessary part of a balanced lifestyle.
1. A) overlook B) ignore C) miss D) avoid
2. A) escape B) remove C) retreat D) release
3. A) enhance B) increase C) develop D) boost
4. A) reflect B) ponder C) focus D) dwell
5. A) effect B) impact C) result D) change
6. A) interaction B) relation C) communication D) connection
7. A) including B) adding C) incorporating D) involving
8. A) relaxation B) resting C) vacation D) leisure

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Value of Vacations
Taking regular vacations is important for both physical and mental health.
A vacation allows you to step away from the demands of everyday life and (1)
_______ on new experiences. Whether you choose to travel to a distant country
or simply stay at home and relax, the time off can help you recharge and return
to your daily routine with renewed energy.
Vacations are also an excellent opportunity to (2) _______ quality time
with family and friends. Sharing new experiences and creating memories to-
gether can strengthen relationships and provide a sense of (3) _______ and be-
longing.
In addition, vacations can have a positive impact on productivity. Studies
have shown that people who take regular breaks are more focused and (4)
_______ when they return to work. This is because time away from work allows
the mind to rest and recover, reducing the risk of burnout and improving overall
job (5) _______.
It’s also important to plan your vacation in a way that suits your prefer-
ences and needs. Some people enjoy adventurous trips, while others prefer a
more relaxed pace. Whatever your preference, the key is to ensure that your va-
cation provides the (6) _______ you need to feel refreshed and rejuvenated.
In conclusion, taking time for vacations is not just a luxury but a necessary
part of a healthy lifestyle. By prioritizing rest and leisure, you can improve your
overall well-being and return to your daily life (7) _______ and motivated.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Regular ___________ activities, such as reading or hiking, can help re-
duce stress.
2. The ___________ of taking breaks during work cannot be overstated.
3. Spending time with loved ones during vacations can ___________ rela-
tionships.
4. Engaging in a ___________ of activities can enhance creativity and
problem-solving skills.
5. ___________ in group activities can provide social support and a sense
of community.
6. Planning a vacation that suits your ___________ is key to feeling re-
freshed.
7. ___________ is essential for maintaining mental and emotional well-be-
ing.
8. The ___________ of new experiences during travel can lead to personal
growth.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not taking a vacation earlier this year.
I ________ a vacation earlier this year.
 2. The manager advised us to include leisure activities in our daily routine.
The manager said we ________ leisure activities in our daily routine.
3. It’s important to spend time on activities that help you relax.
It’s ________ time on activities that help you relax.
4. Many people find it difficult to make time for leisure.
Many people ________ making time for leisure.
5. She started participating in group sports last year.
She ________ in group sports since last year.
6. Regular vacations contribute to better work performance.
Regular vacations ________ better work performance.
7. They advised us to prioritize rest during our vacation.
They said we ________ rest during our vacation.
8. He made a conscious effort to incorporate more leisure into his life.
He ________ incorporate more leisure into his life.
 Task 44
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Impact of Art on Society
Art has always played a significant role in shaping societies and cultures.
Throughout history, artists have used their work to express ideas, convey emo-
tions, and (1) _______ messages to the public. Whether through painting, sculp-
ture, music, or literature, art can influence the way people think and feel about
the world around them.
One of the most powerful aspects of art is its ability to evoke strong emo-
tions. A well-crafted piece of art can make people feel joy, sadness, anger, or
hope, depending on the subject matter and the artist’s intention. This emotional
connection is what (2) _______ art so impactful and memorable.
Art also has the power to inspire change. Many artists use their work to ad-
dress social issues and bring attention to important causes. By (3) _______ the
public’s awareness through visual or auditory means, art can encourage people
to take action or rethink their perspectives.
In addition to its emotional and social impact, art is also an important part
of cultural identity. Different cultures have their own unique artistic traditions,
which are (4) _______ down from generation to generation. These traditions
help preserve the history and values of a community, making art an essential
element of cultural heritage.
Furthermore, art contributes to the economy by creating jobs and attracting
tourism. Museums, galleries, and theaters all rely on the work of artists, and
many cities (5) _______ significant revenue from cultural tourism. This eco-
nomic impact highlights the value of supporting the arts, not only for their cul-
tural importance but also for their financial benefits.
In conclusion, art is a vital part of society that influences emotions, inspires
change, and preserves cultural heritage. By (6) _______ in the arts, we can en-
sure that future generations will continue to experience the power and beauty of
artistic expression.
1. A) transmit B) transfer C) convey D) communicate
2. A) makes B) turns C) leads D) does
3. A) raising B) lifting C) increasing D) heightening
4. A) carried B) passed C) taken D) held
5. A) earn B) win C) collect D) gather
6. A) participating B) investing C) involving D) contributing

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Art in Education
Art education plays a crucial role in the development of students, helping
them to think creatively and critically. Many schools (1) _______ recognized the
importance of incorporating art into their curricula, as it provides students with
the opportunity to express themselves and explore different perspectives.
Through art, students learn to communicate ideas and emotions that might
be difficult to express (2) _______ words alone. Whether they are drawing,
painting, or engaging in drama, students can develop a deeper understanding of
themselves and the world around them. Additionally, art education encourages
collaboration, as students often work together (3) _______ projects or perform-
ances.
Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to the arts can improve aca-
demic performance in other subjects. Students who participate in art classes are
often more engaged in their studies and tend to perform better in areas like
mathematics and science. This may be because the skills developed through art,
such as problem-solving and critical thinking, (4) _______ over into other areas
of learning.
 In conclusion, art education is an essential part of a well-rounded educa-
tion, providing students with valuable skills and experiences that will (5)
_______ them throughout their lives.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Art has the power to evoke strong ___________ in viewers.
2. Many artists use their work to raise ___________ about social issues.
3. Different cultures have their own ___________ artistic traditions.
4. The ___________ of art can be seen in its ability to inspire change.
5. Museums and galleries contribute to the ___________ development of a
city.
6. Through art, students learn to express their ___________ and ideas.
7. Art education can improve students' ___________ skills in other sub-
jects.
8. The ___________ of art in society cannot be overstated.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not attending the art exhibition last weekend.
I ________ the art exhibition last weekend.
2. The artist’s work made a strong impression on the audience.
The artist’s work ________ the audience.
3. It’s important to support local artists in your community.
It’s ________ local artists in your community.
4. Many people find it difficult to understand modern art.
Many people ________ understanding modern art.
5. She started taking art classes two years ago.
She ________ art classes for two years.
 6. Art can contribute to personal growth and self-expression.
Art can ________ personal growth and self-expression.
7. They advised us to visit the new art gallery.
They said we ________ the new art gallery.
8. He made a conscious effort to learn more about art history.
He ________ learn more about art history.
 Task 45
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Evolution of Entertainment
Over the years, the world of entertainment has undergone significant
changes. From the early days of silent films to the modern era of streaming ser-
vices, cinema, theater, and television have continuously (1) _______ to meet the
changing tastes and preferences of audiences.
Cinema, in particular, has seen remarkable advancements in technology.
The transition from black-and-white to color films, the introduction of sound,
and the development of special effects have all contributed to the (2) _______
experience of watching movies. Today, viewers can enjoy films in high defini-
tion, 3D, and even virtual reality, making the cinematic experience more im-
mersive than ever before.
Theater, on the other hand, has remained a more traditional form of enter-
tainment. Despite the (3) _______ of modern technology, live performances
continue to attract audiences who appreciate the artistry and immediacy of the
stage. The theater offers a unique opportunity to see actors perform in real-time,
creating a connection between the performers and the audience that cannot be
replicated in other forms of entertainment.
Television has also evolved dramatically over the decades. From the early
days of black-and-white broadcasts to the current age of on-demand streaming,
television has (4) _______ the way we consume media. With the rise of stream-
ing platforms, viewers now have the freedom to watch their favorite shows
whenever and wherever they choose, leading to a new era of binge-watching and
on-demand content.
In conclusion, the world of cinema, theater, and television continues to (5)
_______ and adapt to the changing demands of audiences. While each medium
has its own unique qualities, they all share the common goal of entertaining and
inspiring viewers. As technology continues to advance, it will be exciting to see
how these forms of entertainment will (6) _______ in the future.
1. A) evolved B) transformed C) developed D) shifted
2. A) enhanced B) improved C) bettered D) advanced
3. A) advent B) arrival C) entrance D) onset
4. A) redefined B) reshaped C) remodeled D) revised
5. A) progress B) advance C) innovate D) evolve
6. A) transform B) change C) progress D) evolve

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Television in Modern Society
Television has been a dominant force in shaping modern culture and soci-
ety. Since its invention, it has (1) _______ a significant impact on how people
perceive the world. Television provides a window to the world, offering news,
entertainment, and educational content to audiences around the globe.
One of the most important aspects of television is its ability to bring people
together. Families often gather to watch their favorite shows, creating shared
experiences and memories. In addition, television has the power to (2) _______
awareness about important social issues. Through documentaries and news pro-
grams, viewers can gain insight into topics they might not otherwise be exposed
to.
However, the rise of streaming services has changed the way people con-
sume television content. Today, viewers can choose what they want to watch
and when they want to watch it. This has led to the phenomenon of "binge-
watching," where people watch entire seasons of a show in one sitting. While
this offers convenience and (3) _______ control to viewers, it has also raised
concerns about the impact of excessive screen time on health.
Despite these changes, television remains a powerful medium for
storytelling and communication. Whether it's through traditional broadcasts or
on-demand streaming, television continues to (4) _______ a central role in our
lives, influencing the way we think, feel, and interact with the world.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of special effects in movies has made the viewing ex-
perience more immersive.
2. Theater provides a ___________ experience that is difficult to replicate
with other forms of entertainment.
3. The ___________ of television has significantly influenced modern cul-
ture.
4. Many people enjoy the ___________ of on-demand streaming services.
5. The ___________ of live theater performances creates a special connec-
tion between the audience and the performers.
6. Television has the power to ___________ public opinion on social is-
sues.
7. The ___________ of binge-watching has become a common trend in the
age of streaming services.
8. Cinema, theater, and television all aim to ___________ and inspire their
audiences.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not going to the theater last weekend.
I ________ to the theater last weekend.
2. The movie’s special effects left a lasting impression on the audience.
The movie’s special effects ________ the audience.
3. It’s important to appreciate the role of cinema in cultural development.
It’s ________ the role of cinema in cultural development.
 4. Many people find it difficult to choose between different streaming ser-
vices.
Many people ________ between different streaming services.
5. She started watching the new TV series last week.
She ________ the new TV series since last week.
6. Theater can contribute to personal growth and cultural understanding.
Theater can ________ personal growth and cultural understanding.
7. They advised us to watch the documentary about the history of cinema.
They said we ________ the documentary about the history of cinema.
8. He made a conscious effort to learn more about the art of filmmaking.
He ________ learn more about the art of filmmaking.
 Task 46
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Art of Painting
Painting has been a central part of human culture for centuries, allowing
artists to express their emotions, ideas, and perceptions of the world. From the
earliest cave paintings to the masterpieces of the Renaissance, painting has con-
tinually (1) _______ as an art form, reflecting the changes in society and techno-
logy.
One of the most remarkable aspects of painting is its ability to capture the
essence of a moment in time. Through the use of color, light, and composition,
painters can (2) _______ a wide range of emotions and ideas. Whether it's the
calm of a landscape or the intensity of a portrait, a well-executed painting can
have a profound (3) _______ on the viewer.
The techniques used in painting have also evolved over time. The develop-
ment of oil paints, for instance, allowed artists to create more (4) _______ and
detailed works, while the invention of acrylics offered new possibilities for ex-
perimentation. Today, many artists combine traditional methods with modern
materials, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in painting.
In addition to its aesthetic value, painting can also serve as a form of social
commentary. Throughout history, artists have used their work to (5) _______
attention to political, social, and environmental issues. By addressing these top-
ics through their art, painters can inspire change and encourage viewers to think
critically about the world around them.
In conclusion, painting is a dynamic and powerful form of expression that
continues to (6) _______ and inspire people across the globe. As long as there
are artists willing to explore new ideas and techniques, the art of painting will
remain a vital part of our cultural heritage.
1. A) evolved B) developed C) transformed D) grown
 2. A) convey B) deliver C) send D) transmit
3. A) impact B) effect C) influence D) outcome
4. A) vivid B) bright C) precise D) clear
5. A) draw B) pull C) catch D) attract
6. A) influence B) innovate C) captivate D) progress

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Painting in Cultural Heritage
Painting has long been considered an essential part of cultural heritage, pre-
serving the values, beliefs, and stories of different societies. Through painting,
we can gain (1) _______ into the lives and thoughts of people from various his-
torical periods.
One of the key aspects of painting is its ability to capture and preserve mo-
ments in time. Whether depicting historical events, everyday life, or abstract
concepts, paintings serve as a (2) _______ to the past and offer a visual record
of human experience. These works of art help us understand how people saw the
world and expressed their emotions.
In addition to its historical significance, painting also plays a crucial role in
contemporary culture. Modern painters continue to explore new ideas and tech-
niques, often (3) _______ traditional boundaries and redefining what painting
can be. By doing so, they contribute to the ongoing evolution of this art form
and ensure that it remains relevant in today’s world.
Furthermore, painting has the power to bring people together. Exhibitions
and galleries (4) _______ a platform for artists to showcase their work and for
the public to engage with art. These spaces encourage dialogue, reflection, and
appreciation, making art accessible to a wider audience.
In conclusion, painting is not only a means of creative expression but also a
vital part of our shared cultural heritage. By preserving and celebrating this art
form, we (5) _______ the legacy of countless artists and ensure that future gen-
erations can continue to enjoy and learn from their work.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of color and light in painting can evoke powerful
emotions in the viewer.
2. Many painters draw ___________ from nature and everyday life for
their work.
3. The ___________ of oil paints allowed artists to create more detailed
and vivid works.
4. Paintings often serve as a ___________ of historical events and cultural
practices.
5. Modern painters continue to push the ___________ of the art form with
innovative techniques.
6. The ___________ of painting as a form of expression is evident in its
continued popularity.
7. Exhibitions provide an important ___________ for artists to display their
work.
8. The ___________ of traditional and modern techniques can result in
truly unique works of art.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not visiting the art gallery’s painting exhibition.
I ________ the art gallery’s painting exhibition.
2. The painter’s use of color had a lasting effect on the audience.
The painter’s use of color ________ on the audience.
 3. It’s important to appreciate the cultural significance of painting.
It’s ________ the cultural significance of painting.
4. Many people find it challenging to understand abstract paintings.
Many people ________ abstract paintings.
5. She started experimenting with different painting techniques last year.
She ________ with different painting techniques since last year.
6. Painting can contribute to cultural preservation and education.
Painting can ________ cultural preservation and education.
7. They advised us to learn more about the history of painting.
They said we ________ more about the history of painting.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his painting skills.
He ________ his painting skills.
 Task 47
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Universal Language of Music
Music is often described as a universal language, capable of crossing cul-
tural and linguistic boundaries. Regardless of where you come from, music has
the power to (1) _______ emotions, tell stories, and bring people together. From
ancient times to the present day, music has played a central role in human societ-
ies, serving as a means of expression and communication.
One of the most fascinating aspects of music is its ability to evoke a wide
range of emotions. Whether it’s the joy of an upbeat melody or the sadness of a
minor key, music can (2) _______ deep emotional responses. This is why music
is often used in films and theater to (3) _______ the mood and enhance the
storytelling.
In addition to its emotional impact, music is also a powerful tool for social
connection. People often come together to listen to music, whether at concerts,
festivals, or informal gatherings. This shared experience can (4) _______ a sense
of community and belonging, making music an important part of social life.
Moreover, music has the ability to influence our thoughts and behaviors.
Certain types of music can (5) _______ concentration and focus, while others
can relax the mind and reduce stress. This is why many people use music as a
background while studying, working, or meditating.
Finally, music is also an important aspect of cultural identity. Different cul-
tures have their own unique musical traditions, which reflect their values, his-
tory, and way of life. By exploring music from around the world, we can gain a
deeper understanding of different cultures and (6) _______ our appreciation for
diversity.
In conclusion, music is a powerful and versatile form of expression that
continues to (7) _______ people across the globe. Whether for entertainment,
communication, or emotional release, music remains an essential part of our
lives.
1. A) express B) convey C) transmit D) deliver
2. A) provoke B) trigger C) induce D) elicit
3. A) set B) define C) determine D) create
4. A) build B) form C) create D) develop
5. A) enhance B) boost C) improve D) elevate
6. A) grow B) expand C) enlarge D) increase
7. A) connect B) unite C) join D) bind

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Music in Education
Music education is an essential part of a well-rounded curriculum, offering
students the opportunity to develop their creative and cognitive skills. Learning
to play an instrument or sing can improve memory, coordination, and (1)
_______ problem-solving abilities. Moreover, music education can foster a
sense of discipline, as students must practice regularly to improve their skills.
In addition to these cognitive benefits, music also plays a crucial role in
emotional development. Through music, students can explore their emotions and
express themselves in a (2) _______ that words alone cannot achieve. This can
be particularly important for young people who are still learning to navigate
their feelings and relationships.
Music education also promotes cultural awareness. By studying music from
different cultures, students gain a broader understanding of the world and (3)
_______ an appreciation for diversity. This knowledge can help them become
more open-minded and empathetic individuals.
Furthermore, music often brings students together, creating opportunities
for collaboration and teamwork. Whether playing in a band, singing in a choir,
or working on a group project, students learn the value of (4) _______ and co-
operation. These experiences can have a lasting impact, helping students to de-
velop social skills that are essential for success in life.
In conclusion, music education offers a wide range of benefits, from cog-
nitive and emotional development to cultural awareness and social skills. By (5)
_______ music into the curriculum, schools can help students grow into well-
rounded and capable individuals.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Music has the power to evoke strong ___________ in listeners.
2. The ___________ of music in education can enhance cognitive and so-
cial skills.
3. Many musicians draw ___________ from their cultural backgrounds.
4. The ___________ of music from different cultures can promote diversity
and understanding.
5. Playing a musical instrument requires ___________ and practice.
6. Music can serve as a ___________ form of communication and self-ex-
pression.
7. ___________ in a choir or band teaches students the importance of team-
work.
8. The ___________ of music education is evident in its positive impact on
students’ development.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not learning to play a musical instrument when I was younger.
I ________ to play a musical instrument when I was younger.
2. The concert’s performance had a lasting effect on the audience.
The concert’s performance ________ the audience.
 3. It’s important to appreciate the role of music in cultural development.
It’s ________ the role of music in cultural development.
4. Many people find it difficult to master a musical instrument.
Many people ________ mastering a musical instrument.
5. She started taking piano Task s two years ago.
She ________ piano lessons for two years.
6. Music can contribute to personal growth and emotional well-being.
Music can ________ personal growth and emotional well-being.
7. They advised us to listen to classical music for relaxation.
They said we ________ classical music for relaxation.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his musical skills.
He ________ improve his musical skills.
 Task 48
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Power of Literature
Literature has always played a vital role in shaping cultures and societies.
Through storytelling, authors can (1) _______ complex ideas, emotions, and ex-
periences that resonate with readers across different times and places. Whether
it’s a novel, a poem, or a play, literature has the power to (2) _______ our under-
standing of the world and ourselves.
One of the most significant aspects of literature is its ability to transport
readers to different worlds. A well-written book can (3) _______ the reader into
a different time period, culture, or even a fictional universe, allowing them to
see life from new perspectives. This experience not only entertains but also
fosters empathy and a deeper appreciation for diversity.
Moreover, literature often reflects the social and political issues of its time.
Many authors use their works to (4) _______ attention to injustices, question
societal norms, and advocate for change. Through literature, readers can explore
important themes such as freedom, identity, and morality, which can inspire
them to think critically about the world around them.
In addition to its cultural and social impact, literature also contributes to
personal growth. Reading can improve language skills, enhance critical thinking,
and (5) _______ creativity. The act of reading itself is a form of intellectual ex-
ercise that keeps the mind active and engaged.
In conclusion, literature is a powerful tool for communication and self-re-
flection. By engaging with different literary works, we can (6) _______ our
knowledge, broaden our perspectives, and enrich our lives.
1. A) convey B) express C) communicate D) transmit
2. A) expand B) extend C) broaden D) deepen
3. A) immerse B) involve C) include D) engage
 4. A) draw B) bring C) attract D) direct
5. A) stimulate B) promote C) encourage D) support
6. A) increase B) grow C) enhance D) advance

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Literature in Education
Literature plays an essential role in education, providing students with
valuable insights into different cultures, histories, and human experiences. By
reading a variety of literary works, students can (1) _______ their understanding
of the world and develop critical thinking skills.
One of the key benefits of studying literature is the ability to see life from
different perspectives. Through the eyes of fictional characters, students can ex-
plore complex emotions and situations that they might not (2) _______ in their
own lives. This helps them develop empathy and a deeper appreciation for di-
versity.
In addition, literature can serve as a mirror, reflecting the social and polit-
ical issues of its time. By analyzing these themes, students can gain a better un-
derstanding of historical contexts and how they (3) _______ contemporary soci-
ety.
Furthermore, literature encourages students to think creatively and critic-
ally. The process of interpreting a text, identifying themes, and analyzing char-
acters (4) _______ students to engage in higher-order thinking. This not only
improves their language skills but also prepares them for future academic and
professional challenges.
In conclusion, literature is a valuable educational tool that offers numerous
benefits. By incorporating literary works into the curriculum, educators can help
students (5) _______ their intellectual abilities and become more informed and
empathetic individuals.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Literature has the power to evoke deep ___________ in readers.
2. The ___________ of different literary genres can expand a reader’s per-
spective.
3. Many classic novels address ___________ issues that are still relevant
today.
4. Reading literature can ___________ creativity and critical thinking.
5. The ___________ of a well-crafted story can transport readers to differ-
ent worlds.
6. Literature often ___________ important themes such as identity and
morality.
7. Studying literature can help students develop ___________ skills.
8. A ___________ understanding of literature requires careful reading and
interpretation.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not reading more classic literature in school.
I ________ more classic literature in school.
2. The novel’s exploration of social issues had a lasting effect on readers.
The novel’s exploration of social issues ________ on readers.
3. It’s important to appreciate the cultural significance of literature.
It’s ________ the cultural significance of literature.
4. Many people find it challenging to understand complex literary texts.
Many people ________ understanding complex literary texts.
5. She started studying English literature three years ago.
She ________ English literature for three years.
 6. Literature can contribute to personal growth and self-awareness.
Literature can ________ personal growth and self-awareness.
7. They advised us to read more contemporary literature.
They said we ________ more contemporary literature.
8. He made a conscious effort to analyze the themes of the novel.

He ________ analyze the themes of the novel.

 Task 49
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Benefits of Sports
Engaging in sports has numerous benefits that extend beyond physical
health. Regular physical activity can (1) _______ your overall well-being, in-
cluding mental and emotional health. Whether you are playing a team sport or
engaging in individual activities, sports offer an excellent opportunity to stay fit
and active.
One of the primary advantages of participating in sports is the (2) _______
it has on mental health. Exercise is known to release endorphins, which are
chemicals in the brain that (3) _______ feelings of happiness and reduce stress.
This is why many people find that engaging in sports helps them to relax and (4)
_______ with daily life challenges.
In addition to mental health benefits, sports also promote social interaction.
Team sports, in particular, encourage teamwork, communication, and coopera-
tion. These skills are (5) _______ not only on the field but also in everyday life,
where working well with others is essential.
Moreover, sports can instill a sense of discipline and determination. Train-
ing regularly, setting goals, and working to achieve them requires a high level of
commitment. This determination can (6) _______ into other areas of life, such
as academics or career development.
Finally, sports can be a source of enjoyment and (7) _______ competition.
Whether you are playing at a professional level or just for fun, the excitement of
a game and the satisfaction of improving your skills are rewarding in them-
selves.
In conclusion, participating in sports is a highly beneficial activity that can
enhance physical fitness, mental health, social skills, and personal development.
It’s an investment in your overall (8) _______.
 1. A) improve B) boost C) raise D) increase
2. A) effect B) influence C) impact D) outcome
3. A) contribute B) lead C) cause D) promote
4. A) deal B) cope C) manage D) handle
5. A) valued B) appreciated C) required D) needed
6. A) transfer B) convert C) translate D) shift
7. A) friendly B) healthy C) active D) positive
8. A) well-being B) health C) condition D) state

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Sports in Society
Sports play a vital role in society, bringing people together and promoting a
sense of community. From local clubs to international competitions, sports
events (1) _______ an opportunity for individuals to connect, celebrate, and
share their passion for athletic achievement.
One of the key reasons why sports are so important is that they promote
physical health. Regular exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle,
and sports provide a fun and engaging way to stay active. Additionally, sports
can (2) _______ people of all ages and abilities, making it possible for everyone
to participate, regardless of their skill level.
In addition to physical health, sports also have a significant impact on men-
tal well-being. Participating in sports can boost self-confidence, reduce stress,
and improve mood. For many people, sports provide a (3) _______ from the
pressures of daily life, offering a chance to focus on something positive and re-
warding.
Furthermore, sports help to build important life skills. Team sports, for ex-
ample, teach the value of cooperation, communication, and leadership. These
skills are transferable to other areas of life, such as work and personal relation-
ships, making sports an excellent way to (4) _______ personal growth and de-
velopment.
In conclusion, sports are much more than just a form of entertainment.
They are a powerful tool for promoting physical and mental health, building
community, and fostering personal development. By encouraging participation
in sports, we can (5) _______ a healthier, more connected society.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Participating in sports can lead to significant improvements in physical
___________.
2. The ___________ of teamwork is one of the key benefits of playing
team sports.
3. Regular exercise is ___________ for maintaining good health.
4. Many athletes find that sports help to reduce ___________ and improve
mood.
5. The ___________ of discipline and determination in sports can transfer
to other areas of life.
6. Sports can be a ___________ way to connect with others and build rela-
tionships.
7. The ___________ of sports events brings people together and fosters a
sense of community.
8. Sports can help to build ___________ and improve self-confidence.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not joining a sports team in high school.
I ________ a sports team in high school.
 2. Playing sports regularly can have a positive impact on mental health.
Playing sports regularly ________ for mental health.
3. It’s important to recognize the value of teamwork in sports.
It’s ________ the value of teamwork in sports.
4. Many people find it challenging to stay motivated to exercise regularly.
Many people ________ motivated to exercise regularly.
5. She started practicing yoga three years ago.
She ________ yoga for three years.
6. Sports can contribute to personal growth and social development.
Sports can ________ personal growth and social development.
7. They advised us to participate in more physical activities.
They said we ________ in more physical activities.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his athletic skills.
He ________ improve his athletic skills.
 Task 50
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
For questions 1–8, read the text below and choose the correct word for
each space.
Global warming has become one of the most serious (1) _______ affecting
our planet today. The temperature of the Earth is rising at an alarming rate, caus-
ing (2) _______ in weather patterns. This change has led to severe consequences
such as more frequent and intense natural (3) _______, including hurricanes,
floods, and droughts.
Moreover, the (4) _______ of the polar ice caps is causing sea levels to
rise, which (5) _______ coastal communities at risk. This environmental crisis is
largely due to human activities, especially the (6) _______ of fossil fuels, which
releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
To combat these (7) _______ effects, it is crucial to reduce our carbon foot-
print and (8) _______ renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power.
1. A) issues B) problems C) matters D) themes
2. A) transformations B) alterations C) shifts D) changes
3. A) disasters B) accidents C) emergencies D) incidents
4. A) melting B) boiling C) dissolving D) flooding
5. A) puts B) leaves C) sets D) makes
6. A) generation B) burning C) usage D) consumption
7. A) damaging B) hurtful C) harmful D) dangerous
8. A) adopt B) adapt C) accept D) acquire

Part 2: Open Cloze

For questions 9–16, read the text below and think of the word which
best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
The Earth’s environment is under threat due to the impact of human activ-
ity. One of the biggest challenges (9) _______ face today is climate change,
which is caused by the (10) _______ of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
These gases trap heat, leading to an increase (11) _______ global temperatures.
As a result, we are witnessing more extreme weather events, such as storms and
heatwaves, which can have devastating (12) _______ on both human life and the
natural world.
Another issue is the loss of biodiversity, with many species (13) _______
endangered or even extinct because of habitat destruction, pollution, and (14)
_______ changes. Protecting the environment requires global cooperation and
immediate action to reduce emissions, conserve natural resources, and (15)
_______ the damage already done to our planet. Only by working together can
we (16) _______ a sustainable future for all living things.

Part 3: Word Formation

For questions 17–24, use the word given in capitals at the end of each
line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
One of the most pressing environmental issues today is (17) _______
(FOREST), which refers to the large-scale removal of trees. This not only leads
to a loss of (18) _______ but also contributes to climate change. Trees play a
vital role in absorbing carbon dioxide, and without them, more greenhouse gases
are released into the atmosphere.
Another significant concern is air (19) _______, which results from the
burning of fossil fuels. This has serious health (20) _______ for people, espe-
cially in urban areas where smog and poor air quality are common.
Moreover, the (21) _______ of water resources is becoming increasingly
important, as many regions are experiencing severe droughts. Ensuring that wa-
ter is used (22) _______ and waste is minimized is crucial for the future.
Finally, the (23) _______ of endangered species requires urgent attention.
Many animals are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, and climate
change. Conservation efforts must focus on preserving the natural (24) _______
of these species and reducing human impact on the environment.
 Part 4: Key Word Transformation
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.
25. It’s possible that global warming will cause sea levels to rise even
more.
Sea levels _______________ even more because of global warming.
26. It is essential that we reduce our use of fossil fuels to protect the envir-
onment.
It _______________ reduce our use of fossil fuels to protect the environment.
27. The rain was so heavy that the river burst its banks.
There _______________ that the river burst its banks.
28. This park used to be home to many species of birds, but now there are
very few left.
There _______________ birds in this park, but now there are very few left.
 Task 51
Part 1: Multiple Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each gap.
Traveling to new places can be both exciting and __________ (1) ____.
Whether you're __________ (2) ____ a city you've never been to before or re-
laxing on a beach, there's always something new to __________ (3) ____. Many
people enjoy the experience of __________ (4) ____ local food and discovering
hidden spots that are not mentioned in guidebooks. __________ (5) ____, it's
important to be prepared for any challenges you may __________ (6) ____
along the way. For instance, __________ (7) ____ can help you avoid getting
lost, and having a basic understanding of the local language can make your trip
__________ (8) ____ enjoyable.
1. A) thrilling B) bored C) tired D) thrillingly
2. A) exploring B) find C) visiting D) leaving
3. A) explore B) relax C) finding D) experience
4. A) tasting B) taste C) eat D) chewing
5. A) However B) Besides C) So D) Furthermore
6. A) face B) confront C) struggle D) meet
7. A) a map B) a guidebook C) GPS D) compass
8. A) much B) more C) very D) less

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below. Write one word for each gap.
One of the best ways to prepare for a trip is to do a bit __________ (1) of
research about the place you're going to visit. This not only helps you
__________ (2) understand what to expect but also gives you ideas on how to
make the most __________ (3) of your time there. __________ (4) you are trav-
eling for business or pleasure, knowing the local customs can __________ (5)
make your experience more enjoyable. It's also important to be aware
__________ (6) of any safety concerns and health issues that may arise.
__________ (7) in mind that travel insurance is always a good idea, especially if
you're visiting __________ (8) country with a different healthcare system.

Part 3: Word Formation

Use the word in bold at the end of each sentence to form a word that
fits in the gap.
1. Traveling during the off-season can be much more __________ than
peak times.
2. Some travelers enjoy the __________ of exploring remote destinations.
3. A well-planned trip can be both relaxing and __________.
4. The __________ of travel can be enhanced by experiencing local cul-
ture.
5. Travelers should be __________ of their environmental impact.
6. Booking accommodation in advance is __________ for a smooth trip.
7. Reading travel blogs can be __________ helpful when planning a trip.
8. Tourists often enjoy visiting places with __________ beauty.

Part 4: Key Word Transformation

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. The flight was delayed because of the storm.
The flight was __________ the storm.
2. I have never traveled by train in Japan before.
It is the __________ by train in Japan.
3. It’s possible that we will visit the museum tomorrow.
We __________ the museum tomorrow.
4. She regrets not visiting more countries when she was younger.
She __________ more countries when she was younger.
5. The guided tour was shorter than expected.
The guided tour __________ as expected.
 6. The hotel is so popular that it is fully booked every weekend.
The hotel is __________ that it is fully booked every weekend.
 Task 52
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle
Adopting a healthy lifestyle is essential for maintaining overall well-being
and (1) _______ a long and fulfilling life. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and
sufficient sleep are the foundation of good health. However, a healthy lifestyle
also involves mental and emotional well-being, which are just as important as
physical health.
One of the key elements of a healthy lifestyle is making conscious choices.
This includes eating nutritious foods, staying physically active, and (2) _______
unhealthy habits like smoking or excessive drinking. These decisions can have a
significant impact on your health and quality of life.
In addition to physical health, mental health is an important aspect of a
healthy lifestyle. Practicing mindfulness, managing stress, and maintaining pos-
itive relationships are all ways to (3) _______ mental well-being. Engaging in
activities that bring joy and relaxation, such as hobbies or spending time with
loved ones, can greatly enhance your mental health.
Another crucial factor in a healthy lifestyle is finding a balance between
work and leisure. Overworking can lead to burnout and stress, which can negat-
ively affect your health. It's important to (4) _______ time for relaxation and
activities that you enjoy, as this helps to recharge your mind and body.
Finally, a healthy lifestyle involves being mindful of your environment.
Surrounding yourself with positive influences and creating a supportive living
space can contribute to your overall well-being. By making small changes to
your daily routine, you can (5) _______ a healthier and more balanced lifestyle
that supports both your physical and mental health.
1. A) achieving B) leading C) reaching D) living
2. A) avoiding B) stopping C) quitting D) ending
 3. A) develop B) maintain C) build D) improve
4. A) take B) make C) find D) set
5. A) create B) establish C) build D) maintain

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Exercise in a Healthy Lifestyle
Exercise is a key component of a healthy lifestyle. Regular physical activ-
ity can help prevent chronic diseases, improve mental health, and boost overall
well-being. It’s important to find an exercise routine that fits your lifestyle and
(1) _______ enjoyable, as this will increase the likelihood of sticking to it in the
long term.
One of the biggest benefits of exercise is its impact on mental health. Exer-
cise releases endorphins, which are chemicals in the brain that (2) _______ feel-
ings of happiness and reduce stress. This is why many people find that they feel
better after a workout, even if they were feeling down or stressed before.
In addition to its mental health benefits, exercise is also crucial for main-
taining a healthy weight. Regular physical activity helps to (3) _______ calories
and build muscle, which can lead to a more toned and fit physique. It also sup-
ports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing the risk of
heart disease.
It’s important to remember that exercise doesn’t have to be intense to be
effective. Even moderate activities like walking, cycling, or swimming can have
a significant impact on your health. The key is to find something you enjoy and
can do regularly, as consistency is (4) _______ to reaping the benefits of exer-
cise.
In conclusion, incorporating regular exercise into your routine is essential
for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Whether it’s through sports, fitness classes,
or simple daily activities, staying active can improve both your physical and
mental health and contribute to a longer, healthier life.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. A ___________ lifestyle involves balancing physical, mental, and emo-
tional well-being.
2. Regular exercise can significantly improve your ___________ and over-
all fitness.
3. ___________ to a healthy diet can lead to long-term health benefits.
4. Mindfulness and meditation are practices that can enhance ___________
well-being.
5. A ___________ approach to work and relaxation is essential for a
healthy lifestyle.
6. Surrounding yourself with positive influences can ___________ your
mental health.
7. ___________ to regular physical activity is important for maintaining
good health.
8. Creating a ___________ environment can support your efforts to live a
healthy lifestyle.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not starting a regular exercise routine sooner.
I ________ a regular exercise routine sooner.
2. Regular exercise can have a positive effect on your mental health.
Regular exercise ________ for your mental health.
3. It’s important to find a balance between work and relaxation.
It’s ________ a balance between work and relaxation.
4. Many people find it difficult to stick to a healthy diet.
Many people ________ to a healthy diet.
 5. She started practicing yoga two years ago.
She ________ yoga for two years.
6. Regular physical activity contributes to overall well-being.
Regular physical activity ________ overall well-being.
7. They advised us to make time for relaxation and self-care.
They said we ________ time for relaxation and self-care.
8. He made a conscious effort to reduce his stress levels.
He ________ reduce his stress levels.
 Task 53
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Balancing Modern Lifestyles
In today’s fast-paced world, finding a balance between work, personal life,
and health has become increasingly challenging. A balanced lifestyle is essential
for maintaining both physical and mental (1) _______. However, with the de-
mands of work and other responsibilities, it can be difficult to (2) _______ time
for self-care and relaxation.
One of the key elements of a balanced lifestyle is effective time manage-
ment. Learning how to (3) _______ your time wisely allows you to accomplish
your goals without feeling overwhelmed. This includes setting priorities, making
to-do lists, and knowing when to take breaks to avoid burnout.
In addition to managing your time, it’s important to focus on your physical
health. Regular exercise and a healthy diet are crucial for maintaining energy
levels and preventing chronic illnesses. By incorporating physical activity into
your daily routine, you can (4) _______ your fitness and overall well-being.
Mental health is another critical aspect of a balanced lifestyle. Stress man-
agement techniques, such as mindfulness, meditation, and hobbies, can help you
(5) _______ stress and improve your mood. Taking time to relax and recharge is
necessary to stay focused and productive in all areas of life.
Social connections also play a vital role in a balanced lifestyle. Spending
time with family and friends provides emotional support and a sense of (6)
_______. These relationships are essential for maintaining a positive outlook
and coping with life’s challenges.
In conclusion, achieving a balanced lifestyle requires conscious effort and
planning. By prioritizing your health, managing your time effectively, and nur-
turing your relationships, you can (7) _______ a lifestyle that promotes both
physical and mental well-being.
 1. A) health B) fitness C) energy D) balance
2. A) find B) make C) create D) allocate
3. A) control B) manage C) plan D) organize
4. A) boost B) increase C) improve D) enhance
5. A) reduce B) eliminate C) decrease D) lessen
6. A) belonging B) support C) friendship D) connection
7. A) establish B) create C) develop D) build

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Importance of Sleep for a Healthy Lifestyle
Sleep is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle, yet it is often (1) _______ in
today’s busy world. Many people sacrifice sleep to meet work deadlines, social-
ize, or engage in other activities. However, insufficient sleep can have serious
consequences for both physical and mental health.
One of the most important functions of sleep is to allow the body to rest
and recover. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, strengthens the immune sys-
tem, and (2) _______ energy for the next day. Without enough sleep, these pro-
cesses are disrupted, leading to fatigue, weakened immunity, and an increased
risk of chronic diseases.
Sleep also plays a crucial role in cognitive function. A good night’s sleep
improves concentration, memory, and decision-making abilities. On the other
hand, lack of sleep can impair cognitive performance, making it difficult to fo-
cus and (3) _______ tasks efficiently.
In addition to physical and cognitive benefits, sleep is also important for
emotional well-being. Poor sleep can contribute to mood swings, anxiety, and
depression. Ensuring that you get enough sleep each night is a key factor in
maintaining a positive outlook and emotional stability.
 In conclusion, sleep should be a priority in any healthy lifestyle. By (4)
_______ sufficient time for sleep and practicing good sleep hygiene, you can
improve your overall health and quality of life.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Time ___________ is essential for achieving a balanced lifestyle.
2. Regular exercise and a healthy diet are important for maintaining phys-
ical ___________.
3. Good sleep ___________ can help improve the quality of your rest.
4. Social connections provide emotional ___________ and a sense of be-
longing.
5. Stress ___________ techniques such as meditation can improve mental
well-being.
6. Effective ___________ can prevent burnout and increase productivity.
7. A ___________ lifestyle requires a balance between work and personal
life.
8. ___________ habits can lead to long-term health benefits.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not prioritizing sleep when I was younger.
I ________ sleep when I was younger.
2. Managing stress effectively can have a positive impact on your health.
Managing stress effectively ________ for your health.
3. It’s important to find time for both work and relaxation.
It’s ________ time for both work and relaxation.
4. Many people find it challenging to stick to a healthy sleep routine.
Many people ________ to a healthy sleep routine.
 5. She started practicing mindfulness last year.
She ________ mindfulness for a year.
6. Regular exercise contributes to both physical and mental health.
Regular exercise ________ physical and mental health.
7. They advised us to make time for exercise and relaxation.
They said we ________ time for exercise and relaxation.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his sleep habits.
He ________ improve his sleep habits.
 Task 54
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of Leisure Time
In today’s busy world, finding time for leisure activities has become in-
creasingly challenging. However, taking time to relax and engage in hobbies is
essential for maintaining a healthy (1) _______. Leisure activities offer a break
from the stresses of daily life and provide opportunities to unwind and recharge.
One of the primary benefits of leisure time is its positive impact on mental
health. Engaging in activities you enjoy, whether it’s reading, gardening, or
playing sports, can (2) _______ your mood and reduce stress levels. Leisure
time allows your mind to relax and (3) _______ from the demands of work or
study, which is crucial for preventing burnout.
Additionally, leisure activities can help improve your physical health. Phys-
ical activities such as hiking, swimming, or cycling are not only enjoyable but
also contribute to better fitness and overall well-being. Even activities like walk-
ing in the park can have a positive (4) _______ on your health by keeping you
active and engaged with the outdoors.
Leisure time also plays a significant role in fostering creativity and per-
sonal growth. When you engage in hobbies, you have the freedom to explore
new interests and develop new skills. This creative (5) _______ can lead to a
sense of accomplishment and satisfaction, which enhances your overall quality
of life.
Moreover, leisure activities often provide opportunities for social interac-
tion. Spending time with family and friends during leisure activities strengthens
relationships and builds a sense of community. These connections are essential
for emotional support and contribute to a (6) _______ social life.
In conclusion, making time for leisure activities is not a luxury but a neces-
sity for a balanced and fulfilling life. By prioritizing leisure, you can improve
your mental and physical health, develop new skills, and maintain strong rela-
tionships, all of which (7) _______ to a happier and more satisfying life.
1. A) balance B) routine C) lifestyle D) habit
2. A) enhance B) elevate C) boost D) increase
3. A) escape B) detach C) disconnect D) retreat
4. A) effect B) impact C) influence D) outcome
5. A) expression B) outlet C) release D) flow
6. A) vibrant B) thriving C) lively D) dynamic
7. A) add B) contribute C) lead D) result

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Hobbies in Personal Development
Hobbies are an essential part of a balanced lifestyle, offering numerous be-
nefits that contribute to personal growth and well-being. Engaging in hobbies
allows you to explore your interests, develop new skills, and (1) _______ your
creativity. Whether it’s painting, cooking, or playing a musical instrument, hob-
bies provide an outlet for self-expression and relaxation.
One of the key advantages of having a hobby is the opportunity to take a
break from the demands of everyday life. Hobbies offer a chance to unwind and
(2) _______ from the pressures of work or school. This mental break is import-
ant for reducing stress and maintaining a positive outlook.
In addition to providing relaxation, hobbies can also improve your physical
health. Activities such as dancing, gardening, or hiking are enjoyable ways to
stay active and maintain fitness. Regular physical activity through hobbies can
(3) _______ to better cardiovascular health, increased strength, and improved
flexibility.
Hobbies also play a crucial role in socializing. Many hobbies, such as team
sports or book clubs, involve group activities that allow you to meet new people
and build friendships. These social connections are vital for emotional well-be-
ing and can (4) _______ a sense of community and belonging.
In conclusion, hobbies are more than just a way to pass the time—they are
an important aspect of personal development. By dedicating time to activities
you enjoy, you can enhance your physical and mental health, develop new skills,
and build lasting relationships.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Regular physical activity through hobbies can lead to significant
___________ in overall health.
2. Leisure activities are important for maintaining ___________ and well-
being.
3. Engaging in creative hobbies can ___________ stress and provide a
sense of accomplishment.
4. Hobbies that involve social interaction can strengthen ___________ and
build friendships.
5. Spending time on hobbies helps to ___________ creativity and self-ex-
pression.
6. A ___________ approach to work and leisure is essential for a fulfilling
life.
7. Hobbies can provide a ___________ outlet for emotions and stress.
8. Participation in group activities fosters a sense of ___________ and con-
nection.
Part 4: Key Word Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not making time for my hobbies last year.
I ________ time for my hobbies last year.
 2. Engaging in leisure activities can have a positive effect on your mental
health.
Engaging in leisure activities ________ for your mental health.
3. It’s important to find time for both work and relaxation.
It’s ________ time for both work and relaxation.
4. Many people find it challenging to maintain a work-life balance.
Many people ________ a work-life balance.
5. She started practicing her hobby regularly last year.
She ________ her hobby regularly for a year.
6. Regular participation in hobbies can contribute to both physical and
mental health.
Regular participation in hobbies ________ physical and mental health.
7. They advised us to take up hobbies that help us relax.
They said we ________ up hobbies that help us relax.
8. He made a conscious effort to spend more time on leisure activities.
He ________ spend more time on leisure activities.
 Task 55
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of Leisure Activities
Leisure activities are essential for maintaining a balanced lifestyle and
overall well-being. They provide an opportunity to relax, de-stress, and (1)
_______ from the demands of everyday life. Whether it’s reading a book, play-
ing a sport, or enjoying a hobby, leisure time allows individuals to recharge their
energy and maintain a positive outlook.
One of the most significant benefits of leisure activities is the (2) _______
they offer for improving mental health. Engaging in activities that bring joy and
satisfaction can (3) _______ mood, reduce anxiety, and enhance overall emo-
tional well-being. This is especially important in today’s fast-paced world,
where stress levels are often high.
Physical activities, such as hiking, swimming, or cycling, are particularly
beneficial as they not only (4) _______ physical fitness but also contribute to
mental clarity. Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters,
helping to combat stress and (5) _______ a sense of happiness and well-being.
Moreover, leisure activities can foster social connections. Participating in
group activities or spending time with friends and family during leisure time
helps to (6) _______ relationships and build a sense of community. These social
interactions are vital for emotional support and can lead to a more fulfilling life.
In conclusion, incorporating leisure activities into your daily routine is not
just a way to pass the time but a necessary part of maintaining a healthy and bal-
anced lifestyle. By prioritizing leisure, you can improve your physical and men-
tal health, build stronger relationships, and (7) _______ your overall quality of
life.
1. A) disconnect B) detach C) escape D) withdraw
2. A) opportunity B) chance C) potential D) prospect
 3. A) boost B) elevate C) raise D) increase
4. A) enhance B) upgrade C) uplift D) advance
5. A) promote B) foster C) encourage D) develop
6. A) strengthen B) support C) build D) reinforce
7. A) enrich B) upgrade C) improve D) increase

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Leisure in Reducing Stress
Leisure activities play a crucial role in managing stress and promoting
overall well-being. Taking time to relax and engage in activities that bring joy
and satisfaction can help (1) _______ the negative effects of stress. It’s import-
ant to recognize that leisure is not just an optional part of life but an essential
component of a healthy lifestyle.
When we participate in activities we enjoy, our bodies and minds have a
chance to recover from the pressures of daily life. This recovery time is vital for
maintaining mental clarity and emotional stability. Whether it’s spending time in
nature, practicing a hobby, or socializing with friends, leisure activities provide a
(2) _______ from the constant demands of work and responsibilities.
In addition to providing relaxation, leisure activities can also improve phys-
ical health. Regular physical activity, such as jogging, swimming, or playing a
sport, helps to (3) _______ stress hormones and improve overall fitness. This, in
turn, leads to better sleep, higher energy levels, and a more positive outlook on
life.
Moreover, leisure activities can foster creativity and personal growth. En-
gaging in creative hobbies, such as painting, writing, or playing a musical instru-
ment, allows individuals to express themselves and explore new ideas. This cre-
ative outlet can lead to a greater sense of fulfillment and a (4) _______ in self-
confidence.
 In conclusion, leisure activities are an essential part of a balanced lifestyle.
By making time for activities that bring joy and relaxation, you can reduce
stress, improve your health, and enhance your overall quality of life.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Engaging in regular leisure activities can lead to significant
___________ in overall well-being.
2. A ___________ approach to life includes time for both work and leisure.
3. Participating in group activities during leisure time can ___________
social connections.
4. Physical activity is ___________ for reducing stress and maintaining
fitness.
5. Hobbies provide a ___________ outlet for creativity and self-expression.
6. Regular relaxation is essential for ___________ mental and emotional
health.
7. Spending time on leisure activities can help ___________ a positive
mood.
8. Group leisure activities can create a sense of ___________ and belong-
ing.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence.
1. I regret not taking more time to relax last year.
I ________ more time to relax last year.
2. Leisure activities can have a positive effect on your mental health.
Leisure activities ________ for your mental health.
3. It’s important to find time for both relaxation and work.
It’s ________ time for both relaxation and work.
 4. Many people find it challenging to maintain a balance between work and
leisure.
Many people ________ a balance between work and leisure.
5. She started practicing her favorite hobby regularly two years ago.
She ________ her favorite hobby regularly for two years.
6. Regular participation in leisure activities contributes to better physical
and mental health.
Regular participation in leisure activities ________ physical and mental health.
7. They advised us to take up hobbies that reduce stress.
They said we ________ up hobbies that reduce stress.
8. He made a conscious effort to include more leisure time in his schedule.
He ________ include more leisure time in his schedule.
 Task 56
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Role of Leisure in a Balanced Life
Leisure activities are an essential part of a balanced lifestyle, offering a ne-
cessary break from the routine of daily life. They allow individuals to relax, re-
charge, and (1) _______ their energy levels. Whether it’s engaging in a hobby,
spending time with family, or simply unwinding at home, leisure time is crucial
for maintaining overall well-being.
One of the main benefits of leisure activities is the (2) _______ they
provide for mental health. Engaging in enjoyable activities can help reduce
stress, improve mood, and prevent burnout. This mental break is particularly
important in today’s fast-paced world, where people are often (3) _______ to
constant demands and pressures.
Leisure activities also offer opportunities for personal growth and develop-
ment. Trying out new hobbies or participating in creative pursuits can (4)
_______ creativity and allow individuals to discover new talents. These experi-
ences not only bring joy but also contribute to a more fulfilling and enriched
life.
Moreover, leisure time can enhance social connections. Participating in
group activities or spending time with friends can (5) _______ social bonds and
create a sense of community. These interactions are essential for emotional sup-
port and can lead to long-lasting relationships.
In conclusion, incorporating leisure activities into your daily routine is not
just a way to pass the time but a vital component of a healthy and balanced life-
style. By prioritizing leisure, you can (6) _______ both your mental and physical
health, build stronger relationships, and improve your overall quality of life.
1. A) restore B) regain C) replace D) renew
2. A) chance B) benefit C) advantage D) opportunity
 3. A) exposed B) open C) vulnerable D) subjected
4. A) enhance B) boost C) raise D) elevate
5. A) strengthen B) build C) secure D) maintain
6. A) improve B) upgrade C) advance D) develop

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Value of Hobbies in Leisure Time
Hobbies are a valuable part of leisure time, offering numerous benefits that
contribute to a balanced and fulfilling life. Engaging in hobbies allows individu-
als to relax, explore their interests, and (1) _______ their creativity. Whether it’s
painting, cooking, or playing a musical instrument, hobbies provide an outlet for
self-expression and enjoyment.
One of the key advantages of having a hobby is the opportunity it provides
to (2) _______ from the demands of daily life. Hobbies offer a chance to unwind
and focus on something that brings pleasure, helping to reduce stress and im-
prove mental health.
In addition to providing relaxation, hobbies can also (3) _______ physical
health. Activities such as gardening, dancing, or hiking are enjoyable ways to
stay active and maintain fitness. Regular physical activity through hobbies can
lead to better cardiovascular health, increased strength, and improved flexibility.
Hobbies also play an important role in building social connections. Many
hobbies, such as team sports or book clubs, involve group activities that allow
you to meet new people and (4) _______ friendships. These social connections
are vital for emotional well-being and can provide a sense of community and
belonging.
In conclusion, hobbies are an essential part of a balanced lifestyle. By ded-
icating time to activities you enjoy, you can enhance your physical and mental
health, develop new skills, and build lasting relationships.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Regular participation in hobbies can lead to significant ___________ in
overall well-being.
2. A ___________ approach to life includes time for both work and leisure.
3. Engaging in creative hobbies can ___________ stress and provide a
sense of accomplishment.
4. Social activities during leisure time can strengthen ___________ and
build friendships.
5. Spending time on hobbies helps to ___________ creativity and self-ex-
pression.
6. A ___________ approach to work and leisure is essential for a fulfilling
life.
7. Hobbies can provide a ___________ outlet for emotions and stress.
8. Participation in group activities fosters a sense of ___________ and con-
nection.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not making more time for hobbies last year.
I ________ more time for hobbies last year.
2. Participating in leisure activities can have a positive effect on your men-
tal health.
Participating in leisure activities ________ for your mental health.
3. It’s important to find time for both work and relaxation.
It’s ________ time for both work and relaxation.
4. Many people find it challenging to maintain a work-life balance.
Many people ________ a work-life balance.
 5. She started practicing her favorite hobby regularly last year.
She ________ her favorite hobby regularly for a year.
6. Regular participation in hobbies can contribute to both physical and
mental health.
Regular participation in hobbies ________ physical and mental health.
7. They advised us to make time for relaxation and fun.
They said we ________ time for relaxation and fun.
8. He made a conscious effort to reduce his stress through leisure activities.
He ________ reduce his stress through leisure activities.
 Task 57
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Evolution of Entertainment
The world of entertainment has undergone significant changes over the past
century. From the early days of silent films to the modern era of streaming ser-
vices, cinema, theater, and television have continued to (1) _______ audiences
worldwide. These forms of entertainment have not only shaped popular culture
but also influenced societal values and norms.
Cinema, in particular, has seen tremendous advancements. The transition
from black-and-white to color films, the introduction of sound, and the develop-
ment of special effects have all (2) _______ the way we experience movies.
Today, viewers can enjoy high-definition visuals and immersive soundscapes,
making the cinematic experience more captivating than ever before.
Theater, on the other hand, remains a timeless form of entertainment that
continues to attract audiences of all ages. Despite the rise of digital media, live
performances (3) _______ a unique charm that cannot be replicated on screen.
The immediacy of theater, where actors perform in real-time before a live audi-
ence, creates an intimate connection that is both powerful and memorable.
Television has also evolved significantly, with the advent of cable, satellite,
and, more recently, streaming platforms. The convenience of on-demand view-
ing has (4) _______ the way people consume television content, allowing view-
ers to watch their favorite shows at their own pace. This shift has led to the rise
of binge-watching, where entire seasons of shows are consumed in a single sit-
ting.
In conclusion, the evolution of cinema, theater, and television reflects
broader technological and cultural changes. These forms of entertainment con-
tinue to (5) _______ our lives, providing not only entertainment but also a lens
through which we can explore and understand the world around us.
 1. A) captivate B) capture C) entertain D) engage
2. A) enhanced B) improved C) elevated D) expanded
3. A) retain B) maintain C) hold D) keep
4. A) transformed B) altered C) modified D) adjusted
5. A) impact B) affect C) influence D) shape

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Impact of Television on Society
Television has had a profound impact on society since its invention. It has
become a primary source of information, entertainment, and education for mil-
lions of people around the world. One of the most significant effects of televi-
sion is its ability to bring people together. Families often gather to watch their
favorite shows, creating shared experiences and fostering a sense of (1)
_______.
However, the influence of television is not always positive. The content
that is broadcast can shape viewers’ perceptions of reality, often leading to the
reinforcement of stereotypes or the promotion of certain behaviors. It’s import-
ant for viewers to (2) _______ critically about what they watch and to be aware
of the potential impact of television on their attitudes and beliefs.
Television also has the power to inspire and educate. Documentaries and
educational programs can (3) _______ awareness of important issues, while
news programs keep the public informed about current events. In this way, tele-
vision plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing social
change.
As technology continues to evolve, the way we consume television content
is also changing. Streaming services and on-demand platforms have made it
easier than ever to access a wide range of shows and movies, giving viewers
more (4) _______ over what they watch and when they watch it.
 In conclusion, television remains a powerful medium with the ability to
entertain, inform, and influence. As viewers, it is essential to engage with con-
tent thoughtfully and to recognize the role television plays in shaping our under-
standing of the world.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1.The ___________ of color in films brought a new level of realism to the
cinematic experience.
2.Theater offers a ___________ experience that cannot be replicated by
television or film.
3.The ___________ of streaming platforms has changed the way people
watch television.
4.Television can be both ___________ and entertaining, depending on the
content.
5.Live performances create a sense of ___________ between the actors and
the audience.
6.The ___________ of binge-watching has become a common phe-
nomenon in recent years.
7.Cinema continues to ___________ audiences with its stunning visuals
and storytelling.
8.The role of television in shaping public ___________ cannot be underes-
timated.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not going to the theater more often when I was younger.
I ________ to the theater more often when I was younger.
 2. The introduction of streaming services has changed the way we watch
television.
The introduction of streaming services ________ the way we watch television.
3. It’s important to recognize the educational value of television programs.
It’s ________ the educational value of television programs.
4. Many people find it difficult to stop binge-watching their favorite shows.
Many people ________ binge-watching their favorite shows.
5. She started watching documentaries about social issues last year.
She ________ documentaries about social issues since last year.
6. Theater can contribute to a deeper understanding of human emotions.
Theater can ________ a deeper understanding of human emotions.
7. They advised us to choose educational programs over reality shows.
They said we ________ educational programs over reality shows.
8. He made a conscious effort to explore different genres of film.
He ________ explore different genres of film.
 Task 58
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Cultural Impact of Cinema and Television
Cinema and television have long been powerful tools for storytelling and
communication, shaping cultural norms and influencing public opinion. These
mediums allow for the (1) _______ of stories that reflect society, challenge be-
liefs, and inspire change.
Cinema, for instance, has the unique ability to transport viewers to different
times and places, offering a glimpse into worlds they might never experience
otherwise. Through carefully crafted narratives and (2) _______ visuals, films
can evoke strong emotions and provoke thought. Whether it’s a historical drama
or a science fiction adventure, cinema has the power to (3) _______ perspectives
and broaden horizons.
Television, on the other hand, has become a staple in everyday life, provid-
ing not only entertainment but also a platform for education and information.
From news programs that keep us informed about global events to documentar-
ies that (4) _______ important social issues, television plays a crucial role in
shaping our understanding of the world.
Moreover, both cinema and television have the ability to bring people to-
gether. Watching a film or a TV show can be a shared experience, fostering dis-
cussions and (5) _______ connections between individuals. Whether it’s a fam-
ily gathered around the TV or friends discussing the latest movie, these shared
moments contribute to a sense of community.
In conclusion, cinema and television are more than just forms of entertain-
ment—they are influential cultural forces that (6) _______ our views, beliefs,
and social interactions.
1. A) narration B) storytelling C) expression D) communication
2. A) striking B) shocking C) surprising D) striking
 3. A) challenge B) change C) shift D) alter
4. A) highlight B) promote C) expose D) reveal
5. A) strengthen B) create C) build D) form
6. A) impact B) shape C) mold D) influence

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Power of Theater in Modern Society
Theater has always been a significant part of cultural expression, offering a
unique way to explore the human experience. Unlike cinema or television,
theater provides an immediate connection between the performers and the audi-
ence, creating a shared experience that is both intimate and powerful.
One of the most compelling aspects of theater is its ability to address social
and political issues in a way that is both engaging and thought-provoking.
Through live performances, actors can bring important topics to life, encour-
aging the audience to reflect on these issues and (1) _______ their own beliefs
and attitudes.
In addition to its role in social commentary, theater also serves as a vital
form of artistic expression. Playwrights, directors, and actors work together to
(2) _______ stories that resonate with audiences, often using symbolism, meta-
phor, and other literary devices to convey deeper meanings.
Moreover, theater provides an opportunity for community building. Attend-
ing a play is often a social event, where people come together to enjoy the per-
formance and (3) _______ their thoughts and reactions afterward. This com-
munal aspect of theater helps to (4) _______ a sense of belonging and shared
cultural identity.
In conclusion, theater remains a powerful medium for storytelling and cul-
tural dialogue, offering insights into the human condition and fostering connec-
tions among people.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of theater can be felt in its ability to convey complex
emotions and ideas.
2. Cinema offers ___________ experiences that can transport viewers to
different worlds.
3. Television has a ___________ role in providing both entertainment and
education.
4. The ___________ of live performances creates a unique bond between
actors and the audience.
5. Documentaries often ___________ social issues that might otherwise go
unnoticed.
6. Filmmakers use ___________ techniques to create visually stunning and
emotionally impactful scenes.
7. Theater has a long history of ___________ social norms and challenging
the status quo.
8. The ___________ of shared cultural experiences, such as watching a
play or film, is essential for community building.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not attending more live theater performances when I was
younger.
I ________ more live theater performances when I was younger.
2. The impact of television on modern culture cannot be underestimated.
Television has a ________ on modern culture.
3. It’s important to recognize the educational potential of documentaries.
It’s ________ the educational potential of documentaries.
 4. Many people find it difficult to understand the deeper meanings in films.
Many people ________ the deeper meanings in films.
5. She started watching foreign films to broaden her cultural understanding.
She ________ foreign films to broaden her cultural understanding.
6. Theater can contribute to a greater awareness of social issues.
Theater can ________ awareness of social issues.
7. They advised us to explore different genres of cinema.
They said we ________ different genres of cinema.
8. He made a conscious effort to appreciate the artistry in theater produc-
tions.
He ________ the artistry in theater productions.
 Task 59
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Influence of Painting on Culture
Painting has been one of the most significant forms of artistic expression
throughout history. It allows artists to capture emotions, ideas, and (1) _______
moments in time. Through the use of color, texture, and composition, painters
can convey complex messages that resonate with viewers across different cul-
tures and generations.
One of the most fascinating aspects of painting is its ability to (2) _______
a story without words. A single painting can evoke a range of emotions, from
joy to sorrow, depending on the subject matter and the artist’s technique. This
visual storytelling is what makes painting a powerful medium for communica-
tion.
Throughout history, paintings have played a crucial role in documenting
historical events and cultural shifts. From the grandeur of Renaissance art to the
(3) _______ of modern abstract works, each painting offers a unique perspective
on the world. These artistic creations not only reflect the society in which they
were produced but also (4) _______ the values and beliefs of that time.
Moreover, painting has the ability to inspire change. Many artists use their
work to challenge societal norms and (5) _______ awareness of social or polit-
ical issues. By depicting these themes visually, painters can provoke thought and
encourage viewers to reconsider their views.
In conclusion, painting remains a vital form of artistic expression that con-
tinues to (6) _______ culture and society. Its ability to communicate complex
ideas and evoke deep emotions ensures that it will always hold a significant
place in the world of art.
1. A) pivotal B) crucial C) defining D) memorable
2. A) tell B) describe C) narrate D) show
 3. A) simplicity B) complexity C) intricacy D) subtlety
4. A) embody B) embrace C) encapsulate D) illustrate
5. A) raise B) promote C) encourage D) advocate
6. A) influence B) inspire C) drive D) define

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Painting in Personal Expression
Painting is more than just an art form; it is a way for individuals to express
their inner thoughts and emotions. For many artists, painting serves as a (1)
_______ of self-expression, allowing them to communicate feelings that might
be difficult to put into words.
The creative process involved in painting is often deeply personal. Artists
must decide on the colors, shapes, and composition that best (2) _______ their
vision. This process requires not only technical skill but also a strong connection
to one’s own emotions and experiences.
In addition to its role in personal expression, painting can also be thera-
peutic. Many people find that engaging in painting helps to (3) _______ stress
and provides a sense of calm. The focus required to create a piece of art can be a
form of mindfulness, allowing individuals to be fully present in the moment.
Furthermore, painting can be a way to explore new ideas and perspectives.
By experimenting with different styles and techniques, artists can (4) _______
their creativity and discover new ways of seeing the world.
In conclusion, painting is a powerful tool for personal expression and cre-
ativity. Whether used for artistic purposes or as a form of therapy, it offers
countless opportunities for individuals to explore their inner world and share it
with others.
Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
 1. The ___________ of color in a painting can greatly influence its emo-
tional impact.
2. Painting allows for the ___________ of complex ideas and emotions.
3. Many artists find that painting provides ___________ from the stresses
of daily life.
4. The ___________ of different painting techniques can lead to innovative
styles.
5. ___________ is key when an artist decides on the subject matter of their
painting.
6. Some paintings are known for their ___________ and the way they chal-
lenge traditional norms.
7. The ___________ of a painting often depends on its ability to connect
with the viewer on an emotional level.
8. Abstract art can leave a lasting ___________ on those who view it, often
provoking deep thought.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not exploring painting as a hobby earlier in life.
I ________ painting as a hobby earlier in life.
2. The artist’s use of color had a profound effect on the viewers.
The artist’s use of color ________ on the viewers.
3. It’s important to recognize the therapeutic benefits of painting.
It’s ________ the therapeutic benefits of painting.
4. Many people find it difficult to interpret abstract paintings.
Many people ________ abstract paintings.
5. She started painting regularly to relieve stress last year.
She ________ regularly to relieve stress since last year.
 6. Experimenting with different styles can lead to artistic growth.
Experimenting with different styles can ________ artistic growth.
7. They advised us to express our emotions through art.
They said we ________ our emotions through art.
8. He made a conscious effort to develop his painting skills.
He ________ develop his painting skills.
 Task 60
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Timeless Appeal of Painting
Painting has always held a special place in the world of art. Through the
use of color, form, and composition, artists can convey emotions, ideas, and
stories that resonate with people across different cultures and eras. The (1)
_______ of painting lies in its ability to evoke a powerful response, whether it’s
awe, wonder, or contemplation.
One of the most enduring aspects of painting is its versatility. Artists can
choose from a wide range of styles and techniques, from the detailed realism of
Renaissance art to the abstract (2) _______ of modern pieces. This diversity al-
lows painting to remain relevant and engaging, continuously (3) _______ new
audiences and inspiring future generations of artists.
The process of creating a painting is both challenging and rewarding. It re-
quires not only technical skill but also a deep understanding of the subject mat-
ter. Artists must carefully (4) _______ their materials, colors, and techniques to
achieve the desired effect. This attention to detail is what makes painting such a
respected and admired art form.
Painting also has the unique ability to capture and preserve moments in
time. Whether it’s a portrait, landscape, or still life, a painting can serve as a (5)
_______ of a particular era, offering insights into the culture, values, and aes-
thetics of the time.
In conclusion, painting is a timeless art form that continues to (6) _______
and inspire. Its ability to communicate complex ideas and emotions through
visual means ensures that it will always be a central part of the artistic land-
scape.
1. A) power B) strength C) force D) appeal
2. A) expression B) impression C) interpretation D) perception
 3. A) attracting B) drawing C) pulling D) inviting
4. A) select B) pick C) choose D) decide
5. A) record B) reminder C) mark D) trace
6. A) fascinate B) engage C) captivate D) intrigue

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Creative Process in Painting
Painting is not just about putting colors on a canvas; it is a complex process
that involves imagination, creativity, and technical skill. For many artists, the act
of painting is a way to explore their inner thoughts and emotions, (1) _______
them to express ideas that might be difficult to convey through words alone.
The first step in the painting process is usually deciding on a subject or
theme. This decision often reflects the artist’s personal interests or concerns and
serves as the foundation for the entire work. Once the theme is established, the
artist must (2) _______ the appropriate materials and techniques to bring their
vision to life.
As the painting progresses, the artist may experiment with different styles
and approaches, allowing the work to evolve naturally. This experimentation is
an essential part of the creative process, as it encourages the artist to take risks
and (3) _______ new possibilities.
The final stage of painting involves refining and perfecting the piece. This
can include adjusting colors, adding details, or making other changes to ensure
that the finished work accurately reflects the artist’s vision. The result is a
unique creation that captures the artist’s imagination and skill.
In conclusion, painting is a deeply personal and creative activity that allows
artists to explore new ideas and (4) _______ their creativity. Through this pro-
cess, they can create works of art that inspire and move others.

Part 3: Word Formation

 Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of a painting often depends on the artist’s ability to
capture emotion.
2. ___________ in art often comes from experimenting with different tech-
niques and styles.
3. The ___________ of painting as a form of self-expression cannot be
overstated.
4. Many artists find ___________ in the natural world and use it as a sub-
ject for their work.
5. A well-composed painting can leave a lasting ___________ on the
viewer.
6. The ___________ of color and light in a painting can convey a particular
mood or atmosphere.
7. The ___________ of detail in a painting can make it more realistic and
engaging.
8. ___________ artists often push the boundaries of traditional art forms to
create something new.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not taking up painting as a hobby earlier.
I ________ up painting as a hobby earlier.
2. The artist’s use of light created a powerful effect in the painting.
The artist’s use of light ________ in the painting.
3. It’s important to understand the process behind creating a painting.
It’s ________ the process behind creating a painting.
4. Many people find it challenging to appreciate abstract art.
Many people ________ appreciating abstract art.
 5. She started experimenting with new painting techniques last year.
She ________ with new painting techniques since last year.
6. Painting can contribute to a greater understanding of visual expression.
Painting can ________ a greater understanding of visual expression.
7. They advised us to explore different painting styles.
They said we ________ different painting styles.
8. He made a conscious effort to develop his artistic skills.
He ________ develop his artistic skills.
 Task 61
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Influence of Mass Media on Society
Mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and disseminat-
ing information. From newspapers to television and social media, these plat-
forms have the power to (1) _______ how people perceive the world around
them. The influence of mass media can be seen in various aspects of society,
including politics, culture, and social norms.
One of the primary functions of mass media is to inform the public. News
outlets, for example, (2) _______ information about current events, helping
people stay up-to-date with what is happening locally and globally. However,
the way news is presented can sometimes (3) _______ public perception, lead-
ing to biases or misconceptions.
Mass media also plays a significant role in entertainment. Television
shows, movies, and online content (4) _______ a large portion of people’s leis-
ure time. These forms of media not only entertain but also (5) _______ cultural
values and societal expectations. Through the portrayal of characters, scenarios,
and lifestyles, media can (6) _______ what is considered normal or desirable in
society.
Moreover, the rise of social media has changed the way people interact
with mass media. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram allow indi-
viduals to (7) _______ content, express opinions, and engage with others in real-
time. This shift has made mass media more interactive but also more susceptible
to the spread of misinformation.
In conclusion, mass media is a powerful tool that (8) _______ nearly every
aspect of modern life. Its ability to shape opinions, provide information, and in-
fluence culture underscores its importance in today’s society.
1. A) determine B) direct C) influence D) control
 2. A) distribute B) deliver C) spread D) convey
3. A) shape B) adjust C) impact D) define
4. A) take B) consume C) involve D) occupy
5. A) reinforce B) confirm C) maintain D) support
6. A) dictate B) establish C) outline D) suggest
7. A) create B) generate C) share D) produce
8. A) affects B) impacts C) governs D) leads

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Journalism in Mass Media
Journalism is one of the most important aspects of mass media, serving as a
means to inform the public and hold those in power accountable. Journalists
work tirelessly to (1) _______ information, report on current events, and provide
analysis on a wide range of issues. However, the role of journalism has become
increasingly complex in the digital age.
One of the main challenges faced by journalists today is the (2) _______ of
misinformation. With the rise of social media, false or misleading information
can spread rapidly, making it difficult for people to distinguish between credible
news and fake news. Journalists must therefore be vigilant in (3) _______ facts
and ensuring the accuracy of their reports.
In addition to reporting the news, journalists also have the responsibility to
offer context and insight. This means not only telling the audience what is hap-
pening but also explaining why it matters. In doing so, journalism helps to (4)
_______ a more informed and engaged public.
Despite the challenges, journalism remains a vital part of mass media. By
upholding the principles of truth, accuracy, and fairness, journalists contribute to
the functioning of a healthy democracy and help to (5) _______ the public’s
trust in the media.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of mass media in shaping public opinion cannot be
overstated.
2. Journalists are expected to uphold high standards of ___________ in
their work.
3. Social media platforms have made the ___________ of information
faster than ever before.
4. The ___________ of news articles requires careful research and fact-
checking.
5. Mass media has the power to ___________ cultural norms and societal
values.
6. The ___________ of a balanced perspective is essential in responsible
journalism.
7. Inaccurate reporting can lead to a loss of ___________ in the media.
8. The role of the press in a democracy is to ___________ those in power.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not following the news more closely during the election.
I ________ the news more closely during the election.
2. The impact of social media on public opinion is significant.
Social media ________ on public opinion.
3. It’s important to verify the accuracy of news sources.
It’s ________ the accuracy of news sources.
4. Many people find it difficult to distinguish between credible news and
misinformation.
Many people ________ between credible news and misinformation.
 5. She started reading investigative journalism reports regularly last year.
She ________ investigative journalism reports regularly since last year.
6. The media can contribute to a better understanding of global issues.
The media can ________ understanding of global issues.
7. They advised us to critically evaluate the news we consume.
They said we ________ the news we consume.
8. He made a conscious effort to stay informed about current events.
He ________ stay informed about current events.
 Task 62
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Evolution of Youth Culture
Youth culture has always been a dynamic and influential part of society.
From music and fashion to language and technology, young people have con-
tinuously shaped trends and (1) _______ new ideas. As each generation
emerges, it brings with it a unique set of values, behaviors, and cultural expres-
sions that reflect the changing times.
In the past, youth culture was often associated with rebellion and a desire to
(2) _______ from the norms of the older generation. However, today’s youth
culture is more diverse and complex, influenced by a globalized world where
information and ideas spread rapidly through the internet and social media. This
digital connectivity has allowed young people to (3) _______ a wide range of
influences, from different cultures to various subcultures, resulting in a rich
tapestry of youth expressions.
One of the key aspects of youth culture is its ability to (4) _______ social
change. Throughout history, young people have been at the forefront of move-
ments advocating for civil rights, environmental protection, and social justice.
Their willingness to challenge the status quo and demand a better future has of -
ten led to significant societal shifts.
Fashion and music have also played a central role in youth culture. These
forms of expression allow young people to (5) _______ their identity and differ-
entiate themselves from others. Whether it’s through the adoption of new styles
or the creation of original music, youth culture continually evolves, reflecting
the creativity and innovation of the younger generation.
In conclusion, youth culture is a powerful force that (6) _______ both indi-
vidual identity and societal norms. As the world continues to change, so too will
the ways in which young people express themselves and (7) _______ the world
around them.
1. A) introduce B) propose C) generate D) develop
2. A) break B) separate C) divide D) part
3. A) draw B) pull C) attract D) gather
4. A) promote B) stimulate C) inspire D) trigger
5. A) establish B) define C) form D) shape
6. A) impacts B) directs C) controls D) guides
7. A) interact B) engage C) influence D) change

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Technology in Youth Culture
Technology plays a central role in shaping today’s youth culture. The wide-
spread use of smartphones, social media, and online platforms has transformed
how young people communicate, socialize, and express themselves. Unlike pre-
vious generations, today’s youth are constantly (1) _______ to information and
digital content, which influences their perspectives and behaviors.
One of the most significant impacts of technology on youth culture is the
ability to connect with others globally. Social media platforms allow young
people to share their thoughts, ideas, and creativity with a (2) _______ audience,
transcending geographical boundaries. This connectivity has led to the emer-
gence of global youth trends and movements, as well as the rapid spread of cul-
tural phenomena.
However, the influence of technology on youth culture is not without chal-
lenges. The constant exposure to social media can (3) _______ pressure to con-
form to certain standards or trends, leading to issues such as anxiety, low self-
esteem, and cyberbullying. It is important for young people to (4) _______ a
balance between their online presence and their real-world experiences to main-
tain a healthy relationship with technology.
 In conclusion, technology has become an integral part of youth culture, of-
fering both opportunities and challenges. As digital platforms continue to
evolve, it will be essential for young people to navigate this landscape thought-
fully and responsibly.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of youth culture is evident in its ability to adapt to
changing times.
2. Social media platforms have made ___________ a key aspect of modern
youth culture.
3. The ___________ of fashion trends among young people often reflects
broader cultural shifts.
4. Music remains a powerful form of ___________ for the younger genera-
tion.
5. The ___________ of technology in youth culture has created new oppor-
tunities for creativity.
6. Young people often use social media to ___________ their identity and
individuality.
7. The ___________ of youth-led movements demonstrates the power of
collective action.
8. Finding a balance between online activities and real-life interactions is
___________ for well-being.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not being more involved in youth culture during my teenage
years.
I ________ more involved in youth culture during my teenage years.
 2. The influence of technology on youth culture is undeniable.
Technology ________ on youth culture.
3. It’s important to understand the pressures that young people face in
today’s society.
It’s ________ the pressures that young people face in today’s society.
4. Many young people find it difficult to balance online activities with real-
life responsibilities.
Many young people ________ online activities with real-life responsibilities.
5. She started exploring different youth subcultures last year.
She ________ different youth subcultures since last year.
6. Youth culture can contribute to a greater understanding of social issues.
Youth culture can ________ understanding of social issues.
7. They advised us to be mindful of the influence of social media.
They said we ________ the influence of social media.
8. He made a conscious effort to stay connected with youth trends.
He ________ stay connected with youth trends.
 Task 63
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Impact of Technological Progress on Society
Technological progress has always been a driving force behind societal
change. From the invention of the wheel to the development of the internet, ad-
vancements in technology have (1) _______ the way we live, work, and commu-
nicate. These innovations have not only made our lives more convenient but
have also led to significant improvements in various fields, including medicine,
education, and transportation.
One of the most profound effects of technological progress is the (2)
_______ of information. The internet, for example, has made it possible to ac-
cess vast amounts of knowledge with just a few clicks. This easy access to in-
formation has (3) _______ the way we learn and has opened up new opportunit-
ies for education and self-improvement.
In addition to transforming education, technology has also revolutionized
communication. Social media platforms, messaging apps, and video conferen-
cing tools have made it easier than ever to stay (4) _______ with friends, family,
and colleagues, regardless of geographic location. This global connectivity has
brought people closer together and has (5) _______ to a more interconnected
world.
However, technological progress is not without its challenges. The rapid
pace of innovation has raised concerns about privacy, security, and the ethical
implications of new technologies. As society continues to (6) _______ in the
digital age, it is essential to address these issues and ensure that technological
advancements benefit everyone.
In conclusion, while technological progress has undoubtedly (7) _______
society in many positive ways, it is important to approach these changes with
caution and consideration. By doing so, we can harness the power of technology
to create a better future for all.
1. A) altered B) changed C) affected D) shifted
2. A) availability B) distribution C) circulation D) access
3. A) reshaped B) reformed C) redesigned D) reorganized
4. A) connected B) linked C) united D) associated
5. A) led B) caused C) driven D) resulted
6. A) evolve B) advance C) progress D) develop
7. A) impacted B) influenced C) altered D) adjusted

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Science in Advancing Technology
Science has always played a pivotal role in driving technological progress.
Through research and experimentation, scientists have been able to make dis-
coveries that (1) _______ the foundation for new technologies. These advance-
ments have, in turn, transformed various aspects of our lives, from healthcare to
transportation.
One of the key ways science contributes to technological progress is by
providing a better understanding of the natural world. By studying the principles
of physics, chemistry, and biology, scientists can (2) _______ new ways to har-
ness natural resources, develop new materials, and create innovative products.
This knowledge is essential for the development of cutting-edge technologies
that (3) _______ solve complex problems and improve quality of life.
Moreover, science and technology are closely interconnected. As new tech-
nologies emerge, they often (4) _______ new scientific questions and chal-
lenges, leading to further research and discovery. This ongoing cycle of innova-
tion ensures that both science and technology continue to evolve and advance.
 In conclusion, science is the driving force behind technological progress.
By continuing to invest in scientific research and education, we can (5) _______
the development of new technologies that will shape the future.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of technology has led to significant changes in soci-
ety.
2. Scientific ___________ is crucial for the development of new technolo-
gies.
3. The ___________ of information through the internet has transformed
education.
4. Advances in medical technology have improved the ___________ of
healthcare.
5. The ___________ of new materials has made it possible to create lighter
and stronger products.
6. Technological progress often raises ethical ___________ that must be
addressed.
7. The ___________ of science and technology continues to drive innova-
tion.
8. Scientists play a ___________ role in solving global challenges through
research and experimentation.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not studying more about technological advancements in school.
I ________ more about technological advancements in school.
 2. The development of the internet has dramatically changed the way we
access information.
The development of the internet ________ the way we access information.
3. It’s important to understand the ethical implications of new technologies.
It’s ________ the ethical implications of new technologies.
4. Many people find it difficult to keep up with rapid technological pro-
gress.
Many people ________ up with rapid technological progress.
5. She started researching the impact of science on technological innova-
tion last year.
She ________ the impact of science on technological innovation since last year.
6. Technological advancements can contribute to a higher quality of life.
Technological advancements can ________ the quality of life.
7. They advised us to stay informed about the latest scientific discoveries.
They said we ________ informed about the latest scientific discoveries.
8. He made a conscious effort to understand the principles behind new
technologies.
He ________ understand the principles behind new technologies.
 Task 64
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Charm of My Hometown
My hometown has always held a special place in my heart. It is a small
city, but it is full of character and (1) _______. The streets are lined with old
buildings that tell the story of our community’s rich history. Walking through
the town center, you can see how the city has evolved over the years, yet it has
managed to (2) _______ its unique charm.
One of the things I love most about my hometown is the sense of com-
munity. People here are friendly and always willing to (3) _______ a helping
hand. Whether it’s a neighbor in need or a local event, the townspeople come
together to support one another. This strong sense of unity is what makes living
here so special.
The town is also known for its beautiful natural surroundings. There are
parks, rivers, and hills that (4) _______ plenty of opportunities for outdoor
activities. On weekends, families often spend time in the parks, having picnics
or simply enjoying the fresh air. The natural beauty of my hometown provides a
peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of city life.
Moreover, my hometown has a vibrant cultural scene. We have local theat-
ers, art galleries, and music festivals that (5) _______ both residents and visitors
alike. These events not only entertain but also help to preserve and promote our
cultural heritage.
In conclusion, my hometown may not be the biggest or the most famous
city, but it has a warmth and charm that (6) _______ it apart from other places.
It is a place where traditions are cherished, and community spirit thrives.
1. A) appeal B) beauty C) attraction D) interest
2. A) preserve B) conserve C) maintain D) retain
3. A) give B) lend C) offer D) provide
 4. A) offer B) present C) create D) supply
5. A) attract B) draw C) invite D) encourage
6. A) sets B) makes C) takes D) puts

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Exploring the History of My Hometown
My hometown has a rich history that dates back several centuries. Over the
years, it has witnessed many changes, but it has always managed to retain its
unique character. The town is known for its historical landmarks, which (1)
_______ stories of the past and provide a glimpse into the lives of those who
lived here before us.
One of the most iconic buildings in the town is the old clock tower, which
stands in the center of the main square. It has been a (2) _______ of the town for
generations and continues to be a popular meeting place for locals and visitors
alike. The clock tower is not only a reminder of our history but also a symbol of
the town’s enduring spirit.
Another significant aspect of my hometown is its cultural heritage. The
town has a number of museums and galleries that (3) _______ the history and
traditions of the area. These institutions play an important role in educating the
younger generation about their roots and instilling a sense of pride in their herit-
age.
In addition to its historical and cultural attractions, my hometown also of-
fers a variety of recreational activities. There are numerous parks and nature
trails where residents can enjoy the (4) _______ beauty of the area. Whether it’s
hiking in the hills or taking a leisurely stroll by the river, there’s something for
everyone to enjoy.
In conclusion, my hometown is a place that values its history and traditions
while also embracing the present. It is a town that offers a perfect blend of the
old and the new, making it a wonderful place to live and visit.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of my hometown is evident in its well-preserved his-
toric buildings.
2. Local events and festivals play a key role in ___________ the town’s
culture.
3. The town’s ___________ to natural beauty makes it a great place for
outdoor activities.
4. The ___________ of the local community is what makes my hometown
so special.
5. Many visitors are drawn to the town because of its ___________ charm.
6. The ___________ of historical landmarks helps preserve the town’s rich
heritage.
7. My hometown is a place where ___________ is highly valued, and tradi-
tions are kept alive.
8. The cultural ___________ of the town is showcased in its museums and
galleries.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not appreciating the beauty of my hometown when I was
younger.
I ________ the beauty of my hometown when I was younger.
2. The historic buildings in my hometown have a significant impact on its
character.
The historic buildings in my hometown ________ on its character.
3. It’s important to preserve the cultural heritage of the town.
It’s ________ the cultural heritage of the town.
 4. Many people find it difficult to leave their hometown because of the
strong community ties.
Many people ________ their hometown because of the strong community ties.
5. She started exploring the history of her hometown last year.
She ________ the history of her hometown since last year.
6. Local festivals can contribute to a greater sense of community.
Local festivals can ________ sense of community.
7. They advised us to visit the town’s museums to learn more about its his-
tory.
They said we ________ the town’s museums to learn more about its history.
8. He made a conscious effort to get involved in local community activities.
He ________ get involved in local community activities.
 Task 65
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Discovering Ukraine
Ukraine is a country of rich history and diverse culture, located in Eastern
Europe. Known for its vast landscapes, ancient cities, and vibrant traditions,
Ukraine (1) _______ a unique place in the heart of Europe. From the bustling
streets of Kyiv to the peaceful Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine offers a variety of
experiences for both locals and visitors.
One of the most significant aspects of Ukraine is its cultural heritage. The
country is home to numerous historical sites, including UNESCO World Herit-
age sites like the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra and the ancient city of Lviv. These land-
marks (2) _______ the deep history and cultural significance of the nation.
Ukrainian culture is also celebrated through its traditional music, dance, and
festivals, which (3) _______ centuries-old customs with modern influences.
The natural beauty of Ukraine is another reason why it is a destination
worth exploring. The Carpathian Mountains, for example, offer stunning land-
scapes, opportunities for hiking, and a glimpse into traditional Hutsul culture.
Meanwhile, the Black Sea coastline provides beautiful beaches and a (4)
_______ climate, making it a popular spot for summer vacations.
Ukraine’s history has been marked by both struggles and triumphs. The
country has faced numerous challenges, from foreign invasions to political up-
heavals, yet it has always (5) _______ to maintain its identity and independence.
This resilience is reflected in the spirit of the Ukrainian people, who are known
for their hospitality and strong sense of community.
In conclusion, Ukraine is a country of contrasts, where ancient traditions
meet modern life, and where the past and present coexist harmoniously. It is a
place where visitors can (6) _______ history, culture, and nature in a unique and
unforgettable way.
 1. A) occupies B) holds C) takes D) secures
2. A) illustrate B) demonstrate C) display D) highlight
3. A) merge B) combine C) blend D) connect
4. A) mild B) warm C) temperate D) moderate
5. A) managed B) succeeded C) struggled D) attempted
6. A) experience B) witness C) observe D) explore

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Rich Cultural Heritage of Ukraine
Ukraine’s cultural heritage is one of its most defining features. The country
is known for its vibrant traditions, which have been passed down through gener-
ations. Ukrainian folk art, music, and dance (1) _______ an important part of the
nation’s identity, reflecting the deep connection between the people and their
land.
One of the most iconic symbols of Ukrainian culture is the vyshyvanka—a
traditional embroidered shirt. Each region of Ukraine has its own unique pat-
terns and colors, making the vyshyvanka a symbol of regional pride and herit-
age. These shirts are often worn on special occasions, such as Independence Day
or religious holidays, and (2) _______ as a reminder of the country’s rich his-
tory.
Ukraine is also famous for its traditional music, particularly the bandura, a
stringed instrument that has been played for centuries. The (3) _______ of the
bandura can be heard in many Ukrainian folk songs, which tell stories of love,
hardship, and the beauty of the Ukrainian landscape. These songs are often per-
formed at festivals and cultural events, where they help to keep the country’s
traditions alive.
In addition to its artistic heritage, Ukraine is home to numerous historical
landmarks, from the golden domes of Kyiv’s cathedrals to the medieval castles
of the Western regions. These sites (4) _______ visitors with a glimpse into the
country’s past and its journey towards independence.
In conclusion, Ukraine’s cultural heritage is a source of pride for its people
and a treasure for those who visit. It is a living testament to the resilience and
creativity of the Ukrainian nation.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of Ukrainian culture is evident in its traditional arts
and crafts.
2. Ukrainian folk music is known for its ___________ melodies and
powerful lyrics.
3. The country’s history is marked by both ___________ and perseverance.
4. The ___________ of Ukraine’s natural landscapes attracts tourists from
around the world.
5. Each region of Ukraine has its own ___________ traditions and cus-
toms.
6. The vyshyvanka is a ___________ symbol of Ukrainian heritage.
7. Ukrainian festivals are celebrated with great ___________ and enthusi-
asm.
8. The ___________ of Ukraine’s historical landmarks is a testament to its
rich past.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not exploring more of Ukraine’s cultural sites when I had the
chance.
I ________ more of Ukraine’s cultural sites when I had the chance.
 2. The vyshyvanka is one of the most recognized symbols of Ukrainian
identity.
The vyshyvanka is one of the ________ symbols of Ukrainian identity.
3. It’s important to preserve the traditions and customs of Ukraine.
It’s ________ the traditions and customs of Ukraine.
4. Many people find it difficult to understand the depth of Ukraine’s cul-
tural heritage.
Many people ________ the depth of Ukraine’s cultural heritage.
5. She started learning about Ukraine’s history and culture last year.
She ________ about Ukraine’s history and culture since last year.
6. The resilience of the Ukrainian people can contribute to a strong national
identity.
The resilience of the Ukrainian people can ________ a strong national identity.
7. They advised us to visit Ukraine’s historical landmarks to better under-
stand its past.
They said we ________ Ukraine’s historical landmarks to better understand its
past.
8. He made a conscious effort to learn more about Ukrainian traditions.
He ________ learn more about Ukrainian traditions.
 Task 66
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
Ukraine’s Role on the Global Stage
Ukraine is increasingly recognized as an important player on the global
stage. Its strategic location between Europe and Asia, as well as its rich natural
resources, have (1) _______ it a crucial partner for many countries. Over the
years, Ukraine has worked to strengthen its international relations, participate in
global organizations, and contribute to international peace and security.
One of Ukraine’s key contributions to the world is in the field of agricul-
ture. Often referred to as the “breadbasket of Europe,” Ukraine is one of the
largest producers of wheat, corn, and sunflower oil. This agricultural output not
only supports the country’s economy but also plays a vital role in global food (2)
_______.
In addition to its agricultural strength, Ukraine has made significant strides
in the field of technology and innovation. Ukrainian IT specialists are highly
regarded worldwide, and the country has become a hub for software develop-
ment and technology startups. This (3) _______ has helped Ukraine to integrate
more deeply into the global economy and attract international investment.
Moreover, Ukraine’s cultural contributions are increasingly recognized on
the world stage. Ukrainian music, literature, and art are gaining international
acclaim, helping to (4) _______ the country’s cultural identity abroad. Cultural
exchange programs and international festivals featuring Ukrainian artists have
become more common, further promoting Ukraine’s rich heritage.
Ukraine’s role in global politics has also grown in recent years. The coun-
try’s commitment to democracy and its efforts to maintain sovereignty in the
face of external challenges have (5) _______ international respect and support.
Ukraine is an active participant in international organizations such as the United
Nations and the Council of Europe, where it advocates for peace, stability, and
human rights.
In conclusion, Ukraine’s role in the world continues to expand as it contrib-
utes to global food security, technological innovation, cultural exchange, and
international diplomacy. As Ukraine strengthens its global partnerships, it will
continue to (6) _______ its influence and importance on the international stage.
1. A) made B) given C) offered D) placed
2. A) security B) safety C) protection D) provision
3. A) advancement B) development C) progress D) growth
4. A) showcase B) display C) present D) exhibit
5. A) earned B) gained C) acquired D) achieved
6. A) extend B) broaden C) enlarge D) expand

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Ukraine’s Diplomatic Relations
Ukraine’s position in the world has been significantly shaped by its diplo-
matic relations. As a country with a strategic location and a complex history,
Ukraine has sought to build strong partnerships with other nations to (1)
_______ its sovereignty and promote its national interests.
One of the key aspects of Ukraine’s foreign policy is its relationship with
the European Union. Ukraine has taken significant steps to strengthen its ties
with the EU, including signing the Association Agreement, which (2) _______
closer economic and political cooperation. This agreement has been a crucial
part of Ukraine’s efforts to integrate more fully into the European community.
In addition to its relationship with the EU, Ukraine has also developed im-
portant partnerships with countries around the world, including the United
States, Canada, and Japan. These partnerships have been vital in providing
Ukraine with economic assistance, military support, and diplomatic backing,
especially during times of (3) _______.
 Ukraine’s participation in international organizations has also played a vital
role in its global standing. As a member of the United Nations, Ukraine has been
an active voice in promoting peace and security. The country has contributed
troops to peacekeeping missions and has been involved in various international
initiatives aimed at resolving conflicts and addressing global challenges.
In conclusion, Ukraine’s diplomatic efforts have been instrumental in shap-
ing its role on the world stage. Through strategic partnerships and active parti-
cipation in international organizations, Ukraine has been able to (4) _______ its
influence and work towards a more secure and prosperous future.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. Ukraine’s ___________ in global affairs has grown significantly in re-
cent years.
2. The ___________ of Ukrainian culture is increasingly recognized inter-
nationally.
3. Ukraine has made considerable ___________ in the field of technology
and innovation.
4. The country’s ___________ efforts have helped to strengthen its interna-
tional relations.
5. Ukraine’s ___________ as a leading agricultural producer contributes to
global food security.
6. The ___________ of Ukrainian IT specialists is well-known around the
world.
7. International ___________ programs have helped to promote Ukraine’s
cultural heritage abroad.
8. Ukraine’s ___________ to global peacekeeping efforts has earned it in-
ternational respect.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not learning more about Ukraine’s role in international affairs.
I ________ more about Ukraine’s role in international affairs.
2. Ukraine’s cultural heritage is becoming increasingly popular around the
world.
Ukraine’s cultural heritage ________ around the world.
3. It’s important to strengthen Ukraine’s diplomatic relations with other
countries.
It’s ________ Ukraine’s diplomatic relations with other countries.
4. Many people find it difficult to understand the complexity of Ukraine’s
foreign policy.
Many people ________ the complexity of Ukraine’s foreign policy.
5. She started studying Ukraine’s international partnerships last year.
She ________ Ukraine’s international partnerships since last year.
6. Ukraine’s participation in global organizations contributes to its interna-
tional standing.
Ukraine’s participation in global organizations ________ international standing.
7. They advised us to support Ukraine’s efforts in promoting global peace.
They said we ________ Ukraine’s efforts in promoting global peace.
8. He made a conscious effort to understand Ukraine’s global influence.
He ________ understand Ukraine’s global influence.
 Task 67
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Global Influence of English-Speaking Countries
English-speaking countries have a significant impact on global culture,
politics, and economics. The widespread use of the English language, which is
the (1) _______ of business, science, and international communication, has
helped these countries maintain a strong influence around the world. From the
United States and the United Kingdom to Canada and Australia, English-speak-
ing nations play a key role in shaping global trends.
One of the most notable aspects of English-speaking countries is their cul-
tural (2) _______. Hollywood films, British literature, and American music are
enjoyed by people worldwide, making these countries cultural powerhouses.
This global cultural influence is often referred to as "soft power," which (3)
_______ the ability to shape the preferences and values of other countries
through cultural means rather than military or economic pressure.
In addition to cultural influence, English-speaking countries are also lead-
ers in education and research. Many of the world’s top universities are located in
these countries, attracting students from around the globe. This (4) _______ to
education has helped English-speaking nations become centers of innovation
and technological advancement.
The political influence of English-speaking countries is also considerable.
The United States, for example, plays a (5) _______ role in international organ-
izations such as the United Nations and NATO. Similarly, the United Kingdom
has a long history of global diplomacy and continues to be an important player
on the world stage.
Economically, English-speaking countries are among the most developed
in the world. Their economies are often characterized by (6) _______ industries,
advanced infrastructure, and a high standard of living. This economic strength
allows them to (7) _______ trade and investment around the world.
In conclusion, the influence of English-speaking countries is far-reaching,
affecting various aspects of global life. Their cultural, educational, political, and
economic impact (8) _______ them key players in the international community.
1. A) standard B) norm C) language D) medium
2. A) output B) production C) export D) influence
3. A) describes B) explains C) refers D) indicates
4. A) access B) commitment C) involvement D) opportunity
5. A) leading B) guiding C) dominant D) primary
6. A) robust B) steady C) fluctuating D) rising
7. A) influence B) regulate C) control D) direct
8. A) makes B) creates C) sets D) places

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of English as a Global Language
English has become the global language of communication, used by people
in nearly every country around the world. This widespread use of English can be
attributed to the historical influence of English-speaking countries, particularly
during the era of British colonialism and the rise of the United States as a global
superpower. Today, English is the (1) _______ language in international busi-
ness, science, and diplomacy.
One of the reasons English has maintained its status as a global language is
its ability to (2) _______ and evolve. English has absorbed words and phrases
from many other languages, making it flexible and adaptable. This has allowed
English to remain relevant in a rapidly changing world.
In addition to its role in international communication, English is also the
most widely taught second language. Millions of people around the world learn
English as a second or foreign language, often beginning in primary school. This
widespread education in English has (3) _______ to its global dominance.
Despite its widespread use, the global role of English is not without chal-
lenges. The dominance of English can sometimes lead to the marginalization of
other languages and cultures. It is important to (4) _______ the diversity of lan-
guages and ensure that the rise of English does not come at the expense of lin-
guistic and cultural heritage.
In conclusion, while English continues to play a crucial role in global com-
munication, it is essential to balance this with the preservation of other lan-
guages and cultures.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of English-speaking countries in global affairs is un-
deniable.
2. Hollywood films and British literature are examples of cultural
___________ from English-speaking nations.
3. English has shown a remarkable ___________ to change and adapt over
time.
4. The ___________ of English as a global language has made it the
primary language of international communication.
5. Many universities in English-speaking countries are known for their
___________ in research and education.
6. The ___________ of English as a second language has contributed to its
global dominance.
7. English-speaking countries often play a ___________ role in interna-
tional organizations.
8. The ___________ of the English language does not mean the marginal-
ization of other languages.
 Part 4: Key Word Transformations
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not studying more about the cultural influence of English-speak-
ing countries.
I ________ more about the cultural influence of English-speaking countries.
2. The spread of English as a global language is largely due to historical
factors.
The spread of English as a global language ________ historical factors.
3. It’s important to recognize the role of English in international business.
It’s ________ the role of English in international business.
4. Many people find it challenging to learn English as a second language.
Many people ________ English as a second language.
5. She started learning about the impact of English-speaking countries last
year.
She ________ about the impact of English-speaking countries since last year.
6. The global dominance of English can sometimes lead to the marginaliza-
tion of other languages.
The global dominance of English can sometimes ________ the marginalization
of other languages.
7. They advised us to explore the cultural contributions of English-speak-
ing nations.
They said we ________ the cultural contributions of English-speaking nations.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his English proficiency.
He ________ improve his English proficiency.
 Task 68
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of Holidays and Traditions
Holidays and traditions play a significant role in our lives, offering an op-
portunity to connect with family, friends, and our cultural heritage. These special
times of the year (1) _______ us a chance to pause, reflect, and celebrate what is
important to us. Whether it’s a religious holiday, a national celebration, or a fam-
ily tradition, these events help to (2) _______ our sense of identity and belong-
ing.
One of the most cherished aspects of holidays is the (3) _______ of gather-
ing with loved ones. Families often come together to share meals, exchange
gifts, and enjoy each other’s company. These gatherings not only strengthen
family bonds but also (4) _______ memories that last a lifetime.
Traditions are another key element of holidays. They are passed down from
generation to generation, providing continuity and a link to the past. Traditions
can be as simple as decorating a tree, lighting candles, or baking special treats,
but they carry deep (5) _______ and significance. By participating in these cus-
toms, we honor our ancestors and preserve our cultural heritage.
In addition to their cultural importance, holidays also offer a (6) _______
from the routine of daily life. They allow us to rest, recharge, and enjoy the mo-
ment. This break from our regular schedules can be refreshing and help to re-
duce stress.
In conclusion, holidays and traditions are an essential part of our lives.
They (7) _______ us together, strengthen our bonds, and remind us of what truly
matters. Whether we are celebrating with family, friends, or our community,
these moments of joy and reflection are invaluable.
1. A) give B) offer C) provide D) bring
2. A) enhance B) increase C) boost D) reinforce
 3. A) activity B) tradition C) practice D) ritual
4. A) create B) build C) make D) develop
5. A) meaning B) purpose C) intention D) emo-
tion
6. A) relief B) pause C) break D) stop
7. A) bring B) unite C) join D) connect

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Celebrating Traditions Around the World
Every culture has its own unique set of traditions and holidays that reflect
its history, values, and beliefs. These celebrations often (1) _______ deep cul-
tural significance and are eagerly anticipated by communities around the world.
From the colorful festivals of India to the solemn ceremonies of Japan, each tra-
dition provides insight into the culture that practices it.
One of the most widely celebrated holidays is Christmas, observed by mil-
lions of people around the globe. Christmas traditions can vary significantly
from one country to another. For example, in some European countries, children
leave their shoes out to be filled with gifts, while in others, they (2) _______
stockings by the fireplace. Despite these differences, the common theme of giv-
ing and togetherness (3) _______ through all Christmas celebrations.
Another important holiday is New Year’s Eve, which is marked by various
customs worldwide. In Spain, it is traditional to eat twelve grapes at midnight
for good luck in the coming year, while in Japan, families (4) _______ their
homes and prepare special dishes to welcome the New Year. These customs, al-
though different, all share the goal of starting the new year with positivity and
hope.
In conclusion, traditions and holidays are a vital part of cultural identity.
They not only bring people together but also help to (5) _______ the values and
beliefs that define a society.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of holidays in different cultures shows the diversity of
human experience.
2. Family gatherings during holidays help to ___________ relationships
and strengthen bonds.
3. Many traditions have ___________ origins, connecting modern people
with their ancestors.
4. The ___________ of Christmas can be seen in the various customs prac-
ticed around the world.
5. New Year’s Eve is often associated with ___________ for the future.
6. The ___________ of traditional foods is a key element of many holiday
celebrations.
7. ___________ and traditions play an essential role in preserving cultural
heritage.
8. Holidays provide an important ___________ from the demands of every-
day life.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not spending more time with my family during the holidays.
I ________ more time with my family during the holidays.
2. The New Year’s Eve tradition of eating twelve grapes is believed to
bring good luck.
The New Year’s Eve tradition of eating twelve grapes ________ bring good
luck.
3. It’s important to preserve cultural traditions for future generations.
It’s ________ cultural traditions for future generations.
 4. Many people find it difficult to maintain family traditions in modern life.
Many people ________ family traditions in modern life.
5. She started participating in her family’s holiday traditions last year.
She ________ in her family’s holiday traditions since last year.
6. Christmas celebrations can contribute to a stronger sense of community.
Christmas celebrations can ________ a stronger sense of community.
7. They advised us to learn more about our cultural heritage through tradi-
tions.
They said we ________ more about our cultural heritage through traditions.
8. He made a conscious effort to incorporate traditional customs into his
holiday celebrations.
He ________ incorporate traditional customs into his holiday celebrations.
 Task 69
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Importance of School Life
School life plays a vital role in the development of young people. It is dur-
ing these years that students acquire not only academic knowledge but also im-
portant life skills. The experiences gained at school (1) _______ the foundation
for a person’s future, influencing their career choices, social interactions, and
overall outlook on life.
One of the key aspects of school life is the (2) _______ of a structured en-
vironment. Schools provide a routine that helps students develop discipline and
time management skills. These skills are essential for success in both personal
and professional life. Additionally, schools encourage (3) _______ among stu-
dents through group projects, team sports, and other collaborative activities.
This fosters a sense of teamwork and cooperation, which are valuable in the
workplace and in society.
Education also plays a crucial role in shaping a student’s character.
Through lessons, students learn about responsibility, integrity, and respect for
others. Moreover, the challenges faced in school, such as exams and assign-
ments, (4) _______ students to develop resilience and problem-solving abilities.
These qualities are necessary for overcoming obstacles in adult life.
Another important aspect of school life is the (5) _______ to extracur-
ricular activities. Whether it’s joining a sports team, participating in a drama
club, or learning a musical instrument, these activities provide students with op-
portunities to explore their interests and develop new talents. They also help stu-
dents to relieve stress and build self-confidence.
In conclusion, school life is a crucial period in a young person’s life, offer-
ing opportunities for academic growth, personal development, and social inter-
action. The lessons learned and the relationships formed during these years (6)
_______ a lasting impact on a person’s future.
1. A) lay B) set C) build D) create
2. A) provision B) existence C) creation D) presence
3. A) competition B) collaboration C) interaction D) communication
4. A) force B) require C) demand D) challenge
5. A) availability B) accessibility C) exposure D) access
6. A) have B) make C) take D) leave

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
The Role of Education in Modern Society
Education is one of the most important pillars of modern society. It
provides individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life.
In addition to academic learning, education (1) _______ teaches students critical
thinking, problem-solving, and social skills that are essential for personal and
professional growth.
One of the primary goals of education is to prepare students for the chal-
lenges of the future. As technology continues to advance, the job market is con-
stantly evolving. Education helps students (2) _______ themselves with the
knowledge and skills needed to adapt to these changes. This is why lifelong
learning has become increasingly important in today’s world.
Moreover, education plays a crucial role in promoting equality and social
mobility. By providing all individuals with access to quality education, society
can (3) _______ opportunities for people from different backgrounds to succeed.
This helps to reduce inequality and create a more just and inclusive society.
In conclusion, education is not just about acquiring knowledge; it is also
about developing the skills and attitudes needed to thrive in a complex and chan-
ging world. The benefits of education (4) _______ far beyond the classroom,
shaping the future of individuals and society as a whole.
 Part 3: Word Formation
Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ of school life is evident in the development of essen-
tial life skills.
2. Extracurricular activities are an important part of a student’s
___________ growth.
3. Education plays a crucial role in ___________ individuals for the chal-
lenges of the future.
4. Schools foster ___________ among students through collaborative pro-
jects and team activities.
5. The ___________ of education goes beyond academic learning to in-
clude the development of social and emotional skills.
6. Students face various ___________ during their school years, which
help them build resilience.
7. The ___________ to quality education is key to promoting equality in
society.
8. Education encourages ___________ learning, which is essential in a rap-
idly changing world.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. I regret not taking part in more extracurricular activities during my
school years.
I ________ in more extracurricular activities during my school years.
2. The development of critical thinking skills is one of the main goals of
education.
Education is ________ the development of critical thinking skills.
 3. It’s important to prepare students for the future by teaching them adapt-
ability.
It’s ________ students for the future by teaching them adaptability.
4. Many students find it difficult to balance schoolwork with extracur-
ricular activities.
Many students ________ schoolwork with extracurricular activities.
5. She started learning about the benefits of education reform last year.
She ________ about the benefits of education reform since last year.
6. Education can contribute to a better understanding of social responsibil-
ity.
Education can ________ a better understanding of social responsibility.
7. They advised us to take advantage of all the opportunities provided by
our school.
They said we ________ of all the opportunities provided by our school.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his study habits during his final
year of school.
He ________ improve his study habits during his final year of school.
 Task 70
Part 1: Multiple-Choice Cloze
Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For
each question (1-8), choose A, B, C, or D.
The Changing World of Work
The world of work is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in tech-
nology, globalization, and changes in societal expectations. These factors have
transformed how people approach their careers and the types of professions that
are (1) _______ in demand. As a result, the modern workforce must be adapt-
able, skilled, and ready to embrace new challenges.
One of the most significant changes in the workplace is the shift towards
remote and flexible working. Many companies now (2) _______ their employ-
ees to work from home or choose flexible hours, which has been made possible
by digital communication tools and cloud-based technologies. This trend has
allowed workers to achieve a better work-life balance and has (3) _______ new
opportunities for people who may not be able to work traditional hours.
In addition to flexibility, there is an increasing emphasis on lifelong learn-
ing and professional development. As industries continue to evolve, workers
need to (4) _______ their skills to stay competitive in the job market. Many pro-
fessionals are pursuing additional qualifications, attending workshops, and parti-
cipating in online courses to (5) _______ their knowledge and improve their ca-
reer prospects.
Moreover, the rise of the gig economy has created new avenues for em-
ployment. Freelancers, contractors, and gig workers now (6) _______ a signific-
ant portion of the workforce. This type of work offers flexibility and independ-
ence, but it also requires a high degree of self-motivation and the ability to man-
age one’s own business affairs.
In conclusion, the modern workplace is characterized by flexibility, con-
tinuous learning, and the growing importance of independent work. To succeed
in this environment, individuals must be proactive, adaptable, and (7) _______
to embrace change.
1. A) increasingly B) regularly C) frequently D) constantly
2. A) allow B) permit C) enable D) require
3. A) opened B) introduced C) created D) initiated
4. A) update B) enhance C) renew D) revise
5. A) increase B) elevate C) extend D) expand
6. A) make up B) take over C) comprise D) account
7. A) willing B) prepared C) eager D) ready

Part 2: Open Cloze

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
Choosing the Right Career Path
Choosing the right career path is one of the most important decisions a per-
son can make. It not only (1) _______ your financial stability but also affects
your overall happiness and sense of fulfillment. Therefore, it is essential to care-
fully consider your interests, skills, and values when making this decision.
One of the first steps in choosing a career is to assess your strengths and
weaknesses. Understanding what you are good at and what you enjoy doing can
help (2) _______ you in the right direction. Additionally, it is important to re-
search different professions to understand the qualifications and experience re-
quired, as well as the job outlook in your chosen field.
It is also worth considering the work environment that best suits you. Some
people thrive in fast-paced, high-pressure environments, while others (3)
_______ more in roles that offer stability and routine. Identifying the type of
work environment where you can be most productive and satisfied is crucial to
long-term career success.
Finally, don’t be afraid to seek advice and guidance from mentors, career
counselors, or professionals already working in your field of interest. They can
offer valuable insights and (4) _______ that can help you make an informed de-
cision about your career path.
In conclusion, choosing the right career involves self-assessment, research,
and seeking guidance. By taking these steps, you can find a career that not only
meets your professional goals but also aligns with your personal values and life-
style.

Part 3: Word Formation

Complete the text below with ONE word that best fits each gap.
1. The ___________ nature of the modern workplace requires employees to
be adaptable and proactive.
2. Remote work has become more ___________ due to advancements in
technology.
3. Lifelong learning is essential for professional ___________ in a rapidly
changing job market.
4. Many workers seek ___________ in their jobs to achieve a better work-
life balance.
5. The ___________ of the gig economy has led to an increase in freelance
opportunities.
6. Choosing a career path that aligns with your values can lead to greater
___________ in your work.
7. It is important to continually ___________ your skills to stay competit-
ive in your profession.
8. Seeking advice from experienced professionals can provide
___________ guidance for your career decisions.

Part 4: Key Word Transformations

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
 1. I regret not exploring different career options before choosing my pro-
fession.
I ________ different career options before choosing my profession.
2. The flexibility of remote work allows employees to have a better work-
life balance.
The flexibility of remote work ________ a better work-life balance.
3. It’s important to continually update your skills to stay relevant in your
job.
It’s ________ your skills to stay relevant in your job.
4. Many people find it challenging to adapt to the changing demands of the
job market.
Many people ________ to the changing demands of the job market.
5. She started focusing on professional development last year.
She ________ on professional development since last year.
6. The rise of the gig economy has provided new opportunities for freelan-
cers.
The rise of the gig economy ________ new opportunities for freelancers.
7. They advised us to choose a career path that aligns with our strengths
and interests.
They said we ________ a career path that aligns with our strengths and interests.
8. He made a conscious effort to improve his time management skills at
work.
He ________ improve his time management skills at work.
PART 4
 TEST 1

Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE HIDDEN VILLAGE
Nestled among the towering mountains and dense forests of a remote re-
gion lies a hidden village, known to very few outside its boundaries. This vil-
lage, with its cobblestone streets and quaint houses, seems untouched by time.
The people of the village live in harmony with nature, their lives deeply inter-
twined with the land and its seasons. They are skilled artisans, known for their
beautiful handmade crafts, which include weaving, pottery, and woodworking.
Despite its isolation, the village is a vibrant community. Festivals and cel-
ebrations mark the changing seasons, with music, dance, and a bounty of local
food. The villagers are custodians of ancient traditions, passing down stories and
wisdom from generation to generation. The outside world seems a distant reality
to the villagers, many of whom have never travelled beyond the surrounding
forests. However, the beauty and tranquillity of the village attract a handful of
adventurous travellers each year, seeking to experience a way of life preserved
from the past.
But the village is more than just a relic of a bygone era. It represents a
model of living sustainably, with practices that have minimal impact on the en-
vironment. The villagers' deep respect for nature and their commitment to pre-
serving their heritage offer valuable lessons for the modern world.
1. What is the village known for?
A) Its modern architecture.
B) Its handmade crafts.
C) Its technological innovations.
D) Its bustling city life.
2. How do the villagers celebrate the changing seasons?
A) By holding technology fairs.
B) With music, dance, and food.
C) By traveling to the city.
D) Through silence and meditation.
3. What kind of community is the village described as?
A) A quiet retirement community.
B) A vibrant, traditional community.
C) A modern urban community.
D) A deserted ghost town.
4. Why do travellers visit the village?
A) For its nightlife.
B) To experience a preserved way of life.
C) For business conferences.
D) For its shopping malls.
 5. What does the village represent for the modern world?
A) A model of unsustainable living.
B) A potential site for industrial development.
C) A model of living sustainably.
D) An example of technological advancement.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Advice for Healthy Friendships
(1) _______________________________
It's important to be there for your friends, especially during tough times.
Offering a listening ear, understanding, and support can strengthen your bond.
Remember, a friend in need is a friend indeed.
(2) ________________________________
Friendships thrive on trust. Be someone your friends can rely on by keep-
ing promises and being there when you say you will. Trust is the glue that holds
relationships together.
(3) ________________________________
Good friends are honest with each other. Whether it's about a small mis-
take or a major concern, speaking the truth helps resolve conflicts and builds a
stronger foundation of trust.
(4) ________________________________
Everyone is unique and deserves to be treated with respect. Celebrate your
friends' differences and avoid making fun of them for their tastes or opinions.
Acceptance is key to a lasting friendship.
(5) ________________________________
Open lines of communication are essential. Share your feelings, listen to
your friends, and don't be afraid to discuss problems. A problem shared is a
problem halved, and this applies to friendships too.
A. Be a Supportive Friend
B. Embrace Individuality
C. Keep Promises
D. Share and Listen
E. Show Respect for Differences
F. Encourage Honesty
G. Value Trust
H. Avoid Judgment
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of the Smartphone
At the turn of the 21st century, the smartphone began its journey from a
luxury item to an essential part of daily life for billions around the globe. Now,
decades into its evolution, the smartphone (1) __________ an indispensable tool
for communication, entertainment, and productivity.
The modern smartphone's lineage can be traced back to (2) __________
the late 1990s and early 2000s when the first devices that combined the func-
tions of a mobile phone and a personal digital assistant (PDA) were introduced.
These early smartphones were bulky by today's standards but offered features
beyond making calls, including basic applications, internet browsing, and email
capabilities.
As technology advanced, so did the smartphone's (3) __________. Touch-
screens became prevalent, replacing physical keyboards and buttons, making
smartphones more versatile and user-friendly. This shift allowed for the develop-
ment of countless applications, transforming the smartphone into a multipurpose
device.
The app ecosystem, which began to flourish in the late 2000s, marked a
significant (4) __________ in the smartphone's role in society. Developers could
create and distribute applications for everything from gaming and social net-
working to banking and health monitoring, further embedding smartphones in
everyday life.
Today, innovations in smartphone technology continue to (5) __________
at a rapid pace. Developments in camera technology, processing power, and bat-
tery life are just a few areas where smartphones are seeing significant improve-
ments. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learn-
ing has made smartphones even more intelligent and personalized to the user's
needs.
1. A) remains
B) becomes
C) evolves
D) stands
2. A) around
B) before
C) through
D) in
3. A) size
B) design
C) capacity
D) interface
4. A) challenge
B) milestone
 C) transition
D) obstacle
5. A) progress
B) stagnate
C) diverge
D) retract

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Journey of Coffee From Bean to Cup
The story of coffee is a global tale that stretches from the fields where it's
grown to the cups from which it's savoured. Over the years, coffee has (1)
__________ from a simple beverage to a complex symphony of aroma and
flavour, enjoyed by millions around the world.
Coffee's origin dates to (2) __________ the 9th century, with legends at-
tributing its discovery to an Ethiopian shepherd who noticed his goats frolicking
energetically after eating coffee berries. From these humble beginnings, coffee
(3) __________ its way across the Arabian Peninsula, becoming a cherished
drink in the Islamic world before making its way to Europe and the Americas.
The process of turning coffee beans into a delicious drink involves several
critical steps, each (4) __________ to the final product's quality. After harvest-
ing, coffee beans are processed and dried, then roasted to various degrees de-
pending on the desired flavour profile. Finally, the roasted beans are ground and
brewed, a step where precision and care can yield a cup of coffee that's both in -
vigorating and delightful.
As coffee culture has evolved, so have the methods and styles of coffee
preparation, reflecting the (5) __________ of traditions and tastes around the
world. From the espresso shots of Italy to the filter coffee of the United States,
each method offers a unique way to enjoy this timeless beverage.
1. A) evolved
B) diminished
C) stagnated
D) retreated
2. A) around
B) after
C) before
D) during
3. A) wended
B) leaped
C) sprinted
D) darted
4. A) detrimental
B) irrelevant
C) crucial
D) negligible
5. A) uniformity
B) diversity
C) rarity
D) complexity
 TEST 2

Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
NIGHT SKY FESTIVAL
Once a year, in the heart of the desert, a festival unfolds under the vast,
starlit sky. This unique event, known as the Night Sky Festival, attracts people
from all walks of life who share a common passion for astronomy and the mys-
teries of the cosmos. For three nights, the desert becomes a vibrant hub of activi-
ties centred around the observation of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies.
Amateur astronomers and seasoned experts alike set up telescopes, eager to ex-
plore the night sky's wonders and share their knowledge with others. Workshops
and lectures are held, offering insights into the latest discoveries in space science
and tips on stargazing techniques. The festival is not just about gazing upwards;
it's a celebration of culture and community. Live music, storytelling sessions,
and art installations inspired by the cosmos create a magical atmosphere. Food
stalls offer local delicacies, allowing attendees to savour the flavours of the re-
gion while they take in the sights above.
One of the festival's highlights is the guided night walk, where partici-
pants are led on a journey through the desert landscape, learning about how an-
cient civilizations understood the stars. The Night Sky Festival culminates in a
shared moment of silence on the final night, as everyone looks up at the Milky
Way, contemplating our place in the universe. The festival serves as a reminder
of the beauty that surrounds us and the importance of preserving dark skies free
from light pollution. It's a place where one can escape the hustle and bustle of
daily life and connect with the infinite expanse of the universe.
1. What is the primary focus of the Night Sky Festival?
A) Music performances.
B) Astronomy and stargazing.
C) Desert wildlife exploration.
D) Culinary competitions.
2. Where is the Night Sky Festival held?
A) In a bustling city.
B) On a remote island.
C) In the heart of the desert.
D) In a mountainous region.
3. What activities are available at the festival?
A) Shopping and fashion shows.
B) Telescopic observations and workshops.
C) Water sports.
D) Video gaming tournaments.
4. What theme inspires the art installations at the festival?
A) Urban landscapes.
 B) The ocean.
C) The cosmos.
D) Forests and wildlife.
5. Why is a moment of silence observed during the festival?
A) To mark the beginning of the festival.
B) As a tribute to famous astronomers.
C) To contemplate our place in the universe.
D) To enjoy the sounds of the desert.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Principles for Successful Team Collaboration

(1) _______________________________
Successful teams understand that clear, transparent communication is cru-
cial. Whether it's discussing project goals, sharing updates, or expressing con-
cerns, every team member should feel comfortable speaking openly.
(2) ________________________________
In any team, conflicts are inevitable, but it's how these conflicts are man-
aged that matters. Approach disagreements with a mindset of finding a resolu-
tion that benefits the team rather than individual interests.
(3) ________________________________
Every team member brings a unique set of skills and perspectives. Recog-
nizing and utilizing these diverse talents can lead to innovative solutions and a
more dynamic team performance.
(4) ________________________________
A team cannot succeed without a shared vision and objectives. It's impor-
tant that every member is aligned with these goals and works collaboratively
towards achieving them.
(5) ________________________________
Trust forms the foundation of any strong team. Build trust by being reli-
able, performing your role effectively, and showing support for your teammates.
Trust encourages a supportive and productive team environment.
A. Embrace and Utilize Diversity
B. Communicate Openly and Effectively
C. Manage Conflicts Constructively
D. Align on Goals and Objectives
E. Build and Maintain Trust
F. Encourage Innovation
G. Support Each Other
H. Prioritize Team Success Over Individual Achievement
 Task 3
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

The Mysteries of the Ocean Depths

The ocean, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface, is a world filled with
mystery and wonder. Over the years, it (1) __________ as one of the least ex-
plored areas on our planet, holding secrets beneath its waves that scientists and
explorers are only beginning to uncover.
The exploration of the ocean's depths began in earnest (2) __________ the
19th century, with the invention of diving bells and later, submarines. These
early ventures into the deep were limited but opened the door to the possibility
that life could exist in the most inhospitable environments.
As technology advanced, so did our understanding of the ocean's (3)
__________. The development of remotly operated vehicles (ROVs) and auton-
omous underwater vehicles (AUVs) has allowed humans to explore deeper than
ever before, revealing ecosystems thriving in complete darkness, near hydrother-
mal vents, and under immense pressure.
One of the greatest (4) __________ in oceanography was the discovery of
the Titanic wreck in 1985. This event highlighted the capabilities of modern ex-
ploration technology and sparked a renewed interest in underwater archaeology
and the mysteries of the deep.
Today, efforts to explore and protect the ocean (5) __________, with sci-
entists, governments, and organizations around the world working together to
understand more about this vast and vital part of our planet.
1. A) remains
B) becomes
C) diminishes
D) emerges

2. A) in
B) during
C) after
D) before

3. A) dangers
B) surface
C) depths
D) limits

4. A) challenge
B) failure
C) milestone
D) setback
 5. A) intensify
B) conclude
C) wane
D) stagnate

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Evolution of Video Games

Video games have journeyed from simple pixelated entertainment to com-
plex narratives that immerse players in worlds as vast as any novel's setting.
This evolution has seen video games (1) __________ from niche hobbies to
mainstream cultural phenomena.
The genesis of video games can be traced back to (2) __________ the
1950s and 60s, with rudimentary games like "Tennis for Two" and "Spacewar!".
These early games laid the foundation for the video game industry, proving that
digital entertainment could captivate audiences.
With the advent of home consoles and personal computers in the 1970s
and 80s, video games began to (3) __________ in complexity and variety. Iconic
titles such as "PacMan" and "Super Mario Bros." broke ground with innovative
gameplay and storytelling techniques, setting the standard for future generations.
The 1990s and 2000s marked a (4) __________ in the industry, with the
introduction of 3D graphics, online multiplayer, and mobile gaming. These ad-
vancements expanded the medium's possibilities, allowing developers to create
more detailed and interactive worlds.
Today, video games continue to (5) __________, with virtual reality, aug-
mented reality, and cloud gaming pushing the boundaries of what's possible. As
technology advances, so too does the potential for new gaming experiences,
making it an exciting time to be a part of the gaming community.

1. A) evolve
B) revert
C) diminish
D) stagnate

2. A) around
B) before
C) after
D) during

3. A) grow
B) reduce
C) maintain
D) lessen

4. A) decline
B) revolution
C) plateau
D) regression

5. A) innovate
B) regress
C) discontinue
D) pause
 TEST 3

Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SECRET OF THE OLD LIBRARY
In the heart of a bustling city, tucked away in a forgotten corner, stands an
old library that has witnessed the passage of centuries. This library, with its tow-
ering shelves filled with dusty books, holds more than just stories; it harbours a
secret known only to a select few. The secret of the library is a hidden room that
contains ancient manuscripts and artifacts, which tell tales of lost civilizations
and hidden knowledge.
The library's caretaker, an elderly gentleman named Mr. Eldridge, is one
of the few who knows how to access this hidden room. He has dedicated his life
to protecting these treasures and the knowledge they hold. According to legend,
among the manuscripts is a map that leads to a mythical city filled with unimag-
inable wealth and artifacts of great power.
Adventurers and scholars from around the world have sought the secret of
the old library, hoping to discover the map and the path it reveals. However, Mr.
Eldridge has always been cautious, believing that such knowledge should not
fall into the wrong hands. He has thus far managed to keep the secret safe, guid-
ing only those he deems worthy to the hidden room.
The old library is not just a place of ancient knowledge but also a sanctu-
ary for those who seek to learn and preserve the mysteries of the past. It stands
as a testament to the power of knowledge and the importance of keeping history
alive for future generations.
1. What is the secret held by the old library?
A) A hidden treasure chest.
B) A secret room with ancient manuscripts.
C) A portal to another dimension.
D) A magic spell books.
2. Who is the caretaker of the library?
A) A young librarian named Sarah.
B) A mysterious figure known only as "The Keeper."
C) An elderly gentleman named Mr. Eldridge.
D) A group of ancient scholars.
3. What does the legendary map in the library supposedly reveal?
A) The location of a hidden underground city.
B) The secret to eternal life.
C) Directions to a mythical city filled with wealth.
D) The recipe for a portion of invisibility.
4. Why has Mr. Eldridge been cautious about sharing the library's secret?
A) He fears it could bring about the end of the world.
B) He believes such knowledge should not fall into the wrong hands.
 C) He wants to keep the treasure for himself.
D) He is waiting for a sign from the heavens.
5. What does the old library represent?
A) A danger to those who dare enter.
B) A hub for trade and commerce.
C) A sanctuary for learning and preserving history.
D) A place of entertainment and leisure.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Healthy Eating Habits for a Balanced Diet
(1) _______________________________
Ensuring that your diet includes a variety of nutrients is key to good
health. Aim to fill your plate with a rainbow of fruits and vegetables, whole
grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
(2) ________________________________
Hydration is crucial for maintaining bodily functions. Drinking enough
water each day is essential for digestion, absorption of nutrients, and keeping
your skin healthy. Remember, water is the best choice for staying hydrated.
(3) ________________________________
It's important to listen to your body and understand its signals. Eating
when you're truly hungry and stopping when you're comfortably full can help
prevent overeating and maintain a healthy weight.
(4) ________________________________
Limiting intake of processed foods, which are often high in sugars, un-
healthy fats, and sodium, can significantly improve your diet. Instead, focus on
whole, unprocessed foods for most of your meals.
(5) ________________________________
Regular mealtimes can help regulate your body's hunger signals and en-
sure that you're fuelling your body consistently throughout the day. Skipping
meals can lead to overeating later.
A. Eat a Variety of Foods
B. Stay Hydrated
C. Practice Mindful Eating
D. Choose Whole Foods Over Processed Foods
E. Maintain Consistent Mealtimes
F. Limit Sugar Intake
G. Focus on Portion Control
H. Balance Your Macronutrients

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Impact of Social Media on Society
Social media has transformed from a digital novelty to a defining factor of
modern communication, affecting how people interact, consume information,
and perceive the world. Its impact on society (1) __________ as profound, influ-
encing everything from individual relationships to global politics.
The inception of social media can be traced (2) __________ to the early
2000s, with sites like Friendster and MySpace. These platforms introduced the
concept of online social networks to a broad audience, laying the groundwork
for the social media landscape that would emerge.
As platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram gained popularity, so-
cial media began to (3) __________ an integral part of daily life for billions of
people. These networks changed the way we share and discover information,
enabling instant communication and access to news from around the globe.
The rise of social media has led to a (4) __________ in how businesses
operate, how politicians’ campaign, and how movements are organized. It has
democratized content creation and given a voice to those who might otherwise
be unheard, but it has also raised concerns about privacy, misinformation, and
mental health.
Today, the debate over the role of social media in society (5) __________,
with discussions focusing on regulation, the ethical responsibilities of platforms,
and the balance between free speech and preventing harm.

1. A) remains
B) emerges
C) is debated
D) dissipates

2. A) back
B) alongside
C) forward
D) through

3. A) become
B) retract
C) divert
D) stagnate

4. A) regression
B) stagnation
C) revolution
D) normalization

5. A) continues
B) halts
C) concludes
 D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Renaissance: A New Dawn for Europe

The Renaissance marked a period of profound cultural and intellectual
rebirth in Europe, breaking away from the medieval past to usher in the modern
age. This era (1) __________ as a pivotal moment in history, characterized by a
renewed interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and
Rome.
Originating in Italy in the 14th century, the Renaissance gradually (2)
__________ across Europe until the 17th century. It was a time when art, litera-
ture, science, and philosophy flourished as never before, fuelled by innovations
in printing and exploration that connected distant cultures and ideas.
Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo pushed the boundaries of
(3) __________ with their unparalleled mastery of technique and perspective.
Their works not only reflected the human experience with unprecedented real-
ism but also inspired a generation of artists to explore new avenues of creativity.
The scientific revolution of the Renaissance period marked a (4)
__________ in human understanding of the natural world. Figures such as
Galileo and Newton challenged the prevailing Aristotelian view, laying the
groundwork for modern physics and astronomy with their empirical approach to
research and inquiry.
Today, the legacy of the Renaissance (5) __________, influencing various
aspects of contemporary culture and thought. Its emphasis on human potential
and creativity continues to inspire, reminding us of a time when humanity
looked to the past to reimagine the future.

1. A) is recognized
B) diminishes
C) stagnates
D) is forgotten

2. A) spread
B) contracted
C) faltered
D) erupted

3. A) expression
B) restraint
C) simplicity
D) abstraction
4. A) setback
B) breakthrough
C) decline
D) interruption

5. A) endures
B) fades
C) ceases
D) fluctuates
 TEST 4
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE ART OF COFFEE BREWING
In the world of artisanal coffee, the art of brewing is a sacred ritual that
transforms the simple coffee bean into a masterpiece of flavour and aroma. This
craft has evolved over centuries, with each culture bringing its own techniques
and traditions to the process. From the sun-drenched hills of Colombia to the
ancient coffee houses of Istanbul, the journey of coffee through time and geogra-
phy is a testament to its universal appeal.
The heart of coffee brewing lies in the careful selection of beans, each va-
riety offering a unique profile of taste and aroma. The roast of the bean, ranging
from light to dark, further defines the flavour, unlocking the bean’s hidden notes
of fruit, chocolate, or spice. The method of brewing, whether it be poured over,
French press, or espresso, adds another layer of complexity, with each technique
highlighting different aspects of the coffee's character.
Among aficionados, the pursuit of the perfect cup of coffee is an endless
journey of discovery and refinement. This quest involves not only experimenting
with beans and methods but also paying close attention to the finer details, such
as water temperature and brewing time. The goal is to achieve a balance where
every sip is a harmonious blend of strength, acidity, sweetness, and body.
Coffee brewing is not just a method of preparation but a form of artistry
that invites creativity and passion. It’s a moment of connection with the bean’s
origin, a bridge to cultures around the globe, and a daily ritual that awakens the
senses and enriches the soul.
1. What is crucial in the art of coffee brewing?
A) The brand of the coffee machine.
B) The selection of beans.
C) The colour of the coffee mug.
D) The time of day it is brewed.
2. Which aspect is NOT mentioned as defining the flavour of coffee?
A) The roast of the bean.
B) The method of brewing.
C) The type of sweetener used.
D) The variety of the bean.
3. What does the method of brewing influence in a cup of coffee?
A) The price of the coffee.
B) The colour of the coffee.
C) Different aspects of the coffee's character.
D) The nutritional value of the coffee.
4. In the pursuit of the perfect cup of coffee, what is NOT a factor afi-
cionados focus on?
A) The marketing of the coffee brand.
 B) Water temperature.
C) Brewing time.
D) Experimenting with beans and methods.
5. What does coffee brewing symbolize beyond just preparing a drink?
A) A competitive sport.
B) A form of artistry and creativity.
C) A fast-paced lifestyle.
D) A technological advancement.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Key Concepts for Financial Well-Being
(1) _______________________________
It's crucial to spend less than you earn to avoid debt and build savings.
Creating a budget and tracking your expenses can help you manage your fi-
nances effectively and identify areas for savings.
(2) ________________________________
Saving for emergencies ensures you're prepared for unexpected expenses,
such as medical bills or car repairs, without having to rely on credit. Aim to have
a savings buffer of three to six months of living expenses.
(3) ________________________________
Investing allows you to grow your wealth over time. Understanding the
basics of stocks, bonds, and other investment vehicles can help you make in-
formed decisions that align with your financial goals and risk tolerance.
(4) ________________________________
Credit scores impact your ability to borrow money and the interest rates
you'll pay. Paying bills on time, maintaining low credit card balances, and avoid-
ing unnecessary debt can help improve your credit score.
(5) ________________________________
Understanding and planning for both short-term and long-term financial
goals is essential. Whether it's saving for a vacation, a child's education, or re-
tirement, setting clear goals can help you prioritize your spending and saving
strategies.
A. Live Below Your Means
B. Build an Emergency Fund
C. Understand Investing Fundamentals
D. Manage Your Credit Score
E. Set Financial Goals
F. Diversify Your Investments
G. Use Credit Cards Wisely
H. Track Your Spending
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Importance of Sleep for Health
Sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and wellbeing, af-
fecting everything from cognitive function to physical health. This importance
(1) __________ as scientific research continues to uncover the deep connections
between sleep quality and various aspects of health.
The focus on sleep health (2) __________ in the early 21st century, when
studies began to highlight the negative impacts of sleep deprivation on mood,
productivity, and chronic disease risk. Public health campaigns and medical pro-
fessionals have since emphasized the need for consistent, quality sleep as part of
a healthy lifestyle.
As the understanding of sleep's impact on health (3) __________, chal-
lenges such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and the influence of technology on sleep
patterns are being addressed with increasing urgency. Despite these issues, the
drive to improve sleep hygiene and access to sleep medicine has gained momen-
tum among health conscious individuals.
The recent (4) __________ in awareness about sleep health has been sup-
ported by advancements in wearable technology that track sleep patterns, along
with a growing market for products designed to enhance sleep quality, such as
specialized mattresses and sleep aids. These tools have made it easier for people
to monitor and improve their sleep habits.
Looking ahead, the future of sleep health (5) __________, with ongoing
research into the genetics of sleep, the development of new treatments for sleep
disorders, and the potential for personalized sleep medicine. The growing recog-
nition of sleep's fundamental role in health promises to bring even greater focus
on ensuring everyone can achieve restorative sleep.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained attention
B) ended
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) regresses
C) remains static
D) lessens
 4. A) surge
B) decline
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) advances
B) ceases
C) holds even
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Challenge of Managing Electronic Waste
Electronic waste (e-waste) presents a significant environmental challenge,
as discarded electronics pollute landfills and release hazardous substances. This
challenge (1) __________ as the volume of e-waste continues to grow due to the
rapid pace of technological advancement and consumer demand for the latest
devices.
The issue of e-waste management (2) __________ into the spotlight in the
late 20th century, coinciding with the digital revolution that saw an explosion in
the variety and quantity of electronic devices being produced and disposed of.
Efforts to recycle and properly dispose of e-waste have become critical to miti-
gating its environmental impact.
As the task of managing e-waste (3) __________, obstacles such as the
cost of recycling, lack of public awareness, and insufficient regulation are being
tackled. Despite these challenges, initiatives to promote e-waste recycling and
the development of more sustainable electronics are gaining ground.
The recent (4) __________ in e-waste management efforts has been
marked by international cooperation to address the global nature of the problem,
technological innovations in recycling processes, and increasing corporate re-
sponsibility among electronics manufacturers. These efforts are vital for reduc-
ing the environmental footprint of our digital lifestyles.
Looking ahead, the future of e-waste management (5) __________, with
continued emphasis on the development of a circular economy, where electronic
products are designed for easier recycling and longer life spans. The effective
management of e-waste is essential for protecting the environment and conserv-
ing valuable resources.

1. A) grows
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) varies
2. A) came
B) concluded
C) interrupted
D) disappeared

3. A) moves forward
B) pulls back
C) stands still
D) dwindles

4. A) boost
B) downturn
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) stops
C) evens out
D) expands
 TEST 5
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE RENAISSANCE OF URBAN GARDENING
In recent years, urban gardening has blossomed into a movement that re-
defines the relationship between city dwellers and their environment. Amid the
concrete jungle of skyscrapers and bustling streets, pockets of greenery have
emerged, transforming rooftops, balconies, and abandoned lots into vibrant gar-
dens. This renaissance of urban gardening is not just about beautifying the
cityscape; it's a testament to the resilience of communities and their desire to
forge a sustainable future.
Urban gardens serve multiple purposes: they are sources of local, fresh
produce; they provide a refuge for biodiversity; and they create spaces for social
interaction and education. Residents who engage in urban gardening develop a
deeper understanding of the food cycle and the importance of sustainability.
These gardens become classrooms without walls, where people of all ages learn
about the importance of taking care of the environment.
Moreover, urban gardening has proven to be a powerful tool for commu-
nity building. Gardens become common grounds where neighbours meet, share
experiences, and work together towards a common goal. They foster a sense of
belonging and collective responsibility, making the urban fabric stronger and
more cohesive.
The movement also highlights the innovative use of limited urban space.
Vertical gardens and hydroponic systems are just some examples of how urban
gardeners are creatively overcoming the challenges of gardening in small spa-
ces. As the movement grows, it continues to inspire more city residents to turn
their hand to gardening, demonstrating that even in the most unlikely places,
nature can thrive.
1. What is a primary goal of urban gardening?
A) To increase property values.
B) To beautify the urban landscape.
C) To create more parking spaces.
D) To reduce city noise.
2. How does urban gardening benefit biodiversity?
A) By introducing exotic plant species.
B) By providing habitats for urban wildlife.
C) By reducing the need for parks.
D) By increasing air pollution.
3. What role do urban gardens play in education?
A) They serve as places for sports activities.
B) They act as outdoor classrooms.
C) They are used for commercial events.
D) They promote digital learning.
4. How does urban gardening contribute to community building?
 A) By offering private retreats for individuals.
B) Through shared spaces and common goals.
C) By encouraging competition between neighbours.
D) Through increased surveillance and security.
5. Which technique is mentioned as a solution for space challenges in ur-
ban gardening?
A) Using large agricultural machinery.
B) Vertical gardening and hydroponic systems.
C) Clearing more land in urban areas.
D) Limiting gardening to ground level spaces only.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Sustainable Practices for a Healthier Planet

(1) _______________________________
Reducing waste is fundamental to environmental conservation. Opt for
reusable products over single use items, recycle whenever possible, and compost
organic waste to minimize your landfill contribution.
(2) ________________________________
Water is a precious resource that needs to be conserved. Fix leaks
promptly, use water saving fixtures, and adopt water efficient practices in your
home and garden to reduce water wastage.
(3) ________________________________
Energy consumption significantly impacts the environment. Use energy
efficient appliances, switch to LED lighting, and consider renewable energy
sources to reduce your carbon footprint.
(4) ________________________________
Protecting natural habitats and wildlife is crucial for biodiversity. Support
conservation efforts, respect wildlife when enjoying nature, and avoid products
that harm the environment or endangered species.
(5) ________________________________
Educating yourself and others about environmental issues is the first step
toward making a difference. Stay informed about sustainable practices and share
your knowledge to inspire others to act.
A. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
B. Conserve Water
C. Lower Energy Use
D. Support Wildlife Conservation
E. Promote Environmental Education
F. Plant Trees
G. Buy Local and Organic
H. Participate in Cleanup Activities
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Exploration of Space: Humanity's Final Frontier

The exploration of space stands as one of humanity's most ambitious and

inspiring endeavours. Over the decades, it (1) __________ from early telescope
observations to manned missions beyond Earth's atmosphere, capturing the
imagination of people around the world.
The journey began in earnest (2) __________ the mid20th century,
marked by the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957. This event ig-
nited the space race, a period of intense competition and innovation between the
Soviet Union and the United States, leading to groundbreaking achievements in
space exploration.
As technology advanced, space exploration (3) __________ in scope and
ambition. The Apollo moon landings, the deployment of the Hubble Space Tele-
scope, and the construction of the International Space Station are testament to
humanity's desire to reach further into the cosmos and understand our place in it.
The turn of the 21st century saw a (4) __________ in space exploration,
with private companies joining national space agencies in the quest to explore
and utilize space. The goals have expanded to include manned missions to Mars,
asteroid mining, and the search for extraterrestrial life.
Today, the pursuit of knowledge and discovery in space (5) __________,
driven by advancements in technology and an unyielding curiosity about the
universe. The frontier of space continues to offer boundless opportunities for
exploration, innovation, and collaboration.

1. A) evolved
B) regressed
C) halted
D) deviated

2. A) before
B) during
C) after
D) notwithstanding

3. A) broadened
B) narrowed
C) stagnated
D) reverted

4. A) resurgence
B) decline
 C) plateau
D) anomaly

5. A) intensifies
B) concludes
C) recedes
D) varies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Hidden Grove

In the heart of the ancient forest, shrouded by the mist and guarded by the
old spirits, there lay a secret grove. This enchanted place was known to only a
few, whispered about in legends as the Grove of Whispers. It was said that the
grove held the power to grant a single wish to those pure of heart and brave
enough to find it.
Elena, a young village girl with a spirit as bright as the dawn, had heard
the tales from her grandmother. Driven by a desire to heal her ailing mother,
Elena set off into the forest, armed only with her courage and a small, silver
compass passed down through generations.
The journey was treacherous. Elena faced challenges that tested her re-
solve: she navigated through thickets that seemed to close in around her, crossed
streams that surged more fiercely as she approached, and eluded creatures that
lurked in the shadows. But Elena's compassion and determination shone
brightly, guiding her through the darkest parts of the forest.
As dawn broke on the third day, Elena found herself in a clearing. Before
her lay the Grove of Whispers, bathed in a light that seemed to come from
within. Stepping into the grove, Elena felt a peace she had never known. She
spoke her wish aloud, her voice steady and clear.
The grove whispered back in a chorus of ancient voices, and a gentle light
enveloped Elena. When it faded, she found a small, blooming flower in her
hand, radiant and filled with healing energy.
Elena returned to her village, her journey a testament to her bravery and
pure heart. Her mother's health was restored, and the story of her venture into
the ancient forest became a new legend, inspiring those who heard it to believe
in the power of hope and courage.

1. What was Elena's primary reason for venturing into the ancient forest?

A) To find treasure
B) To heal her mother
C) To become a legend
D) To escape her village
 2. What did Elena use to navigate the forest?

A) A map drawn by the villagers

B) A silver compass passed down through generations
C) The stars
D) Markings on the trees

3. How long did Elena's journey last before she found the Grove of Whis-
pers?

A) One day
B) Two days
C) Three days
D) A week

4. What challenge did Elena NOT face in the forest?

A) Navigating through closing thickets

B) Crossing surging streams
C) Climbing a mountain
D) Eluding creatures in the shadows

5. What did the Grove of Whispers give Elena to heal her mother?

A) A magical potion
B) A radiant flower
C) A sacred book
D) A crystal with healing powers
 TEST 6
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SECRET WORLD OF MUSHROOMS
Beneath the forest floor lies a hidden kingdom, a world of mushrooms that
thrives in the shadows. This secret world is as mysterious as it is vital, playing a
crucial role in the ecosystem by decomposing organic matter and recycling nu-
trients back into the soil. Mushrooms come in an astonishing variety of shapes,
sizes, and colours, each species with its unique role in the environment.
The study of mushrooms, known as mycology, has revealed fascinating
insights into their complex life cycles and their relationships with other organ-
isms. Some species form symbiotic relationships with trees, helping them to ab-
sorb water and nutrients, while others can break down toxic substances, purify-
ing the earth.
Among the myriad of species, some mushrooms are known for their culi-
nary value, adding flavor and nutrition to dishes around the world. Others hold
medicinal properties, offering potential treatments for various diseases. How-
ever, the world of mushrooms also holds mysteries yet to be uncovered, with
countless species remaining unidentified and their potential benefits undiscov-
ered.
Mushroom foraging has become a popular activity, with enthusiasts ven-
turing into the woods to seek out these natural treasures. Yet, this pursuit comes
with a word of caution, as the mushroom kingdom includes both edible delica-
cies and deadly poisons. Knowledge and respect for the forest's hidden inhabi-
tants are essential for safe foraging.
The secret world of mushrooms is a reminder of the wonders and com-
plexities of nature, inviting curiosity and exploration. It underscores the impor-
tance of conservation efforts to protect these ecosystems, ensuring that they con-
tinue to thrive for generations to come.
1. What is the study of mushrooms called?
A) Botany.
B) Zoology.
C) Mycology.
D) Ecology.
2. What role do mushrooms play in the ecosystem?
A) They primarily provide food for forest animals.
B) They decorate the forest floor.
C) They decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients.
D) They absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
3. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of mushrooms?
A) Enhancing the flavor of dishes.
B) Offering medicinal properties.
C) Producing oxygen through photosynthesis.
 D) Breaking down toxic substances.
4. What caution is advised for mushroom foragers?
A) To only pick mushrooms at night.
B) To avoid mushrooms in urban areas.
C) To have knowledge to distinguish between edible and poisonous
species.
D) To wear protective clothing to avoid mushroom spores.
5. Why is conservation important for the world of mushrooms?
A) To maintain the aesthetic beauty of forests.
B) To ensure mushrooms continue to thrive for ecological balance.
C) To prevent mushrooms from overtaking other plants.
D) To cultivate mushrooms for commercial purposes.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Skills for Navigating the Digital World

(1) _______________________________
Understanding how to search for information efficiently online can save
time and lead to better results. Use specific keywords, search operators, and as-
sess the credibility of sources to find reliable information.
(2) ________________________________
Being aware of the security risks and knowing how to protect your per-
sonal information online are crucial skills. This includes using strong passwords,
recognizing phishing attempts, and ensuring that your devices are protected with
the latest security updates.
(3) ________________________________
Digital communication tools have transformed how we connect. Knowing
how to use email, social media, and video conferencing effectively can improve
both personal and professional interactions.
(4) ________________________________
The ability to create digital content, whether it's writing a blog post, creat-
ing a presentation, or editing a video, allows for more effective communication
and expression of ideas.
(5) ________________________________
Understanding the ethical use of digital resources involves recognizing
copyright laws, citing sources properly, and respecting digital property. This is
key to responsibly navigating the digital landscape.
A. Efficient Online Research
B. Cybersecurity Awareness
C. Mastery of Digital Communication Tools
D. Digital Content Creation
E. Ethical Use of Digital Resources
F. Software Programming Skills
 G. Managing Digital Identities
H. Engaging with Digital Communities

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Global Impact of Climate Change

Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant challenges of

the 21st century, affecting every corner of the globe with increasingly severe
consequences. It (1) __________ from being a fringe scientific theory to a uni-
versally acknowledged crisis demanding urgent action from governments, busi-
nesses, and individuals alike.
The roots of the modern understanding of climate change can be traced
(2) __________ to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when scientists first
began to observe and document the greenhouse effect and its potential to alter
the Earth's climate. However, it wasn't until the latter half of the 20th century
that the scale of human impact on climate systems became clear.
As the evidence for climate change has become undeniable, efforts to ad-
dress it have (3) __________ in sophistication and urgency. International agree-
ments like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement mark milestones in
global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to sustainable
forms of energy.
Despite these efforts, the impacts of climate change, including extreme
weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems, continue to (4)
__________. These challenges underscore the need for innovative solutions and
global cooperation to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to its in-
evitable impacts.
Looking forward, the fight against climate change (5) __________ as a
defining feature of global policy and individual responsibility. The actions taken
in the coming years will be critical in shaping the future of our planet and the
legacy of current generations.

1. A) evolved
B) receded
C) remained static
D) was disproved

2. A) back
B) against
C) during
D) through

3. A) decreased
 B) varied
C) increased
D) halted

4. A) stabilize
B) diminish
C) intensify
D) vanish

5. A) persists
B) diminishes
C) oscillates
D) concludes

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Digital Revolution and Its Influence on Work

The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed the landscape of

work, redefining how tasks are performed, where work takes place, and the
skills required to succeed in the modern economy. This transformation (1)
__________ as one of the most significant shifts in human labor since the Indus-
trial Revolution.
Tracing its origins (2) __________ to the latter half of the 20th century,
the digital revolution began with the advent of personal computing and the inter-
net. These technological innovations laid the groundwork for the vast, intercon-
nected digital world we navigate today.
As digital technology advanced, the nature of work (3) __________ to
accommodate new methods of communication, data analysis, and automation.
The proliferation of digital tools has made remote work feasible and attractive,
while artificial intelligence and machine learning are reshaping industries by
automating complex tasks.
The impact of the digital revolution on the workforce has been profound,
ushering in a (4) __________ of new professions and necessitating a reevalua-
tion of traditional education and training programs. Skills in digital literacy, cod-
ing, and data analysis have become increasingly valuable in this new era.
Looking ahead, the evolution of work in the digital age (5) __________,
with ongoing innovations promising to further disrupt and redefine the employ-
ment landscape. The ability to adapt to these changes will be crucial for individ-
uals and organizations aiming to thrive in the future.

1. A) emerged
B) declined
C) remained
D) accelerated

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) reverted
B) stagnated
C) expanded
D) contracted

4. A) decline
B) resurgence
C) stagnation
D) revolution

5. A) stabilizes
B) ceases
C) fluctuates
D) continues
 TEST 7
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE REVIVAL OF VINYL RECORDS
In an age dominated by digital music, the revival of vinyl records stands
as a testament to the enduring appeal of physical media. This resurgence is not
merely a nostalgic trip down memory lane but a renaissance of the unique audi-
tory experience that vinyl provides. Unlike digital formats, which offer conve-
nience and portability, vinyl records bring a warmth and depth to music that
many aficionados claim is unparalleled.
The tactile experience of handling vinyl, from the artworkadorned sleeves
to the ritual of placing the needle on the record, offers a more intimate connec-
tion with music. Collectors and music lovers alike treasure vinyl for its aesthetic
appeal and the ritualistic aspect of its playback. Record stores have become cul-
tural hubs for enthusiasts to gather, share stories, and discover new and old mu-
sic alike.
This revival has also spurred a new generation of artists and bands to re-
lease their work on vinyl, alongside digital formats, catering to the demand for
tangible music. The vinyl record market has seen a significant expansion, with
pressing plants working tirelessly to meet the increasing demand.
The comeback of vinyl records underscores a broader trend towards valu-
ing quality and authenticity in an era of ephemeral digital content. It reflects a
desire to slow down and appreciate the artistry involved in music production,
from the recording process to the final product. As vinyl continues to regain its
place in the hearts of music lovers, it serves as a reminder of the power of music
to connect us to the past while continually evolving.
1. What distinguishes vinyl records from digital music formats?
A) The ease of use and portability.
B) The warmth and depth of sound.
C) The availability of songs.
D) The cost of production.
2. Why do music lovers value vinyl records?
A) For their durability and longlasting nature.
B) For the intimate connection and tactile experience.
C) Because they are easier to store than digital music.
D) They offer better noise cancellation than digital formats.
3. What role do record stores play in the vinyl revival?
A) They function as exclusive clubs for elite musicians.
B) They serve as cultural hubs for music enthusiasts.
C) They are mainly used for selling digital music converters.
D) They focus on selling vintage clothing rather than records.
4. Why are artists releasing their music on vinyl in addition to digital for-
mats?
 A) To comply with legal streaming requirements.
B) To cater to the demand for tangible music.
C) Because vinyl records are cheaper to produce.
D) Vinyl records are considered more environmentally friendly.
5. What does the comeback of vinyl records signify in broader cultural
terms?
A) A rejection of modern music genres.
B) A preference for silent listening environments.
C) A trend towards valuing quality and authenticity.
D) The decline of live music performances.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Qualities for Successful Leadership

(1) _______________________________
A leader must have the ability to communicate clearly and persuasively,
sharing their vision in a way that inspires and motivates others to follow and
contribute to the goal.
(2) ________________________________
It's important for leaders to demonstrate reliability and integrity, showing
that they can be trusted to make decisions that are in the best interest of their
team and organization.
(3) ________________________________
Adaptability in leadership means being open to change and flexible in the
face of new challenges. It involves adjusting strategies as needed and being re-
sourceful in solving problems.
(4) ________________________________
Effective leaders have the capacity for empathy, understanding, and re-
specting the perspectives and feelings of others. This fosters a supportive envi-
ronment and enhances team cohesion.
(5) ________________________________
A leader must also have the foresight to anticipate future trends and chal-
lenges. Planning strategically for the future can help guide their team or organi-
zation towards longterm success.
A. Clear Communication
B. Trustworthiness
C. Adaptability to Change
D. Empathetic Leadership
E. Strategic Thinking
F. Team Building
G. Conflict Resolution
H. Decision-making Skills
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Renaissance of Board Games

In recent years, board games have experienced a significant renaissance,
transforming from traditional family pastimes to a vibrant and diverse compo-
nent of global pop culture. This resurgence (1) __________ as both a reaction to
digital saturation and a celebration of tactile, face-to-face social interactions.
The modern board game movement can be traced (2) __________ to the
early 2000s, with the emergence of European style games, or "Eurogames,"
which emphasized strategy, player engagement, and minimized the role of luck.
These games, such as "Settlers of Catan," introduced mechanics and themes that
differed significantly from classic American board games.
As interest grew, the variety and complexity of board games (3)
__________, catering to an ever-expanding audience of enthusiasts. Crowdfund-
ing platforms like Kickstarter have played a pivotal role in this growth, enabling
independent designers to bring innovative and niche games to market.
This revival has led to a (4) __________ in board game cafes, conven-
tions, and online communities, where fans can share strategies, discuss new re-
leases, and organize meetups. The board game industry has become a significant
cultural phenomenon, reflecting a broader desire for communal and unplugged
entertainment options.
Looking to the future, the popularity of board games (5) __________,
driven by a continuous influx of creative and engaging designs. As the industry
adapts to changing consumer tastes and incorporates technology in new ways,
the golden age of board games shows no signs of waning.

1. A) emerged
B) receded
C) stabilized
D) accelerated

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) narrowed
B) fluctuated
C) expanded
D) diminished

4. A) decline
 B) resurgence
C) plateau
D) stagnation

5. A) stabilizes
B) concludes
C) fluctuates
D) continues

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Evolution of Renewable Energy

Renewable energy has moved from the periphery to the forefront of global
energy discussions, signifying a shift towards more sustainable and environmen-
tally friendly sources of power. This transition (1) __________ as a crucial re-
sponse to climate change and a growing recognition of the limitations of fossil
fuels.
The roots of renewable energy use can be traced (2) __________ to an-
cient times when wind and water were used for milling grain and pumping wa-
ter, but the modern era of renewable energy began in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries with the development of the first hydroelectric and solar power tech-
nologies.
As concerns over pollution and environmental degradation have in-
creased, so has the urgency to (3) __________ renewable energy solutions. So-
lar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy have seen significant advancements,
becoming more efficient, affordable, and accessible to a global audience.
The past few decades have marked a (4) __________ in renewable energy
adoption, driven by technological innovations, policy incentives, and a growing
consumer movement towards sustainability. These factors have contributed to a
dramatic increase in the capacity and production of renewable energy world-
wide.
Looking ahead, the role of renewable energy in the global energy mix (5)
__________, with ongoing investments and research focused on overcoming
current limitations and integrating renewable sources into existing energy sys-
tems. The future of energy is increasingly green, as renewables continue to
evolve and expand their reach.

1. A) emerged
B) receded
C) stabilized
D) accelerated

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) diversify
B) reduce
C) limit
D) expand

4. A) decline
B) resurgence
C) plateau
D) revolution

5. A) stabilizes
B) concludes
C) fluctuates
D) continues
 TEST 8
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES IN OUR ECOSYSTEM
Bees play a pivotal role in our ecosystem, far beyond their ability to pro-
duce honey. These industrious insects are crucial for pollination, a process vital
for the reproduction of many plants, including crops that humans and other ani-
mals rely on for food. Through their daily foraging, bees transfer pollen from
one flower to another, facilitating plant growth, fruit production, and seed dis-
persal.
The decline of bee populations in recent years has raised alarms world-
wide. Factors such as habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and disease
have contributed to this decline, threatening not only the survival of bees but
also the balance of our entire ecosystem. The disappearance of bees would lead
to a significant reduction in the diversity of the natural diet available to us, in-
cluding fruits, vegetables, and nuts, profoundly affecting food security and nutri-
tion.
Conservation efforts are underway globally to protect bees and their habi-
tats. Creating bee friendly environments, limiting pesticide use, and supporting
sustainable farming practices are just some of the measures being adopted to
ensure the survival of bee populations. The importance of bees extends beyond
their role in food production. They are a symbol of a healthy environment and
biodiversity. Protecting bees means preserving a wide variety of plant species,
supporting other wildlife that depends on those plants, and maintaining healthy
ecosystems.
Understanding and supporting the role of bees in our ecosystem is crucial
for our survival and the health of the planet. By taking action to protect bees, we
contribute to a sustainable future for generations to come.
1. What is the primary role of bees in the ecosystem?
A) Producing honey.
B) Pollination of plants.
C) Creating hives.
D) Serving as a food source for other animals.
2. Why is the decline of bee populations a global concern?
A) It decreases the availability of honey.
B) It could lead to a reduction in plant diversity and food security.
C) Bees are the only insects that produce wax.
D) It increases the population of other insects.
3. Which factor has NOT been identified as contributing to the decline of
bee populations?
A) Increased use of electric vehicles.
B) Use of pesticides.
C) Climate change.
 D) Habitat loss.
4. What measure is being adopted to protect bee populations?
A) Limiting the planting of new flowers.
B) Creating bee friendly environments.
C) Encouraging the natural predators of bees.
D) Increasing the use of pesticides in urban areas.
5. What does the protection of bees signify for the environment?
A) A decrease in agricultural productivity.
B) An increase in global temperatures.
C) Preservation of biodiversity and healthy ecosystems.
D) A reduction in the number of flowering plants.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Habits for a Healthier Life

(1) _______________________________
Incorporating at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity
into your daily routine can significantly improve your health. This includes ac-
tivities like walking, jogging, cycling, or swimming.
(2) ________________________________
Getting enough sleep is crucial for your body to recover, consolidate
memories, and maintain mental health. Aim for 79 hours of quality sleep per
night to ensure optimal functioning during the day.
(3) ________________________________
Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and
whole grains can provide your body with the nutrients it needs to function prop-
erly and maintain a healthy weight.
(4) ________________________________
Stress can have significant impacts on your physical and mental health.
Engaging in stress reduction activities such as meditation, yoga, or even reading
can help maintain your overall wellbeing.
(5) ________________________________
Staying hydrated is essential for your body's various functions, including
regulating temperature, maintaining joint health, and ensuring the proper func-
tioning of your organs.
A. Regular Physical Activity
B. Sufficient Sleep
C. Balanced Nutrition
D. Stress Management
E. Adequate Hydration
F. Avoiding Harmful Substances
G. Positive Social Interactions
H. Continuous Learning
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Global Spread of Coffee Culture

Coffee culture has woven its way through societies around the world,
evolving from a simple beverage to a complex cultural phenomenon that sym-
bolizes modernity, leisure, and community. This transformation (1) __________
as a testament to coffee's universal appeal and its ability to adapt to diverse cul-
tural contexts.
The history of coffee culture (2) __________ to the 15th century in
Yemen, where it was first brewed in Sufi monasteries. From there, coffee spread
to the Middle East, North Africa, and eventually to Europe, where coffeehouses
became centers of social activity, intellectual debate, and political discussion
during the 17th century.
As coffee culture continued to (3) __________, it took on new forms in
different countries. In Italy, espresso became a way of life, while in the United
States, the rise of coffee chains in the late 20th century popularized the coffee-
to-go culture. Meanwhile, in countries like Japan and South Korea, coffee cul-
ture has blended traditional tea practices with modern coffee consumption.
The 21st century has seen a (4) __________ in coffee culture, with a focus
on specialty coffees, sustainable sourcing, and artisanal preparation methods.
Coffee enthusiasts are now exploring the nuances of coffee varieties, brewing
techniques, and the impact of coffee production on communities and ecosys-
tems.
Looking forward, the global spread of coffee culture (5) __________, as
new trends emerge, and the community of coffee lovers grows. Whether through
innovations in coffee making, the rise of home brewing, or the integration of
technology in coffee consumption, the journey of coffee culture is far from over.

1. A) emerged
B) receded
C) stabilized
D) accelerated

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) narrow
B) fluctuate
 C) expand
D) diminish

4. A) decline
B) resurgence
C) plateau
D) stagnation

5. A) stabilizes
B) concludes
C) fluctuates
D) continues

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Transformation of Urban Landscapes

Urban landscapes around the world are undergoing rapid transformation,

reflecting changes in technology, society, and the environment. This evolution
(1) __________ as cities adapt to the challenges and opportunities of the 21st
century.
The concept of urban planning and development can be traced (2)
__________ to ancient civilizations, but the modern era of urbanization began in
earnest during the Industrial Revolution. This period saw a massive migration of
people to cities in search of work, leading to rapid urban growth and the emer-
gence of new social and economic structures.
As cities have continued to (3) __________, they have become centers of
innovation and cultural exchange. The introduction of skyscrapers, public trans-
portation systems, and green spaces has dramatically changed the physical and
social fabric of urban areas, making them more livable and sustainable.
The late 20th and early 21st centuries have witnessed a (4) __________ in
urban design, with an emphasis on smart city initiatives, sustainability, and com-
munity engagement. Efforts to create pedestrian friendly spaces, reduce carbon
emissions, and integrate technology into urban infrastructure are shaping the fu-
ture of city living.
Looking ahead, the transformation of urban landscapes (5) __________,
driven by the need to accommodate growing populations, respond to environ-
mental challenges, and enhance the quality of urban life. The evolution of cities
is a testament to human ingenuity and adaptability, offering a glimpse into the
future of our increasingly urbanized world.

1. A) accelerates
B) stagnates
C) declines
D) fluctuates

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) diversify
B) narrow
C) diminish
D) stagnate

4. A) revolution
B) regression
C) stagnation
D) normalization

5. A) stabilizes
B) concludes
C) intensifies
D) pauses
 TEST 9
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE MAGIC OF READING
Reading is a powerful tool that can transport us to different worlds, intro-
duce us to new ideas, and challenge our perceptions. It is an activity that not
only provides entertainment but also promotes mental growth and emotional in-
telligence. Through the pages of a book, we can explore distant lands, experi-
ence various cultures, and understand historical events from multiple perspec-
tives. Reading fosters empathy by allowing us to live countless lives through the
characters we meet and the stories we delve into.
In today’s fast paced world, the habit of reading has become more crucial
than ever. It offers a much-needed respite from the barrage of digital informa-
tion, helping to reduce stress and improve concentration. Reading also enhances
our cognitive abilities, including memory, vocabulary, and analytical thinking
skills. Moreover, it strengthens our writing capabilities by exposing us to differ-
ent writing styles and vocabularies.
The magic of reading is not confined to any age group or genre; it is a
lifelong journey of discovery and learning. Whether it is fiction that ignites our
imagination or nonfiction that satisfies our thirst for knowledge, books have the
power to change our lives for the better. Encouraging the love of reading from
an early age is essential in developing critical thinking skills and a curious mind.
As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, let us not forget the
simple yet profound joy of losing ourselves in a good book. Reading is not just
an escape; it is a way to understand the world around us and, ultimately, our-
selves.
1. What is one of the primary benefits of reading?
A) It only serves as a form of entertainment.
B) It allows exploration of different cultures and ideas.
C) It decreases empathy towards others.
D) It limits our understanding of history.
2. How does reading affect mental health?
A) It increases stress levels.
B) It contributes to a shorter attention span.
C) It helps reduce stress and improve concentration.
D) It has no impact on mental health.
3. Which cognitive ability is NOT enhanced by reading?
A) Memory.
B) Vocabulary.
C) Analytical thinking.
D) Quick decision-making in physical activities.
4. Why is encouraging reading from an early age important?
A) It solely improves academic performance.
 B) It develops critical thinking skills and curiosity.
C) It discourages creative thinking.
D) It limits exposure to new ideas.
5. What does reading primarily offer in today’s digital age?
A) An overload of information.
B) A respite from the digital information barrage.
C) Reduced cognitive abilities.
D) A decline in writing skills.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Principles for Communicating Effectively

(1) _______________________________
Active listening involves fully concentrating on what is being said rather
than just passively hearing the speaker's words. This practice enhances under-
standing and shows respect for the speaker's perspective.
(2) ________________________________
Feedback, when given constructively, can foster growth and improvement.
It's important to provide feedback in a manner that is specific, kind, and focused
on behaviors rather than personal attributes.
(3) ________________________________
Nonverbal cues, such as body language, eye contact, and tone of voice,
play a crucial role in communication. Being aware of and using these cues effec-
tively can reinforce your message and show your engagement.
(4) ________________________________
Clarity and conciseness in your message prevent misunderstandings and
ensure that your ideas are understood. Avoid using jargon or overly complex lan-
guage unless necessary for the context.
(5) ________________________________
Empathy in communication involves trying to understand the feelings and
viewpoints of others. This can create a more connected and respectful conversa-
tional environment.
A. Active Listening
B. Constructive Feedback
C. Nonverbal Communication
D. Clarity and Conciseness
E. Empathetic Understanding
F. Open-mindedness
G. Assertiveness
H. Adaptability in Communication
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transitioned from science fiction to an inte-
gral part of our daily lives, reshaping industries, work, and leisure. This journey
(1) __________ as AI technologies have become more sophisticated, moving
from basic machine learning algorithms to complex systems capable of deep
learning and autonomous decision-making.
The origins of AI (2) __________ to the mid20th century, when the first
computers were developed and the concept of "machine intelligence" was first
explored. These early experiments set the stage for the exponential growth in
computational power and the development of algorithms that underpin modern
AI.
As AI technology (3) __________, it has found applications in a vast ar-
ray of fields, from healthcare and automotive to entertainment and customer ser-
vice. The ability of AI systems to process and analyze large datasets has led to
breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, autonomous driving, personalized content
recommendations, and much more.
The recent (4) __________ in AI research and development has been
driven by advancements in neural networks, natural language processing, and
computer vision. These technologies have enabled AI to understand and interact
with the world in ways that were previously impossible.
Looking forward, the evolution of AI (5) __________, with potential im-
pacts on society, ethics, and the global economy that are only beginning to be
understood. The balance between leveraging AI for the greater good and mitigat-
ing its risks remains a critical challenge for researchers, policymakers, and in-
dustry leaders.

1. A) accelerates
B) stagnates
C) reverses
D) halts

2. A) back
B) before
C) alongside
D) through

3. A) expanded
B) contracted
C) plateaued
D) vanished
 4. A) decline
B) boom
C) normalization
D) recession

5. A) stabilizes
B) concludes
C) intensifies
D) pauses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Rise of Telemedicine

Telemedicine, or the delivery of healthcare services remotely via digital
platforms, has seen a dramatic rise in popularity and application, especially
highlighted by the global health challenges of recent years. This shift (1)
__________ as healthcare systems and patients alike seek efficient, safe, and
accessible means to provide and receive medical care.
This modern form of healthcare delivery (2) __________ to gain promi-
nence in the late 20th century, but its roots can be traced back to the earliest uses
of telecommunications technology for health purposes. Innovations in internet
and mobile technology have vastly expanded the capabilities and reach of
telemedicine services.
As the field of telemedicine (3) __________, it has broken down geo-
graphical barriers to care, allowing patients in remote or underserved areas to
consult with medical professionals. It has also facilitated the management of
chronic conditions and improved the efficiency of healthcare delivery through
online consultations, digital monitoring, and electronic health records.
The COVID19 pandemic marked a significant (4) __________ in the
adoption of telemedicine, as traditional in-person healthcare settings posed risks
of virus transmission. Governments and healthcare providers rapidly expanded
telemedicine services to accommodate the urgent need for remote care.
Looking ahead, the role of telemedicine in the healthcare ecosystem (5)
__________, promising to further transform how healthcare services are ac-
cessed and delivered. With ongoing advancements in technology and a growing
acceptance among patients and providers, telemedicine stands at the forefront of
a new era in healthcare.

1. A) intensifies
B) diminishes
C) fluctuates
D) ceases
2. A) began
B) stagnated
C) declined
D) exploded

3. A) proliferates
B) recedes
C) stagnates
D) diminishes

4. A) surge
B) decrease
C) plateau
D) decline

5. A) expands
B) concludes
C) stabilizes
D) retracts
 TEST 10
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE PHENOMENON OF SOCIAL MEDIA
In the digital age, social media has become a dominant force in shaping
public opinion, building communities, and even altering the course of political
events. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have transformed the
way we communicate, share information, and connect with others across the
globe. While offering unprecedented opportunities for engagement and creativ-
ity, social media also presents challenges and ethical considerations.
The power of social media lies in its ability to disseminate information
rapidly, making it a valuable tool for raising awareness about important issues
and mobilizing social movements. However, it can also spread misinformation
just as quickly, leading to confusion and, in some cases, harm. The anonymity
and distance provided by these platforms can sometimes foster a culture of inci-
vility and bullying.
Despite these challenges, social media has undeniably changed the land-
scape of human interaction. It allows individuals to find a voice, share their ex-
periences, and reach out for support in ways that were previously unimaginable.
Businesses, too, have found in social media a powerful channel for marketing
and customer engagement.
As we navigate the complexities of social media, it becomes crucial to
promote digital literacy and ethical online behavior. Understanding the impact of
our digital footprints and striving for a balance between online and offline lives
are essential steps towards harnessing the positive aspects of social media while
mitigating its potential downsides.
1. What is one of the main benefits of social media?
A) It automatically filters out false information.
B) It can rapidly spread awareness about important issues.
C) It guarantees privacy and security of information.
D) It eliminates the need for in-person interactions.
2. What challenge does social media present?
A) It completely prevents the formation of real-life communities.
B) It can lead to the spread of misinformation.
C) It decreases the number of platforms for communication.
D) It ensures that all user interactions are positive.
3. How has social media changed business practices?
A) By eliminating traditional marketing.
B) By offering a channel for marketing and customer engagement.
C) By reducing the global reach of businesses.
D) By making physical stores more popular than online shopping.
4. Why is digital literacy important in the context of social media?
A) It ensures that all content goes viral.
 B) It promotes understanding of the impact of digital footprints.
C) It guarantees a job in the tech industry.
D) It decreases the usefulness of social media.
5. What is a crucial step in mitigating the negative aspects of social me-
dia?
A) Avoiding the use of social media altogether.
B) Promoting ethical online behaviour and digital literacy.
C) Only using social media for entertainment.
D) Sharing personal information freely to increase transparency.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Future

(1) _______________________________
This source of energy comes from the earth’s internal heat. It is used for
heating buildings directly or to generate electricity through the steam it pro-
duces, which can drive turbines.
(2) ________________________________
Capturing the power of flowing or falling water, this energy source con-
verts kinetic energy into electricity. It's one of the oldest and most reliable forms
of renewable energy, often associated with large dams, though smallerscale in-
stallations exist.
(3) ________________________________
Harnessing the wind's power, this form of energy uses large turbines to
convert kinetic energy into electricity. Wind farms can be found both onshore
and offshore, depending on where wind conditions are most favourable.
(4) ________________________________
Derived from organic materials, this energy comes in various forms, in-
cluding biofuels and biogas. It can be used for electricity generation, heating,
and as an alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles.
(5) ________________________________
Utilizing the sun's energy, this technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity using photovoltaic cells. It can be installed on rooftops or in large so-
lar farms to generate power for individual homes or to supply the grid.
A. Solar Energy
B. Wind Energy
C. Hydropower
D. Geothermal Energy
E. Biomass Energy
F. Tidal Energy
G. Nuclear Energy
H. Energy Efficiency
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Transformation of Global Travel

The global travel industry has witnessed a profound transformation over

the past few decades, evolving from an exclusive luxury into a widespread phe-
nomenon accessible to a broader segment of the population. This change (1)
__________ as advancements in technology, transportation, and globalization
have made travel more affordable and convenient than ever before.
The advent of commercial aviation in the mid20th century (2)
__________ the way for the modern era of travel, reducing travel times dramati-
cally and connecting distant parts of the world. This period marked the begin-
ning of mass tourism, with destinations around the globe becoming accessible to
the average person.
As the industry (3) __________, the internet revolutionized travel plan-
ning and booking, making it possible for travelers to customize their experiences
with unprecedented ease. Online platforms, apps, and social media have become
invaluable tools for discovering new destinations, comparing prices, and sharing
travel experiences.
The early 21st century has seen a (4) __________ in sustainable travel
and ecotourism, reflecting a growing awareness of the environmental impact of
travel. Travelers and companies alike are increasingly prioritizing practices that
protect natural environments and contribute to local economies.
Looking to the future, the global travel industry (5) __________, with in-
novations such as virtual reality experiences and space tourism promising to re-
define what it means to explore the world. Despite challenges, the desire to dis -
cover new places and cultures continues to drive the evolution of travel.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) paved
B) obstructed
C) regressed
D) bypassed

3. A) expanded
B) contracted
C) stagnated
D) reversed
 4. A) decline
B) resurgence
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) stagnates

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Future of Food Technology
Food technology is rapidly evolving, changing the way we produce, con-
sume, and think about food. This evolution (1) __________ as scientists, en-
trepreneurs, and chefs push the boundaries of what's possible, from labgrown
meat to genetically modified crops that can withstand climate change.
The seeds of modern food technology were sown (2) __________ the
Green Revolution of the mid20th century, which introduced highyield crop vari-
eties and advanced farming techniques, significantly increasing food production
worldwide. This era laid the groundwork for today's innovations in food science
and technology.
As the field (3) __________, breakthroughs in biotechnology and nan-
otechnology have led to the development of foods that are more nutritious, sus-
tainable, and tailored to individual dietary needs. The rise of alternative proteins
and vertical farming are among the innovations aiming to address global food
security and environmental challenges.
The embrace of technology in the culinary world has also led to a (4)
__________ in how food is experienced, with molecular gastronomy and 3D
food printing offering new ways to engage with and enjoy food. These advances
are transforming the culinary arts, blending science and creativity to create novel
dining experiences.
Looking ahead, the trajectory of food technology (5) __________, with
the potential to revolutionize food systems, from production to plate. As the
world faces increasing population growth and climaterelated challenges, the in-
novations in food technology offer hopeful solutions for a sustainable and food-
secure future.

1. A) accelerates
B) recedes
C) plateaus
D) varies

2. A) during
B) before
C) after
D) notwithstanding

3. A) diversifies
B) narrows
C) diminishes
D) converges

4. A) stagnation
B) revolution
C) decline
D) uniformity

5. A) solidifies
B) concludes
C) intensifies
D) diverges
 TEST 11
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE RISE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
The transition towards renewable energy sources is a critical step in com-
bating climate change and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. This shift is
not just about adopting new technologies; it's a transformation in the way we
think about and consume energy. Renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal power offer a sustainable alternative that can help protect the envi-
ronment and secure a cleaner future for generations to come.
The rise of renewable energy has been driven by technological advance-
ments, decreasing costs, and increasing awareness of the environmental impact
of traditional energy sources. Solar panels and wind turbines have become more
efficient and less expensive, making renewable energy more accessible to com-
munities around the world. Governments and businesses are investing in renew-
able energy projects, recognizing the economic opportunities and the necessity
of addressing the urgent threats posed by climate change.
Despite the progress, the transition to renewable energy faces challenges,
including the need for better storage solutions to manage supply and demand,
and the adaptation of existing infrastructure. However, the potential benefits of a
renewable energy economy—reduced greenhouse gas emissions, job creation in
new industries, and a more stable and secure energy supply—are compelling
reasons to continue pushing forward.
As individuals, we also play a role in this transition. By supporting poli-
cies that promote renewable energy, making energyefficient choices, and consid-
ering renewable options for our own power needs, we can contribute to a more
sustainable and resilient energy future.
1. What is a key benefit of renewable energy sources?
A) They can only be used in certain geographic locations.
B) They contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.
C) They offer a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
D) They are more expensive than traditional energy sources.
2. Which factor has contributed to the rise of renewable energy?
A) Decreasing awareness of environmental issues.
B) Increasing costs of solar panels and wind turbines.
C) Technological advancements and decreasing costs.
D) The abundance of fossil fuels.
3. What challenge does the renewable energy sector face?
A) The efficiency of solar panels and wind turbines is decreasing.
B) There is a lack of interest in renewable energy projects.
C) There is a need for better storage solutions.
D) Renewable energy sources are running out.
4. Why are governments and businesses investing in renewable energy?
A) To increase dependence on fossil fuels.
 B) Because there are no economic opportunities in renewables.
C) To address climate change and explore economic opportunities.
D) Renewable energy investments are riskfree and guarantee profits.
5. How can individuals contribute to the transition towards renewable en-
ergy?
A) By exclusively using fossil fuels for energy needs.
B) By opposing policies that promote renewable energy.
C) Making energyefficient choices and supporting renewable policies.
D) Ignoring the impacts of climate change.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
(1) _______________________________
Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timebound goals is
crucial for personal growth. This approach helps in clearly defining what you
want to achieve and in tracking your progress.
(2) ________________________________
Adopting a mindset that views challenges as opportunities for growth
rather than insurmountable obstacles is key to resilience and personal develop-
ment. It encourages learning from failures and persevering.
(3) ________________________________
Continuous learning and skill development open new opportunities and
enhance selfconfidence. Whether through formal education, reading, or online
courses, expanding your knowledge base is vital for personal growth.
(4) ________________________________
Building strong, supportive relationships is essential for personal and pro-
fessional development. Surrounding yourself with positive, encouraging people
can provide motivation and insight.
(5) ________________________________
Mindfulness and selfawareness allow for greater emotional regulation,
stress management, and understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses. Prac-
ticing mindfulness can improve focus and decisionmaking.
A. Goal Setting
B. Growth Mindset
C. Lifelong Learning
D. Building Support Networks
E. Practicing Mindfulness
F. Time Management
G. Enhancing Emotional Intelligence
H. Developing Leadership Skills
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancements in Renewable Energy Technologies

Renewable energy technologies have seen significant advancements,

moving from peripheral experiments to mainstream solutions that are crucial in
the fight against climate change. This progression (1) __________ as innova-
tions in solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy transform how the world gen-
erates and consumes power.
The history of renewable energy (2) __________ to the late 19th and early
20th centuries when the first hydroelectric power plants and wind turbines were
developed. These early innovations laid the foundation for the diverse array of
renewable energy technologies we see today.
As the urgency to address global warming (3) __________, governments,
businesses, and communities have accelerated their adoption of renewable en-
ergy. This has been supported by breakthroughs in technology that have made
renewable sources more efficient, costeffective, and reliable.
The last few decades have witnessed a (4) __________ in renewable en-
ergy capacity worldwide, driven by policy support, technological advancements,
and a growing recognition of the need for a sustainable energy future. Invest-
ments in research and development continue to push the boundaries of what's
possible, leading to higher efficiency rates and lower costs.
Looking forward, the pace of innovation in renewable energy technologies
(5) __________, promising to further revolutionize the energy sector. The ongo-
ing development of energy storage solutions, smart grids, and carbon capture
technologies is pivotal in ensuring a clean, sustainable, and resilient energy fu-
ture for all.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stagnates
D) fluctuates

2. A) dates back
B) diverges
C) stalls
D) concludes

3. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) becomes irrelevant
 4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) plateau
D) recession

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Digitalization of Education

The digitalization of education has transformed the landscape of learning,

from primary schools to higher education and beyond. This transformation (1)
__________ as technology becomes increasingly integrated into educational
methods and resources, enhancing access, personalization, and engagement.
This shift began to take shape (2) __________ the late 20th century, with
the introduction of computers in classrooms and the development of educational
software. These early steps paved the way for the vast array of digital learning
tools and platforms available today.
As digital technologies (3) __________, they have enabled a shift towards
more flexible and accessible forms of education. Online courses, virtual class-
rooms, and digital textbooks allow learners to access highquality education from
anywhere in the world.
The recent global events have led to a (4) __________ in the adoption of
digital learning, as institutions around the world moved to online formats to con-
tinue education amidst physical distancing measures. This period has accelerated
innovation and highlighted the potential of digital tools to support diverse learn-
ing needs.
Looking ahead, the evolution of digital education (5) __________, with
emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented real-
ity, and blockchain offering new ways to enhance and personalize the learning
experience. The future of education promises to be more inclusive, adaptable,
and learnercentered than ever before.

1. A) accelerates
B) recedes
C) plateaus
D) oscillates
2. A) during
B) before
C) after
D) alongside

3. A) evolve
B) regress
C) diminish
D) converge

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) stability
D) decline

5. A) persists
B) concludes
C) intensifies
D) diminishes
 TEST 12
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATION
Telecommunication has transformed dramatically from the days of the
telegraph to the era of smartphones and the internet. This evolution has reshaped
the way we live, work, and interact, turning the globe into a closely connected
community. The journey began with the invention of the telegraph in the 19th
century, which for the first time allowed for rapid communication over long dis-
tances. The telephone further revolutionized communication, making it possible
to hear the voice of someone miles away.
The advent of the internet and mobile technology marked a new era, offer-
ing instant access to information and the ability to communicate with anyone,
anywhere, at any time. Today, telecommunication is not just about voice calls; it
encompasses a wide range of services including video conferencing, instant
messaging, and social media, facilitating realtime interaction and information
sharing on a global scale.
As we look to the future, emerging technologies such as 5G networks and
the Internet of Things (IoT) promise to further transform the landscape of
telecommunication, enabling faster, more reliable connections and paving the
way for innovations like smart cities and autonomous vehicles. The evolution of
telecommunication continues to break barriers, making our world more intercon-
nected than ever before.
1. What was the first form of rapid longdistance communication?
A) The smartphone
B) The telegraph
C) The telephone
D) The internet
2. Which invention made it possible to hear someone's voice over long
distances for the first time?
A) The radio
B) The telegraph
C) The telephone
D) Email
3. What technology marked the beginning of a new era in telecommunica-
tion by offering instant access to information?
A) The printing press
B) The internet and mobile technology
C) Satellite television
D) The phonograph
4. Which of the following is NOT a service provided by modern telecom-
munication?
A) Video conferencing
 B) Instant messaging
C) Snail mail
D) Social media
5. What future technology promises to further transform the telecommuni-
cation landscape?
A) 3G networks
B) The typewriter
C) 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT)
D) The fax machines

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Techniques for Capturing Stunning Photos

(1) _______________________________
Understanding and manipulating light is fundamental in photography.
Whether natural or artificial, light affects the mood, texture, and overall quality
of the photo. Photographers must learn how to use light to their advantage, bal-
ancing shadows and highlights.
(2) ________________________________
Composition rules, such as the rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing,
help in creating visually appealing images. Placing the subject offcenter, using
elements to guide the viewer's eye, and enclosing the subject within a frame can
enhance the photograph's impact.
(3) ________________________________
The choice of aperture, shutter speed, and ISO settings allows photogra-
phers to control exposure and depth of field. Understanding how these settings
interact enables the capture of sharp, wellexposed images under various lighting
conditions.
(4) ________________________________
Postprocessing software offers tools to adjust exposure, contrast, color
balance, and more, enabling photographers to refine their images. Skillful edit-
ing can bring out details, correct flaws, or creatively alter the photo.
(5) ________________________________
Capturing moments requires anticipation and quick reflexes. Whether it’s
a fleeting expression, a bird in flight, or a dynamic sports action, being ready
and reactive can make the difference between a good shot and a great one.

A. Mastering Light
B. Composing the Shot
C. Understanding Exposure
D. Editing and PostProcessing
E. Capturing the Moment
F. Selecting the Right Gear
 G. Experimenting with Angles
H. Focusing Techniques

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Rise of Smart Home Technology

Smart home technology has swiftly moved from futuristic concept to a

practical component of everyday life, offering convenience, energy efficiency,
and enhanced security. This transition (1) __________ as more homeowners
adopt these technologies, integrating them into various aspects of their home
life.
The origins of smart home technology (2) __________ to the late 20th
century, with early automation systems that controlled lighting, heating, and se-
curity. However, it was the advent of the internet and the proliferation of smart-
phones that truly enabled the smart home revolution, allowing for remote control
and monitoring of home systems.
As the market for smart home devices (3) __________, companies have
introduced a wide range of products, from smart thermostats and locks to voice-
activated assistants and automated appliances. These innovations not only offer
convenience but also promote energy savings and reduce environmental impact.
The recent surge in smart home adoption can be attributed to a (4)
__________ in consumer awareness and interest, driven by the desire for more
connected and automated homes. The integration of AI and machine learning
has further enhanced the capabilities of smart home devices, making them more
intuitive and responsive to homeowners' needs.
Looking ahead, the future of smart home technology (5) __________,
with ongoing advancements in technology promising to make homes even
smarter, safer, and more efficient. The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT)
and 5G connectivity is expected to unlock new possibilities for home automa-
tion and integration.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) dates back
B) diverges
C) stalls
D) concludes

3. A) expands
 B) contracts
C) remains static
D) declines

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) plateau
D) regression

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Fast Fashion

Fast fashion has dramatically changed the landscape of the apparel indus-
try, emphasizing quick manufacturing of trendy, affordable clothing. This ap-
proach (1) __________ as consumers demand the latest fashion trends at low
prices, challenging traditional retail models.
The fast fashion model (2) __________ to gain traction in the late 20th
century, driven by retailers like Zara and H&M. These companies revolutionized
the industry by dramatically reducing the time from design to retail, allowing for
rapid responses to changing fashion trends and consumer demands.
As the influence of fast fashion (3) __________, concerns have been
raised about its environmental and social impacts. The industry is criticized for
contributing to pollution, waste, and poor working conditions in manufacturing
countries. This has sparked a debate about the sustainability of fast fashion and
the need for more ethical production practices.
In response to growing awareness of these issues, there has been a (4)
__________ in consumer interest in sustainable and ethical fashion. Many con-
sumers are now seeking alternatives to fast fashion, such as secondhand cloth-
ing, rental services, and brands that prioritize sustainability.
Looking forward, the trajectory of fast fashion (5) __________, with in-
dustry and consumer behavior likely to evolve in response to environmental
concerns and ethical considerations. The rise of digital platforms and social me-
dia continues to influence fashion trends and consumer expectations, shaping the
future of the apparel industry.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) diverges
C) stalls
D) concludes

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) remains static
D) declines

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) plateau
D) regression

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses
 TEST 13
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF SLEEP
Sleep plays a vital role in good health and wellbeing throughout life. Get-
ting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health,
physical health, quality of life, and safety. The way you feel while you're awake
depends in part on what happens while you're sleeping. During sleep, your body
is working to support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health.
In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development.
The damage from sleep deficiency can occur in an instant (such as a car
crash), or it can harm you over time. Sleep deficiency can affect how well you
think, react, work, learn, and get along with others. Health risks such as heart
disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and de-
pression have all been linked to sleep deficiency.
To improve sleep quality, experts recommend sticking to a sleep schedule,
creating a restful environment, limiting exposure to screens before bedtime, and
avoiding caffeine and heavy meals in the evening. Understanding the importance
of sleep can lead to healthier choices that enhance your quality of life.
1. What can quality sleep help protect?
A) Only your physical health.
B) Only your mental health.
C) Your mental and physical health, quality of life, and safety.
D) It has no impact on health or safety.
2. What does your body work to support during sleep?
A) Only physical fitness.
B) Healthy brain function and physical health.
C) Just energy conservation.
D) Digestion.
3. What are some consequences of sleep deficiency?
A) Improved concentration.
B) Lower risk of chronic diseases.
C) Difficulty in thinking and reacting.
D) Faster metabolism.
4. Which of the following is NOT recommended to improve sleep quality?
A) Sticking to a sleep schedule.
B) Creating a noisy environment.
C) Limiting exposure to screens before bedtime.
D) Avoiding caffeine in the evening.
5. Why is understanding the importance of sleep beneficial?
A) It encourages latenight TV watching.
B) It leads to healthier choices that enhance quality of life.
 C) It makes it easier to skip sleep.
D) It benefits daytime television ratings.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Elements for Crafting Compelling Stories

(1) _______________________________
A welldefined protagonist who the audience can root for is central to any
story. This character's desires, struggles, and growth drive the narrative forward
and engage the audience emotionally.
(2) ________________________________
Conflict is the heartbeat of a story, presenting challenges that the protago-
nist must overcome. Whether it’s internal, external, or interpersonal, conflict
creates tension and makes the story dynamic and interesting.
(3) ________________________________
The setting provides the backdrop against which the story unfolds. It can
influence the plot significantly, offering opportunities for the characters to inter-
act and grow, and immersing the audience in a unique world.
(4) ________________________________
A story’s theme gives it deeper meaning, exploring universal concepts that
resonate with the audience. Themes can prompt reflection on life, society, and
human nature, making the story more impactful.
(5) ________________________________
The narrative arc structures the story, ensuring it has a clear beginning,
middle, and end. This progression from the introduction, through rising action
and climax, to resolution keeps the audience engaged and satisfied.
A. Crafting a Relatable Protagonist
B. Developing Conflict and Tension
C. Building a Vivid Setting
D. Conveying a Powerful Theme
E. Structuring the Narrative Arc
F. Utilizing Point of View
G. Creating Memorable Characters
H. Integrating Dialogue

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Progress of Space Exploration
Space exploration has expanded the boundaries of human knowledge and
ambition, evolving from early telescopic observations to manned missions and
robotic explorations of distant celestial bodies. This journey (1) __________ as
we continue to explore the vastness of space and uncover its mysteries.
The era of space exploration (2) __________ with the launch of Sputnik 1
by the Soviet Union in 1957, marking the beginning of the space race. This pe-
riod of intense competition and innovation led to significant milestones, includ-
ing the first human in space and the historic Apollo moon landings.
As technology and international cooperation in space exploration (3)
__________, the focus has broadened from competition to collaboration, with
missions such as the International Space Station (ISS) demonstrating the poten-
tial for shared scientific discovery and research in space.
The 21st century has seen a (4) __________ in space exploration, with
private companies entering the field alongside traditional national space agen-
cies. This new era is characterized by plans for manned Mars missions, asteroid
mining, and the commercialization of space travel.
Looking ahead, the future of space exploration (5) __________, with on-
going advancements in propulsion technology, space habitat design, and robotic
exploration promising to further extend humanity's reach into the solar system
and beyond.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) ignited
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) reversed

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) remains unchanged
D) declines

4. A) resurgence
B) decline
C) plateau
D) disruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
 D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Impact of Cryptocurrency on Financial Markets

Cryptocurrency has introduced a radical shift in financial markets, chal-

lenging traditional banking and financial systems with its decentralized nature.
This evolution (1) __________ as cryptocurrencies gain acceptance among in-
vestors, businesses, and consumers seeking alternatives to conventional financial
instruments.
The inception of cryptocurrency (2) __________ with the creation of Bit-
coin in 2009, which introduced the concept of a decentralized digital currency
secured by cryptography. This innovation sparked interest in the potential for
blockchain technology to revolutionize various aspects of finance and business.
As the adoption of cryptocurrency (3) __________, the market has seen
the emergence of thousands of different cryptocurrencies, each with unique fea-
tures and purposes. This expansion has led to increased scrutiny from regulators
and debates about the stability, security, and sustainability of cryptocurrencies.
The impact of cryptocurrency on financial markets has been profound,
leading to a (4) __________ in the development of digital assets, decentralized
finance (DeFi) platforms, and new investment strategies. The volatility of cryp-
tocurrency markets has also introduced new risks and opportunities for in-
vestors.
Looking forward, the influence of cryptocurrency on the global financial
landscape (5) __________, with potential to further disrupt traditional banking,
payment systems, and even the concept of money itself. As technology evolves
and regulatory frameworks develop, the integration of cryptocurrency into the
broader economy will likely continue to grow.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) reversed

3. A) diversifies
B) narrows
C) remains static
D) declines

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) regression

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses
 TEST 14
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE MYSTERY OF THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE
The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a loosely
defined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean, where a number
of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circum-
stances. The boundaries of the Triangle cover the area between Miami,
Bermuda, and Puerto Rico, a region where the U.S. Board on Geographic
Names does not recognize it as an official geographic area.
Despite its notoriety, the Bermuda Triangle does not appear on any official
world maps, and the U.S. Navy does not recognize its existence. However, it has
captured the imagination of the public and has been the subject of numerous
books, documentaries, and articles. Theories about the cause of the disappear-
ances range from environmental anomalies to paranormal activity, including
magnetic anomalies, underwater earthquakes, and even alien abductions.
Scientists and skeptics argue that the number of incidents that occur in the
Bermuda Triangle is not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in
any other heavily traveled region of the world. They suggest that natural geo-
graphic and meteorological conditions in the area or human error could explain
most of the disappearances.
The Bermuda Triangle remains a popular topic for speculation and explo-
ration, symbolizing the human fascination with the unexplained and the mysteri-
ous aspects of our world.
1. What is the Bermuda Triangle also known as?
A) The Pacific Pentagram
B) The Devil's Triangle
C) The Atlantic Square
D) The Ocean's Circle
2. Which area is NOT part of the Bermuda Triangle's boundaries?
A) Miami
B) Bermuda
C) Puerto Rico
D) Havana
3. What does the U.S. Navy's stance on the Bermuda Triangle?
A) It officially recognizes it as a dangerous area.
B) It conducts regular investigations into disappearances.
C) It does not recognize its existence.
D) It warns sailors and pilots to avoid the area.
4. Which of the following theories has NOT been proposed to explain the
disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle?
A) Magnetic anomalies
B) Time warps
 C) Safe travel corridors
D) Alien abductions
5. What do skeptics believe about the Bermuda Triangle?
A) It is a portal to another dimension.
B) It has a significantly higher number of disappearances than other areas.
C) Natural conditions or human error could explain the disappearances.
D) It is under the protection of ancient sea gods.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Key Practices for a Thriving Garden
(1) _______________________________
Soil health is the foundation of a productive garden. Testing your soil to
understand its type and nutrient levels allows for proper amendment, ensuring
plants have the right conditions for growth.
(2) ________________________________
Proper watering techniques are essential for plant health. Overwatering
can lead to root rot, while underwatering can stress plants. Learning the specific
water needs of your plants and adjusting your watering schedule accordingly is
key.
(3) ________________________________
Choosing the right plants for your garden’s specific conditions (such as
climate, soil type, and sunlight availability) can greatly increase your gardening
success. Some plants will thrive in your garden's unique environment, while oth-
ers may struggle.
(4) ________________________________
Pests and diseases can quickly ruin a garden. Regular monitoring of your
plants for signs of distress, and taking proactive measures to prevent issues, can
help keep your garden healthy.
(5) ________________________________
Mulching helps retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and improve soil
quality. Applying the appropriate type and amount of mulch around your plants
can significantly benefit their growth and vitality.
A. Soil Preparation and Amendment
B. Watering Wisely
C. Selecting Suitable Plants
D. Pest and Disease Management
E. Applying Mulch
F. Composting
G. Pruning
H. Crop Rotation
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transitioned from theoretical computer sci-
ence to a cornerstone of technological advancement and everyday convenience.
This evolution (1) __________ as AI applications become increasingly sophisti-
cated, influencing various sectors including healthcare, automotive, and enter-
tainment.
The concept of AI (2) __________ in the mid20th century with the devel-
opment of the first computers and theoretical models of machine learning. These
early efforts laid the groundwork for the computational and algorithmic founda-
tions of modern AI systems.
As AI technology (3) __________, it has led to significant breakthroughs
such as natural language processing, computer vision, and autonomous robotics.
These advancements have enabled machines to perform complex tasks with
greater accuracy and efficiency, often surpassing human capabilities in specific
domains.
The recent (4) __________ in AI research has been propelled by the ad-
vent of deep learning and big data analytics, driving innovations in machine
learning models that can learn from vast amounts of data. This has opened up
new possibilities for AI applications and sparked discussions about the future
impact of AI on society.
Looking ahead, the trajectory of AI development (5) __________, with
ongoing research focused on making AI systems more explainable, ethical, and
capable of general intelligence. The integration of AI into daily life and industry
practices promises to further transform the world in profound ways.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took root
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expanded
B) contracted
C) plateaued
D) reversed
 4. A) stagnation
B) explosion
C) reduction
D) diversion

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) regresses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Changing Climate and Global Impact

The issue of climate change has escalated from a speculative concern to a

global crisis, impacting ecosystems, economies, and societies across the planet.
This shift (1) __________ as evidence of human impact on the environment be-
comes undeniable and the effects of climate change more pronounced.
The recognition of climate change (2) __________ in the latter part of the
20th century, as scientific research began to conclusively link human activities,
particularly the emission of greenhouse gases, to global warming and environ-
mental degradation.
As the reality of climate change (3) __________, international efforts
such as the Paris Agreement have sought to unify global action against this exis-
tential threat. The focus has been on reducing carbon emissions, transitioning to
renewable energy sources, and implementing adaptation strategies to mitigate
the impacts.
The past decade has seen a (4) __________ in the urgency of addressing
climate change, driven by worsening natural disasters, rising sea levels, and the
increasing viability of alternative energy solutions. Public awareness and ac-
tivism have also played critical roles in pushing for environmental policy
changes.
Looking forward, the challenge of combating climate change (5)
__________, with the next few decades crucial in determining the future trajec-
tory of the planet's climate. Innovations in technology, policy, and societal be-
havior are essential in steering towards a more sustainable and resilient global
ecosystem.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) crystallized
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) solidifies
B) narrows
C) plateaus
D) recedes

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) plateau
D) regression

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) reverses
 TEST 15
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE ART OF CALLIGRAPHY
Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting, has been admired and prac-
ticed for centuries across various cultures around the world. It transcends mere
written communication; it is an expression of personal artistry and emotion, cap-
tured through the stroke of a pen or brush. Traditional calligraphy is found in
many forms, from the intricate Arabic scripts to the precise and elegant brush
strokes of Chinese and Japanese characters. Western calligraphy, with its broad
array of fonts and styles, has decorated everything from medieval manuscripts to
modern wedding invitations.
Despite the digital age, calligraphy has experienced a resurgence in popu-
larity, with people seeking a more personal touch in their communications and
decorations. This art form requires patience and practice, as the calligrapher
must learn to control the flow of their instrument, understanding the importance
of pressure, angle, and rhythm in creating each character’s unique shape.
Calligraphy is not just about the aesthetics of letters; it's a meditative
process that many find soothing and fulfilling. It connects us to the past, present,
and future by keeping ancient traditions alive, enhancing the beauty of our con-
temporary world, and passing on the skill to future generations.
1. What is calligraphy?
A) The study of historical texts.
B) The art of beautiful handwriting.
C) The technique of bookbinding.
D) The process of digital font creation.
2. Which cultures are known for their traditional calligraphy?
A) Only Western cultures.
B) Only Eastern cultures.
C) Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Western cultures.
D) Only African cultures.
3. What has contributed to the resurgence of calligraphy in the digital age?
A) The decline of handwritten communication.
B) People’s desire for a personal touch in communications.
C) The ban on digital fonts.
D) The increase in paper production.
4. What is essential for mastering calligraphy?
A) Learning to type quickly.
B) Controlling the flow of the pen or brush.
C) Using only digital tools.
D) Avoiding traditional instruments.
5. How does calligraphy benefit individuals beyond its aesthetic appeal?
A) By increasing digital literacy.
B) It is only for aesthetic appeal, with no other benefits.
 C) Through its meditative process that many find soothing.
D) By improving physical strength.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Principles for Nurturing Healthy Relationships

(1) _______________________________
Open, honest communication is the cornerstone of any healthy relation-
ship. It involves expressing thoughts and feelings clearly and listening actively
to your partner.

(2) ________________________________
Respect in a relationship means valuing each other's opinions, feelings,
and boundaries. It encompasses treating one another with kindness, understand-
ing, and consideration.
(3) ________________________________
Trust is built over time through consistent, reliable actions. It's about be-
lieving in each other's integrity and having confidence in each other's intentions
and commitments.
(4) ________________________________
Supporting each other's growth and personal goals can strengthen a rela-
tionship. This includes encouraging each other's interests, education, and career
aspirations without jealousy or competition.
(5) ________________________________
Conflict is natural in any relationship, but resolving disputes fairly and
constructively is key. This means avoiding blame, listening to each other's per-
spectives, and working together to find solutions.
A. Communicating Openly
B. Showing Respect
C. Building Trust
D. Supporting Each Other
E. Resolving Conflicts Constructively
F. Maintaining Independence
G. Showing Affection
H. Sharing Common Interests

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Renaissance of Urban Farming
Urban farming is blossoming as a sustainable solution to modern chal-
lenges in food production and urbanization, transforming rooftops, balconies,
and abandoned lots into verdant spaces of growth and innovation. This renais-
sance (1) __________ as communities and individuals seek fresher, more local
food sources while addressing urban environmental concerns.
The roots of urban farming (2) __________ to ancient civilizations, but its
modern incarnation began to take shape in response to industrialization and the
rapid growth of cities in the 20th century. These initiatives aimed to bring food
production closer to urban consumers and utilize limited space efficiently.
As urban farming practices (3) __________, they have embraced a variety
of methods, including hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical farming. These
technologies allow for higher yields in smaller areas, less water usage, and re-
duced transportation emissions, contributing to urban sustainability.
The recent (4) __________ in urban farming has been fueled by techno-
logical advancements and a growing awareness of environmental issues. Cities
worldwide are supporting urban agriculture through policy initiatives and com-
munity programs, recognizing its benefits for food security, environmental
health, and social wellbeing.
Looking ahead, the future of urban farming (5) __________, with the po-
tential to reshape urban landscapes and food systems. Innovations in farming
technology and sustainable practices promise to enhance the productivity and
viability of urban agriculture, making it a cornerstone of resilient urban ecosys-
tems.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) trace back
B) diverge
C) stall
D) conclude

3. A) evolve
B) regress
C) plateau
D) diminish

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption
 5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Digital Transformation of Libraries

The digital transformation of libraries has revolutionized the way we ac-

cess and engage with information, shifting from traditional brickandmortar es-
tablishments to dynamic online resources and community hubs. This transforma-
tion (1) __________ as libraries adapt to the digital age, expanding their ser-
vices beyond physical collections to digital content and virtual programming.
The shift towards digital libraries (2) __________ in the late 20th century
with the advent of the internet and digital publishing. This period marked the
beginning of a new era for libraries, offering unprecedented access to digital
books, journals, and multimedia resources.
As the capabilities of digital libraries (3) __________, they have become
centers for digital literacy, online learning, and community engagement. Li-
braries now offer a wide range of digital services, including ebook lending, on-
line archives, and virtual workshops, making knowledge more accessible than
ever before.
The recent (4) __________ in the digitalization of libraries has been
driven by the need to provide continuous access to resources and services, espe-
cially in times of global challenges that limit physical interaction. This has un-
derscored the importance of digital platforms in maintaining the educational and
cultural functions of libraries.
Looking ahead, the evolution of digital libraries (5) __________, with on-
going innovations in technology and information science shaping their future.
The integration of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and collaborative
platforms promises to further enhance the role of libraries as essential pillars of
learning, culture, and community in the digital age.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) initiated
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) reversed

3. A) expand
B) contract
C) remain unchanged
D) reduce

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) stability
D) decline

5. A) persists
B) ends
C) intensifies
D) fades
 TEST 16
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE MAGIC OF AUTUMN
Autumn, often referred to as the fall season in many parts of the world, is
a time of significant transformation in nature. As the warm summer days gradu-
ally give way to cooler temperatures, the landscape undergoes a spectacular
change of colors. Leaves turn from green to vibrant shades of yellow, orange,
and red, creating a picturesque setting that captivates artists, photographers, and
nature lovers alike. This seasonal shift is not just about the visual spectacle; it
marks an important phase in the natural cycle of growth and decay, preparing the
earth for the winter ahead.
Autumn is also a time of harvest, when fruits and vegetables are plentiful,
leading to celebrations and festivals that honor the bounty of the land. These tra-
ditions, which vary from culture to culture, are a testament to the human connec-
tion to the environment and the cycles of nature.
Beyond its beauty and agricultural significance, autumn has a profound
impact on human mood and behavior. The cooler weather and shorter days can
influence our daily routines and activities, encouraging reflection and prepara-
tion for the end of the year. Autumn’s unique blend of change and abundance
provides a perfect backdrop for embracing change in our own lives, reflecting
on the past, and planning for the future.
1. What significant change occurs in nature during autumn?
A) The days become significantly longer.
B) Leaves change color.
C) Flowers bloom in abundance.
D) Snow begins to fall heavily.
2. What does autumn signify in the natural cycle?
A) A time of rapid growth.
B) The preparation for winter.
C) The beginning of the rainy season.
D) A decrease in wildlife activity.
3. What is a common cultural aspect of autumn?
A) Beach parties and sunbathing.
B) Harvest festivals.
C) Spring cleaning.
D) Ice fishing competitions.
4. How does autumn affect human mood and behavior?
A) It has no noticeable effect.
B) It encourages outdoor summer sports.
C) It leads to reflection and preparation.
D) It increases the desire to travel to tropical destinations.
5. What makes autumn a unique season?
 A) It is the only season with changing leaf colors.
B) It is characterized by extreme heat.
C) It is the season with the least amount of daylight.
D) It exclusively brings about a decrease in agricultural productivity.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Aspects of Climate Change Awareness

(1) _______________________________
Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the
Earth's atmosphere. This effect is crucial for understanding the mechanisms
driving global warming and climate change.
(2) ________________________________
The impacts of climate change are diverse and farreaching, affecting
weather patterns, sea levels, and biodiversity. Recognizing these impacts helps
in understanding the urgency of addressing climate change.
(3) ________________________________
Mitigation strategies aim to reduce the output of greenhouse gases and
slow the pace of climate change. This can involve transitioning to renewable
energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable land use
practices.
(4) ________________________________
Adaptation involves making adjustments in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climate impacts, helping communities and
ecosystems cope with changing climate conditions.
(5) ________________________________
Public awareness and education about climate change are vital for foster-
ing action and support for policies that address climate change. Informed com-
munities are better equipped to contribute to mitigation and adaptation efforts.
A. The Greenhouse Effect
B. Recognizing Climate Impacts
C. Climate Change Mitigation
D. Adaptation Strategies
E. Promoting Awareness and Education
F. Conserving Water Resources
G. Supporting Wildlife Conservation
H. Encouraging Sustainable Practices
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Revolution in Personal Mobility Devices
The landscape of personal mobility has undergone a significant transfor-
mation, with the advent of devices such as electric scooters, hoverboards, and
ebikes. This revolution (1) __________ as these technologies become more ac-
cessible, offering sustainable and convenient alternatives to traditional trans-
portation methods.
The inception of personal mobility devices (2) __________ in the early
21st century, when advancements in battery and motor technology made com-
pact, efficient electric vehicles feasible. These innovations have redefined urban
mobility, allowing for greater flexibility and reduced environmental impact.
As the popularity of these devices (3) __________, cities around the
world have begun to adapt their infrastructure and regulations to accommodate
this new form of transportation. This includes the creation of bike lanes, parking
zones for escooters, and policies to ensure the safety and coexistence of all road
users.
The recent (4) __________ in the adoption of personal mobility devices
has been propelled by increasing environmental awareness and the search for
alternatives to cardependent lifestyles. This trend is further supported by the in-
tegration of these devices into public transportation systems, enhancing their
utility and appeal.
Looking ahead, the future of personal mobility devices (5) __________,
with ongoing advancements in technology promising to make them even more
efficient, affordable, and integrated into the urban landscape. The evolution of
personal mobility is a key component of the broader shift towards sustainable
and smart cities.
1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) sparked
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
 B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Innovations in Sustainable Packaging
Sustainable packaging has emerged as a critical innovation in response to
the growing environmental impact of waste and the demand for ecofriendly al-
ternatives. This field (1) __________ as companies and consumers alike priori-
tize sustainability in packaging choices, driving the development of new materi-
als and solutions.
The journey towards sustainable packaging (2) __________ in the late
20th century, with the growing awareness of plastic pollution and its longterm
effects on the environment. This awareness has catalyzed the search for packag-
ing options that are biodegradable, recyclable, or made from renewable re-
sources.
As the movement for sustainable packaging (3) __________, a wide range
of alternatives have been introduced, from plantbased plastics to edible and
compostable packaging materials. These innovations aim to reduce the carbon
footprint of products, minimize waste in landfills, and lessen the reliance on fos-
sil fuelderived plastics.
The recent (4) __________ in sustainable packaging has been driven by
consumer demand, regulatory pressures, and technological advancements.
Brands are increasingly adopting sustainable packaging as a way to enhance
their corporate social responsibility profiles and meet the expectations of envi-
ronmentally conscious consumers.
Looking ahead, the evolution of sustainable packaging (5) __________,
with continued research and innovation focused on improving the performance,
costeffectiveness, and availability of ecofriendly packaging options. The pursuit
of sustainable packaging solutions is an integral part of the broader effort to
achieve a more sustainable and circular economy.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) initiated
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) reversed

3. A) diversifies
B) narrows
C) remains static
D) declines

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) stability
D) decline

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) fades
 TEST 17
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF VIDEO GAMES
The evolution of video games has been a journey of technological innova-
tion and creativity, transforming from simple pixelated games to complex virtual
realities that offer immersive experiences. This journey began in the 1950s and
1960s, with rudimentary games that were primarily research projects at universi-
ties. The release of the first commercial arcade video game in the early 1970s
marked the beginning of video gaming as a popular form of entertainment.
As technology advanced, so did video games. The introduction of home
gaming consoles allowed players to enjoy games in the comfort of their own
homes, leading to the video game boom of the 1980s. During this era, iconic
games like "PacMan" and "Super Mario Bros." captured the hearts of millions.
The 1990s saw the rise of 3D graphics and storytelling in games, providing a
more realistic and engaging experience.
The new millennium brought with it the era of online gaming, connecting
players from around the world in multiplayer environments. Today, video games
offer a wide range of experiences, from simple mobile games to elaborate virtual
reality worlds. The industry continues to grow, pushing the boundaries of tech-
nology, storytelling, and art.
1. What marked the beginning of video gaming as a popular form of enter-
tainment?
A) The development of virtual reality.
B) The release of the first commercial arcade video game.
C) The invention of the computer.
D) The introduction of home gaming consoles.
2. Which era is known for the video game boom?
A) The 1950s and 1960s.
B) The early 2000s.
C) The 1980s.
D) The 1990s.
3. What significant advancement occurred in video games during the
1990s?
A) The invention of the joystick.
B) The introduction of 3D graphics and storytelling.
C) The creation of the first video game.
D) The start of the online gaming era.
4. How did the new millennium influence the video game industry?
A) It ended the popularity of video games.
B) It introduced physical board games to the market.
C) It brought the era of online gaming.
D) It reverted games back to simple pixelated graphics.
 5. What aspect of video games continues to evolve today?
A) The shift back to arcadestyle gaming.
B) The boundaries of technology, storytelling, and art.
C) The focus on singleplayer, offline games.
D) The decrease in game complexity and graphics.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Essential Skills for Effective Personal Finance Management

(1) _______________________________
Creating and sticking to a budget is crucial for tracking income and ex-
penses, ensuring that spending does not exceed earnings. It's the first step to-
wards financial stability.
(2) ________________________________
Saving a portion of your income for emergencies, future purchases, or in-
vestment is a foundational habit for financial security. It’s important to prioritize
savings to build a financial cushion.
(3) ________________________________
Understanding the impact of interest rates on loans and savings can signif-
icantly influence financial decisions. Knowing when to borrow, save, or invest
based on interest rates can help in maximizing financial outcomes.
(4) ________________________________
Investing in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or other vehicles is a way to
grow wealth over the long term. It's important to understand the risks and re-
turns associated with different investment options.
(5) ________________________________
Using credit responsibly includes understanding how to manage credit
card use, maintaining a good credit score, and knowing how loans work. Good
credit management is key to financial flexibility and obtaining favorable loan
terms.
A. Budgeting and Expense Tracking
B. Prioritizing Savings
C. Navigating Interest Rates
D. Understanding Investment Basics
E. Managing Credit Wisely
F. Planning for Retirement
G. Protecting Against Fraud
H. Negotiating Better Deals
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Global Shift Towards Plant-Based Diets
The global dietary landscape is shifting towards plant-based eating, driven
by health concerns, environmental sustainability, and ethical considerations re-
garding animal welfare. This shift (1) __________ as more individuals adopt
vegetarian, vegan, and flexitarian diets, exploring the benefits and diversity of
plant-based nutrition.
The roots of plant-based eating (2) __________ in various cultures and
traditions around the world, but the contemporary movement has gained signifi-
cant momentum in the 21st century. This is partly due to increased awareness of
the health benefits associated with reducing meat consumption and the environ-
mental impact of livestock farming.
As the popularity of plant-based diets (3) __________, the food industry
has responded with an expanding range of products designed to meet the de-
mand for meat alternatives, dairy free products, and other plant-based foods.
This includes innovations in taste, texture, and nutritional content to appeal to a
broader audience.
The recent (4) __________ in plant-based eating has been further fuelled
by social media, documentaries, and celebrity endorsements, highlighting the
lifestyle's positive impacts on health, the environment, and animal welfare.
These platforms have played a key role in educating and influencing public
opinion.

Looking ahead, the future of plant-based eating (5) __________, with on-
going research into sustainable food systems and the development of new plant-
based products. The movement towards plant based diets is not just a dietary
trend but a significant shift in how we think about food and its relationship to
our planet and health.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) have origins
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
 D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancement of Online Education
Online education has dramatically transformed the landscape of learning,
breaking down geographical barriers and making knowledge more accessible
than ever before. This advancement (1) __________ as digital platforms and
technology continue to evolve, offering flexible, diverse, and interactive learn-
ing experiences to students worldwide.
The concept of online education (2) __________ in the late 20th century,
coinciding with the advent of the internet and digital communication tools. This
innovation opened up new possibilities for distance learning, allowing educators
to reach students regardless of location.
As the technology behind online education (3) __________, so has the
quality and variety of courses available. Today, learners can access a wide range
of topics from global institutions, participate in interactive webinars, and even
pursue full degrees entirely online.
The recent (4) __________ in online education has been propelled by
global events that necessitated remote learning, highlighting the value and po-
tential of online platforms to sustain educational continuity. This period has ac-
celerated innovations in online teaching methodologies and tools.
Looking ahead, the trajectory of online education (5) __________, with
potential advancements in virtual and augmented reality, AIdriven personalized
learning, and blockchain for secure and transparent academic credentials. The
ongoing development of online education represents a significant shift towards a
more inclusive and flexible educational model.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took hold
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) improves
B) degrades
C) remains unchanged
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) reverses
 TEST 18
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation is a critical environmental issue that affects not only
the present but also the future of our planet. As a finite resource, the sustainable
management of water is essential for ensuring that all living beings have access
to clean water for drinking, agriculture, and sanitation. The growing global pop-
ulation, combined with the impacts of climate change, has put an unprecedented
strain on water supplies, making conservation efforts more important than ever.
Efficient water use can help to reduce the strain on water sources, mitigate
the effects of drought, and ensure that ecosystems that rely on water supplies
remain intact and functional. Simple actions like fixing leaks, using watersaving
appliances, and adopting waterefficient practices in agriculture can have a sig-
nificant impact. Moreover, educating communities about the importance of wa-
ter conservation can lead to more sustainable water use patterns across the
globe.
Water conservation is not just the responsibility of governments and large
organizations; it is a collective duty that falls on the shoulders of every individ-
ual. By making conscious choices to save water, we can all contribute to the
preservation of this vital resource and ensure a sustainable future for the next
generations.
1. Why is water conservation important?
A) To increase water pollution.
B) To ensure sustainable access to clean water.
C) Because water is an unlimited resource.
D) Only to save money on water bills.
2. What can efficient water use help to mitigate?
A) The abundance of water in urban areas.
B) The effects of global cooling.
C) The impacts of drought.
D) Increased rainfall and flooding.
3. Which of the following is a way to conserve water?
A) Keeping the tap running while brushing teeth.
B) Using watersaving appliances.
C) Watering gardens at the hottest time of the day.
D) Washing cars with a running hose.
4. How can communities contribute to water conservation?
A) By ignoring water conservation education.
B) Through educating about its importance.
C) By increasing water usage in agriculture.
D) Using more water to ensure supply meets demand.
5. Whose responsibility is water conservation?
 A) Only large corporations.
B) Just governments.
C) Only environmental organizations.
D) Everyone's collective duty.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.
Essential Techniques for Maximizing Productivity

(1) _______________________________
Identifying and prioritizing tasks based on their urgency and importance is
crucial for effective time management. This helps in focusing efforts on activi-
ties that yield the most significant benefits.

(2) ________________________________
Setting specific, achievable goals for shortterm and longterm periods can
provide direction and a sense of purpose, making it easier to manage time effec-
tively.

(3) ________________________________
Breaking down large, complex tasks into smaller, manageable parts can
prevent feeling overwhelmed and facilitate progress by allowing focus on one
step at a time.

(4) ________________________________
Allocating specific time blocks for tasks and adhering to these schedules
can significantly improve focus and efficiency, helping to avoid procrastination
and distractions.

(5) ________________________________
Regularly reviewing and adjusting your plans and priorities ensures that
you are continuously focusing on the most important tasks, even as circum-
stances change.

A. Prioritizing Tasks
B. Goal Setting
C. Breaking Tasks Into Steps
D. Scheduling
E. Reviewing and Adjusting Plans
F. Eliminating Distractions
G. Saying No to NonEssential Tasks
H. Using Time Management Tools
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity has become an indispensable aspect of the digital age,

evolving rapidly to counteract the everchanging landscape of cyber threats. This
evolution (1) __________ as technology advances, and cybercriminals become
more sophisticated, necessitating constant vigilance and innovation in security
measures.
The origins of cybersecurity (2) __________ to the early days of comput-
ing, but the field has gained exponential importance with the advent of the inter-
net and widespread digital communication. Initially focused on safeguarding
institutional data, cybersecurity practices have expanded to protect the privacy
and information of individuals and nations.
As the complexity of cyber threats (3) __________, the cybersecurity in-
dustry has responded with a plethora of defensive mechanisms, including en-
cryption, firewalls, antivirus software, and more recently, machine learning al-
gorithms designed to predict and thwart cyber attacks.
The recent (4) __________ in cybersecurity has been driven by the in-
creasing value of digital assets and the proliferation of IoT devices, which have
opened new avenues for cyberattacks. This has led to a surge in demand for cy-
bersecurity professionals and innovative solutions to protect against data
breaches, ransomware, and other cyber threats.
Looking ahead, the future of cybersecurity (5) __________, with the de-
velopment of quantum computing posing both significant challenges and oppor-
tunities for encryption and data protection. The continuous arms race between
cyber defenders and attackers is likely to intensify, shaping the trajectory of cy-
bersecurity strategies and technologies.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) can be traced back

B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) escalates
B) decreases
C) plateaus
D) recedes
 4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) persists
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Renaissance of Public Libraries

Public libraries are experiencing a renaissance, transforming from tradi-

tional booklending institutions into vibrant community hubs offering a wide
range of services and digital resources. This transformation (1) __________ as
libraries adapt to the digital era, meeting the evolving needs of their communi-
ties with innovative programming and technology.
The role of public libraries (2) __________ as early as the 19th century,
serving as essential repositories of knowledge and centers of community life.
However, the digital revolution has prompted a significant shift in how libraries
serve the public, expanding their mission beyond just physical books.
As the scope of services offered by public libraries (3) __________, pa-
trons now have access to digital lending libraries, online courses, maker spaces,
and a variety of community engagement programs. Libraries have become key
players in bridging the digital divide, providing free access to computers and the
internet, as well as digital literacy training.
The recent (4) __________ in the role of public libraries has been marked
by their responsiveness to community needs, including support during emergen-
cies, fostering social connections, and serving as incubators for creativity and
learning. This has reinvigorated public interest and investment in library ser-
vices.
Looking ahead, the future of public libraries (5) __________, with contin-
ued innovation and adaptation to technological and societal changes. The endur-
ing value of libraries lies in their ability to evolve and remain relevant as dy-
namic and inclusive spaces for learning, discovery, and community building.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) was established
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) broadens
B) narrows
C) remains static
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies
 TEST 19
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPACT OF MUSIC ON MENTAL HEALTH
Music has a profound impact on our mental health and emotional wellbe-
ing. It has the power to elevate our mood, reduce stress, and even alleviate
symptoms of depression and anxiety. Listening to music can trigger the release
of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, providing
a natural boost to our mood. Furthermore, music therapy has become an estab-
lished health profession that uses music to address physical, emotional, cogni-
tive, and social needs of individuals.
The rhythm and melody of music can influence our brainwaves, promot-
ing a more relaxed or alert state depending on the tempo. Slow, calming music
can help induce a state of relaxation, lowering blood pressure, and reducing cor-
tisol, a hormone linked to stress. On the other hand, upbeat music can energize
us and improve our focus and concentration.
Music also serves as a form of expression, allowing individuals to process
emotions, heal from trauma, and feel connected to others and the world around
them. The act of making music, whether playing an instrument or singing, can
be especially therapeutic, enhancing selfexpression and providing a sense of ac-
complishment.
Given its accessibility and universal appeal, music is a valuable tool in
maintaining and improving mental health, offering comfort, joy, and healing to
people of all ages and backgrounds.
1. What neurotransmitter is released when listening to music, associated
with pleasure and reward?
A) Adrenaline
B) Cortisol
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
2. How does slow, calming music affect the body?
A) Increases blood pressure
B) Raises cortisol levels
C) Lowers blood pressure and reduces cortisol
D) Has no effect on the body
3. What can upbeat music help to improve?
A) Stress and anxiety
B) Focus and concentration
C) Sleepiness and lethargy
D) Sadness and depression
4. What role does music play in emotional processing?
A) It discourages emotional expression.
B) It has no impact on emotions.
 C) It helps process emotions and heal from trauma.
D) It solely triggers negative emotions.
5. How can making music be therapeutic?
A) By increasing feelings of isolation
B) Enhancing selfexpression and providing a sense of accomplishment
C) Reducing cognitive abilities
D) Promoting physical inactivity

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts in Cryptography for Secure Communication

(1) _______________________________
This principle involves transforming readable data (plaintext) into a coded
form (ciphertext) that can only be read or processed after it has been decrypted.
It's fundamental for protecting information in transit and at rest.
(2) ________________________________
A method by which two parties can communicate securely over an unse-
cure channel without having previously shared a secret key. It involves complex
algorithms that ensure secure key exchange.
(3) ________________________________
This concept refers to the integrity and authenticity of data. It ensures that
the data has not been altered during transmission and that the source is verifi-
able, often using cryptographic hash functions and digital signatures.
(4) ________________________________
A technique that uses two mathematically linked keys for encryption and
decryption: a public key, which can be shared with everyone, and a private key,
which is kept secret by the owner.
(5) ________________________________
Refers to the study and use of techniques for secure communication in the
presence of third parties. It encompasses various methods and practices designed
to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity.
A. Encryption
B. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
C. Cryptanalysis
D. Data Integrity and Authentication
E. Symmetric Encryption
F. Asymmetric Encryption
G. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
H. DiffieHellman Key Exchange
Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Impact of Social Media on Communication
Social media has revolutionized the way we communicate, connect, and
share information, making it a pivotal aspect of modern life. This impact (1)
__________ as platforms evolve and become more ingrained in our daily rou-
tines, affecting personal relationships, business interactions, and public dis-
course.
The emergence of social media (2) __________ in the early 21st century,
quickly transitioning from simple platforms for socializing to comprehensive
tools for news, entertainment, and advocacy. Its rapid growth has dramatically
altered the landscape of communication, enabling realtime interaction across the
globe.
As the influence of social media (3) __________, it has reshaped public
communication, allowing for the viral spread of information and the rise of in-
fluencer culture. However, it has also raised concerns about privacy, misinfor-
mation, and the quality of public discourse, sparking debates about regulation
and ethical responsibility.
The recent (4) __________ in social media usage has been marked by an
increased emphasis on video content, ephemeral stories, and direct messaging,
reflecting changing user preferences and the ongoing competition among plat-
forms to retain user engagement.
Looking ahead, the role of social media in communication (5)
__________, with emerging technologies like augmented reality and AIdriven
personalization promising to further transform how we connect and share expe-
riences. The ongoing evolution of social media remains a critical area of study
and adaptation for individuals and societies alike.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption
 5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancements in Electric Vehicles
The advancements in electric vehicles (EVs) signify a significant shift to-
wards sustainable transportation, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and depen-
dence on fossil fuels. This progression (1) __________ as technology improves,
making EVs more accessible and appealing to a broader audience.
The development of electric vehicles (2) __________ in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, but it has seen exponential growth in the last few decades.
Innovations in battery technology, charging infrastructure, and vehicle perfor-
mance have propelled EVs from niche to mainstream markets.
As the adoption of electric vehicles (3) __________, governments and
industries are investing in charging infrastructure and incentives to accelerate
the transition to electric mobility. The automotive industry's focus has shifted
towards EVs, with major manufacturers committing to electrify their vehicle
lineups.
The recent (4) __________ in electric vehicle technology has been char-
acterized by longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and the integration of
smart technology, enhancing the usability and desirability of EVs among con-
sumers.
Looking ahead, the future of electric vehicles (5) __________, with ongo-
ing advancements in battery technology, autonomous driving, and renewable
energy integration promising to make electric transportation even more efficient
and environmentally friendly. The trajectory of EVs is a critical component of
global efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable living.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took root
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) recedes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies
 TEST 20
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF FAST FASHION
Fast fashion has revolutionized the clothing industry, making the latest
trends accessible to the masses at an unprecedented pace and low cost. However,
this convenience comes at a significant environmental and ethical cost. The fast
fashion model is characterized by rapid production cycles, leading to an enor-
mous amount of waste as items quickly go out of style and are discarded. This
industry is one of the largest polluters globally, significantly contributing to wa-
ter pollution, textile waste, and the emission of greenhouse gases.
Moreover, the ethical implications of fast fashion are equally concerning.
To keep costs low, many companies outsource production to countries with lax
labor laws, where workers are often paid minimal wages and work in poor con-
ditions. This has sparked a growing movement towards sustainable fashion, ad-
vocating for ethical labor practices, environmental sustainability, and quality
over quantity.
Consumers are increasingly seeking alternatives, such as buying second-
hand, choosing brands that prioritize sustainability, or simply buying less. The
movement challenges individuals to consider the true cost of their clothing be-
yond the price tag, encompassing environmental impact and human rights.
As awareness grows, the demand for change in the fashion industry be-
comes louder, with calls for transparency, accountability, and a shift towards
more sustainable practices.
1. What is a primary characteristic of the fast fashion industry?
A) Slow production cycles.
B) Highcost items.
C) Rapid production cycles.
D) Environmental sustainability.
2. How does fast fashion contribute to environmental issues?
A) By reducing textile waste.
B) Through significant pollution and waste.
C) By promoting recycling.
D) It has no environmental impact.
3. What ethical concern is associated with fast fashion?
A) High wages for workers.
B) Excellent working conditions.
C) Exploitation of workers.
D) Promotion of labor rights.
4. What is a consumer response to the impact of fast fashion?
A) Increasing consumption.
B) Ignoring sustainability.
C) Seeking sustainable alternatives.
 D) Focusing on brand loyalty.
5. What is being demanded from the fashion industry due to the impact of
fast fashion?
A) Less transparency.
B) Continued rapid production.
C) Transparency and sustainable practices.
D) A focus on fast fashion models.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts for Building and Managing Websites

(1) _______________________________
This is the standard markup language used to create and design pages on
the World Wide Web. It defines the structure and layout of a web document by
using a variety of tags and attributes.
(2) ________________________________
A scripting language used to create dynamic content on websites, such as
interactive forms, animations, and complex user interactions. It plays a crucial
role in frontend development to enhance user experience.
(3) ________________________________
Refers to both the aesthetic portion of the website and its usability. Web
designers use various design principles to ensure the site is visually pleasing,
easy to use, and accessible to as many users as possible.
(4) ________________________________
The practice of optimizing website structure and content to rank higher in
search engine results. It involves techniques such as keyword research, content
creation, and link building to improve visibility and attract more visitors.
(5) ________________________________
A serverside scripting language used to develop dynamic and interactive
websites. It can manage server tasks, access databases, and build entire ecom-
merce systems.
A. HTML
B. JavaScript
C. Web Design
D. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
E. PHP
F. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
G. Responsive Design
H. Content Management Systems (CMS)
Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Global Push for Renewable Energy

The global push for renewable energy is reshaping the world's energy
landscape, driving a transition from fossil fuels to cleaner, more sustainable
sources of power such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy. This shift (1)
__________ as nations seek to combat climate change, reduce pollution, and
secure energy independence.
The momentum behind renewable energy (2) __________ in the latter
part of the 20th century, gaining speed with advancements in technology and
increased environmental awareness. Governments and private sectors around the
world have since invested heavily in renewable energy projects, recognizing the
economic, environmental, and societal benefits.
As the adoption of renewable energy (3) __________, new challenges and
opportunities emerge, including the need for improved energy storage solutions,
grid modernization, and policies that support a fair and equitable energy transi-
tion. The industry has seen rapid innovation, making renewable energy more
efficient and cost competitive with traditional energy sources.
The recent (4) __________ in renewable energy investment and develop-
ment has been fuelled by international agreements like the Paris Climate Accord,
signalling a global commitment to reducing carbon emissions and fostering sus-
tainable growth. This collective effort underscores the critical role of renewable
energy in achieving long-term environmental goals.
Looking ahead, the future of renewable energy (5) __________, with po-
tential breakthroughs in technologies such as floating solar farms, offshore wind
turbines, and green hydrogen production poised to further accelerate the shift
towards a clean energy future. The continued evolution of renewable energy is
essential for building a sustainable, resilient, and prosperous global community.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained traction
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) increases
B) decreases
C) plateaus
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
 C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Telehealth in Modern Healthcare
The rise of telehealth represents a significant evolution in the delivery of
healthcare services, offering a convenient, efficient, and accessible alternative to
traditional in-person medical consultations. This advancement (1) __________
as technology enables remote diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring, broadening
access to care for populations worldwide.
Telehealth's journey (2) __________ in the early 21st century, catalysed
by the spread of the internet and mobile devices. It has since transformed into a
critical component of the healthcare system, especially in areas with limited ac-
cess to medical facilities or during times when visiting a healthcare provider
poses additional risks.
As the scope of telehealth services (3) __________, it is not only chang-
ing how care is delivered but also how it is received by patients. The integration
of telehealth into mainstream healthcare is driven by improvements in telecom-
munication technologies, patient management software, and wearable health de-
vices.
The recent (4) __________ in the adoption of telehealth has been acceler-
ated by the global health challenges, highlighting its effectiveness in maintain-
ing continuity of care while minimizing the risk of spreading infections. This
period has also seen regulatory changes and increased acceptance among health-
care providers and patients alike.
Looking ahead, the future of telehealth (5) __________, with ongoing in-
novations in AI, machine learning, and data analytics set to enhance the quality
and personalization of remote healthcare services. Telehealth is poised to con-
tinue its growth, reshaping the healthcare landscape and making healthcare more
patient centred and accessible.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) broadens
B) narrows
C) remains static
D) recedes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 21
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF SMARTPHONES
The evolution of smartphones over the past two decades has been nothing
short of revolutionary, transforming not just the way we communicate, but also
how we interact with the world around us. From their humble beginnings as de-
vices primarily used for making calls and sending texts, smartphones have
evolved into powerful minicomputers that fit in our pockets. Today, they serve
as our cameras, our GPS systems, our music players, and our gateways to the
internet and social media, among countless other functions.
This transformation was fueled by rapid advancements in technology, in-
cluding the development of more powerful processors, larger and more respon-
sive touch screens, and better battery life. The introduction of app stores was
another gamechanger, allowing users to customize their devices with a wide ar-
ray of applications for virtually every possible need or interest.
As smartphones continue to evolve, they are becoming increasingly inte-
grated into our daily lives, with newer technologies such as artificial intelligence
(AI), augmented reality (AR), and 5G connectivity opening up even more possi-
bilities for innovation. The future of smartphones promises to further blur the
lines between the digital and physical worlds, making our interactions with tech-
nology more seamless and integrated than ever before.
1. What was the primary use of early smartphones?
A) Gaming
B) Photography
C) Making calls and sending texts
D) Virtual reality experiences
2. Which technology significantly changed how users interact with their
smartphones?
A) The development of physical keyboards
B) The invention of the stylus pen
C) Larger and more responsive touch screens
D) External memory cards
3. What feature has allowed users to customize their smartphones for vari-
ous needs?
A) Removable batteries
B) App stores
C) Infrared ports
D) FM radio receivers
4. Which of the following is NOT a current function of smartphones?
A) Serving as a desktop computer replacement
B) Functioning as GPS systems
C) Being used as music players
 D) Operating as a primary cooking device
5. What future technology is expected to further integrate smartphones
into our daily lives?
A) 3D printing
B) Artificial intelligence (AI)
C) Solar charging panels
D) Mechanical arms

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Techniques for Healthier Eating Through Cooking

(1) _______________________________
This technique involves cooking food quickly by exposing it to high heat
in a pan with a small amount of fat or oil. It's ideal for preserving the texture and
nutrients of vegetables and lean meats.
(2) ________________________________
Utilizing herbs and spices instead of salt can significantly reduce sodium
intake while enhancing the flavour of the dish. Experimenting with various sea-
sonings can lead to delicious and healthful meals.
(3) ________________________________
Choosing whole, unprocessed ingredients for meals ensures that you're
getting the maximum nutrients without unnecessary additives or preservatives.
This principle is fundamental for a clean eating approach.
(4) ________________________________
This method uses the natural juices of the food to cook it by wrapping it in
foil or a pouch and then baking. It's excellent for keeping food moist and tender
while minimizing the need for added fats.
(5) ________________________________
Incorporating a variety of colourful fruits and vegetables in your diet en-
sures that you receive a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Each
colour represents different nutrients that are essential for health.
A. Sautéing
B. Using Herbs and Spices
C. Choosing Whole Foods
D. Cooking in Parchment
E. Eating the Rainbow
F. Grilling
G. Steaming
H. Reducing Refined Sugars
Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Transformation of Retail Shopping
The retail industry has undergone a dramatic transformation, shifting from
traditional brick and mortar stores to a blend of online and in-person shopping
experiences. This change (1) __________ as consumers increasingly favor the
convenience and variety offered by digital platforms, forcing retailers to adapt
and innovate.
The shift towards online retail (2) __________ in the late 20th century
with the emergence of ecommerce platforms. It has since accelerated, driven by
advancements in technology, changing consumer behaviors, and the global reach
of the internet. Retailers now offer omnichannel shopping experiences, integrat-
ing physical and digital spaces to meet the evolving demands of consumers.
As the landscape of retail shopping (3) __________, challenges such as
logistics, digital security, and customer engagement have become more com-
plex. Simultaneously, opportunities to personalize shopping experiences, expand
market reach, and streamline operations through technology have emerged, re-
shaping the industry.
The recent (4) __________ in retail has been marked by a surge in mobile
commerce, social media marketing, and the adoption of AI and AR technologies
to enhance the online shopping experience. These trends reflect a broader move
towards more immersive and interactive consumer experiences.
Looking ahead, the future of retail shopping (5) __________, with contin-
ued innovation expected in areas like same day delivery, sustainable practices,
and the integration of virtual reality to simulate instore experiences. The retail
industry's ability to evolve with technology and consumer preferences will de-
termine its resilience and growth in the digital age.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) evolves
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption
 5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Growth of Urban Green Spaces
Urban green spaces, including parks, gardens, and riverwalks, have be-
come increasingly vital to city landscapes, offering benefits for environmental
health, community wellbeing, and biodiversity. This growth (1) __________ as
cities worldwide recognize the importance of integrating nature into urban plan-
ning to improve quality of life and combat climate change.
The emphasis on urban green spaces (2) __________ in the 19th century,
inspired by the garden city movement and the understanding that green spaces
are essential for public health and social cohesion. In recent decades, the push
for sustainable development has further highlighted the need for accessible and
diverse urban greenery.
As the development of urban green spaces (3) __________, it faces chal-
lenges such as land scarcity, urban sprawl, and maintenance costs. However, in-
novative solutions like vertical gardens, green roofs, and community gardens
have emerged, showcasing the adaptability and creativity of urban planning.
The recent (4) __________ in the creation and revitalization of urban
green spaces has been driven by community initiatives, environmental advocacy,
and policy support. These efforts underscore the growing consensus on the value
of green spaces for enhancing urban environments and promoting sustainable
lifestyles.
Looking ahead, the future of urban green spaces (5) __________, with
potential advancements in ecological conservation, smart irrigation technolo-
gies, and public private partnerships promising to enrich urban ecosystems fur-
ther. The continued expansion and innovation of urban green spaces are crucial
for building resilient, livable, and sustainable cities.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) originated
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated
3. A) progresses
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) lessens

4. A) decrease
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 22
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF LIBRARIES
Libraries have long stood as bastions of knowledge and learning, offering
more than just books to their communities. They are dynamic spaces where indi-
viduals of all ages and backgrounds can access a wealth of information, both in
print and digital formats. Beyond their role in education, libraries serve as com-
munity hubs, offering programs and services that support lifelong learning, digi-
tal literacy, and cultural engagement.
In the digital age, libraries have adapted to meet the changing needs of
their patrons, integrating technology through the provision of public computers,
internet access, and digital lending services. This evolution ensures that libraries
remain relevant and accessible to everyone, bridging the digital divide and pro-
moting equal opportunities for knowledge acquisition.
Libraries also play a crucial role in fostering a love for reading among
children, offering story times, summer reading programs, and book clubs that
engage young minds. For adults, they provide spaces for study, research, and
personal development, as well as forums for discussing important community
issues.
The importance of libraries extends beyond the physical and digital mate-
rials they house. They are vital public institutions that support democracy, em-
power citizens, and enhance the quality of life for entire communities.
1. What is a primary function of libraries beyond providing books?
A) Only to offer a quiet space for reading
B) To serve as community hubs with diverse programs
C) To sell books and digital devices
D) Exclusively archive historical documents
2. How have libraries adapted to the digital age?
A) By reducing their reliance on digital technologies
B) By providing public computers and internet access
C) Eliminating all print materials
D) Focusing solely on traditional books
3. What role do libraries play in children's education?
A) Only help with homework
B) Focus exclusively on digital skills
C) Foster a love for reading with various programs
D) Discourage group learning activities
4. How do libraries promote equality and democracy?
A) By limiting access to resources
B) Charging fees for membership
C) Bridging the digital divide with access to technology and information
D) Offering services exclusively online
 5. What benefit do libraries offer to adults?
A) Only entertainment through movies and music
B) Spaces for study, research, and personal development
C) Legal advice for personal matters
D) Financial loans and grants

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts for Cultivating Mindfulness and Enhancing Meditation

Practice
(1) _______________________________
This practice involves paying attention to the present moment, deliber-
ately and nonjudgmentally. It's about noticing your thoughts, feelings, bodily
sensations, and the environment around you without trying to change anything.
(2) ________________________________
A technique that focuses on breathing as a method to stay anchored in the
present moment. It helps in reducing stress and calming the mind, making it a
foundational practice in many meditation routines.
(3) ________________________________
The cultivation of an attitude of kindness and compassion towards oneself
and others. This approach encourages a noncritical stance, especially when deal-
ing with difficult emotions or experiences.
(4) _______________________________
Engaging in activities with full attention and awareness, turning routine
actions into opportunities for mindfulness practice. This could include eating,
walking, or even doing household chores.
(5) ________________________________
Setting aside time for formal meditation practice, whether seated, lying
down, or in movement forms like yoga or tai chi. Consistent practice deepens
mindfulness and its benefits.
A. Present Moment Awareness
B. Breath Awareness
C. Self -Compassion
D. Mindful Activities
E. Regular Meditation Practice
F. Visualization Techniques
G. Developing Concentration
H. Letting Go of Attachment

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 Advancements in Clean Energy Technology
Clean energy technology has seen rapid advancements, contributing sig-
nificantly to global efforts to combat climate change by reducing reliance on
fossil fuels. This progress (1) __________ as innovations in solar, wind, bioen-
ergy, and other renewable sources become more efficient and cost-effective.
The drive towards clean energy (2) __________ in the latter part of the
20th century, gaining momentum with the rising awareness of environmental
issues and the potential for renewable resources to meet global energy demands
sustainably. The sector has benefited from substantial investments in research
and development, leading to breakthroughs in energy generation, storage, and
transmission technologies.
As the field of clean energy technology (3) __________, it faces chal-
lenges such as grid integration, energy storage, and the need for scalable solu-
tions to replace traditional energy sources fully. However, ongoing innovation
and supportive policies continue to pave the way for a greener, more sustainable
energy future.
The recent (4) __________ in clean energy adoption has been propelled
by technological advancements, decreasing costs, and increasing consumer and
corporate demand for sustainable energy solutions. This trend is reinforced by
international agreements aimed at reducing carbon emissions and promoting re-
newable energy use.
Looking ahead, the future of clean energy technology (5) __________,
with emerging technologies like advanced battery storage, carbon capture and
storage (CCS), and next generation nuclear power offering the potential to fur-
ther revolutionize the energy landscape. The continued evolution of clean energy
technologies is crucial for achieving long-term environmental and economic
sustainability.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began to unfold
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) advances
B) recedes
C) plateaus
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
 B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Digital Payment Systems
Digital payment systems have revolutionized financial transactions, offer-
ing convenience, speed, and enhanced security. This evolution (1) __________
as the adoption of mobile payments, cryptocurrency, and other online payment
solutions grows, reflecting changing consumer behaviors and technological ad-
vancements.
The transition to digital payment systems (2) __________ in the late 20th
century with the introduction of electronic banking and online transactions. The
proliferation of the internet and smartphones has since facilitated the explosive
growth of digital payments, making them a cornerstone of modern commerce.
As the landscape of digital payment systems (3) __________, it navigates
challenges such as cybersecurity threats, regulatory compliance, and the need for
universal access. Despite these hurdles, the sector continues to innovate, with
developments in blockchain technology, contactless payments, and fintech col-
laborations shaping the future of financial transactions.
The recent (4) __________ in the use of digital payment systems has been
accelerated by global events that necessitate contactless transactions, highlight-
ing the systems' role in facilitating safe and efficient commerce. This shift to-
wards digital payments is also driven by the demand for greater transaction
transparency and financial inclusion.
Looking ahead, the trajectory of digital payment systems (5) __________,
with ongoing advancements in technology promising to make transactions more
seamless, secure, and accessible worldwide. The evolution of digital payments is
key to supporting the dynamic needs of consumers and businesses in the digital
economy.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took root
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) remains static
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 23
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE JOY OF COOKING
Cooking is an art form that combines creativity, skill, and passion. It's a
universal language that transcends cultural boundaries, bringing people together
over the shared experience of delicious meals. Beyond its practical necessity,
cooking is a source of joy and exploration, allowing individuals to express them-
selves and explore new flavors, textures, and techniques.
The act of cooking can be therapeutic, providing a sense of accomplish-
ment and a creative outlet. From the careful selection of ingredients to the metic-
ulous preparation and presentation of dishes, cooking engages all the senses. It
encourages mindfulness and can be a meditative process, focusing the mind on
the task at hand and fostering a connection with the food and its origins.
Cooking at home also offers the opportunity to share love and care
through food, creating lasting memories around the dinner table. It promotes
healthier eating habits by giving control over ingredients and cooking methods,
encouraging a deeper appreciation for nutrition and the culinary arts.
Whether it's a simple homecooked meal or an elaborate feast, the act of
cooking is a celebration of culture, tradition, and innovation. It invites curiosity,
experimentation, and learning, making every meal an adventure worth savoring.
1. What is cooking often described as?
A) A tedious chore
B) An art forms
C) A competitive sport
D) A solitary activity
2. How can cooking benefit individuals mentally?
A) By increasing stress levels
B) Providing a sense of accomplishment and creativity
C) Limiting sensory engagement
D) Discouraging mindfulness
3. What does cooking at home promote?
A) Unhealthy eating habits
B) Isolation from cultural experiences
C) Healthier eating habits and appreciation for nutrition
D) A reliance on processed foods
4. Why is cooking considered therapeutic?
A) It requires minimal focus and effort.
B) It's a meditative process that encourages mindfulness.
C) It discourages creativity and experimentation.
D) It limits the senses and disconnects the individual from the task.
5. What does cooking invite into the culinary experience?
A) Curiosity, experimentation, and learning
 B) Repetition and monotony
C) Disconnection from cultural traditions
D) A focus on fast food and convenience

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Core Concepts of the Solar System

(1) _______________________________
This is the process by which planets and other bodies orbit around the Sun
due to its gravitational pull. It explains the paths and movements of celestial
bodies within our solar system.
(2) ________________________________
Characterized by its immense size and gaseous composition, this planet is
known for its extensive ring system made of ice and rock particles. It serves as a
fascinating subject of study for astronomers.
(3) ________________________________
The fourth planet from the Sun, known for its reddish appearance, which
is due to iron oxide or rust on its surface. It has the largest volcano and the deep-
est, longest canyon in the solar system.
(4) ________________________________
A natural satellite that orbits Earth, playing a crucial role in influencing
the planet's tides. Its various phases are caused by the alignment of the Sun,
Earth, and itself, creating the cycle of new to full moon.
(5) ________________________________
The only place in the universe known to support life. Its unique position
in the solar system provides the perfect conditions for water to exist in liquid
form, a key ingredient for life as we know it.
A. Orbital Mechanics
B. Saturn
C. Mars
D. The Moon
E. Earth
F. The Kuiper Belt
G. The Asteroid Belt
H. The Oort Cloud

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Changing Landscape of News Media
The landscape of news media has undergone significant transformations,
shifting from traditional print and broadcast formats to digital and social media
platforms. This change (1) __________ as audiences increasingly turn to the in-
ternet for real-time news, challenging conventional media outlets to adapt and
innovate.
The shift towards digital news media (2) __________ in the late 20th cen-
tury with the rise of the internet. This evolution has accelerated in the 21st cen-
tury, driven by the proliferation of smartphones and social media, fundamentally
altering how news is produced, distributed, and consumed.
As the domain of news media (3) __________, it faces challenges such as
the proliferation of misinformation, the financial sustainability of news organi-
zations, and the ethical implications of algorithm driven news feeds. Despite
these challenges, opportunities for reaching a global audience and engaging with
readers in interactive and impactful ways have expanded.
The recent (4) __________ in news consumption has been marked by an
increased reliance on social media platforms as primary news sources, leading to
debates about the role of these platforms in filtering and prioritizing news con-
tent. This trend underscores the need for media literacy and critical evaluation
skills among audiences.
Looking ahead, the future of news media (5) __________, with emerging
technologies like artificial intelligence and augmented reality offering new pos-
sibilities for immersive and personalized news experiences. The ongoing evolu-
tion of news media remains a critical area of study and innovation, reflecting
broader changes in communication and society.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) diversifies
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption
 5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Autonomous Vehicles
The rise of autonomous vehicles (AVs) marks a significant milestone in
transportation technology, promising to transform mobility, enhance safety, and
reduce traffic congestion. This advancement (1) __________ as developments in
artificial intelligence, sensor technology, and machine learning converge to
make self-driving cars a nearing reality.
The journey towards autonomous vehicles (2) __________ in the early
2000s, with gradual progress from driver assistance technologies to fully auton-
omous systems. This transition has been fueled by both tech giants and tradi-
tional automotive manufacturers investing heavily in AV research and develop-
ment.
As the field of autonomous vehicles (3) __________, it grapples with
challenges including regulatory hurdles, ethical considerations of decision-mak-
ing algorithms, and public acceptance. Despite these challenges, the potential
benefits of AVs in terms of safety, efficiency, and environmental impact drive
ongoing innovation and testing.
The recent (4) __________ in autonomous vehicle technology has been
characterized by public trials, strategic partnerships, and the deployment of AVs
in controlled environments. These developments highlight the growing confi-
dence in AVs' potential to revolutionize transportation.
Looking ahead, the future of autonomous vehicles (5) __________, with
continued advancements expected to address current limitations and pave the
way for widespread adoption. The integration of AVs into urban planning and
public transportation systems represents a pivotal shift towards more sustainable
and intelligent mobility solutions.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) initiated
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) evolves
B) recedes
C) remains static
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 24
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE BENEFITS OF URBAN GREEN SPACES
Urban green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and riverwalks, are vital com-
ponents of city landscapes, offering a myriad of benefits for the environment and
the wellbeing of city dwellers. These areas provide a natural oasis during con-
crete jungles, where people can find respite from the hustle and bustle of urban
life. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing
air quality, reducing urban heat islands, and supporting biodiversity by offering
habitats for various species.
For individuals, the advantages of urban green spaces are both physical
and psychological. Regular visits to parks and gardens are associated with re-
duced stress levels, improved mental health, and enhanced physical fitness.
These spaces encourage outdoor activities such as walking, jogging, cycling,
and recreational sports, contributing to the overall health of the community. Ad-
ditionally, green spaces foster social interactions, providing venues for commu-
nity gatherings, cultural events, and leisure activities that strengthen community
bonds.
In the context of environmental sustainability, urban green spaces are in-
dispensable. They contribute to stormwater management, reducing runoff and
the risk of flooding. The vegetation in these areas plays a vital role in carbon
sequestration, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change.
As cities continue to grow, the integration and preservation of green spa-
ces become increasingly important, highlighting the need for urban planning
strategies that prioritize the health of both the environment and the population.
1. What is a primary benefit of urban green spaces for the environment?
A) They increase pollution.
B) Enhance air quality and support biodiversity.
C) Contribute to urban heat islands.
D) Reduce the amount of available living space.
2. How do green spaces contribute to personal wellbeing?
A) By increasing stress and isolation.
B) Reducing stress and improving mental health.
C) Discouraging physical activity.
D) Limiting social interactions.
3. What activities do urban green spaces encourage?
A) Indoor gaming.
B) Outdoor physical activities like walking and cycling.
C) Social isolation.
D) Overcrowding and noise.
4. In terms of environmental sustainability, how do green spaces help
cities?
 A) By contributing to carbon emissions.
B) Increasing energy consumption.
C) Managing stormwater and reducing flooding risk.
D) Eliminating wildlife habitats.
5. Why is the preservation of urban green spaces important in urban plan-
ning?
A) To prioritize development and construction.
B) To reduce public access to natural areas.
C) To prioritize the health of the environment and population.
D) To increase the urban heat island effect.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Fundamental Concepts of Music Theory

(1) _______________________________
This refers to the organization of musical ideas in time. It encompasses
the beat, rhythm, and tempo of a piece, providing the framework upon which
melodies and harmonies are built.
(2) ________________________________
A set of pitches and rules used to create melodies and harmonies. Each
scale provides a different mood or feel for the music, with the Major and Minor
scales being the most used.
(3) ________________________________
The combination of different musical notes played or sung simultaneously
to produce chords. Harmony supports the melody and adds depth and emotion to
the music.
(4) ________________________________
A single sequence of notes that is musically satisfying. It is the main
theme of a piece of music, often being the most memorable part, and can be
sung or played by an instrument.
(5) ________________________________
The speed at which a piece of music is played or sung. It can greatly affect
the mood and character of a piece, ranging from slow (largo) to fast (presto).
A. Rhythm
B. Scales
C. Harmony
D. Melody
E. Tempo
F. Dynamics
G. Timbre
H. Form
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Dynamics of Global Population Growth
Global population growth has been a topic of significant discussion
among demographers, economists, and environmentalists, reflecting complex
interactions between fertility rates, life expectancy, and migration patterns. This
growth (1) __________ as it presents both challenges and opportunities for sus-
tainable development.
The pattern of global population growth (2) __________ in the mid20th
century with significant increases due to advancements in medical technology,
improvements in agriculture, and reductions in mortality rates. These factors
contributed to rapid population increases, particularly in developing regions.
As the dynamics of global population growth (3) __________, concerns
such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and the strain on social
and economic systems have come to the forefront. Concurrently, opportunities
for economic growth and innovation in sectors like healthcare, education, and
technology have emerged, driven by a larger, more diverse global workforce.
The recent (4) __________ in population trends has been characterized by
declining fertility rates in many parts of the world, leading to an aging popula-
tion and, in some cases, population decline. These shifts pose new challenges for
social security systems, labor markets, and healthcare provision.
Looking ahead, the future of global population growth (5) __________,
with projections indicating a leveling off or even decline in the total global pop-
ulation by the end of the 21st century. The focus is shifting towards managing
demographic changes, ensuring sustainability, and leveraging human capital for
global development.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) experienced a surge
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) progresses
B) recedes
C) plateaus
D) intensifies

4. A) decline
B) surge
 C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Personal Computing
Personal computing has evolved dramatically since its inception, trans-
forming from a niche hobby for enthusiasts to an integral part of daily life for
billions of people worldwide. This evolution (1) __________ as technological
advancements continue to push the boundaries of what personal computers can
do.
The journey of personal computing (2) __________ in the 1970s with the
introduction of the first widely accessible personal computers. Over the decades,
these machines have become increasingly powerful, compact, and affordable,
making technology accessible to a broader audience.
As the evolution of personal computing (3) __________, it has revolution-
ized how we work, learn, communicate, and entertain ourselves. Challenges
such as data security, digital divide, and the environmental impact of electronic
waste have emerged, highlighting the need for responsible technology use and
innovation.
The recent (4) __________ in personal computing has been marked by the
rise of mobile computing, cloud services, and artificial intelligence, offering new
levels of connectivity, flexibility, and intelligence. These developments reflect
the ongoing shift towards more personalized, integrated computing experiences.
Looking ahead, the future of personal computing (5) __________, with
emerging technologies like quantum computing, wearable devices, and aug-
mented reality poised to redefine our interaction with digital technology. The
continuous evolution of personal computing remains a key driver of technologi-
cal progress and societal change.
1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) unfolds
B) narrows
C) remains unchanged
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 25
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE WONDERS OF THE AURORA BOREALIS
The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is one of nature's
most spectacular phenomena. Visible in the high latitude regions around the Arc-
tic, this dazzling display lights up the night sky with breathtaking colors and pat-
terns. The phenomenon occurs when charged particles from the sun collide with
atoms in Earth's atmosphere, releasing energy in the form of light. This interac-
tion creates curtains of green, pink, purple, and blue that dance across the sky,
captivating observers.
The best time to witness the Aurora Borealis is during the winter months
when the nights are longest, typically from September to March. Locations away
from city lights, under clear, dark skies, offer the most vivid views. Countries
like Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland are renowned for their aurora sight-
ings, with many tourists flocking to these destinations for a chance to experience
the magic firsthand.
Beyond its visual beauty, the Aurora Borealis holds significant cultural
and historical importance for the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Many myths
and legends have been inspired by this celestial spectacle, reflecting the awe and
reverence it has inspired throughout human history.
Today, the Northern Lights continue to draw interest from scientists and
skywatchers alike, symbolizing the enduring mystery and beauty of our natural
world.
1. What causes the Aurora Borealis?
A) The reflection of sunlight off the polar ice caps.
B) Charged particles from the sun colliding with Earth's atmosphere.
C) Moonlight filtering through Arctic ice.
D) LED lights installed in the polar regions.
2. When is the best time to view the Northern Lights?
A) During the summer solstice.
B) Throughout the year, any time.
C) During the winter months, from September to March.
D) Only during full moons.
3. Which is NOT a typical color seen in the Aurora Borealis?
A) Green
B) Pink
C) Orange
D) Blue
4. What cultural significance do the Northern Lights have?
A) They are a modern scientific phenomenon with no historical impor-
tance.
 B) They have inspired myths and legends among indigenous Arctic peo-
ples.
C) They are considered bad omens.
D) They signify the start of the hunting season.
5. Which country is NOT known for its Aurora Borealis sightings?
A) Norway
B) Mexico
C) Finland
D) Iceland

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts in Computer Programming

(1) _______________________________
This is the basic building block of any programming language, allowing
the programmer to perform calculations, manipulate data, and execute actions.
Examples include addition, subtraction, and comparison operations.
(2) ________________________________
A method for storing data that can be used and manipulated in a program.
It acts as a container holding a piece of data that can vary or remain constant,
identified by a name for easy reference.
(3) ________________________________
The process of checking a program for errors and debugging them is cru-
cial for ensuring the program runs as intended. This can involve syntax errors,
logic errors, or runtime errors.
4) ________________________________
Refers to writing code in such a way that it can run on different platforms
and systems without modification. This concept is key for developing software
that reaches a wider audience.
(5) ________________________________
The practice of writing code that is clean, understandable, and maintain-
able. Good documentation and clear structure are essential for both the original
developer and others who may work on the code later.
A. Operators
B. Variables
C. Error Checking and Debugging
D. Cross Platform Development
E. Code Readability and Documentation
F. Control Structures
G. Object-oriented Programming
H. Functional Programming
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly playing a pivotal role in health-
care, from diagnostic procedures to personalized treatment plans. This impact
(1) __________ as AI technologies become more sophisticated, offering the po-
tential to significantly improve patient outcomes and healthcare efficiencies.
The integration of AI in healthcare (2) __________ in the early 21st cen-
tury, with developments in machine learning and data analytics enabling new
forms of medical diagnosis, predictive analytics, and patient care management.
These innovations have opened possibilities for early disease detection, robotic
surgery, and tailored therapeutic interventions.
As the application of AI in healthcare (3) __________, it faces challenges
such as ethical considerations, data privacy concerns, and the need for robust
validation of AI tools. Nevertheless, the opportunity to enhance medical re-
search, streamline operations, and facilitate more accurate and timely diagnoses
drives continued investment and exploration.
The recent (4) __________ in AI adoption within healthcare has been ac-
celerated by the global health crisis, demonstrating AI's critical role in tracking
disease spread, analyzing public health data, and developing vaccines. This pe-
riod has underscored the transformative potential of AI in responding to health-
care challenges.
Looking ahead, the future of AI in healthcare (5) __________, with ongo-
ing advancements in technology promising to unlock new frontiers in medical
research, telemedicine, and patient care. The integration of AI into healthcare is
anticipated to continue evolving, shaping a new era of medical innovation and
improved health outcomes.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) diminishes
 4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Impact of Climate Change on Global Agriculture

Climate change poses significant challenges to global agriculture, affect-

ing crop yields, farming practices, and food security worldwide. This impact (1)
__________ as shifting weather patterns, extreme weather events, and rising
temperatures influence agricultural productivity and sustainability.
The relationship between climate change and agriculture (2) __________
to gain widespread attention in the late 20th century, as researchers and policy-
makers began to understand the implications of global warming on food produc-
tion systems. Efforts to adapt to these changes and mitigate their effects have
since become critical areas of focus.
As the impact of climate change on agriculture (3) __________, it neces-
sitates innovative approaches to crop management, water use, and soil conserva-
tion. Adaptation strategies such as developing drought resistant crop varieties,
implementing sustainable farming techniques, and utilizing precision agriculture
technologies are key to ensuring the resilience of agricultural systems.
The recent (4) __________ in efforts to combat the effects of climate
change on agriculture has been marked by international collaborations, research
into climate smart agriculture, and the integration of traditional knowledge with
modern technologies. These initiatives aim to secure a sustainable food future in
the face of environmental challenges.
Looking ahead, the future of agriculture in a changing climate (5)
__________, with continued innovation and cooperation required to navigate the
complexities of feeding a growing global population while protecting the planet.
Addressing the impacts of climate change on agriculture is essential for achiev-
ing global food security and environmental sustainability.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates
2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains static
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 26
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT
Time management is a crucial skill that significantly impacts personal and
professional life. It involves organizing and planning how to divide your time
between specific activities to maximize efficiency and productivity. Good time
management enables individuals to complete more in a shorter period, reduces
stress, and leads to career success.
The ability to manage your time effectively is important because it im-
proves your ability to focus, lowers your stress levels, and enhances your overall
quality of life. By prioritizing tasks, setting goals, and scheduling activities, in-
dividuals can make better use of their most limited resource: time.
Moreover, mastering time management skills is essential for balancing
work with personal interests, relationships, and selfcare. It encourages a more
disciplined and orderly approach to life, facilitating the achievement of personal
aspirations and life goals. In today's fast paced world, where people often feel
overwhelmed by their to-do lists, effective time management strategies have be-
come more vital than ever.
1. What is the primary benefit of good time management?
A) It allows for more leisure time.
B) It increases stress levels.
C) It maximizes efficiency and productivity.
D) It reduces the need for sleep.
2. Why is time management important for personal wellbeing?
A) It eliminates all life's challenges.
B) It improves focus and lowers stress.
C) It guarantees financial success.
D) It decreases personal relationships quality.
3. Which activity is NOT a part of effective time management?
A) Prioritizing tasks.
B) Setting unrealistic goals.
C) Scheduling activities.
D) Setting goals.
4. How does time management benefit professional life?
A) By ensuring tasks are completed after deadlines.
B) By reducing productivity.
C) By leading to career success.
D) By encouraging procrastination.
5. What does mastering time management facilitate?
A) A more chaotic lifestyle.
B) Achievement of personal aspirations and life goals.
C) Ignoring personal interests and relationships.
 D) Solely focusing on work without personal balance.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Essential Nutrients for Optimal Health

(1) _______________________________
These are required for building, maintaining, and repairing tissues. They
play a crucial role in the production of enzymes and hormones and can be found
in meat, dairy products, and legumes.
(2) ________________________________
This type of nutrient is crucial for energy production. It's the body's pri-
mary source of fuel and includes foods like bread, pasta, rice, and fruits.
(3) ________________________________
Important for maintaining healthy skin and vision, these nutrients also
support the immune system. They can be sourced from both animal products and
certain vegetables.
(4) ________________________________
Essential for bone health, blood clotting, and muscle contraction. They are
found in a variety of foods, including dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and
nuts.
(5) ________________________________
These substances are necessary for protecting the body against diseases.
They help to fight off free radicals and can be found in fruits, vegetables, nuts,
and grains.
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Vitamins
D. Minerals
E. Antioxidants
F. Fats
G. Water
H. Fiber
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Social Networking Platforms
Social networking platforms have revolutionized the way we connect,
share, and communicate online, evolving from simple forums and chat rooms to
complex ecosystems that influence culture, politics, and business. This evolution
(1) __________ as new platforms emerge, and existing ones adapt to incorporate
advanced features like streaming, ecommerce, and augmented reality.
The rise of social networking (2) __________ in the early 2000s, with
platforms like MySpace and LinkedIn laying the groundwork for a new era of
digital communication. The launch of Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram further
accelerated this trend, transforming social media into a global phenomenon.
As the landscape of social networking (3) __________, challenges related
to privacy, data security, and the spread of misinformation have come to the
forefront. Despite these issues, the potential for social networks to foster com-
munity building, democratize information, and support social movements drives
their continued expansion and innovation.
The recent (4) __________ in social networking has been characterized
by the integration of AI to personalize user experiences, the rise of TikTok as a
major player in shortform video content and increasing concerns over digital
wellbeing. These trends reflect the ongoing evolution of social media in re-
sponse to user needs and societal shifts.
Looking ahead, the future of social networking (5) __________, with
emerging technologies and changing user expectations set to further shape how
we engage with these platforms. The ongoing development of social networking
sites remains a key aspect of our digital lives, offering new ways to connect, cre-
ate, and share.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took off
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) diversifies
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) lessens
 4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Breakthroughs in Renewable Energy Storage

The advancement of renewable energy storage technology is critical for

the transition to a sustainable energy future, enabling the efficient and reliable
use of solar, wind, and other renewable resources. This progress (1) __________
as innovations in battery technology, grid integration, and alternative storage
solutions address the intermittent nature of renewable energy.
The focus on renewable energy storage (2) __________ in the 21st cen-
tury, with the increasing deployment of renewable energy systems highlighting
the need for effective storage solutions. Developments in lithium ion batteries
and beyond have played a pivotal role in enhancing the viability and scalability
of renewable energy.
As the technology behind renewable energy storage (3) __________, it
faces challenges in cost reduction, energy density improvement, and the devel-
opment of environmentally friendly materials. However, the potential to stabi-
lize the grid, reduce carbon emissions, and make renewable energy more acces-
sible drives ongoing research and investment.
The recent (4) __________ in energy storage has been marked by the
emergence of new technologies such as flow batteries, compressed air energy
storage, and thermal storage systems. These innovations offer the promise of
long duration storage, opening new possibilities for fully renewable energy
grids.
Looking ahead, the future of renewable energy storage (5) __________,
with continued advancements expected to solve current limitations and trans-
form the energy landscape. The evolution of energy storage technology is a key
component in achieving global sustainability goals, ensuring a cleaner, more re-
silient energy supply.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) advances
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 27
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE BENEFITS OF LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE
Learning a second language opens a world of opportunities and benefits
that extend beyond simple communication. It enriches personal and professional
life, enhancing cognitive abilities, cultural understanding, and global connectiv-
ity. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals often have better problem-
solving skills, improved memory, and greater multitasking abilities compared to
those who speak only one language. These cognitive benefits are attributed to
the brain's increased activity when managing two languages, which strengthens
its overall functionality.
Moreover, learning a new language deepens cultural appreciation and em-
pathy. It allows individuals to experience literature, music, and traditions in their
original form, fostering a genuine understanding and respect for other cultures.
This cultural competence is invaluable in today's globalized world, where cross-
cultural communication is frequent.
From a professional standpoint, bilingualism can be a significant advan-
tage in the job market. It opens additional career opportunities, from translation
and teaching to international business roles. Employers often view bilingual em-
ployees as assets who can bridge language barriers and foster better relation-
ships with clients and partners worldwide.
In addition to these benefits, learning a second language can be a reward-
ing personal journey, offering a sense of achievement and the joy of connecting
with others in their native language. Whether for travel, work, or personal
growth, the advantages of being bilingual are vast and varied.
1. What cognitive benefit is associated with learning a second language?
A) Decreased problem-solving skills.
B) Improved memory.
C) Reduced multitasking abilities.
D) Lowered brain activity.
2. How does learning a new language impact cultural understanding?
A) It limits exposure to new cultures.
B) Deepens appreciation and empathy for other cultures.
C) Encourages cultural stereotypes.
D) Decreases interest in global traditions.
3. What professional advantage does bilingualism offer?
A) Restricts job opportunities.
B) Is seen as a disadvantage in the global market.
C) Opens up additional career opportunities.
D) Makes international travel more challenging.
4. Why is bilingualism valuable in today's job market?
A) It is not valued by employers.
 B) It reduces the ability to communicate with a wider audience.
C) Employers view bilingual employees as assets.
D) Only specific industries require bilingual skills.
5. What personal feeling can learn a second language evoke?
A) A sense of isolation.
B) Frustration with language barriers.
C) A sense of achievement.
D) Indifference towards cultural diversity.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Significant Events in Space Exploration

(1) _______________________________
This event marked the first time a humanmade object successfully reached
the surface of another celestial body. It was a pivotal moment in space explo-
ration, demonstrating the feasibility of landing on and studying extraterrestrial
surfaces.
(2) ________________________________
A landmark mission that resulted in the first human to walk on the Moon.
This achievement not only demonstrated the capabilities of human spaceflight
but also fulfilled a dream shared by humanity for centuries.
(3) ________________________________
The launch of this satellite was the first time a manmade object was sent
into orbit around Earth. It signified the beginning of the space age and the global
competition for space exploration.
(4) ________________________________
This rover mission on Mars provided invaluable data about the Martian
surface, climate, and potential for life. Its success marked a significant advance-
ment in our ability to explore and understand Mars.
(5) ________________________________
The establishment of this orbiting laboratory has allowed for continuous
human presence in space, conducting research that benefits life on Earth and
prepares for longer duration space exploration.
A. The first successful moon landing by Apollo 11
B. The launch of Sputnik 1
C. The deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope
D. The first landing on Mars by Viking 1
E. The continuous operation of the International Space Station (ISS)
F. The first interstellar probe, Voyager 1
G. The discovery of water ice on the Moon
H. The Curiosity rover's exploration of Mars
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Revolution in Mobile Technology

Mobile technology has seen an unprecedented revolution, transforming

from simple communication devices into essential multifunctional tools for daily
life. This transformation (1) __________ as smartphones become increasingly
powerful, integrating capabilities that surpass basic telephony and messaging.
The inception of mobile technology (2) __________ in the 1980s with the
first generation of cellular phones, primarily designed for voice communication.
The introduction of smartphones and the subsequent development of app ecosys-
tems in the early 21st century marked a significant turning point, expanding the
utility of mobile devices beyond communication to include entertainment, pro-
ductivity, and personal health management.
As the capabilities of mobile technology (3) __________, it faces chal-
lenges related to privacy, security, and digital wellbeing, prompting discussions
about responsible usage and the ethical implications of pervasive mobile con-
nectivity. Despite these concerns, the potential for mobile technology to facili-
tate access to information, streamline transactions, and foster global connectivity
continues to drive its evolution.
The recent (4) __________ in mobile technology has been characterized
by advancements in 5G connectivity, artificial intelligence integration, and aug-
mented reality applications, offering users faster, more intuitive, and immersive
experiences. These developments underscore the ongoing innovation within the
mobile tech industry.
Looking ahead, the future of mobile technology (5) __________, with
emerging trends such as foldable screens, wearable devices, and IoT connectiv-
ity poised to redefine the mobile experience. The relentless pace of technologi-
cal advancement ensures that mobile technology will remain at the forefront of
digital innovation, shaping the way we live, work, and interact.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
 C) plateaus
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Growth of Urban Biodiversity Initiatives

Urban biodiversity initiatives are gaining momentum as cities around the

world recognize the importance of integrating nature into the urban environ-
ment. This growth (1) __________ as efforts to create greener, more sustainable
cities become a priority, addressing challenges like pollution, habitat loss, and
the heat island effect.
The focus on enhancing urban biodiversity (2) __________ in recent
decades, driven by increased environmental awareness and the recognition of
the benefits that green spaces provide for mental health, ecological balance, and
climate resilience. Projects ranging from rooftop gardens to urban wildlife corri-
dors have showcased the potential for biodiversity to flourish even in densely
populated areas.
As the implementation of urban biodiversity initiatives (3) __________, it
navigates obstacles such as limited space, funding constraints, and the complex-
ity of urban ecosystems. However, the collaborative efforts of governments,
nonprofit organizations, and community groups continue to push the boundaries
of what's possible in urban greening.
The recent (4) __________ in urban biodiversity projects has been
marked by innovative approaches to green infrastructure, conservation, and pub-
lic engagement, demonstrating a broad commitment to ecological sustainability
within urban planning. These projects not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of
cities but also contribute to their environmental health and residents' wellbeing.
Looking ahead, the future of urban biodiversity initiatives (5)
__________, with ongoing research and technology offering new ways to inte-
grate nature into urban development. As cities evolve, the continued prioritiza-
tion of biodiversity will be crucial in creating resilient, livable urban spaces for
future generations.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained traction
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) progresses
B) recedes
C) remains static
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) expands
B) ceases
C) intensifies
D) diversifies
 TEST 28
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SCIENCE BEHIND MEDITATION
Meditation, once seen as an esoteric practice rooted in ancient traditions,
has now been widely embraced for its numerous health benefits, confirmed by
scientific research. This practice, which involves focusing the mind on a particu-
lar object, thought, or activity to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm
state, has been shown to reduce stress, improve concentration, and enhance
overall wellbeing.
Studies have found that regular meditation can lead to changes in the
brain associated with better attention, higher levels of empathy, and increased
resilience to stress. One key finding is the thickening of the prefrontal cortex,
the area of the brain responsible for executive function, decision-making, and
attention. Additionally, meditation has been linked to a reduction in the activity
of the amygdala, the brain's "fight or flight" center, which is activated during
stress and anxiety.
Meditation's impact on physical health is also noteworthy. It has been as-
sociated with lower blood pressure, improved immune function, and a decreased
risk of heart disease. The practice encourages a state of relaxation that counter-
acts the body's stress response, leading to potential long-term health benefits.
With its growing popularity, meditation is increasingly recognized as a
valuable tool for enhancing mental and physical health, accessible to people of
all ages and backgrounds.
1. What is the primary goal of meditation?
A) To increase physical strength.
B) To focus the mind and achieve emotional calmness.
C) To improve professional skills.
D) To entertain the practitioner.
2. What brain area is associated with changes due to meditation, linked to
better attention?
A) The cerebellum.
B) The prefrontal cortex.
C) The hippocampus.
D) The medulla oblongata.
3. How does meditation affect the amygdala?
A) Increases its activity.
B) Reduces its activity, leading to less stress.
C) Has no impact on its function.
D) Enhances its size.
4. Which of the following is a physical health benefit of meditation?
A) Increased blood pressure.
B) Deterioration of immune function.
 C) Lower blood pressure.
D) Increased risk of heart disease.
5. Why is meditation considered accessible to people of all ages and back-
grounds?
A) Because it requires special equipment.
B) Due to its association with specific religions.
C) Because it's a practice that can be adapted to individual needs and life-
styles.
D) It's only suitable for young adults.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts in Mental Health Awareness

(1) _______________________________
This refers to the general wellbeing of a person's mental state, including
emotional, psychological, and social aspects. It affects how we think, feel, act,
make decisions, and relate to others.
(2) ________________________________
A common mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness and
a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities. It
significantly impacts daily functioning.
(3) ________________________________
Techniques and strategies used to deal with stress, anxiety, depression, or
other mental health issues. These can include mindfulness, exercise, therapy, and
medication, aimed at improving one's mental health.
(4) ________________________________
The process of seeking help from professionals for mental health issues. It
involves recognizing the need for help, finding resources, and engaging in ther-
apy or counseling to address mental health concerns.
(5) ________________________________
A condition that involves periods of extreme mood swings, ranging from
depressive lows to manic highs. The extreme changes in mood, energy, and ac-
tivity levels can affect a person's ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
A. Mental Health
B. Depression
C. Coping Mechanisms
D. Seeking Treatment
E. Bipolar Disorder
F. Anxiety Disorders
G. PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
H. Schizophrenia
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Advances in Space Exploration
Space exploration has reached new heights in the 21st century, with sig-
nificant advances that push the boundaries of what's possible beyond Earth's at-
mosphere. This progress (1) __________ as governments and private companies
invest in new technologies, missions, and the dream of interplanetary travel.
The modern era of space exploration (2) __________ with the launch of
satellites and manned missions in the mid20th century. However, the last few
decades have seen a renewed vigor, marked by the entry of private enterprises
like SpaceX and Blue Origin, which have revolutionized space travel with reus-
able rockets and the ambition to colonize Mars.
As the scope of space exploration (3) __________, challenges such as the
sustainability of long duration human spaceflight, the protection of extraterres-
trial environments, and the ethical implications of space colonization are in-
creasingly coming to the fore. Despite these challenges, the drive to explore and
understand our universe continues to fuel advancements in space technology and
exploration strategies.
The recent (4) __________ in space exploration activities has been high-
lighted by groundbreaking missions such as the Mars Perseverance Rover, the
James Webb Space Telescope, and commercial space tourism. These achieve-
ments not only expand our knowledge of the cosmos but also inspire future gen-
erations to look up at the stars with wonder and ambition.
Looking ahead, the future of space exploration (5) __________, with
plans for lunar bases, asteroid mining, and the search for extraterrestrial life
poised to redefine humanity's place in the universe. The continued exploration of
space stands as one of humanity's most enduring and inspiring endeavors.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) took a giant leap

B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) lessens
 4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Digital Transformation in Education

The digital transformation in education is reshaping the landscape of

learning, making education more accessible, personalized, and flexible. This
transformation (1) __________ as technological advancements and the integra-
tion of digital tools into teaching and learning processes become more prevalent.
The journey towards digital education (2) __________ in the late 20th
century with the introduction of computers in classrooms. However, the advent
of the internet, mobile devices, and online learning platforms has accelerated
this shift, allowing students to access a wealth of resources, and learning oppor-
tunities beyond traditional classroom boundaries.
As the digital transformation in education (3) __________, it faces chal-
lenges such as the digital divide, ensuring the quality of online content, and
adapting teaching methodologies to engage digital natives. Nonetheless, the op-
portunities to tailor learning experiences to individual needs, facilitate collabora-
tion, and prepare students for a digital world drive the ongoing integration of
technology in education.
The recent (4) __________ in embracing digital education has been cat-
alyzed by global events that necessitated remote learning, highlighting the im-
portance of digital readiness and the potential of technology to maintain educa-
tional continuity in challenging times.
Looking ahead, the future of digital education (5) __________, with
emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented real-
ity, and blockchain offering new possibilities for enhancing and personalizing
the educational experience. The evolution of digital education continues to be a
critical factor in shaping the future of teaching and learning worldwide.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) progresses
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) unfolds
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 29
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF BREAKFAST
Breakfast, often referred to as the most important meal of the day, plays a
vital role in maintaining good health and wellbeing. Eating a nutritious breakfast
can kickstart your metabolism, helping your body to start burning calories from
the beginning of the day. It also provides the energy needed for the brain and
body to function effectively throughout the morning.
Studies have shown that people who eat breakfast tend to have a better
overall diet, are less likely to be overweight, and have a reduced risk of certain
diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. Breakfast eaters also tend to have
better concentration, memory, and productivity levels compared to those who
skip this meal.
Incorporating a variety of foods into your breakfast, such as whole grains,
lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables, can ensure you're getting a balanced mix of
nutrients. This can include options like oatmeal, eggs, yogurt, or fruit smoothies.
Making time for breakfast, even if it's something quick and easy, can make a
significant difference in your daily performance and long-term health.
1. What is a primary benefit of eating breakfast?
A) It decreases metabolism.
B) It kickstarts your metabolism.
C) It increases the likelihood of weight gain.
D) It's only beneficial for children.
2. Compared to those who skip breakfast, breakfast eaters are less likely
to be what?
A) Overweight
B) Underweight
C) Taller
D) Shorter
3. Which disease risk is reduced by eating breakfast?
A) Common cold
B) Heart disease
C) Bone fractures
D) Hair loss
4. What is NOT a recommended breakfast component?
A) High sugar cereals
B) Whole grains
C) Lean proteins
D) Fruits and vegetables
5. How does eating breakfast affect productivity?
A) It has no impact on productivity.
B) It reduces concentration and memory.
 C) It improves concentration, memory, and productivity.
D) It only improves productivity in the afternoon.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Core Principles for a Sustainable Lifestyle

(1) _______________________________
Minimizing waste production by adopting practices like recycling, com-
posting, and choosing reusable over single use products. This approach helps
reduce the amount of trash sent to landfills and conserves natural resources.
(2) ________________________________
Choosing products and services that are produced in ways that do not
harm the environment. This includes buying locally sourced food, using renew-
able energy, and supporting companies with sustainable practices.
(3) ________________________________
Reducing personal and household energy consumption through measures
such as using energy efficient appliances, insulating homes properly, and turning
off lights and electronics when not in use.
(4) ________________________________
Conserving water by fixing leaks, installing low flow fixtures, and using
waterwise gardening techniques. Water is a precious resource, and saving it is
crucial for sustainability.
(5) ________________________________
Engaging in community efforts to promote environmental stewardship,
such as participating in local cleanups, planting trees, and advocating for poli-
cies that protect natural habitats.
A. Waste Reduction
B. Eco-friendly Consumption
C. Energy Efficiency
D. Water Conservation
E. Community Involvement
F. Reducing Carbon Footprint
G. Sustainable Transportation
H. Ethical Investing

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the employment landscape, au-

tomating routine tasks, and creating new job opportunities in emerging tech sec-
tors. This impact (1) __________ as AI becomes more integrated into various
industries, from manufacturing to services, altering the skills demanded by em-
ployers.
The integration of AI into the workforce (2) __________ in the early 21st
century, with significant advancements in machine learning and robotics leading
to increased efficiency and productivity. However, this shift has also raised con-
cerns about job displacement and the future of work in an increasingly auto-
mated world.
As the influence of AI on employment (3) __________, it emphasizes the
need for workers to adapt by acquiring new skills and embracing lifelong learn-
ing. The potential for AI to augment human capabilities rather than replace them
offers a path forward, highlighting the importance of human AI collaboration in
the workplace.
The recent (4) __________ in AI-driven innovation has been marked by
the development of AI in areas such as healthcare diagnostics, financial analysis,
and customer service, indicating a broad spectrum of opportunities for job cre-
ation in AI-focused roles.
Looking ahead, the future of employment in the age of AI (5)
__________, with ongoing research and policy discussions focused on ensuring
that the benefits of AI are widely distributed, and that the workforce is prepared
for the jobs of tomorrow. The evolution of AI presents both challenges and op-
portunities for the global workforce.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) unfolds
B) narrows
C) remains static
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
 D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancement of Smart Cities
Smart cities leverage digital technology and data analysis to enhance the
quality of urban living, improve sustainability, and streamline city services. This
advancement (1) __________ as municipalities around the world adopt innova-
tive solutions to address urban challenges, from traffic congestion to energy con-
sumption.
The concept of smart cities (2) __________ to gain prominence in the
early 2010s, driven by the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices
and the need for cities to become more adaptive and efficient in their operations.
This has led to the development of integrated systems for public transportation,
waste management, and public safety, among others.
As the development of smart cities (3) __________, it confronts obstacles
such as data privacy concerns, the digital divide, and the need for substantial
investment in infrastructure. Despite these challenges, the push towards urban
innovation continues, driven by the potential for smart cities to provide more
responsive, inclusive, and sustainable urban environments.
The recent (4) __________ in smart city projects has been characterized
using AI for traffic flow optimization, renewable energy grids, and predictive
maintenance systems, showcasing the vast potential of technology to transform
urban living.
Looking ahead, the future of smart cities (5) __________, with advances
in technology and increasing urban populations underscoring the importance of
smart urban planning. The continued growth of smart cities is essential for ad-
dressing the complex issues facing modern urban centers and improving the
quality of life for their inhabitants.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) started
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) progresses
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) diminishes

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 30
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF FLIGHT
The dream of soaring through the skies has captivated humanity for cen-
turies, leading to remarkable innovations in the field of aviation. The evolution
of flight began with early experiments such as kites and attempts at gliding, but
it was the Wright brothers' successful powered flight in 1903 that truly marked
the dawn of modern aviation. This historic flight demonstrated the potential for
controlled, sustained flight, laying the foundation for all future advancements.
Over the decades, aviation technology has progressed exponentially. From
the rudimentary biplanes of the early 20th century to the introduction of jet en-
gines in the 1940s, each advancement has expanded the possibilities of air
travel, making it faster, safer, and more accessible to people around the world.
The development of commercial airliners and the establishment of international
airports have transformed global travel, shrinking the world and connecting dis-
tant cultures.
Today, the aviation industry continues to innovate, with a focus on sus-
tainability, efficiency, and safety. The exploration of electric propulsion, alterna-
tive fuels, and unmanned aerial vehicles promises to usher in a new era of flight,
further revolutionizing how we travel and interact with the world around us.
1. Who are credited with the first successful powered flight?
A) Leonardo da Vinci
B) The Montgolfier brothers
C) The Wright brothers
D) Amelia Earhart
2. What significant advancement in aviation occurred in the 1940s?
A) The invention of the hot air balloon
B) The first transatlantic flight
C) The introduction of jet engines
D) The creation of the first helicopters
3. What has been the impact of commercial airliners on the world?
A) Decreased global connectivity
B) Made global travel faster and more accessible
C) Limited cultural exchanges
D) Increased the cost of travel significantly
4. Which area is a current focus for innovation in aviation?
A) Decreasing flight speeds
B) Sustainability and efficiency
C) Returning to biplane designs
D) Reducing the number of flights
5. What new technology promises to revolutionize the future of flight?
A) Steam engines
 B) Electric propulsion
C) Horse-powered flights
D) Solar sails

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Groundbreaking Developments in Renewable Energy

(1) _______________________________
This technology captures sunlight to convert it into electricity, using pan-
els made of semiconductor materials. It's becoming more efficient and less ex-
pensive, making it a viable option for widespread use.
(2) ________________________________
Generating power from the wind using turbines that convert kinetic en-
ergy into electrical energy. Innovations have led to larger, more efficient turbines
capable of generating significant amounts of clean energy.
(3) ________________________________
This form of energy harnesses the heat from beneath the Earth’s surface to
produce electricity and heat buildings. Advances have made it possible to access
geothermal energy in more locations at lower costs.
(4) ________________________________
Involves the generation of electricity using the natural flow of water. New
technologies have improved the efficiency of these systems, allowing for smaller
scale and less invasive installations.
(5) ________________________________
Utilizing organic materials (biomass) for energy production, this method
is advancing with new techniques to convert waste into biofuels and energy with
greater efficiency and reduced environmental impact.
A. Solar Power Technology
B. Wind Energy Advancements
C. Geothermal Energy Access
D. Hydropower Innovations
E. Biomass Energy Conversion
F. Energy Storage Solutions
G. Smart Grid Technology
H. Carbon Capture and Storage

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Evolution of Video Game Graphics
Video game graphics have evolved remarkably, from simple 2D sprites to
stunningly realistic 3D environments that immerse players in virtual worlds.
This evolution (1) __________ as advancements in hardware and software con-
tinue to push the boundaries of what's visually possible in gaming.
The journey of video game graphics (2) __________ in the 1970s and
1980s with the advent of arcade machines and home consoles, which introduced
gamers to the first pixelated adventures. Over the decades, the introduction of
more powerful gaming consoles and computers, along with innovative graphic
design software, has transformed the visual landscape of games.
As the quality of video game graphics (3) __________, developers and
artists face challenges such as the increasing complexity of asset creation and
the need for more computing power. However, these advancements have also
opened new possibilities for storytelling, gameplay, and player engagement.
The recent (4) __________ in video game graphics has been marked using
ray tracing technology, which simulates realistic lighting effects, and the devel-
opment of high-fidelity virtual reality games, offering more immersive gaming
experiences than ever before.
Looking ahead, the future of video game graphics (5) __________, with
emerging technologies like AI-driven procedural generation and cloud based
gaming promising to further enhance visual fidelity and revolutionize how
games are played and experienced.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) improves
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
 B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Global Trend Towards Veganism
Veganism is gaining popularity worldwide as individuals adopt plant-
based diets for health, ethical, and environmental reasons. This trend (1)
__________ as more people become aware of the impacts of their food choices
on animal welfare, personal health, and the planet.
The rise of veganism (2) __________ in the 21st century, spurred by in-
creased access to information about the benefits of a plant-based diet and the
environmental costs of animal agriculture. Social media and documentaries have
played significant roles in raising awareness and influencing dietary changes.
As the movement towards veganism (3) __________, the food industry
and restaurants are adapting by offering a wider variety of vegan products and
meals, making it easier than ever to maintain a plant-based lifestyle. Challenges
such as meeting nutritional needs and overcoming social stigmas persist, but the
growing availability of vegan resources and communities offers support and
guidance.
The recent (4) __________ in veganism has been characterized by main-
stream acceptance and the emergence of plant-based alternatives to meat and
dairy products that appeal to vegans and nonvegans alike. This shift reflects a
broader societal move towards more sustainable and compassionate consump-
tion patterns.
Looking ahead, the future of veganism (5) __________, with continued
innovation in food technology, such as lab grown meat and dairy alternatives,
expected to further bolster the appeal of veganism. As environmental and health
concerns become increasingly pressing, the trend towards plant-based diets is
likely to grow, influencing global food systems and consumer habits.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) dissipated

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) plateaus
D) lessens

4. A) decline
B) surge
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) wanes
D) diversifies
 TEST 31
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BEES TO OUR ECOSYSTEM
Bees play a crucial role in our ecosystem, far beyond their ability to pro-
duce honey. As some of the world's most effective pollinators, bees are essential
for the reproduction of many plant species, including the crops humans rely on
for food. By transferring pollen from one flower to another, they not only aid in
plant growth but also facilitate the production of fruits, vegetables, and nuts,
supporting biodiversity and food security.
The decline in bee populations around the world has raised concern
among scientists and environmentalists. This decline is attributed to a combina-
tion of factors, including pesticide use, habitat destruction, climate change, and
diseases. The disappearance of bees could have a dramatic impact on our food
supply, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect and re-
store bee habitats.
Promoting bee friendly environments, such as planting native flowers and
reducing pesticide use, can help support bee populations. Additionally, support-
ing local beekeepers and educating the public about the importance of bees are
crucial steps towards ensuring the sustainability of our ecosystems and food re-
sources.
1. What is the primary role of bees in the ecosystem?
A) Producing honey.
B) Pollinating plants.
C) Creating wax.
D) Serving as a food source for other animals.
2. What is a major cause of the decline in bee populations?
A) Overproduction of honey.
B) Pesticide use.
C) Increased number of flowers.
D) Noise pollution.
3. How does the decline of bee populations affect human food supply?
A) It increases the variety of fruits and vegetables.
B) It has no significant impact.
C) It could lead to a decrease in available crops.
D) It improves food quality.
4. What action can help support bee populations?
A) Planting native flowers.
B) Using more pesticides.
C) Removing all flowers from gardens.
D) Keeping bees away from crops.
5. Why is educating the public about bees important?
A) To increase honey consumption.
 B) To promote fear of bee stings.
C) To ensure the sustainability of ecosystems and food resources.
D) To discourage the planting of flowers.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Major Figures and Themes in Classical Mythology

(1) _______________________________
The king of the gods, known for his thunderbolt and as a protector of the
state and its laws. His numerous affairs with goddesses and mortals alike re-
sulted in many offspring who played significant roles in other myths.
(2) ________________________________
The concept of heroic journeys and trials. Heroes often undergo signifi-
cant challenges or quests, such as seeking a prized object or confronting mon-
strous foes, which test their strength, cunning, and virtue.
(3) ________________________________
The goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts, who was born fully armed
from the head of her father. She is often associated with the city of Athens and
the olive tree.
(4) ________________________________
The enduring love stories that often serve as the backdrop for larger tales.
These stories typically involve gods or heroes and may include themes of sacri-
fice, betrayal, and the pursuit of unattainable love.
(5) ________________________________
The ruler of the underworld and God of the dead, who seldom leaves his
dark realm. He is known for his abduction of Persephone, which led to the cre-
ation of the seasons according to myth.
A. Zeus
B. The Hero's Journey
C. Athena
D. Mythical Romances
E. Hades
F. The Creation Myths
G. The Twelve Labors of Hercules
H. The Trojan War
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Discovering the Secrets of the Ocean Depths
Exploring the ocean depths has unveiled mysteries and incredible life
forms, shedding light on previously unknown parts of our planet. This explo-
ration (1) __________ as advanced technology allows scientists to dive deeper
into the ocean than ever before.
The journey to uncover the secrets of the ocean (2) __________ with
early diving expeditions, but significant progress was made in the 20th century
with the development of submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
These tools have opened new windows into the deep sea, revealing fascinating
ecosystems and geological features.
As the exploration of the ocean's depths (3) __________, it encounters
challenges such as the immense pressure in deep-sea environments, the dark-
ness, and the difficulty in accessing some of the most remote areas under the
sea. Despite these obstacles, the potential to discover new species, understand
oceanic processes, and even find resources drives ongoing exploration efforts.
The recent (4) __________ in oceanic exploration has been powered by
cuttingedge technology like autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and so-
phisticated mapping techniques, enabling more detailed study of the ocean floor
and marine life. These advancements contribute to our understanding of the
ocean's role in global ecosystems and climate.
Looking ahead, the future of exploring the ocean depths (5) __________,
with new technologies and international collaborations poised to uncover even
more about the mysterious and vital world beneath the waves. The continued
exploration of the ocean is essential for science, conservation, and unlocking the
vast potential of our planet's final frontier.

1. A) quickens
B) slows
C) holds steady
D) varies

2. A) kicked off
B) wrapped up
C) paused
D) faded away

3. A) moves forward
B) pulls back
C) stays even
D) scales down
 4. A) boost
B) downturn
C) steady state
D) break

5. A) advances
B) stops
C) levels off
D) spreads out

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Shift to Remote Work
The shift to remote work has changed how many people perform their
jobs, offering flexibility but also presenting new challenges. This shift (1)
__________ as companies and employees adapt to working outside traditional
office environments.
The move towards remote work (2) __________ gradually over the years
but saw a significant acceleration due to global circumstances that made work-
ing from home a necessity for many. This change has led to a reevaluation of the
need for physical office spaces and the ways in which work can be done effi-
ciently.
As the trend of remote work (3) __________, it faces hurdles such as
maintaining productivity, ensuring cybersecurity, and fostering team collabora-
tion in a virtual setting. However, the benefits, including reduced commute
times and greater work-life-balance, continue to promote its popularity among
workers and employers alike.
The recent (4) __________ in remote work has been facilitated by im-
provements in communication technology, online collaboration tools, and cloud
computing, making it easier for teams to stay connected and work effectively
from different locations. These tools have become indispensable in the modern
remote work setup.
Looking ahead, the future of remote work (5) __________, with many
companies considering a hybrid model that combines in-office and remote work.
As technology evolves and organizational cultures adapt, remote work is likely
to remain a key feature of the employment landscape, influencing how work is
structured and performed.

1. A) speeds up
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) fluctuates
2. A) started
B) ended
C) halted
D) vanished

3. A) continues
B) retreats
C) stands still
D) reduces

4. A) rise
B) fall
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) halts
C) balances
D) broadens
 TEST 32
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE RENAISSANCE: A PERIOD OF REBIRTH
The Renaissance, a pivotal period from the 14th to the 17th century,
marked a profound cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe, following the
Middle Ages. It originated in Italy and spread across Europe, bringing a renewed
interest in the art, science, and philosophies of ancient Greece and Rome. This
era witnessed unparalleled advancements in art, architecture, politics, science,
and literature, laying the foundational stones of the modern world.
Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo broke new ground with
their work, blending naturalistic techniques with emotional depth and complex-
ity. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized
the spread of knowledge, making books more accessible and fostering wide-
spread educational reform.
The Renaissance was also a time of scientific exploration and discovery,
with figures such as Galileo Galilei challenging the traditional views of the cos-
mos. Meanwhile, philosophers like Niccolò Machiavelli and humanists such as
Erasmus of Rotterdam questioned societal norms and human nature, contribut-
ing to a shift towards more secular and individualistic perspectives.
This period demonstrated the incredible potential for human creativity and
intellect when cultural and intellectual barriers are overcome. The Renaissance
not only enriched its contemporary society but also offered future generations a
rich legacy of artistic and philosophical thought.
1. What was the Renaissance?
A) A war that spanned across Europe in the 16th century.
B) A cultural and intellectual rebirth that occurred from the 14th to the
17th century.
C) A religious movement that spread throughout Italy in the 15th century.
D) A series of scientific discoveries in the Middle Ages.
2. Where did the Renaissance originate?
A) France
B) Germany
C) Italy
D) England
3. Who invented the printing press, and why was it significant?
A) Leonardo da Vinci; it helped in the creation of art.
B) Johannes Gutenberg; it revolutionized the spread of knowledge.
C) Galileo Galilei; it was used to print his scientific findings.
D) Michelangelo; it was instrumental in sharing his architectural designs.
4. Which artist is known for blending naturalistic techniques with emo-
tional depth?
A) Donatello
 B) Raphael
C) Leonardo da Vinci
D) Titian
5. What was a major contribution of the Renaissance to the modern
world?
A) The introduction of feudalism.
B) The reduction in art and cultural works.
C) Advancements in art, science, and literature.
D) The decline of educational reforms.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Fundamental Components and Functions of the Human Immune System

(1) _______________________________
This is the body's first line of defense against pathogens, including the
skin and mucous membranes, which act as physical barriers to prevent the entry
of harmful organisms.
(2) ________________________________
A type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune
response. These cells can remember past infections and respond more rapidly
and effectively upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
(3) ________________________________
Refers to the body's ability to produce a targeted response against specific
pathogens through the recognition of antigens. This system adapts and improves
its response during the life of an individual.
(4) ________________________________
This aspect of the immune response involves cells and mechanisms that
defend the host from infection by other organisms in a nonspecific manner. It
does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen.
(5) ________________________________
The process by which certain cells of the immune system present parts of
pathogens (antigens) on their surfaces, leading to a specific immune response.
This is crucial for initiating the adaptive immune response.
A. Innate Immunity
B. Adaptive Immunity
C. Antigen Presenting Cells
D. Memory B Cells
E. T Cell Activation
F. The Complement System
G. Vaccination
H. Inflammatory Response
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).

The Growth of Eco-friendly Transportation

Ecofriendly transportation is becoming more popular as people around the
world seek ways to reduce pollution and conserve energy. This growth (1)
__________ as advancements in technology make sustainable transport options
more accessible and efficient.
The movement towards ecofriendly transportation (2) __________ with
the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) and bicycles as alternatives to gaso-
line powered cars. Public transport systems have also been updated to be cleaner
and more energy efficient, encouraging more people to use them for daily com-
mutes.
As the adoption of ecofriendly transportation (3) __________, challenges
such as the availability of charging stations for electric vehicles and the need for
more bike lanes in cities are being addressed. Despite these hurdles, the enthusi-
asm for reducing carbon footprints and improving urban air quality drives
progress in this field.
The recent (4) __________ in the use of ecofriendly transportation has
been supported by government policies, incentives for electric vehicle pur-
chases, and investments in public transportation infrastructure. These efforts un-
derscore a global commitment to transitioning to more sustainable modes of
transport.
Looking ahead, the future of ecofriendly transportation (5) __________,
with ongoing innovations in electric vehicle technology, the expansion of public
transport networks, and the exploration of new sustainable transportation meth-
ods such as hydrogen fuel cells. The continued shift towards ecofriendly trans-
port is essential for achieving environmental sustainability goals.

1. A) picks up
B) slows down
C) stays steady
D) changes

2. A) got going
B) finished
C) stopped
D) disappeared

3. A) pushes ahead
B) pulls back
C) freezes
D) declines
 4. A) upswing
B) downturn
C) consistency
D) breach

5. A) marches on
B) comes to a stop
C) equalizes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Surge in Online Learning

Online learning has seen a significant surge, transforming the educational

landscape by providing flexible and diverse opportunities for students world-
wide. This surge (1) __________ as digital platforms become more sophisti-
cated, offering a wide range of courses, and learning tools.
The trend towards online learning (2) __________ in the early 2000s,
with the internet's expansion making it possible for educational institutions to
offer courses to a global audience. The availability of massive open online cour-
ses (MOOCs) and virtual learning environments has democratized access to edu-
cation, breaking down geographical and financial barriers.
As the popularity of online learning (3) __________, it confronts issues
such as ensuring the quality of online education, providing adequate student sup-
port, and maintaining engagement in a virtual classroom setting. Nevertheless,
the flexibility to learn at one's own pace and the ability to access courses from
top universities continue to attract learners.
The recent (4) __________ in online learning has been propelled by the
need for educational continuity during times when traditional classroom settings
are not feasible. This period has accelerated the adoption of online education
technologies and highlighted their potential to complement and enhance tradi-
tional teaching methods.
Looking ahead, the future of online learning (5) __________, with emerg-
ing technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and adaptive learn-
ing systems set to further enrich the online education experience. The ongoing
expansion of online learning is reshaping how knowledge is acquired and
shared, making education more inclusive and accessible than ever before.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) remains stable
D) sees variation

2. A) started
B) concluded
C) came to a halt
D) faded out

3. A) progresses
B) withdraws
C) stands still
D) lessens

4. A) jump
B) decrease
C) level off
D) gap

5. A) goes forward
B) ends
C) holds steady
D) widens
 TEST 33
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING
Recycling plays a pivotal role in conserving natural resources and protect-
ing the environment. It involves converting waste materials into new products,
reducing the need for raw materials, and minimizing the waste sent to landfills
and incinerators. By recycling paper, plastic, glass, and metals, we can signifi-
cantly lower pollution levels, conserve energy, and reduce greenhouse gas emis-
sions, which contribute to global warming.
The process of recycling not only conserves resources but also supports
the economy. It creates jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries and
promotes a sustainable model of consumption and production. Recycling en-
courages individuals and communities to consider the lifecycle of products and
the impact of their consumption habits on the planet.
Despite its benefits, the rate of recycling globally is still lower than de-
sired. Challenges include the lack of infrastructure, public awareness, and poli-
cies to encourage recycling practices. However, with increasing environmental
awareness and advancements in recycling technology, there is hope for improve-
ment.
The responsibility for recycling does not lie with governments and organi-
zations alone. Individuals play a crucial role by separating waste, reducing the
use of singleuse plastics, and supporting products made from recycled materials.
Together, we can make recycling a key component of a more sustainable future.
1. What is the main purpose of recycling?
A) To increase global pollution levels.
B) To conserve natural resources and protect the environment.
C) To eliminate the need for landfills entirely.
D) To use more raw materials.
2. What materials are commonly recycled?
A) Only paper and glass.
B) Paper, plastic, glass, and metals.
C) Food waste only.
D) Chemicals and hazardous materials.
3. How does recycling benefit the economy?
A) By eliminating jobs in the manufacturing sector.
B) It has no impact on the economy.
C) By creating jobs and promoting sustainable consumption.
D) By increasing the cost of consumer goods.
4. What challenge faces global recycling efforts?
A) Too much infrastructure for recycling.
B) Excessive public awareness and participation.
C) Lack of infrastructure and policies to support recycling.
 D) The complete elimination of waste materials.
5. What can individuals do to contribute to recycling efforts?
A) Nothing; it is solely the government's responsibility.
B) Use more singleuse plastics to increase recycling.
C) Separate waste and support recycled products.
D) Avoid using products that can be recycled.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Distinct Types and Characteristics of Dinosaurs

(1) _______________________________
Known for their massive size and long necks, these dinosaurs were herbi-
vores that likely fed on high vegetation. Their fossils have been found on every
continent, suggesting they were widespread during the Mesozoic era.
(2) ________________________________
This group of dinosaurs is characterized by their bipedal stance and car-
nivorous diet. They had sharp teeth and claws for hunting, and their agility made
them formidable predators.
(3) ________________________________
Dinosaurs in this category had body structures that supported large, bony
plates or spikes, often used for defense against predators. Their fossils suggest a
variety of sizes and shapes within this group.
(4) ________________________________
These dinosaurs are distinguished by their birdlike features, including
feathers and, in some cases, the ability to fly. They provide significant evidence
for the evolutionary link between dinosaurs and birds.
(5) ________________________________
Featuring a distinctive crest on their heads, which may have been used for
display, communication, or thermoregulation, these dinosaurs varied in size and
diet. The purpose of the crests remains a topic of research and debate.
A. Sauropods
B. Theropods
C. Ankylosaurs and Stegosaurs
D. Avian Dinosaurs
E. Crested Dinosaurs
F. Aquatic Dinosaurs
G. Dinosaurs with Horns
H. Early Dinosaurs

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Global Push for Clean Water Access
Access to clean water is a critical global issue, affecting billions of people
who face water scarcity and pollution. This push (1) __________ as communi-
ties and nations strive to ensure everyone has safe water for drinking, cooking,
and sanitation.
The movement towards clean water access (2) __________ in the late
20th century, with international organizations and local governments recogniz-
ing the importance of addressing water security as a fundamental human right.
Efforts have been made to improve water purification, infrastructure, and con-
servation practices.
As the campaign for clean water access (3) __________, challenges such
as climate change, industrial pollution, and aging water infrastructure present
significant hurdles. Despite these challenges, innovative solutions and interna-
tional cooperation have made strides in expanding access to clean water in un-
derserved communities.
The recent (4) __________ in efforts to provide clean water has been
marked by advancements in technology, such as portable water purification de-
vices and sustainable water management systems. These innovations are crucial
for addressing the clean water crisis and improving public health.
Looking ahead, the future of clean water access (5) __________, with
continued emphasis on sustainable water use, pollution control, and climate re-
silience. The global commitment to ensuring clean water for all is vital for envi -
ronmental sustainability and the wellbeing of future generations.

1. A) intensifies
B) recedes
C) stays even
D) shifts

2. A) gained ground
B) wrapped up
C) paused
D) vanished

3. A) moves forward
B) retreats
C) freezes
D) drops

4. A) boost
B) fallback
C) steadiness
D) break

5. A) progresses
 B) discontinues
C) stabilizes
D) expands

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Innovations in Urban Farming
Urban farming is revolutionizing how cities think about food production
and sustainability, turning rooftops, balconies, and abandoned lots into produc-
tive green spaces. This innovation (1) __________ as it provides fresh produce
to urban populations and contributes to environmental health.
The concept of urban farming (2) __________ to gain traction in the early
21st century, as city dwellers sought ways to reconnect with their food sources
and reduce the carbon footprint of transporting food. Techniques such as vertical
farming and hydroponics have enabled high yields in small spaces, making ur-
ban agriculture a feasible solution in densely populated areas.
As urban farming practices (3) __________, they encounter obstacles like
limited space, urban policy restrictions, and the need for technical expertise.
However, community initiatives and technological advancements continue to
overcome these barriers, showcasing the resilience and innovation of urban
growers.
The recent (4) __________ in urban farming has been highlighted by a
surge in community gardens, green rooftops, and farm totable initiatives. These
efforts not only provide fresh, local food but also promote community engage-
ment and environmental awareness.
Looking ahead, the future of urban farming (5) __________, with poten-
tial breakthroughs in sustainable agriculture technology and city planning inte-
grating green spaces into urban development. The growth of urban farming is
key to creating more sustainable, self-sufficient, and healthy urban environ-
ments.

1. A) gathers momentum
B) decreases
C) holds steady
D) varies

2. A) began
B) ended
C) halted
D) disappeared

3. A) advance
B) step back
C) stay the same
D) reduce

4. A) upturn
B) decline
C) balance
D) interruption

5. A) moves on
B) stops
C) levels out
D) broadens
 TEST 34
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media has become an integral part of daily life for billions of peo-
ple worldwide, offering unparalleled opportunities for connection, entertain-
ment, and information sharing. However, its impact on mental health and well-
being is complex and multifaceted. While social media can foster a sense of
community and provide support networks, it can also contribute to feelings of
inadequacy, anxiety, and depression.
The constant comparison to others' curated lives can lead to decreased
self-esteem and body image issues, particularly among teenagers and young
adults. The pressure to maintain a perfect online persona can be exhausting and
isolating, masking real-life struggles and emotions. Additionally, excessive use
of social media has been linked to disrupted sleep patterns, reduced attention
spans, and increased stress levels.
On the positive side, social media platforms can offer vital connections
for individuals who feel isolated, such as those with mobility issues or those liv-
ing far from family and friends. They also provide access to mental health re-
sources and communities where individuals can share experiences and find sup-
port.
Understanding the psychological effects of social media is crucial for de-
veloping healthier digital habits. Limiting screen time, curating a positive online
environment, and balancing online interactions with real-life connections are
steps individuals can take to mitigate negative impacts while still enjoying the
benefits of social media.
1. What is a potential negative impact of social media on mental health?
A) Increased physical activity
B) Decreased self-esteem
C) Improved real-life social skills
D) Enhanced privacy
2. How can social media contribute to feelings of isolation?
A) By providing too many genuine connections
B) Through the pressure to maintain a perfect online persona
C) By decreasing the number of online friends
D) Enhancing real-life interactions
3. What demographic is particularly affected by body image issues due to
social media?
A) Elderly individuals
B) Teenagers and young adults
C) Middle-aged men
D) Children under the age of 5
4. Which positive aspect does social media offer to its users?
 A) Unlimited screen time without consequences
B) Access to mental health resources and supportive communities
C) Guaranteed privacy and data protection
D) Automatic reduction of stress levels
5. What step can individuals take to mitigate the negative impacts of so-
cial media?
A) Increase the time spent on social media
B) Share every detail of their personal life online
C) Limit screen time and balance online with real-life interactions
D) Focus solely on accumulating online friends

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Practices for Promoting Sustainable Agriculture

(1) _______________________________
This approach involves rotating different types of crops in the same area
across a sequence of growing seasons. It helps in reducing soil erosion, improv-
ing soil fertility, and controlling pests and diseases.
(2) ________________________________
Implementing techniques that conserve water, such as drip irrigation, rain-
water harvesting, and scheduling irrigation based on the actual needs of plants.
These practices help in reducing water usage and protecting water quality.
(3) ________________________________
The use of natural predators, beneficial insects, and organic pesticides to
manage pest populations. This method reduces the reliance on chemical pesti-
cides, which can harm the environment and human health.
(4) ________________________________
Incorporating cover crops, green manures, and compost into the soil to
enhance its organic matter content. This practice supports soil health by improv-
ing its structure, nutrient content, and moisture retention.
(5) ________________________________
Promoting biodiversity by maintaining a variety of species on the farm.
This includes planting a diverse array of crops and preserving natural habitats,
which can aid in pest control and enhance ecosystem services.
A. Crop Rotation
B. Water Conservation Techniques
C. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
D. Soil Enrichment
E. Biodiversity Enhancement
F. Reducing Carbon Footprint
G. Agroforestry
H. Use of Renewable Energy Sources
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are
becoming more popular as the world seeks alternatives to fossil fuels to combat
climate change. This rise (1) __________ as technological advancements make
these energy sources more efficient and cost-effective.
The transition to renewable energy (2) __________ in earnest at the turn
of the 21st century, driven by growing environmental concerns and the realiza-
tion of the finite nature of fossil fuels. Governments and private sectors around
the globe have made significant investments in renewable energy projects, in-
centivizing a shift towards cleaner power generation.
As the adoption of renewable energy sources (3) __________, challenges
such as energy storage, grid integration, and initial investment costs are being
addressed through innovation and policy reform. The commitment to overcom-
ing these obstacles showcases the global dedication to a sustainable energy fu-
ture.
The recent (4) __________ in renewable energy deployment has been fu-
eled by breakthroughs in battery technology, improvements in wind turbine and
solar panel efficiency, and increased public support for green energy initiatives.
These developments have accelerated the pace of change in the energy sector.
Looking ahead, the future of renewable energy sources (5) __________,
with ongoing research and development poised to further reduce costs and in-
crease the accessibility of clean energy. The continued growth of renewable en-
ergy is essential for meeting global climate goals and ensuring a sustainable fu-
ture for all.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) remains steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) picked up pace
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) retracts
C) stays level
D) lessens

4. A) spike
B) downturn
 C) equilibrium
D) gap

5. A) unfolds
B) halts
C) balances
D) spreads

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Digital Communication

Digital communication has transformed how we connect, share informa-

tion, and interact with each other, evolving from simple emails and text mes-
sages to complex social media platforms and instant messaging apps. This evo-
lution (1) __________ as new technologies emerge to facilitate faster and more
immersive communication experiences.
The shift towards digital communication (2) __________ in the 1990s
with the widespread adoption of the internet and mobile phones. These technolo-
gies laid the foundation for the digital communication landscape we know today,
enabling instant global connectivity and the exchange of multimedia content.
As the realm of digital communication (3) __________, it encounters is-
sues such as data privacy, misinformation, and the impact on mental health. De-
spite these challenges, the drive to enhance connectivity and create more engag-
ing communication platforms propels the industry forward.
The recent (4) __________ in digital communication has been character-
ized by the rise of video conferencing tools, augmented reality experiences, and
social media platforms that prioritize user engagement and content personaliza-
tion. These innovations reflect the dynamic nature of digital communication and
its ability to adapt to user needs.
Looking ahead, the future of digital communication (5) __________, with
advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and blockchain technology
expected to introduce new ways of interacting and sharing information online.
The ongoing evolution of digital communication continues to shape our social
interactions and the way we access and disseminate information.

1. A) quickens
B) dwindles
C) stabilizes
D) seesaws

2. A) kicked off
B) wrapped up
C) paused
D) disappeared

3. A) strides forward
B) recoils
C) freezes
D) declines

4. A) surge
B) drop
C) steadiness
D) interruption

5. A) advances
B) ceases
C) levels off
D) expands
 TEST 35
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is an art form that captures moments, tells stories, and docu-
ments reality. It involves the creation of images by recording light on a light sen-
sitive surface, traditionally film, or, more commonly now, through digital sen-
sors. The basics of photography include understanding exposure, composition,
and lighting, each of which plays a critical role in creating visually appealing
images.
Exposure is determined by the shutter speed, aperture, and ISO settings on
a camera, which control how much light reaches the sensor. Composition in-
volves arranging visual elements in a frame in a pleasing manner, often guided
by the rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing techniques. Lighting, whether
natural or artificial, affects the mood, texture, and colour of the photograph.
With the advent of digital cameras and smartphones, photography has be-
come more accessible than ever before, allowing both amateurs and profession-
als to explore their creativity. The ability to instantly review images has revolu-
tionized the learning process, making it easier to experiment with different tech-
niques and styles.
Despite technological advancements, the essence of photography remains
the same: to capture a moment in time and express one's unique perspective.
Whether it's a breathtaking landscape, a candid moment, or an abstract composi-
tion, photography is a powerful medium for communication and expression.
1. What does exposure in photography refer to?
A) The colour scheme of a photograph
B) How much light is recorded by the camera's sensor
C) The amount of time spent editing a photo
D) The angle from which a photo is taken
2. Which of the following is a technique used in composition?
A) Increasing the ISO to the highest level
B) Always centering the subject
C) Using the rule of thirds
D) Ignoring the background
3. What role does lighting play in photography?
A) It has no significant impact.
B) It only matters in black and white photography.
C) It affects the mood, texture, and colour of the image.
D) It should always be artificial for better control.
4. How has digital photography impacted learning in the field?
A) It has made photography more expensive and less accessible.
B) It allows for instant review of images, facilitating experimentation.
C) It has limited the styles and techniques one can learn.
 D) It discourages creativity and exploration.
5. What is the essence of photography?
A) To follow strict rules and guidelines
B) To capture a moment in time and express a unique perspective
C) To create perfect, technically flawless images
D) To replicate images seen in tutorials and books

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Core Services and Features of Cloud Computing

(1) _______________________________
This service model offers computing resources like servers, storage, and
networking over the internet, enabling users to scale resources up or down based
on demand, without managing physical hardware.
(2) ________________________________
Provides users with a platform for developing, running, and managing ap-
plications without the complexity of building and maintaining the underlying
infrastructure typically associated with the process.
(3) ________________________________
This model delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscrip-
tion basis. Users can access software from any device with an internet connec-
tion and a web browser, without worrying about installation or maintenance.
(4) ________________________________
A key feature that allows data and applications to be mirrored in multiple
redundant sites on the cloud provider's network, enhancing data safety, disaster
recovery, and availability.
(5) ________________________________
Enables businesses to consume computing resources as a utility, similar to
electricity. Rather than investing heavily in data centers and servers before
knowing how much they will use, they only pay for what they consume.
A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
B. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
C. Software as a Service (SaaS)
D. Data Redundancy
E. Pay-as-you-go Pricing
F. Virtualization
G. Scalability
H. Public Cloud
Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Growing Importance of Cybersecurity
 As our lives become increasingly digitized, the importance of cybersecu-
rity has skyrocketed, protecting our online activities and sensitive data from cy-
ber threats. This significance (1) __________ as individuals, businesses, and
governments face a growing number of sophisticated cyberattacks.
The focus on cybersecurity (2) __________ in the early 21st century, with
the advent of widespread internet use. The need for robust security measures
became apparent as hackers began exploiting vulnerabilities for financial gain,
espionage, and sabotage. This has led to the development of advanced encryp-
tion, firewall technologies, and cybersecurity protocols.
As the domain of cybersecurity (3) __________, it wrestles with chal-
lenges like the constant evolution of cyber threats, the shortage of skilled cyber-
security professionals, and the delicate balance between privacy and security.
Despite these hurdles, the drive to safeguard digital assets and information is
stronger than ever.
The recent (4) __________ in cybersecurity efforts has been marked by an
increased investment in security infrastructure, the rise of artificial intelligence
in threat detection, and greater public awareness of the importance of online
safety. These steps are vital in building a more secure digital world.
Looking ahead, the future of cybersecurity (5) __________, with continu-
ous advancements in technology necessitating equally dynamic and resilient se-
curity solutions. The everpresent threat of cyberattacks makes cybersecurity an
essential aspect of modern life, emphasizing the need for vigilance and innova-
tion in protecting digital spaces.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) holds steady
D) oscillates

2. A) took root
B) ended
C) broke off
D) dissipated

3. A) forges ahead
B) steps back
C) idles
D) diminishes

4. A) leap
B) setback
C) uniformity
D) hiatus

5. A) progresses
 B) concludes
C) stabilizes
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Impact of Fast Fashion on the Environment
Fast fashion has made it easier and cheaper to keep up with the latest
trends, but its environmental impact is significant, contributing to pollution and
waste. This impact (1) __________ as consumers become more aware of the
sustainability issues associated with rapid clothing production and disposal.
The rise of fast fashion (2) __________ in the late 20th century, offering
affordable, trendy clothing at a high turnover rate. This business model, while
economically successful, has led to overproduction, excessive waste, and the
heavy use of water and chemicals, prompting a reevaluation of its environmental
footprint.
As awareness of the environmental impact of fast fashion (3)
__________, there's a growing movement towards sustainable fashion, which
focuses on ethical production processes, recycling, and the use of ecofriendly
materials. This shift challenges the industry to innovate and reduce its environ-
mental harm.
The recent (4) __________ in sustainable fashion practices has been en-
couraged by consumer demand for transparency and sustainability, leading to
the rise of brands committed to ethical standards and the increased popularity of
secondhand and vintage clothing markets.
Looking ahead, the future of the fashion industry (5) __________, with
potential for a significant transformation as both consumers and producers place
greater emphasis on sustainability. The movement away from fast fashion and
towards more responsible consumption and production practices is crucial for
mitigating environmental damage and promoting a more sustainable future.

1. A) magnifies
B) lessens
C) remains unchanged
D) varies

2. A) emerged
B) closed
C) discontinued
D) faded

3. A) marches on
B) retreats
C) pauses
D) shrinks

4. A) uptick
B) downturn
C) steadiness
D) gap

5. A) evolves
B) stops
C) levels out
D) broadens
 TEST 36
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE BENEFITS OF URBAN GARDENING
Urban gardening is transforming city landscapes, offering a green refuge
within concrete jungles. This practice, which includes rooftop gardens, commu-
nity gardens, and even window boxes, provides numerous benefits that extend
beyond beautifying urban areas. It plays a significant role in promoting sustain-
ability, enhancing food security, and improving mental health.
One of the primary advantages of urban gardening is its contribution to
environmental health. These green spaces help reduce the urban heat island ef-
fect, improve air quality, and increase biodiversity by providing habitats for var-
ious species. Moreover, urban gardening encourages local food production, re-
ducing the carbon footprint associated with transporting food over long dis-
tances.
In terms of community and mental health, gardening offers a therapeutic
escape from the stresses of city life. It fosters a sense of community and belong-
ing as neighbors come together to tend communal gardens. The physical activity
involved in gardening also promotes health, while the satisfaction of growing
your own food can boost mental wellbeing.
Urban gardening is an innovative solution to some of the challenges posed
by urbanization, demonstrating how cities can become more sustainable and liv-
able. It represents a step towards a greener future, where urban residents are
connected to their environment and each other.
1. What is a primary environmental benefit of urban gardening?
A) It increases the urban heat island effect.
B) It reduces air quality.
C) It improves air quality and biodiversity.
D) It eliminates the need for city parks.

2. How does urban gardening contribute to food security?

A) By increasing reliance on imported foods.
B) Through local food production.
C) By discouraging the consumption of vegetables.
D) It has no impact on food security.

3. What aspect of mental health does urban gardening enhance?

A) It heightens stress levels.
B) Reduces mental wellbeing.
C) Boosts mental wellbeing through the satisfaction of growing food.
D) Discourages physical activity.
 4. Why is urban gardening considered a solution to urbanization chal-
lenges?
A) It promotes the expansion of urban areas into rural zones.
B) It makes cities more sustainable and liveable.
C) It encourages the abandonment of city life.
D) It reduces community engagement.

5. What does urban gardening foster within communities?

A) Isolation and individualism.
B) A sense of community and belonging.
C) Dependency on technology.
D) Increased pollution levels.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Fundamental Concepts and Phenomena in Quantum Mechanics

(1) _______________________________
This principle states that certain pairs of physical properties, like position
and momentum, cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision.
The more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other can
be controlled or known.
(2) ________________________________
A phenomenon where particles such as electrons and photons display
characteristics of both particles and waves. This duality is fundamental to under-
standing behavior at the quantum level, especially in experiments like the double
slit experiment.
(3) ________________________________
The mathematical framework used to describe the physical properties of
particles at the quantum level. This theory explains how particles move and in-
teract with forces, providing probabilities of finding a particle in a particular
state.
(4) ________________________________
A phenomenon where the state of one particle instantaneously influences
the state of another, no matter the distance separating them. This effect chal-
lenges classical concepts of causality and locality.
(5) ________________________________
Refers to a particle existing in all possible states simultaneously until it is
observed. Once observed, it 'collapses' to a single state. This concept challenges
classical notions of determinism and reality.
A. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
B. Wave Particle Duality
C. Quantum Entanglement
D. Quantum Superposition
 E. Schrödinger's Equation
F. Planck's Constant
G. Quantum Tunnelling
H. The Pauli Exclusion Principle

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Shift Towards Green Building Practices
The construction industry is increasingly embracing green building prac-
tices, aiming to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability. This
shift (1) __________ as awareness of climate change and environmental degra-
dation grows, pushing the sector towards more ecofriendly materials and energy
efficient designs.
The movement towards green building (2) __________ in the early 21st
century, spurred by the recognition of the construction industry's significant role
in global carbon emissions and resource consumption. Initiatives like LEED cer-
tification have since encouraged the adoption of sustainable building practices
worldwide.
As the trend of green building (3) __________, it faces hurdles such as
higher upfront costs and the need for specialized knowledge. However, the long-
term benefits of reduced energy bills, lower carbon footprints, and improved oc-
cupant health continue to drive its popularity among builders and developers.
The recent (4) __________ in green building has been supported by tech-
nological advancements in renewable energy, smart building systems, and recy-
clable materials. These innovations not only make green buildings more efficient
but also more accessible and appealing to a broader market.
Looking ahead, the future of green building (5) __________, with contin-
ued innovation and stricter environmental regulations expected to further shape
the industry. The commitment to green building practices is essential for creat-
ing sustainable urban environments and combating the effects of climate change.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) vanished

3. A) progresses
B) regresses
 C) remains static
D) diminishes

4. A) boost
B) decline
C) balance
D) interruption

5. A) unfolds
B) ceases
C) levels off
D) broadens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
Advancements in Telemedicine
Telemedicine has rapidly advanced, offering patients remote access to
medical care, consultations, and health services. This advancement (1)
__________ as digital health technologies improve, making healthcare more
accessible, especially in underserved areas.
The rise of telemedicine (2) __________ during the late 20th century, but
its adoption accelerated with the advent of smartphones and highspeed internet.
This has allowed for real-time video consultations, remote monitoring, and digi-
tal communication between patients and healthcare providers.
As the implementation of telemedicine (3) __________, it navigates chal-
lenges such as ensuring patient privacy, bridging the digital divide, and integrat-
ing telehealth services into traditional healthcare systems. Despite these obsta-
cles, the convenience and efficiency of telemedicine have made it a crucial com-
ponent of modern healthcare.
The recent (4) __________ in telemedicine has been propelled by global
health concerns that necessitated social distancing, highlighting its potential to
provide continuous care while reducing the risk of disease transmission. This
period has seen a significant increase in telehealth services and a shift in percep-
tions about remote care.
Looking ahead, the future of telemedicine (5) __________, with ongoing
advancements in AI, wearable health technology, and mobile health apps ex-
pected to enhance the quality and scope of telehealth services. The continued
growth of telemedicine is key to achieving broader healthcare goals, including
improved access, cost reduction, and patient satisfaction.

1. A) picks up
B) recedes
C) holds steady
D) wavers
2. A) started
B) wrapped up
C) broke off
D) faded away

3. A) moves forward
B) retreats
C) stands still
D) reduces

4. A) surge
B) fallback
C) consistency
D) break

5. A) advances
B) concludes
C) stabilizes
D) expands
 TEST 37
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE MARVELS OF DEEP-SEA EXPLORATION
Deep sea exploration unveils a world beneath the waves that remains
largely unknown and uncharted. The deep ocean, defined as depths below 200
meters, is home to some of the most extraordinary creatures and ecosystems on
the planet. With advances in technology, scientists and explorers can venture
deeper into the oceanic abyss, discovering new species, underwater volcanoes,
and ancient shipwrecks that tell stories of our maritime history.
The challenges of deep-sea exploration are significant, with extreme pres-
sure, darkness, and cold temperatures creating a hostile environment for humans
and equipment. Despite these challenges, submersibles, and remotely operated
vehicles (ROVs) equipped with cameras and sensors have made it possible to
study these depths without direct human intervention, revealing fascinating in-
sights into life in one of Earth's final frontiers.
Exploration efforts have highlighted the importance of the deep sea in un-
derstanding biodiversity, climate change, and the Earth's geological processes.
Discoveries such as hydrothermal vents, which support unique ecosystems re-
liant on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis, have fundamentally changed
our understanding of life's adaptability.
As we continue to explore the deep sea, we not only uncover the myster-
ies of the underwater world but also recognize its importance to the health of our
planet. The deep ocean plays a crucial role in carbon cycling and climate regula-
tion, emphasizing the need to protect this vast and largely unexplored part of our
world.
1. What is considered the deep sea?
A) Depths below 50 meters.
B) The surface layer of the ocean.
C) Depths below 200 meters.
D) Coastal waters only.
2. What type of technology is used for deep sea exploration?
A) Simple scuba diving equipment.
B) Submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).
C) Satellite imagery only.
D) Traditional wooden ships.
3. What challenges do explorers face in the deep sea?
A) Bright sunlight.
B) High temperatures.
C) Extreme pressure, darkness, and cold temperatures.
D) Calm and stable conditions.
4. What significant discovery changed our understanding of life in the
deep sea?
 A) Sunken treasure chests.
B) Hydrothermal vents supporting ecosystems through chemosynthesis.
C) Large deposits of gold and diamonds.
D) The complete absence of life.
5. Why is the deep sea important for our planet's health?
A) It provides entertainment and recreational spaces.
B) It is a major source of freshwater.
C) It plays a crucial role in carbon cycling and climate regulation.
D) It is the primary location for human settlement.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Essential Nutrition Concepts for Athletes

(1) _______________________________
This nutrient is crucial for muscle repair and growth. It should be con-
sumed in adequate amounts, especially after exercise, to aid in recovery and
muscle synthesis. Sources include meat, dairy, and legumes.
(2) ________________________________
These are the body's primary energy source, especially important for en-
durance athletes. They should be consumed before and after workouts to fuel
exercise and aid in recovery. Sources include grains, fruits, and vegetables.
(3) ________________________________
Staying hydrated is essential for optimal performance and recovery. Ath-
letes should drink fluids before, during, and after exercise to maintain hydration
levels, especially in hot and humid conditions.
(4) ________________________________
Important for bone health and muscle function, this mineral should be in-
cluded in an athlete's diet. Dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and fortified
foods are good sources.
(5) ________________________________
These nutrients help protect the body against oxidative stress caused by
intense exercise. Including a variety of fruits and vegetables in the diet can pro-
vide these essential nutrients.
A. Protein
B. Carbohydrates
C. Hydration
D. Calcium
E. Antioxidants
F. Iron
G. Vitamins and Minerals
H. Dietary Fats
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Surge in Electric Vehicle Adoption
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a more common sight on roads
worldwide as concerns over climate change and advancements in battery tech-
nology fuel their popularity. This surge (1) __________ as governments and
consumers alike seek cleaner, more sustainable transportation options.
The journey towards widespread EV adoption (2) __________ in the early
2000s, but it really took off over the last decade with major automotive manu-
facturers committing to electric futures. Incentives like tax breaks and improved
charging infrastructure have also played a crucial role in encouraging drivers to
make the switch from gasoline to electric.
As the transition to electric vehicles (3) __________, challenges such as
range anxiety, charging station availability, and the initial cost of EVs are being
gradually overcome. The automotive industry's innovation and investment in
electric technology signify a significant shift towards greener transportation
methods.
The recent (4) __________ in EV adoption has been bolstered by new
model releases that cater to a wide range of tastes and budgets, making electric
cars a viable option for more people. Additionally, advancements in battery life
and charging technology continue to address the primary concerns of potential
EV owners.
Looking ahead, the future of electric vehicle adoption (5) __________,
with ongoing advancements in technology and infrastructure expected to further
boost the attractiveness of EVs to consumers. The shift towards electric vehicles
is a key component of global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and combat cli-
mate change.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) remains stable
D) seesaws

2. A) began
B) ended
C) halted
D) dissipated

3. A) unfolds
B) withdraws
C) idles
D) shrinks
 4. A) uptick
B) downturn
C) stability
D) interruption

5. A) progresses
B) stops
C) stabilizes
D) expands

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Popularity of Plant-Based Diets
Plant-based diets are on the rise as more people become conscious of their
health, the environment, and animal welfare. This popularity (1) __________ as
research continues to reveal the benefits of eating more fruits, vegetables, grains,
and legumes instead of animal products.
The trend towards plant-based eating (2) __________ to gain mainstream
attention in the past decade, though vegetarianism and veganism have been
around for much longer. Social media, documentaries, and celebrity endorse-
ments have helped spread the word, influencing many to reconsider their dietary
choices.
As the shift to plant-based diets (3) __________, it confronts misconcep-
tions about protein sources, the availability of plant-based options in certain re-
gions, and the perceived cost of a plant-based lifestyle. Despite these challenges,
the growing availability of delicious and nutritious plant-based foods is making
it easier for people to make the transition.
The recent (4) __________ in the popularity of plant-based diets has been
driven by an increased awareness of the health benefits, including lower risks of
heart disease, hypertension, and certain cancers. Environmental concerns, partic-
ularly the impact of livestock farming on deforestation and greenhouse gas
emissions, also play a significant role.
Looking ahead, the future of plant-based diets (5) __________, with con-
tinued culinary innovation and a growing body of nutritional research likely to
attract even more adherents. The movement towards plant-based eating reflects a
broader shift towards more sustainable and health-conscious living.

1. A) grows
B) wanes
C) holds steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) started
B) concluded
C) paused
D) faded

3. A) advances
B) retreats
C) stagnates
D) diminishes

4. A) boom
B) decline
C) equilibrium
D) gap

5. A) marches on
B) concludes
C) balances
D) widens
 TEST 38
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SOCIETY
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming every aspect of society, from
the way we work and learn to how we interact and make decisions. This technol-
ogy, which enables machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs, and
perform humanlike tasks, is advancing at a remarkable pace. AI applications
range from simple tasks like filtering spam emails to complex processes such as
diagnosing diseases and driving autonomous vehicles.
The impact of AI on the job market is profound. While it has the potential
to automate routine tasks and increase efficiency, there is also concern about job
displacement and the need for workers to acquire new skills. Education systems
are adapting to prepare students for an AI-driven world, emphasizing STEM
subjects, critical thinking, and lifelong learning.
AI also raises ethical and privacy issues. The use of AI in surveillance,
data analysis, and personal assistants brings up questions about data security,
consent, and the potential for bias. As AI systems become more integrated into
daily life, ensuring they are developed and used responsibly is crucial to protect
individual rights and freedoms.
The potential of AI to address complex global challenges, such as climate
change, healthcare, and poverty, is immense. However, maximizing the benefits
of AI while minimizing its risks requires careful management, collaboration
among stakeholders, and the development of robust ethical frameworks.
1. What does AI enable machines to do?
A) Perform only simple, repetitive tasks.
B) Learn from experience and perform humanlike tasks.
C) Function without any human intervention ever.
D) Replace all human jobs.
2. What is a significant concern regarding AI's impact on the job market?
A) The inability of AI to work alongside humans.
B) The complete automation of all industries.
C) Job displacement and the need for new skills.
D) The decrease in workplace efficiency.
3. Which area is NOT directly impacted by AI advancements?
A) Traditional farming methods.
B) The way we learn and educate.
C) The job market and employment.
D) Personal privacy and ethical issues.
4. What ethical issue is associated with AI?
A) The potential for increased human longevity.
B) The guarantee of job security.
C) Questions about data security and consent.
 D) The reduction of global travel.
5. How can the benefits of AI be maximized?
A) By allowing AI to develop without any human oversight.
B) Through careful management and the development of ethical frame-
works.
C) By limiting AI application to entertainment.
D) Ignoring potential risks and focusing solely on economic gains.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Issues and Concepts in Global Climate Change

(1) _______________________________
This phenomenon results from the increase in greenhouse gases in the
Earth's atmosphere, leading to higher global temperatures, melting ice caps, and
rising sea levels.
(2) ________________________________
The transition towards energy sources that produce fewer greenhouse gas
emissions, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, is essential for mitigat-
ing climate change impacts.
(3) ________________________________
Deforestation contributes significantly to climate change by reducing the
number of trees available to absorb CO2. Protecting and restoring forests are
critical steps in combating climate change.
(4) ________________________________
This strategy involves capturing CO2 emissions from sources like power
plants and storing it underground or using it in other ways to prevent it from en-
tering the atmosphere.
(5) ________________________________
The impact of climate change on weather patterns has led to more extreme
events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods, posing significant risks to
ecosystems, economies, and communities.

A. Global Warming
B. Renewable Energy Transition
C. Forest Conservation
D. Carbon Capture and Storage
E. Extreme Weather Events
F. Sea Level Rise
G. Biodiversity Loss
H. Urban Heat Islands
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Transformation of Public Libraries
Public libraries are undergoing a significant transformation, evolving from
traditional book lending facilities to dynamic community hubs offering a wide
range of digital services. This transformation (1) __________ as libraries adapt
to the digital age, catering to the diverse needs of modern communities.
The change in public libraries (2) __________ in the late 20th century but
accelerated in the 21st century with the advent of the internet and digital media.
Libraries began to offer more than just books, including access to computers,
digital archives, e-books, and online learning resources.
As the role of public libraries (3) __________, they face challenges such
as digital literacy among patrons, funding for technological upgrades, and bal-
ancing traditional services with new digital offerings. Despite these challenges,
libraries continue to be vital spaces for learning, community engagement, and
access to information.
The recent (4) __________ in the transformation of public libraries has
been marked by innovative programs such as maker spaces, digital literacy
workshops, and community events that utilize technology to engage patrons.
These initiatives highlight the library's evolving role as a center for education,
creativity, and community building.
Looking ahead, the future of public libraries (5) __________, with ongo-
ing developments in technology and shifts in public expectations likely to fur-
ther shape their services and offerings. The continued evolution of public li-
braries is crucial for meeting the needs of their communities in an increasingly
digital world.

1. A) quickens
B) lessens
C) stays constant
D) changes

2. A) started
B) concluded
C) stopped
D) vanished

3. A) moves forward
B) steps back
C) stays the same
D) reduces

4. A) increase
B) decrease
 C) steadiness
D) break

5. A) progresses
B) halts
C) maintains balance
D) spreads

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancements in Water Conservation Technologies
Water conservation technologies are advancing rapidly, offering new solu-
tions to address the global challenge of water scarcity. This progress (1)
__________ as innovation in water saving and recycling technologies becomes
crucial for sustainable water management in both urban and rural areas.
The advancement in water conservation (2) __________ in the early 21st
century, driven by increasing awareness of environmental issues and the urgent
need to preserve our most precious natural resource. Technologies such as low
flow fixtures, smart irrigation systems, and water efficient appliances have be-
come more common.
As the development of water conservation technologies (3) __________,
it encounters obstacles like the initial cost of new technologies, the need for pub-
lic awareness and education, and the challenge of integrating these technologies
into existing water management systems. However, the potential benefits for
water savings and sustainability drive ongoing research and implementation ef-
forts.
The recent (4) __________ in water conservation efforts has been sup-
ported by governmental policies, public private partnerships, and community
initiatives aimed at reducing water consumption and promoting the reuse and
recycling of water. These efforts are essential for addressing the impacts of cli-
mate change and ensuring a secure water future.
Looking ahead, the future of water conservation technologies (5)
__________, with emerging innovations such as advanced desalination methods,
water-from-air technologies, and smart water management systems expected to
play a key role in solving global water scarcity issues. The ongoing advance-
ment of water conservation technologies is vital for sustainable development and
environmental protection.
1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) remains unchanged
D) oscillates

2. A) gained momentum
B) wrapped up
C) broke down
D) disappeared

3. A) forges ahead
B) withdraws
C) freezes
D) declines

4. A) surge
B) fall
C) balance
D) interruption

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) levels out
D) diversifies
 TEST 39
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HEALTHY EATING
Healthy eating is fundamental to maintaining good health and wellbeing.
It involves consuming a variety of foods that provide the nutrients needed to
maintain bodily functions, such as energy, immune support, and growth. A bal-
anced diet includes a mix of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and
healthy fats, which together contribute to overall health.
Adopting a healthy eating habit has several benefits. It can help prevent
chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It also plays a cru-
cial role in managing weight, improving mood, and boosting energy levels.
Moreover, healthy eating supports brain health, impacting cognitive function
and mental clarity.
Despite the known benefits, many people find it challenging to maintain
healthy eating habits due to factors like busy lifestyles, access to processed
foods, and personal preferences. However, making small, manageable changes
to the diet can have significant long-term health benefits.
Education and awareness about the components of a healthy diet and the
importance of nutrition are vital in promoting healthy eating habits. Encouraging
individuals to prepare their meals, understand food labels, and make informed
choices can empower them to take control of their health through nutrition.
1. What is an essential component of a balanced diet?
A) High amounts of processed sugars.
B) Exclusively meat-based products.
C) A variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
D) Large quantities of saturated fats.
2. How can healthy eating impact chronic disease?
A) It has no effect on chronic diseases.
B) It increases the risk of developing chronic diseases.
C) It can help prevent or manage chronic diseases.
D) It solely cures chronic diseases without other treatments.
3. What is a challenge in maintaining healthy eating habits?
A) The abundance of time for meal preparation.
B) The widespread availability of only healthy foods.
C) Access to processed foods and busy lifestyles.
D) A lack of delicious options in healthy foods.
4. What role does healthy eating play in weight management?
A) It is irrelevant to weight management.
B) It makes it more difficult to manage weight.
C) It helps in managing and maintaining a healthy weight.
D) It solely focuses on rapid weight loss.
5. How can individuals be empowered to eat healthily?
 A) By avoiding all information on nutrition.
B) Through education about nutrition and making informed food choices.
C) By eating the same foods every day.
D) Focusing only on calorie counting.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Fundamental Concepts and Challenges in Cybersecurity

(1) _______________________________
The unauthorized exploitation of a software vulnerability, leading to unau-
thorized access or damage. Regular updates and security patches are essential to
protect against these attacks.
(2) ________________________________
A deceptive attempt to obtain sensitive information, such as usernames,
passwords, and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an
electronic communication.
(3) ________________________________
Techniques used to protect the integrity of networks, programs, and data
from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. This includes a range of strategies
from encryption to firewall deployment.
(4) ________________________________
A malicious attack that aims to disrupt the normal function of a targeted
server, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of internet traffic.
(5) ________________________________
The process of encoding information in such a way that only authorized
parties can access it, and those who are not authorized cannot. It is a critical tool
for protecting data privacy.
A. Exploit
B. Phishing
C. Cybersecurity Measures
D. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack
E. Encryption
F. Malware
G. Social Engineering
H. Data Breach
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Expansion of Online Shopping
Online shopping has significantly expanded, changing the way we buy
products and services. This expansion (1) __________ as consumers enjoy the
convenience of shopping from home and retailers adapt to digital marketplaces.
The shift towards online shopping (2) __________ in the late 1990s and
early 2000s, with the emergence of ecommerce platforms. These platforms have
since evolved, offering a wide range of products, and streamlining the shopping
experience with features like one-click purchases and personalized recommen-
dations.
As the trend of online shopping (3) __________, it faces challenges such
as ensuring the security of online transactions, managing the logistics of deliv-
ery, and providing effective customer service in a virtual environment. Despite
these issues, the appeal of being able to shop anytime, anywhere, continues to
attract more consumers.
The recent (4) __________ in online shopping has been driven by techno-
logical advancements, such as mobile shopping apps and improved payment
systems, making it easier and more secure for consumers to make purchases on-
line. These developments have further solidified the role of online shopping in
the retail landscape.
Looking ahead, the future of online shopping (5) __________, with inno-
vations like augmented reality shopping experiences and drone delivery services
poised to redefine how we shop online. The continued growth of online shop-
ping is shaping the future of retail, offering new opportunities and challenges for
businesses and consumers alike.

1. A) accelerates
B) decreases
C) stabilizes
D) varies

2. A) began
B) ended
C) halted
D) faded

3. A) advances
B) retreats
C) remains steady
D) diminishes

4. A) increase
 B) downturn
C) consistency
D) gap

5. A) unfolds
B) concludes
C) balances
D) widens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Influence of Social Media on News Distribution
Social media has transformed how news is distributed and consumed, in-
fluencing public opinion and the speed at which information is shared. This in-
fluence (1) __________ as platforms become primary sources of news for many
people.
The integration of news into social media (2) __________ in the
mid2000s, allowing users not only to consume news but also to participate in its
dissemination and discussion. This has led to a more interactive and immediate
news experience but has also raised concerns about accuracy and misinforma-
tion.
As the role of social media in news distribution (3) __________, chal-
lenges such as the spread of fake news, echo chambers, and the impact on tradi-
tional journalism are being addressed through factchecking initiatives and efforts
to promote media literacy among users.
The recent (4) __________ in the reliance on social media for news has
underscored its impact on political processes, social movements, and crisis com-
munication, highlighting the dual role of social media as a tool for empower-
ment and a source of contention.
Looking ahead, the future of news distribution through social media (5)
__________, with ongoing debates about regulation, the responsibility of plat-
forms in curating content, and the evolving relationship between social media
companies and traditional news organizations. The intersection of social media
and news distribution continues to shape how we understand the world around
us.

1. A) grows
B) diminishes
C) remains constant
D) shifts

2. A) took off
B) wrapped up
C) paused
D) disappeared

3. A) develops
B) backs down
C) stays flat
D) lessens

4. A) boom
B) decline
C) steadiness
D) interruption

5. A) moves forward
B) ceases
C) holds even
D) expands
 TEST 40
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE ROLE OF TREES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
Trees in urban environments do more than beautify the landscape; they
serve as vital components of city infrastructure that contribute significantly to
the health and wellbeing of communities. Urban trees provide a myriad of bene-
fits, from improving air quality by filtering pollutants to reducing the urban heat
island effect by providing shade and releasing water vapor through their leaves.
Moreover, urban trees play a crucial role in enhancing biodiversity by of-
fering habitat and food for various species within city limits. They also manage
stormwater runoff, helping to prevent flooding and water pollution by absorbing
rainwater. The psychological benefits of trees in urban areas are profound; they
have been shown to reduce stress, improve mood, and encourage physical activ-
ity among city dwellers.
Despite their benefits, urban trees face numerous challenges, including
limited growing space, pollution, and the risk of disease and pests. Conse-
quently, the planning and maintenance of urban forestry are critical to ensuring
that trees can thrive in cities and continue to provide their invaluable benefits to
urban ecosystems and their inhabitants.
As cities continue to grow, integrating green spaces and urban trees into
city planning becomes increasingly important. This integration not only en-
hances the aesthetic appeal of cities but also supports environmental sustainabil-
ity and the quality of life for urban populations.
1. What is one-way trees improve air quality in urban environments?
A) By releasing pollutants into the air.
B) Filtering pollutants from the air.
C) Increasing carbon dioxide levels.
D) Reducing oxygen production.
2. How do urban trees contribute to reducing the urban heat island effect?
A) By absorbing heat with their trunks.
B) Releasing water vapor through their leaves.
C) Blocking sunlight from reaching the earth's surface.
D) Reflecting sunlight back into the atmosphere.
3. What role do trees play in urban biodiversity?
A) They decrease habitat spaces for wildlife.
B) Offer habitat and food for various species.
C) Have no impact on urban wildlife.
D) Attract only invasive species.
4. How do urban trees manage stormwater runoff?
A) By increasing water flow on streets.
B) Absorbing rainwater through their roots.
C) Repelling water away from urban areas.
 D) Contributing to water pollution.
5. Why is urban forestry planning critical?
A) To ensure trees do not grow in cities.
B) To limit the number of trees in urban areas.
C) To ensure trees can thrive and provide benefits in urban settings.
D) Trees require no planning or maintenance in urban environments.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Groundbreaking Developments in Transportation

(1) _______________________________
A technology that allows vehicles to operate and navigate without human
input, using sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence to perceive their envi-
ronment and make decisions.
(2) ________________________________
The development of aircraft that are significantly quieter and more fuelef-
ficient than their predecessors, incorporating advanced materials and aerody-
namics to reduce environmental impact.
(3) ________________________________
Utilizing strong magnetic fields to levitate trains above the tracks, reduc-
ing friction and allowing for much higher speeds than traditional rail systems.
(4) ________________________________
Electric vehicles that rely on battery power rather than internal combus-
tion engines, offering a cleaner alternative to fossil fuel powered vehicles.
(5) ________________________________
The concept of transporting people or goods through tubes in pods that
move at high speeds, potentially revolutionizing long-distance travel by reduc-
ing trip times dramatically.
A. Autonomous Vehicles
B. Green Aviation
C. Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains
D. Electric Vehicles
E. Hyperloop Transportation
F. Shared Mobility Services
G. Smart Traffic Management Systems
H. Drone Delivery Systems

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation
 Biodiversity conservation has become a crucial global effort, aiming to
protect the variety of life on Earth and maintain natural habitats. This impor-
tance (1) __________ as the planet faces threats like habitat destruction, climate
change, and pollution, endangering countless species.
The push for biodiversity conservation (2) __________ in the latter part of
the 20th century, with international agreements and conservation organizations
working to safeguard endangered species and their habitats. Efforts have ex-
panded to include the protection of ecosystems that provide essential services,
such as clean air and water.
As the movement for biodiversity conservation (3) __________, it con-
fronts challenges such as limited funding, competing land uses, and the complex
task of balancing human needs with environmental protection. Despite these ob-
stacles, the recognition of biodiversity's value for sustainability and wellbeing
drives ongoing conservation actions.
The recent (4) __________ in biodiversity conservation has been marked
by innovative approaches, including community-based conservation, rewilding
projects, and the use of technology for monitoring and protecting wildlife. These
initiatives demonstrate a growing commitment to preserving the planet's biologi-
cal wealth.
Looking ahead, the future of biodiversity conservation (5) __________,
with a focus on integrating conservation goals into broader social and economic
planning. The ongoing dedication to preserving biodiversity is vital for ensuring
a healthy and resilient planet for future generations.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) holds steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained traction
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) retracts
C) remains static
D) lessens

4. A) surge
B) decline
C) equilibrium
D) break

5. A) unfolds
 B) terminates
C) stabilizes
D) broadens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Smart Home Technology

Smart home technology has evolved rapidly, turning homes into con-
nected environments that enhance comfort, security, and energy efficiency. This
evolution (1) __________ as innovations in IoT (Internet of Things) devices and
artificial intelligence make smart homes more intuitive and user-friendly.

The development of smart home technology (2) __________ in the early

21st century, initially focusing on basic home automation systems. Since then, it
has expanded to include a wide range of devices for controlling lighting, temper-
ature, security, and entertainment systems, all integrated into a cohesive net-
work.

As the adoption of smart home technology (3) __________, it faces hur-

dles such as interoperability between different devices, concerns over data pri-
vacy and security, and the need for reliable internet connections. However, the
potential for energy savings, enhanced safety, and improved quality of life con-
tinues to drive consumer interest and market growth.

The recent (4) __________ in smart home technology has been driven by
voice-activated assistants, advanced home security cameras, and energy efficient
appliances that learn from user behavior to optimize settings. These advance-
ments reflect a shift towards more sustainable and autonomous living spaces.

Looking ahead, the future of smart home technology (5) __________,

with the potential for further integration of AI, augmented reality for home man-
agement, and advancements in home health monitoring devices. The continued
innovation in smart home technology promises to redefine the way we live and
interact with our living spaces.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stays even
D) changes

2. A) started
B) wrapped up
C) broke down
D) disappeared

3. A) advances
B) withdraws
C) freezes
D) shrinks

4. A) uptick
B) drop
C) consistency
D) interruption

5. A) moves ahead
B) stops
C) balances
D) diversifies
 TEST 41
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPACT OF SLEEP ON HEALTH
Sleep is a fundamental aspect of human health, yet it is often undervalued
and overlooked. Adequate sleep is essential for the body and mind to function
optimally. It plays a critical role in immune function, metabolism, memory,
learning, and other vital functions. The consequences of sleep deprivation can be
severe, affecting both physical and mental health in profound ways.
Lack of sleep is associated with a wide range of health issues, including
increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mental health dis-
orders such as depression and anxiety. Sleep deprivation can also impair cogni-
tive functions, reducing attention span, decision-making abilities, and memory.
The recommended amount of sleep varies by age, with adults generally
needing 79 hours per night. Achieving this can be influenced by various factors,
including lifestyle choices, health conditions, and environmental factors. Strate-
gies to improve sleep include maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a
comfortable sleep environment, limiting exposure to screens before bedtime,
and managing stress.
Recognizing the importance of sleep is the first step towards making it a
priority in our lives. By ensuring adequate sleep, we can enhance our overall
health, wellbeing, and quality of life.
1. What is an essential function of sleep?
A) To increase the risk of chronic diseases.
B) To impair cognitive functions.
C) To support immune function and metabolism.
D) To decrease memory and learning.

2. What health issue is NOT associated with sleep deprivation?

A) Enhanced metabolism.
B) Cardiovascular disease.
C) Obesity.
D) Diabetes.
3. How does sleep deprivation affect mental health?
A) It reduces the risk of depression and anxiety.
B) It has no impact on mental health.
C) It increases the risk of mental health disorders.
D) It improves cognitive function.
4. What is the general sleep recommendation for adults?
A) 35 hours per night.
B) 79 hours per night.
C) 1012 hours per night.
D) As much as possible, without limit.
 5. Which strategy can improve sleep quality?
A) Using electronic devices right before bed.
B) Drinking caffeinated beverages in the evening.
C) Maintaining a regular sleep schedule.
D) Sleeping in a noisy and bright environment.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Principles for Communicating Effectively

(1) _______________________________
This involves actively listening to the speaker without forming a response
while they are still talking. It shows respect for the speaker's message and helps
in understanding the information being conveyed fully.
(2) ________________________________
Clear and concise messages help prevent misunderstandings. This princi-
ple is about expressing thoughts and information straightforwardly, without un-
necessary jargon or complexity.
(3) ________________________________
Feedback, both giving and receiving, is essential for effective communica-
tion. It helps to clarify misunderstandings, improve future communications, and
affirm that the message has been understood correctly.
(4) ________________________________
Nonverbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of
voice, play a significant role in communication. They can often convey more
than words alone and should be consistent with the verbal message.
(5) ________________________________
Understanding the perspective of the person you are communicating with
can greatly improve the effectiveness of the exchange. This involves considering
their feelings, background, and the context of the message.
A. Active Listening
B. Clarity and Conciseness
C. Constructive Feedback
D. Non-Verbal Communication
E. Empathy
F. Open-Mindedness
G. Assertiveness
H. Adaptability
Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Global Effort to Reduce Plastic Pollution
 Plastic pollution is a pressing environmental issue, with millions of tons
of plastic waste entering our oceans and landscapes every year. This global ef-
fort (1) __________ as countries and communities strive to reduce singleuse
plastics and increase recycling initiatives.
The movement to combat plastic pollution (2) __________ in the early
21st century, gaining momentum as the harmful effects on wildlife, ecosystems,
and human health became more apparent. Bans on plastic bags, straws, and
other singleuse items have been implemented in various parts of the world to
tackle this issue.
As the fight against plastic pollution (3) __________, it encounters obsta-
cles such as the convenience of plastic packaging, the need for affordable alter-
natives, and the challenge of managing existing waste. Despite these challenges,
public awareness campaigns and innovations in biodegradable materials are
making headway in reducing plastic reliance.
The recent (4) __________ in efforts to address plastic pollution has seen
an increase in recycling technologies, community cleanup events, and corporate
commitments to sustainable packaging. These actions underscore the collective
responsibility to protect the environment from plastic waste.
Looking ahead, the future of reducing plastic pollution (5) __________,
with ongoing research into new materials, waste management strategies, and
global agreements aimed at minimizing plastic waste. The continued commit-
ment to this cause is crucial for safeguarding the planet for future generations.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains steady
D) seesaws

2. A) picked up steam
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded

3. A) pushes forward
B) steps back
C) stands still
D) diminishes

4. A) boost
B) decline
C) consistency
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) halts
 C) maintains equilibrium
D) spreads out

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Online Learning Platforms
Online learning platforms have surged in popularity, providing flexible
education options for students worldwide. This rise (1) __________ as advance-
ments in technology make online courses more interactive and accessible.
The trend towards online education (2) __________ significantly in the
last decade, propelled by the internet's widespread availability and the desire for
personalized learning experiences. Platforms offering a vast array of subjects,
from academic courses to skill-based training, have become key players in the
education sector.
As the popularity of online learning platforms (3) __________, they face
challenges like ensuring educational quality, promoting student engagement, and
providing equal access for all learners. However, the adaptability of online
learning environments and the potential to reach underserved populations con-
tinue to drive their expansion.
The recent (4) __________ in the use of online learning platforms has
been accelerated by global events that necessitated remote education solutions.
This period has highlighted the platforms' ability to offer continuity in educa-
tion, regardless of physical location.
Looking ahead, the future of online learning platforms (5) __________,
with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and
adaptive learning algorithms set to enhance the educational experience. The
growth of online education is reshaping the traditional learning landscape, offer-
ing new opportunities for learners and educators alike.

1. A) grows
B) diminishes
C) holds constant
D) fluctuates

2. A) expanded
B) ended
C) interrupted
D) vanished

3. A) forges ahead
B) retreats
C) remains static
D) contracts
4. A) leap
B) fall
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) ceases
C) stays balanced
D) broadens
 TEST 42
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE PHENOMENON OF SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER
(SAD)
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs at
the same time each year, usually during the fall and winter months when there is
less natural sunlight. It is believed that reduced sunlight can cause a drop in
serotonin, a brain chemical that affects mood, and disrupt the body's internal
clock or circadian rhythm, leading to feelings of depression.
Symptoms of SAD can include fatigue, depression, a change in appetite,
sleep disturbances, and a lack of interest in activities once enjoyed. Although the
exact cause of SAD is not fully understood, it's thought to be related to the
change in seasons affecting serotonin levels, melatonin production, and the
body's circadian rhythms.
Treatment for SAD may include light therapy (phototherapy), psychother-
apy, and medications. Light therapy involves exposure to artificial light that
mimics natural outdoor light, which is thought to cause a chemical change in the
brain that lifts mood and eases other symptoms of SAD.
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of SAD is crucial for those who are
affected. Understanding that this condition is more than just "winter blues" can
help individuals seek the appropriate treatment and support.
1. When does Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) typically occur?
A) During the summer months.
B) Yearround, without a specific pattern.
C) During the fall and winter months.
D) Only in the spring.
2. What is a common symptom of SAD?
A) Increased energy levels.
B) A desire for warmer temperatures.
C) Sleep disturbances.
D) Improved mood.
3. What factor is believed to contribute to the onset of SAD?
A) Excessive exposure to natural sunlight.
B) Reduced levels of serotonin.
C) Increased physical activity.
D) Consumption of vitamin D supplements.
4. Which treatment is commonly used for SAD?
A) Avoiding all forms of artificial light.
B) Light therapy (phototherapy).
C) Staying indoors during daylight hours.
D) Decreasing sleep hours.
5. Why is it important to recognize the signs of SAD?
 A) To avoid outdoor activities during winter.
B) To seek appropriate treatment and support.
C) Because it is a rare condition that is not well understood.
D) To selfmedicate without professional advice.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Essential Concepts and Practices in Personal Finance

(1) _______________________________
Creating a plan for how to spend and save money. This includes tracking
expenses, setting savings goals, and ensuring that expenses do not exceed in-
come.
(2) ________________________________
The practice of setting aside a portion of income in a savings account or
investment to provide for future expenses, emergencies, or retirement.
(3) ________________________________
Taking steps to minimize the risk of financial loss, including purchasing
insurance policies for health, life, property, and other valuable assets.
(4) ________________________________
Investing money with the goal of achieving a return on the initial invest-
ment. This can include stocks, bonds, real estate, and other investment vehicles.
(5) ________________________________
The responsible use and management of credit and loans, including pay-
ing off debt on time, maintaining a good credit score, and understanding the
terms of credit agreements.
A. Budgeting
B. Saving
C. Risk Management
D. Investing
E. Credit Management
F. Tax Planning
G. Retirement Planning
H. Estate Planning

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
 The Growing Trend of Urban Gardening
Urban gardening is blossoming as more city dwellers seek to grow their
own food, beautify their surroundings, and contribute to local biodiversity. This
growing trend (1) __________ as communities and individuals discover the joys
and benefits of gardening in urban environments.
The movement towards urban gardening (2) __________ in the late 20th
century but has gained significant momentum in recent years. Initiatives like
community gardens, rooftop farms, and balcony gardening have made it possible
for urban residents to cultivate plants and vegetables despite limited space.
As the popularity of urban gardening (3) __________, it faces challenges
such as limited access to land, the need for gardening knowledge, and urban cli-
mate conditions. However, the movement's positive impact on food security,
community cohesion, and environmental health continues to fuel its expansion.
The recent (4) __________ in urban gardening has been encouraged by
social media platforms, where communities share tips, success stories, and en-
couragement. Additionally, local governments and organizations are increasingly
supporting urban gardening projects as part of green city initiatives.
Looking ahead, the future of urban gardening (5) __________, with tech-
nological innovations like hydroponics and vertical gardening offering new
ways to grow food in dense urban areas. The continued embrace of urban gar-
dening promises to transform city landscapes and lifestyles, making them
greener and more sustainable.

1. A) flourishes
B) declines
C) remains unchanged
D) varies

2. A) sprouted
B) completed
C) broke off
D) disappeared

3. A) advances
B) recedes
C) stays still
D) dwindles

4. A) boom
B) reduction
C) balance
D) break

5. A) moves forward
 B) stops
C) levels out
D) expands

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancement in Wearable Health Technology
Wearable health technology has advanced rapidly, providing individuals
with unprecedented access to personal health data and insights. This advance-
ment (1) __________ as devices become more sophisticated, tracking every-
thing from daily steps to heart rate variability.
The journey of wearable health technology (2) __________ in the early
2010s with the introduction of fitness trackers and smartwatches. Since then,
these devices have evolved to monitor a wider range of health metrics, including
sleep quality, stress levels, and even blood oxygen saturation.
As the development of wearable health technology (3) __________, it en-
counters challenges such as ensuring accuracy, protecting user privacy, and mak-
ing devices accessible to a broad audience. Despite these hurdles, the demand
for personal health monitoring and the potential for these devices to support pre-
ventive healthcare strategies drive ongoing innovation.
The recent (4) __________ in wearable health technology has been
marked by the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, en-
hancing the device's ability to provide personalized health insights and recom-
mendations. This has opened new possibilities for early detection of health is-
sues and more tailored health advice.
Looking ahead, the future of wearable health technology (5) __________,
with research focused on expanding capabilities to include noninvasive glucose
monitoring, early disease detection, and realtime health intervention. The pro-
gression of wearable technology is set to play a pivotal role in shaping the future
of personal and public health management.

1. A) intensifies
B) diminishes
C) stays constant
D) oscillates

2. A) commenced
B) concluded
C) paused
D) faded out

3. A) strides forward
B) backs down
C) remains motionless
D) lessens

4. A) surge
B) downfall
C) steadiness
D) interruption

5. A) proceeds
B) ceases
C) finds balance
D) diversifies
 TEST 43
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Digital communication has revolutionized the way we connect, share in-
formation, and conduct business. From the early days of the internet to the ad-
vent of social media and instant messaging, technology has transformed the
landscape of communication. The first email sent in the early 1970s marked the
beginning of this digital communication era, paving the way for the develop-
ment of various platforms and tools that facilitate instant and global connectiv-
ity.
Today, social media platforms, blogs, and video conferencing tools have
become integral to our daily lives, enabling not only personal connections but
also opening new avenues for marketing, education, and remote work. The rapid
exchange of information has fostered global awareness and collaboration, break-
ing down geographical and cultural barriers.
However, this evolution has also introduced challenges, including issues
of privacy, digital divide, and the impact on mental health. The ease of access to
vast amounts of information can be overwhelming and has raised concerns about
the quality and reliability of that information.
As digital communication continues to evolve, it prompts discussions
about the future of connectivity, the role of artificial intelligence, and the bal-
ance between online and offline interactions. Embracing the benefits while ad-
dressing the challenges of digital communication is crucial as we navigate this
everchanging digital landscape.
1. What marked the beginning of the digital communication era?
A) The invention of the telephone.
B) The first email sent in the early 1970s.
C) The launch of the first social media platform.
D) The creation of the World Wide Web.
2. Which of the following has become integral to our daily lives due to
digital communication?
A) Social media platforms and blogs.
B) Only traditional letters and phone calls.
C) Solely face-to-face meetings.
D) Print newspapers only.
3. What is a challenge introduced by the evolution of digital communica-
tion?
A) Improved privacy.
B) Reduced global awareness.
C) Issues of privacy and digital divide.
D) Enhanced mental health.
4. How has digital communication affected work and education?
 A) It has limited the ways in which we can work and learn.
B) It has opened new avenues for marketing, education, and remote work.
C) It has made education and work less accessible.
D) It has completely replaced the need for traditional education and work-
places.
5. What is a crucial aspect as digital communication continues to evolve?
A) Ignoring the benefits and focusing only on the challenges.
B) Eliminating all forms of digital communication.
C) Embracing the benefits while addressing the challenges.
D) Focusing solely on the development of artificial intelligence.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Types and Sources of Renewable Energy

(1) _______________________________
This type of energy is harnessed from the sun's rays and converted into
electricity or heat. It's one of the cleanest sources of energy and can be used in a
variety of applications, from residential to industrial.
(2) ________________________________
Generated from the natural movement of water, this energy source can
come from rivers, tides, or manmade installations like dams. It's known for its
reliability and potential for largescale electricity production.
(3) ________________________________
This energy is captured from wind using turbines. It's a fast-growing
source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and has a smaller environ-
mental footprint compared to traditional energy sources.
(4) ________________________________
Derived from the Earth's internal heat, this energy can be used for heating
and electricity generation. It's a sustainable source that can provide consistent
power without the variability of solar and wind energy.
(5) ________________________________
Produced from organic materials (biomass) such as plants, wood, and
waste. When used as fuel, it can produce electricity, heat, or transportation fuels,
offering a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
A. Solar Energy
B. Hydropower
C. Wind Energy
D. Geothermal Energy
E. Biomass Energy
F. Nuclear Energy
G. Wave and Tidal Energy
H. Hydrogen Fuel
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Ecotourism
Ecotourism has become increasingly popular as travelers seek more sus-
tainable and environmentally responsible ways to explore the world. This rise
(1) __________ as awareness about environmental conservation grows and
tourists look for experiences that offer insights into natural habitats and cultural
heritage without harming the environment.
The trend towards ecotourism (2) __________ in the 1990s, but it has
seen significant growth in recent years. This movement is driven by a desire to
preserve the world's natural wonders and support local communities while pro-
viding travelers with unique and authentic experiences.
As the popularity of ecotourism (3) __________, it faces challenges such
as ensuring that it remains a low impact and sustainable alternative to conven-
tional tourism. Issues like overtourism in sensitive areas and the need for strict
sustainability standards are at the forefront of discussions within the ecotourism
community.
The recent (4) __________ in ecotourism has been bolstered by the devel-
opment of ecofriendly accommodations, the promotion of wildlife conservation
projects, and the introduction of sustainable travel initiatives by governments
and NGOs. These efforts highlight the commitment to protecting the environ-
ment while catering to the eco conscious traveler.
Looking ahead, the future of ecotourism (5) __________, with continued
emphasis on education, conservation, and the responsible enjoyment of natural
and cultural resources. The growth of ecotourism is essential for fostering a
deeper understanding of environmental stewardship among travelers and ensur-
ing the preservation of global biodiversity.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) ended
C) halted
D) vanished

3. A) unfolds
B) retreats
C) stays static
D) shrinks
 4. A) increase
B) downturn
C) consistency
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) discontinues
C) holds steady
D) expands

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Expansion of Renewable Energy in Urban Areas
Renewable energy is expanding rapidly in urban areas, with cities around
the world adopting solar, wind, and other clean energy sources to reduce carbon
emissions and combat climate change. This expansion (1) __________ as tech-
nological advancements make renewable energy more accessible and cost-effec-
tive for urban implementation.
The shift towards renewable energy in cities (2) __________ in the early
21st century, encouraged by global environmental initiatives and the urgent need
to address urban pollution. Solar panels on rooftops, wind turbines near city out-
skirts, and the integration of green energy into public utilities have become more
common sights.
As the adoption of renewable energy in urban areas (3) __________, it
encounters challenges such as space constraints, the initial cost of installation,
and the need for infrastructure upgrades. Despite these obstacles, the push for
clean energy is supported by the potential for significant environmental and
health benefits.
The recent (4) __________ in urban renewable energy projects has been
driven by government policies, incentives for green energy investment, and a
growing public demand for sustainable urban living. These factors are crucial
for the continued growth of renewable energy in cities.
Looking ahead, the future of renewable energy in urban areas (5)
__________, with innovations in energy storage, microgrid technology, and
smart city initiatives expected to further enhance the efficiency and integration
of renewable sources. The expansion of renewable energy in urban settings is
key to achieving broader environmental goals and creating more sustainable
cities.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains unchanged
D) oscillates

2. A) kicked off
B) concluded
C) paused
D) disappeared

3. A) advances
B) backs down
C) stands still
D) diminishes

4. A) upsurge
B) fall
C) equilibrium
D) break

5. A) continues
B) ends
C) evens out
D) widens
 TEST 44
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BEES IN ECOSYSTEMS
Bees play an indispensable role in ecosystems as some of the most effec-
tive pollinators on the planet. These tiny workers are essential for the reproduc-
tion of many plant species, including the crops humans rely on for food. By
transferring pollen from one flower to another, bees not only aid in the fertiliza-
tion of plants, leading to fruit, seed, and vegetable production, but they also con-
tribute to the genetic diversity of the plant populations they pollinate.
The decline of bee populations in recent years due to pesticide use, habitat
loss, climate change, and diseases poses a significant threat to global biodiver-
sity and food security. The loss of bees could lead to decreased crop yields, af-
fecting both natural ecosystems and human agriculture.
Efforts to protect and preserve bee populations are crucial for maintaining
the balance of our ecosystems. Creating bee friendly environments, reducing the
use of harmful pesticides, and supporting local beekeepers are some of the ways
individuals and communities can contribute to the conservation of bees.
The relationship between bees and ecosystems is a perfect example of
how interconnected and dependent the components of biodiversity are on each
other. Protecting bees is not only about conserving a single species but about
preserving the intricate web of life that sustains our planet.
1. What makes bees indispensable to ecosystems?
A) Their ability to produce honey.
B) Their role as effective pollinators.
C) Their ability to fly great distances.
D) Their vibrant colors.
2. What is a direct consequence of the decline in bee populations?
A) Increased plant diversity.
B) Decreased crop yields.
C) More rainfall.
D) Reduced use of pesticides.
3. Why are bees important for food security?
A) They control insect populations.
B) They pollinate crops, leading to fruit and vegetable production.
C) They entertain gardeners.
D) They increase soil fertility directly.
4. How can individuals help conserve bee populations?
A) By using more pesticides.
B) Creating bee friendly environments.
C) Keeping bees as indoor pets.
D) Planting fewer flowers.
5. What does the relationship between bees and ecosystems illustrate?
 A) The independence of species within an ecosystem.
B) The lack of importance of bees to agriculture.
C) How interconnected biodiversity components are.
D) That bees are the only important pollinators.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Areas and Phenomena in Oceanography

(1) _______________________________
The study of the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the
sea. It includes the exploration of ocean currents, waves, and the ocean atmos-
phere relationship that influences climate.
(2) ________________________________
This is a branch of oceanography that focuses on the composition, struc-
ture, and history of the ocean floors. It involves studying the physical materials
that make up the seabed and the processes that form these features.
(3) ________________________________
Refers to the vast diversity of life in the oceans, from microscopic plank-
ton to the largest whales. This area of study examines the complex ecosystems
and the relationships between different marine organisms.
(4) ________________________________
The exploration of how human activity impacts the ocean environment,
including pollution, overfishing, and climate change effects like ocean acidifica-
tion and sea-level rise.
(5) ________________________________
Involves studying the chemical properties of ocean water, including salin-
ity, pH levels, and the presence of nutrients and gases. These chemical interac-
tions are crucial for understanding oceanic processes and the health of marine
ecosystems.
A. Physical Oceanography
B. Marine Geology
C. Marine Biology
D. Marine Conservation
E. Chemical Oceanography
F. Ocean Engineering
G. Marine Archaeology
H. Oceanic Circulation Patterns

Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Evolution of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
 Electric Vehicles (EVs) have transitioned from being a futuristic concept
to becoming a mainstream choice for consumers seeking sustainable transporta-
tion. This evolution (1) __________ as innovations in battery technology and
governmental policies supporting green energy contribute to the increasing pop-
ularity of EVs.
The journey towards the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (2)
__________ in the early 21st century, marked by the launch of pioneering mod-
els that challenged the dominance of gasoline powered cars. The development of
more efficient batteries and the expansion of charging infrastructure have been
crucial in overcoming initial resistance.
As the market for electric vehicles (3) __________, it faces challenges
like the high cost of advanced technology, range anxiety among potential users,
and the need for a comprehensive network of charging stations. Despite these
hurdles, the benefits of reduced emissions and lower operating costs drive con-
tinued interest in EVs.
The recent (4) __________ in electric vehicle technology has been char-
acterized by significant advancements in range, the introduction of fast charging
capabilities, and the entry of major automakers into the EV market. These devel-
opments reflect a growing commitment to sustainable mobility solutions.
Looking ahead, the future of electric vehicles (5) __________, with ongo-
ing research aimed at improving battery efficiency, reducing production costs,
and enhancing the overall performance of EVs. The continued growth of the
electric vehicle industry is essential for achieving global environmental goals
and fostering a cleaner, greener future.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) wrapped up
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) expands
B) contracts
C) remains steady
D) reduces

4. A) leap
B) downturn
C) consistency
D) interruption
 5. A) progresses
B) halts
C) levels off
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Global Push for Clean Energy
The global push for clean energy is reshaping the energy landscape, as
nations and companies strive to reduce carbon emissions and harness renewable
resources. This push (1) __________ as technological breakthroughs and policy
initiatives make solar, wind, and other renewable energies more viable and cost-
effective.
The transition to clean energy (2) __________ in the late 20th century but
has accelerated in recent years due to growing environmental concerns and the
urgency to address climate change. Investments in renewable energy technolo-
gies have surged, driving down costs and increasing their competitiveness with
fossil fuels.
As the shift towards clean energy (3) __________, it navigates obstacles
such as energy storage challenges, the variability of renewable sources, and the
need for significant upgrades to existing energy grids. However, the potential for
a sustainable and secure energy future motivates ongoing innovation and collab-
oration.
The recent (4) __________ in the adoption of clean energy solutions has
been fueled by international agreements to lower carbon emissions, technologi-
cal advancements in energy efficiency, and a surge in consumer demand for
green energy. These factors are pivotal in the transition to a low carbon econ-
omy.
Looking ahead, the future of clean energy (5) __________, with continued
advancements expected in energy storage technologies, the expansion of electric
vehicle use, and the integration of smart grids. The global commitment to clean
energy is a key driver in the fight against climate change and in promoting envi-
ronmental sustainability.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains constant
D) seesaws

2. A) started
B) ceased
C) broke off
D) dissolved
3. A) moves forward
B) withdraws
C) holds still
D) declines

4. A) boost
B) setback
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) advances
B) discontinues
C) balances
D) expands
 TEST 45
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
UNDERSTANDING RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy, derived from natural processes that are replenished
constantly, is key to a sustainable future. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and
pollute the environment, renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geother-
mal power offer a cleaner, more sustainable energy solution. The transition to
renewable energy is critical in combating climate change, reducing air pollution,
and securing energy independence.
The adoption of renewable energy technologies has accelerated world-
wide, thanks to advancements in technology, decreasing costs, and increased
environmental awareness. Solar panels and wind turbines, for example, have
become symbols of this green revolution, capable of generating electricity with-
out emitting greenhouse gases.
Despite the progress, challenges remain. These include the intermittent
nature of some renewable sources, the need for storage solutions, and the re-
quirement for significant upfront investment. However, with continued innova-
tion and supportive policies, renewable energy has the potential to meet a sub-
stantial portion of global energy needs, driving economic growth while protect-
ing the planet.
1. What is a characteristic of renewable energy?
A) It is derived from finite natural processes.
B) It replenishes constantly.
C) It leads to high pollution levels.
D) Its sources are quickly depleted.
2. Why is the transition to renewable energy important?
A) It increases reliance on fossil fuels.
B) It combats climate change and reduces pollution.
C) It ensures the continued dominance of traditional energy sources.
D) It has no impact on the environment.
3. Which renewable energy source is known for generating electricity
without greenhouse gas emissions?
A) Coal
B) Solar panels
C) Nuclear power
D) Natural gas
4. What challenge is associated with renewable energy?
A) Its sources are too abundant.
B) The intermittent nature of some sources.
C) It is always more expensive than fossil fuels.
D) There is no need for storage solutions.
 5. What is needed to overcome the challenges facing renewable energy
adoption?
A) Decreasing environmental awareness.
B) Phasing out all energy sources except coal.
C) Continued innovation and supportive policies.
D) Ignoring the issue of climate change.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Fundamental Concepts and Styles in Modern Architecture

(1) _______________________________
This concept emphasizes the idea that a building should be designed based
on its intended function or purpose, often resulting in a minimalist aesthetic
where every element serves a practical purpose.
(2) ________________________________
A style characterized by clean lines, open spaces, and the use of industrial
materials such as steel, glass, and concrete. It reflects a departure from tradi-
tional decorative designs in favor of simplicity and functionality.
(3) ________________________________
The integration of nature and architecture, where buildings are designed to
coexist harmoniously with their natural surroundings. This approach often in-
cludes incorporating green spaces, natural light, and materials that blend with
the landscape.
(4) ________________________________
An architectural movement that focuses on energy efficiency and reducing
the environmental impact of buildings. It includes the use of sustainable materi-
als, renewable energy sources, and designs that minimize energy consumption.
(5) ________________________________
This trend involves the creative reuse and renovation of existing structures
for new purposes, often to preserve historical elements while accommodating
modern needs. It reflects a blend of old and new, where history is respected and
revitalized.
A. Form Follows Function
B. International Style
C. Biophilic Design
D. Green Architecture
E. Adaptive Reuse
F. Brutalism
G. Deconstructivism
H. Minimalism
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancement of Mobile Payment Systems
Mobile payment systems have revolutionized the way we handle transac-
tions, offering a seamless and convenient method for digital finance. This ad-
vancement (1) __________ as technology companies and financial institutions
innovate to provide secure and user-friendly payment solutions.
The adoption of mobile payment systems (2) __________ in the early
2010s, facilitated by the widespread use of smartphones. Features like nearfield
communication (NFC) technology, QR codes, and app based banking have made
it easier than ever for consumers to pay for goods and services without physical
cash or cards.
As the popularity of mobile payment systems (3) __________, challenges
such as cybersecurity threats, regulatory compliance, and ensuring universal ac-
cess are being addressed. Despite these hurdles, the convenience of mobile pay-
ments continues to attract a growing number of users worldwide.
The recent (4) __________ in mobile payment technology has been
marked by the introduction of biometric authentication methods, blockchain for
enhanced security, and integration with other digital services. These innovations
have significantly improved the efficiency and safety of mobile transactions.
Looking ahead, the future of mobile payment systems (5) __________,
with ongoing developments in technology promising to further simplify and se-
cure digital transactions. The expansion of mobile payments is key to advancing
the global digital economy, offering more inclusive access to financial services.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained momentum
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) vanished

3. A) progresses
B) retreats
C) remains steady
D) lessens

4. A) surge
B) decline
 C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) unfolds
B) ceases
C) holds even
D) broadens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Impact of Streaming Services on Entertainment
Streaming services have dramatically impacted the entertainment industry,
changing how we access and consume movies, TV shows, and music. This im-
pact (1) __________ as these platforms become the primary source of entertain-
ment for millions of people, challenging traditional media and distribution chan-
nels.
The rise of streaming services (2) __________ in the late 2000s, with
companies like Netflix transitioning from DVD rentals to online streaming. The
convenience of accessing a vast library of content on demand has led to a signif-
icant shift in consumer viewing habits, favoring streaming over traditional TV
and cinema.
As the influence of streaming services (3) __________, they face chal-
lenges such as content piracy, the saturation of the market with numerous com-
peting platforms, and negotiations with content creators for fair compensation.
Despite these issues, the growth of streaming services continues, fueled by their
ability to offer original and diverse content.
The recent (4) __________ in the popularity of streaming services has
been enhanced by advancements in internet infrastructure, the proliferation of
smart devices, and the production of high-quality original content that attracts a
global audience. These factors have solidified streaming as a dominant force in
the entertainment sector.
Looking ahead, the future of streaming services (5) __________, with po-
tential innovations in content delivery, interactive viewing experiences, and inte-
gration with other digital platforms. The ongoing evolution of streaming services
is reshaping the entertainment landscape, offering new opportunities for creators
and consumers alike.

1. A) grows
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) oscillates

2. A) started
B) ended
C) broke off
D) disappeared

3. A) advances
B) backs down
C) stays put
D) diminishes

4. A) boom
B) drop
C) balance
D) pause

5. A) continues
B) stops
C) levels out
D) expands
 TEST 46
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE BENEFITS OF WALKING
Walking is one of the simplest, most accessible forms of exercise, offering
a wide range of health benefits with minimal risk of injury. Regular walking can
improve cardiovascular health, enhance mental wellbeing, aid in weight man-
agement, and strengthen muscles and bones. Unlike more intense forms of exer-
cise, walking does not require special equipment or a gym membership, making
it an easy activity to incorporate into daily life.
Walking briskly for just 30 minutes a day can significantly reduce the risk
of chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. It also
serves as a natural mood booster, helping to alleviate symptoms of depression
and anxiety through the release of endorphins. Additionally, walking promotes
creativity and thinking, often leading to solutions for problems or new ideas.
For those looking to improve their physical fitness, walking can be a step-
pingstone to more vigorous exercise. It's also a social activity that can be en-
joyed with friends, family, or pets, providing an opportunity for social interac-
tion and bonding.
Incorporating walking into one's routine can be as simple as choosing to
walk to work, taking a brisk walk during lunch breaks, or enjoying a leisurely
walk in the evening. The adaptability of walking makes it suitable for people of
all ages and fitness levels, emphasizing its role as a cornerstone of a healthy life-
style.
1. What is a primary benefit of regular walking?
A) Increased risk of chronic diseases.
B) Reduction in cardiovascular health.
C) Improvement in cardiovascular health.
D) Requirement for specialized equipment.
2. How long should one walk briskly each day to see health benefits?
A) 5 minutes.
B) 15 minutes.
C) 30 minutes.
D) 2 hours.
3. What mental health benefit does walking provide?
A) Increases anxiety levels.
B) Reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety.
C) Decreases the release of endorphins.
D) Limits creative thinking.
4. How can walking boost creativity?
A) By promoting sedentary behavior.
B) Through the release of endorphins and promoting thinking.
C) By requiring intense focus on the physical activity.
 D) It has no effect on creativity.
5. What makes walking an accessible form of exercise?
A) It requires a lot of special equipment.
B) It's only suitable for young people.
C) No gym membership is needed, and it's suitable for all fitness levels.
D) It can only be done in specific locations.

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Concepts and Applications of Artificial Intelligence

(1) _______________________________
This branch of AI focuses on creating systems that can learn from data,
identify patterns, and make decisions with minimal human intervention. It's fun-
damental in applications such as recommendation systems and predictive analyt-
ics.
(2) ________________________________
AI systems designed to understand, interpret, and generate human lan-
guage in a way that is both meaningful and useful. This technology powers chat-
bots, virtual assistants, and translation services.
(3) ________________________________
The use of AI to simulate humanlike vision, enabling machines to inter-
pret and understand the visual world. Applications include image recognition,
video analysis, and autonomous vehicle navigation.
(4) ________________________________
AI algorithms and models that can analyze complex data to identify
trends, correlations, and patterns. It's used in financial forecasting, health diag-
nostics, and market research.
(5) ________________________________
Developing AI systems that can play games, solve puzzles, and undertake
complex strategies that typically require human intelligence. This field has led to
significant breakthroughs in AI research and development.
A. Machine Learning
B. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
C. Computer Vision
D. Data Analysis and Prediction
E. AI in Gaming
F. Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
G. Ethics and AI
H. AI in Healthcare
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advantages of Learning a Second Language
Learning a second language offers numerous benefits, enhancing cogni-
tive abilities, cultural understanding, and career opportunities. This advantage
(1) __________ as more people recognize the value of bilingualism in a globally
connected world.
The trend towards learning a second language (2) __________ in the late
20th century but has gained significant momentum in recent years, driven by
globalization and the increasing accessibility of language learning resources,
such as online courses and mobile apps.
As the pursuit of bilingualism (3) __________, learners encounter chal-
lenges like finding time for study, overcoming the fear of making mistakes, and
reaching fluency. Despite these obstacles, the cognitive, social, and professional
rewards of mastering a second language motivate continued learning and prac-
tice.
The recent (4) __________ in interest for learning a second language has
been further fueled by research showing its benefits for brain health, such as im-
proved memory and problem-solving skills, as well as enhanced empathy and
cultural sensitivity.
Looking ahead, the future of language learning (5) __________, with
technological advancements in AI and virtual reality promising to make immer-
sive language learning experiences more accessible and effective. The growing
appreciation for the advantages of bilingualism is likely to encourage even more
individuals to embark on the journey of learning a second language.

1. A) intensifies
B) diminishes
C) stabilizes
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) regresses
C) remains static
D) lessens

4. A) surge
 B) downturn
C) consistency
D) break

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) holds steady
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Growing Popularity of Plant-based Diets
Plant-based diets are becoming increasingly popular as individuals seek
healthier, more sustainable eating habits. This popularity (1) __________ as the
environmental, ethical, and health benefits of reducing animal product consump-
tion become more widely recognized.
The shift towards plant-based eating (2) __________ significantly in the
2010s, with documentaries, celebrities, and social media influencers highlight-
ing the impact of diet on health and the environment. Supermarkets and restau-
rants have responded by offering a greater variety of plant-based options, mak-
ing it easier for consumers to make the switch.
As the trend of plant-based diets (3) __________, challenges such as
adapting traditional recipes, ensuring balanced nutrition, and navigating social
situations where plant-based options are limited are being addressed through
community support, educational resources, and culinary innovation.
The recent (4) __________ in the adoption of plant-based diets has been
driven by a growing body of scientific research supporting the health benefits of
eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. This has encouraged more peo-
ple to explore plant-based eating, whether for health reasons, animal welfare, or
environmental concerns.
Looking ahead, the future of plant-based diets (5) __________, with con-
tinued advancements in food technology, such as lab grown meat and dairy al-
ternatives, expected to further expand the appeal and accessibility of plant-based
eating. The movement towards plant-based diets is part of a broader shift to-
wards more conscious and sustainable consumption patterns.

1. A) grows
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) seesaws

2. A) picked up pace
B) wrapped up
C) paused
D) disappeared

3. A) unfolds
B) withdraws
C) stands still
D) declines

4. A) boom
B) drop
C) steadiness
D) interruption

5. A) progresses
B) ends
C) stays level
D) broadens
 TEST 47
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDRATION
Hydration is crucial for maintaining overall health and wellbeing. The hu-
man body is made up of approximately 60% water, which plays a key role in
various bodily functions, including regulating body temperature, keeping joints
lubricated, transporting nutrients, and removing waste. Drinking enough water
can also improve skin health, aid in weight management, and enhance physical
performance.
Dehydration, even in mild forms, can lead to headaches, fatigue, dry skin,
and more serious health issues if not addressed. The recommended daily water
intake varies depending on factors such as age, weight, climate, and physical
activity levels, but a general guideline is to drink at least eight 8ounce glasses,
which is roughly 2l or half a gallon, per day.
In addition to drinking water, hydration can be achieved through the con-
sumption of water-rich foods like fruits and vegetables. Beverages such as
herbal teas and coconut water are also good alternatives, offering hydration with
added nutritional benefits. However, it's important to moderate the intake of caf-
feinated and sugary drinks, as they can contribute to dehydration.
Understanding the signs of dehydration is essential for preventing it.
Symptoms include thirst, dark urine, dry mouth, tiredness, and dizziness. By pri-
oritizing hydration, individuals can support their health and improve their qual-
ity of life.
1. What percentage of the human body is water?
A) 30%
B) 60%
C) 80%
D) 45%
2. What is a consequence of mild dehydration?
A) Increased energy levels
B) Headaches and fatigue
C) Improved skin health
D) Enhanced physical performance
3. How much water is generally recommended to drink daily?
A) Three 8ounce glasses
B) Eight 8ounce glasses
C) Twelve 8ounce glasses
D) Five 8ounce glasses
4. Which food can help achieve hydration?
A) Dried fruits
B) Salty snacks
C) Water rich fruits and vegetables
 D) Baked goods
5. What is NOT a symptom of dehydration?
A) Dark urine
B) Dry mouth
C) Dizziness
D) A feeling of coldness

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Strategies and Components of Digital Marketing

(1) _______________________________
This strategy involves creating and sharing valuable content to attract and
retain a clearly defined audience — and, ultimately, to drive profitable customer
action. Content can include blogs, videos, infographics, and more.
(2) ________________________________
The practice of optimizing web pages to rank higher in search engine re-
sults for specific keywords to increase the visibility of a website and attract
more traffic.
(3) ________________________________
Using social media platforms to promote a product, service, or brand to a
wider audience. It involves posting regular updates, engaging with followers,
and running advertising campaigns.
(4) ________________________________
Sending personalized, targeted messages to a company's subscribers or
customer base to inform, engage, and convert leads into customers. This can be
an effective way to maintain customer relationships and promote loyalty.
(5) ________________________________
Analyzing data collected from online interactions to understand consumer
behavior, preferences, and trends. This information can inform marketing strate-
gies and decisions, ensuring they are data driven.
A. Content Marketing
B. Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
C. Social Media Marketing
D. Email Marketing
E. Data Analysis in Marketing
F. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising
G. Affiliate Marketing
H. Mobile Marketing
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Importance of Sleep for Health
Sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and wellbeing, af-
fecting everything from cognitive function to physical health. This importance
(1) __________ as scientific research continues to uncover the deep connections
between sleep quality and various aspects of health.
The focus on sleep health (2) __________ in the early 21st century, when
studies began to highlight the negative impacts of sleep deprivation on mood,
productivity, and chronic disease risk. Public health campaigns and medical pro-
fessionals have since emphasized the need for consistent, quality sleep as part of
a healthy lifestyle.
As the understanding of sleep's impact on health (3) __________, chal-
lenges such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and the influence of technology on sleep
patterns are being addressed with increasing urgency. Despite these issues, the
drive to improve sleep hygiene and access to sleep medicine has gained momen-
tum among health conscious individuals.
The recent (4) __________ in awareness about sleep health has been sup-
ported by advancements in wearable technology that track sleep patterns, along
with a growing market for products designed to enhance sleep quality, such as
specialized mattresses and sleep aids. These tools have made it easier for people
to monitor and improve their sleep habits.
Looking ahead, the future of sleep health (5) __________, with ongoing
research into the genetics of sleep, the development of new treatments for sleep
disorders, and the potential for personalized sleep medicine. The growing recog-
nition of sleep's fundamental role in health promises to bring even greater focus
on ensuring everyone can achieve restorative sleep.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) gained attention
B) ended
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) regresses
C) remains static
D) lessens
 4. A) surge
B) decline
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) advances
B) ceases
C) holds even
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Challenge of Managing Electronic Waste
Electronic waste (e-waste) presents a significant environmental challenge,
as discarded electronics pollute landfills and release hazardous substances. This
challenge (1) __________ as the volume of e-waste continues to grow due to the
rapid pace of technological advancement and consumer demand for the latest
devices.
The issue of e-waste management (2) __________ into the spotlight in the
late 20th century, coinciding with the digital revolution that saw an explosion in
the variety and quantity of electronic devices being produced and disposed of.
Efforts to recycle and properly dispose of e-waste have become critical to miti-
gating its environmental impact.
As the task of managing e-waste (3) __________, obstacles such as the
cost of recycling, lack of public awareness, and insufficient regulation are being
tackled. Despite these challenges, initiatives to promote e-waste recycling and
the development of more sustainable electronics are gaining ground.
The recent (4) __________ in e-waste management efforts has been
marked by international cooperation to address the global nature of the problem,
technological innovations in recycling processes, and increasing corporate re-
sponsibility among electronics manufacturers. These efforts are vital for reduc-
ing the environmental footprint of our digital lifestyles.
Looking ahead, the future of e-waste management (5) __________, with
continued emphasis on the development of a circular economy, where electronic
products are designed for easier recycling and longer life spans. The effective
management of e-waste is essential for protecting the environment and conserv-
ing valuable resources.

1. A) grows
B) recedes
C) remains unchanged
D) varies
2. A) came
B) concluded
C) interrupted
D) disappeared

3. A) moves forward
B) pulls back
C) stands still
D) dwindles

4. A) boost
B) downturn
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) stops
C) evens out
D) expands
 TEST 48
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computer programming has undergone remarkable evolution since its in-
ception, transitioning from simple binary codes to sophisticated languages that
power today's digital world. In the early days of computing, programming was a
laborious task, involving the manual toggling of switches or the use of punch
cards to input commands into a computer. The 1950s saw the development of
the first highlevel programming languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL,
which allowed programmers to write codes that were closer to natural language.
The subsequent decades brought about the creation of more advanced and
versatile programming languages, including C in the 1970s, which provided a
powerful yet simple syntax for system and application programming. The 1980s
and 1990s saw the rise of object-oriented programming with languages like C++
and Java, emphasizing data encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Today, programming languages continue to evolve, with a focus on ease
of use, efficiency, and adaptability. Modern languages like Python and
JavaScript are widely used for web development, data analysis, and artificial
intelligence, reflecting the diverse applications of programming in solving real-
world problems.
The evolution of computer programming mirrors the rapid advancement
of technology itself, highlighting the ingenuity and adaptability of programmers
in shaping the digital landscape.
1. What was an early method of inputting commands into a computer?
A) Using a touchscreen interface
B) Manual toggling of switches or use of punch cards
C) Voice commands
D) Drag and drop graphical interfaces
2. Which decade saw the development of the first high-level programming
languages?
A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1970s
3. What programming language, developed in the 1970s, emphasized a
simple syntax for system programming?
A) Python
B) Java
C) C
D) HTML
4. Which concept is emphasized in object-oriented programming lan-
guages like C++ and Java?
 A) Data encapsulation and inheritance
B) Punch card programming
C) Binary code development
D) Linear procedural programming
5. What modern programming language is widely used for web develop-
ment and data analysis?
A) COBOL
B) FORTRAN
C) Python
D) Assembly language

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Core Concepts and Phenomena in Astronomy

(1) _______________________________
The study of the properties and behaviors of celestial bodies such as stars,
planets, comets, and galaxies. It includes the examination of their positions, mo-
tions, and physical characteristics.
(2) ________________________________
The explosive death of a star, resulting in a massive explosion that expels
much of its material into space. This event is critical for spreading elements nec-
essary for life throughout the universe.
(3) ________________________________
The natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—in-
cluding planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another.
It is the force that governs the motion of celestial bodies.
(4) ________________________________
Refers to the detection and study of the light and other forms of electro-
magnetic radiation from astronomical objects. It is the primary method by which
astronomers gather data about the universe.
(5) ________________________________
The theory that the universe has been expanding since its beginning with
the Big Bang, approximately 13.8 billion years ago. It is supported by observa-
tions such as the redshift of distant galaxies.
A. Celestial Mechanics
B. Supernova
C. Gravity
D. Astronomical Spectroscopy
E. The Expanding Universe Theory
F. Black Holes
G. The Hubble Law
H. Dark Matter
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Advancements in Virtual Reality (VR)
Virtual Reality (VR) technology has advanced significantly, offering im-
mersive experiences that blur the line between the digital and the physical
world. This advancement (1) __________ as developers create more realistic
and interactive VR environments for gaming, education, and training purposes.
The journey of VR technology (2) __________ in the 1980s and 1990s
with early prototypes, but it truly took off in the 21st century with the introduc-
tion of consumer ready VR headsets. These devices have transformed entertain-
ment, providing users with unprecedented levels of engagement in virtual land-
scapes.
As the development of VR technology (3) __________, it encounters
challenges such as making the technology more affordable, reducing motion
sickness, and creating content that appeals to a broad audience. Despite these
hurdles, the potential of VR to revolutionize how we learn, work, and play con-
tinues to drive innovation in the field.
The recent (4) __________ in VR technology has been marked by im-
provements in headset design, making them lighter and more comfortable, and
by advancements in graphics and motion tracking that offer a more seamless and
realistic experience. These developments have expanded VR's applications be-
yond gaming to include virtual meetings, medical training, and education.
Looking ahead, the future of VR technology (5) __________, with ongo-
ing research aimed at enhancing the sensory feedback users receive, such as
touch and smell, to make virtual experiences even more lifelike. The continued
growth of VR technology is poised to open new possibilities for immersive digi-
tal experiences.

1. A) accelerates
B) diminishes
C) remains stable
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) retreats
C) stays even
D) lessens
 4. A) leap
B) decline
C) plateau
D) interruption

5. A) evolves
B) ceases
C) holds steady
D) diversifies

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Significance of Bees to Ecosystems
Bees play a vital role in ecosystems, acting as pollinators for a wide vari-
ety of plants, including many crops essential for human consumption. This sig-
nificance (1) __________ as environmentalists emphasize the importance of
preserving bee populations to maintain biodiversity and ensure food security.
The awareness of the importance of bees (2) __________ in the early 21st
century, as reports of declining bee populations due to habitat loss, pesticides,
and disease drew global attention. Efforts to protect bees have since increased,
recognizing their crucial role in pollinating crops and supporting healthy ecosys-
tems.
As the conservation of bees (3) __________, challenges such as reversing
the effects of industrial agriculture, combating climate change, and educating the
public on how to support bee friendly environments are being addressed. De-
spite these challenges, initiatives like planting pollinator gardens and reducing
pesticide use are gaining traction.
The recent (4) __________ in efforts to protect bees has been supported
by research into bee health, the development of bee friendly farming practices,
and policies aimed at conserving bee habitats. These actions underscore the
broader commitment to environmental stewardship and the sustainable manage-
ment of natural resources.
Looking ahead, the future of bee conservation (5) __________, with con-
tinued emphasis on collaborative efforts between scientists, farmers, policymak-
ers, and the public to create a more beefriendly world. The ongoing preservation
of bees is essential for the health of ecosystems and the sustainability of our
food systems.

1. A) grows
B) decreases
C) stays constant
D) oscillates

2. A) gained recognition
B) ended
C) paused
D) disappeared

3. A) moves forward
B) pulls back
C) remains static
D) dwindles

4. A) upsurge
B) fall
C) balance
D) break

5. A) progresses
B) halts
C) levels off
D) expands
 TEST 49
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE BASICS OF INVESTING
Investing is the act of allocating resources, usually money, with the expec-
tation of generating an income or profit. It's a fundamental component of finan-
cial planning, enabling individuals to grow their wealth over time and achieve
financial goals, such as retirement savings or purchasing a home. The world of
investing includes a variety of asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds,
and real estate, each with its own risk and return profile.
Stocks, or shares of ownership in a company, offer the potential for high
returns but come with significant volatility and risk. Bonds, on the other hand,
are considered safer investments, providing fixed income over time. Mutual
funds and exchange traded funds (ETFs) allow investors to pool their money to
buy a diversified portfolio of stocks and/or bonds, managed by a professional.
Real estate investing involves purchasing property to generate rental in-
come or resell at a higher price. While it can provide substantial returns, it re-
quires considerable initial capital and involves risks like market fluctuations and
property maintenance.
For beginners, understanding the basics of investing, including the impor-
tance of diversification, risk assessment, and long-term planning, is crucial.
Starting early, staying informed, and seeking advice from financial professionals
can help navigate the complexities of investing and build a strong financial
foundation.
1. What is the primary goal of investing?
A) To allocate resources for immediate consumption.
B) To generate an income or profit.
C) To save money under the mattress.
D) To spend all available resources immediately.
2. Which investment option is known for high returns but significant risk?
A) Stocks
B) Bonds
C) Savings accounts
D) Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
3. What do mutual funds and ETFs offer to investors?
A) A diversified portfolio managed by professionals.
B) A single stock option with high risk.
C) Fixed income with no risk.
D) Real estate properties exclusively.
4. What is a common risk associated with real estate investing?
A) Guaranteed fixed income
B) No initial capital required
C) Market fluctuations and property maintenance
 D) Immediate and high returns with no risk
5. What is an essential strategy for beginning investors?
A) Diversification to spread out risk
B) Investing all money in one stock
C) Avoiding stocks due to their risk
D) Immediate withdrawal of all investments at the first sign of loss

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Common Types of Mental Health Disorders

(1) _______________________________
Characterized by excessive worry or fear that interferes with daily life.
This disorder may manifest in various forms, including generalized anxiety dis-
order, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
(2) ________________________________
A mood disorder involving periods of intense sadness or despair. The indi-
vidual may lose interest in activities once enjoyed and experience changes in
appetite, sleep, and energy levels.
(3) ________________________________
A disorder where individuals have persistent, intrusive thoughts (obses-
sions) and feel compelled to perform repetitive actions (compulsions) as a way
of mitigating their anxiety.
(4) ________________________________
Characterized by dramatic shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels that
can affect an individual's ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. These mood
swings can range from manic highs to depressive lows.
(5) ________________________________
A condition where individuals experience detachment from their thoughts,
feelings, or sense of identity. It often results from traumatic events and can be
accompanied by symptoms of other anxiety disorders.
A. Anxiety Disorders
B. Depression
C. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
D. Bipolar Disorder
E. Dissociative Disorders
F. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
G. Schizophrenia
H. Eating Disorders
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Revolution in Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, and hydroelectric
power, are revolutionizing how we generate electricity, moving away from fossil
fuels towards more sustainable alternatives. This revolution (1) __________ as
technological advancements and governmental support make renewable energy
more accessible and cost-effective.
The shift towards renewable energy (2) __________ in the late 20th cen-
tury, but it has accelerated significantly in recent years due to growing concerns
about climate change and the environmental impact of traditional energy
sources. Incentives for green energy projects and innovations in technology have
played key roles in this transition.
As the adoption of renewable energy sources (3) __________, it faces
challenges like the intermittency of solar and wind power, the need for improved
energy storage solutions, and the integration of these sources into existing power
grids. Despite these hurdles, the potential environmental and economic benefits
drive continued investment and development.
The recent (4) __________ in renewable energy has been marked by
record installations of solar panels and wind turbines, breakthroughs in battery
storage technology, and an increase in consumer demand for green energy.
These developments underscore a global commitment to reducing carbon emis-
sions and embracing a more sustainable energy future.
Looking ahead, the future of renewable energy sources (5) __________,
with ongoing research into more efficient technologies, the expansion of smart
grids, and the exploration of new renewable energy potentials, such as tidal and
geothermal power. The continued growth of renewable energy is crucial for
achieving global environmental goals and ensuring a sustainable energy supply
for future generations.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains steady
D) fluctuates

2. A) started
B) concluded
C) stalled
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) retreats
C) stays even
 D) diminishes

4. A) surge
B) downturn
C) equilibrium
D) interruption

5. A) advances
B) stops
C) holds steady
D) broadens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Global Push for Digital Literacy
Digital literacy is increasingly recognized as a crucial skill set, enabling
individuals to navigate the vast array of digital technologies that permeate ev-
eryday life. This global push (1) __________ as societies aim to equip citizens
with the knowledge and skills needed to engage with digital tools responsibly
and effectively.
The emphasis on digital literacy (2) __________ in the early 21st century,
with the internet becoming ubiquitous and digital devices becoming central to
communication, work, and education. Educational institutions, governments,
and organizations have since launched initiatives to improve digital literacy
across populations.
As the campaign for digital literacy (3) __________, it confronts obstacles
such as bridging the digital divide, adapting to rapidly evolving technologies,
and ensuring equitable access to digital education. Despite these challenges, the
drive to foster a digitally literate populace is stronger than ever, underlining its
importance for personal empowerment and societal progress.
The recent (4) __________ in efforts to enhance digital literacy has been
supported by online learning platforms, public awareness campaigns, and policy
measures aimed at integrating digital literacy into curriculums. These efforts re-
flect a collective understanding of digital literacy as foundational to participating
in the digital age.
Looking ahead, the future of digital literacy (5) __________, with contin-
uous updates to educational programs, the development of new learning tools,
and a focus on critical thinking and online safety. The advancement of digital
literacy is key to unlocking the full potential of digital technologies for all indi-
viduals and communities.

1. A) grows
B) diminishes
C) stays consistent
D) varies

2. A) gained traction
B) ended
C) broke off
D) disappeared

3. A) moves forward
B) backs down
C) stands still
D) contracts

4. A) increase
B) reduction
C) stability
D) gap

5. A) continues
B) ceases
C) evens out
D) expands
 TEST 50
Task 1
Read the text below. For questions (15) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, affecting crop
yields, water availability, and soil health. Rising temperatures, changing precipi-
tation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events can disrupt food pro-
duction, threatening food security globally. For instance, increased temperatures
can accelerate crop maturation, reducing yields and the nutritional value of food
produced. Similarly, altered rainfall patterns can lead to both droughts and
floods, damaging crops, and degrading soil.
Furthermore, climate change can exacerbate pest and disease outbreaks in
agricultural systems, as warmer temperatures may expand the range of many
pests and pathogens. This not only affects plant health and productivity but also
increases the reliance on chemical pesticides, which can have further detrimental
environmental impacts.
Adapting to these challenges requires innovative approaches to farming
and food production. Strategies such as developing climate resilient crop vari-
eties, implementing sustainable water management practices, and adopting
agroecological farming techniques can help mitigate the impacts of climate
change on agriculture. Moreover, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the
agriculture sector through improved practices is crucial for combating climate
change itself.
The relationship between climate change and agriculture is a complex in-
terplay that underscores the need for integrated solutions to ensure food security
and environmental sustainability for future generations.
1. How does climate change affect crop yields?
A) By slowing down crop maturation
B) By uniformly increasing yields worldwide
C) By accelerating crop maturation, reducing yields
D) By eliminating all pests and diseases
2. What is a consequence of altered rainfall patterns due to climate
change?
A) Predictable weather patterns beneficial for agriculture
B) Reduced chances of natural disasters
C) Droughts and floods that damage crops
D) Constant optimal soil moisture levels
3. Why can climate change exacerbate pest outbreaks in agriculture?
A) Colder temperatures kill off beneficial insects
B) Pests and pathogens have a reduced range of expansion
C) Warmer temperatures may expand the range of pests and pathogens
D) Pesticides become more effective in warmer temperatures
 4. What strategy can help mitigate the impact of climate change on agri-
culture?
A) Decreasing the diversity of crops planted
B) Developing climate resilient crop varieties
C) Increasing the use of chemical pesticides
D) Ignoring soil health and water management
5. Why is reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture important?
A) It increases the sector's contribution to global warming
B) It is unrelated to climate change
C) To combat climate change and its effects on agriculture
D) To make agriculture less sustainable

Task 2
Match the following statements (A—H) with the appropriate advice (1—
5). Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Key Techniques for Improving Photography

(1) _______________________________
This technique involves adjusting the amount of light that enters the cam-
era, impacting the brightness of the photo. It can be manipulated through shutter
speed, aperture, and ISO settings.
(2) ________________________________
The rule that suggests dividing the image into nine equal parts using two
horizontal and two vertical lines. Placing the subject along these lines or at their
intersections can create a more aesthetically pleasing composition.
(3) ________________________________
Adjusting the focus on the subject while keeping the background blurred
to make the subject stand out. This is often achieved by using a large aperture to
create a shallow depth of field.
(4) ________________________________
Capturing images in low light requires adjusting the camera settings to
allow more light in or using external light sources. This technique can create
mood and atmosphere in the photos.
(5) ________________________________
This involves capturing scenes with a wide-angle lens or from a distance
to include as much of the scene as possible. It's commonly used for landscape,
cityscape, and architectural photography.
A. Exposure Control
B. Rule of Thirds
C. Depth of Field
D. Low Light Photography
E. Wide-angle Photography
F. High-speed Photography
G. Macro Photography
H. Panoramic Photography
 Task 3
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Importance of Water Conservation
Water conservation is becoming increasingly vital as populations grow
and the demand for water rises. This importance (1) __________ as communi-
ties worldwide face water scarcity challenges, emphasizing the need to use water
more efficiently and sustainably.
The movement towards water conservation (2) __________ in the late
20th century, driven by environmentalists and the recognition of the finite nature
of freshwater resources. Efforts have since focused on reducing water waste in
homes, agriculture, and industries through technologies and strategies that pro-
mote efficiency.
As the practice of water conservation (3) __________, it faces hurdles
such as changing longstanding habits, the economic costs of implementing new
technologies, and ensuring equitable access to clean water. Despite these chal-
lenges, the benefits of conserving water for future generations continue to moti-
vate action.
The recent (4) __________ in water conservation has been supported by
innovations in watersaving devices, rainwater harvesting systems, and policies
that encourage responsible water usage. These measures are crucial for mitigat-
ing the effects of droughts and reducing the environmental impact of water con-
sumption.
Looking ahead, the future of water conservation (5) __________, with
ongoing advancements in technology, public awareness campaigns, and interna-
tional cooperation expected to play significant roles in addressing the global wa-
ter crisis. The commitment to water conservation is essential for ensuring the
sustainability and health of our planet.

1. A) intensifies
B) decreases
C) remains stable
D) fluctuates

2. A) began
B) concluded
C) paused
D) faded away

3. A) progresses
B) regresses
C) remains unchanged
D) lessens
 4. A) upswing
B) decline
C) steadiness
D) disruption

5. A) advances
B) ceases
C) maintains equilibrium
D) broadens

Task 4
Read the text below. For questions (1– 5) choose the correct answer (A,
B, C or D).
The Rise of Remote Work
Remote work has seen a significant rise, reshaped the traditional office
environment and offered flexibility to both employers and employees. This rise
(1) __________ as technological advancements make it easier to work from
anywhere, changing perceptions of productivity and work life balance.
The shift towards remote work (2) __________ in the early 21st century,
but it dramatically accelerated in recent years, propelled by circumstances that
necessitated working from home. This has led to a reevaluation of the necessity
for physical office spaces and a greater appreciation for the potential of digital
workspaces.
As the trend of remote work (3) __________, it confronts challenges such
as maintaining team cohesion, managing work-life-boundaries, and ensuring all
employees have access to necessary technology and a suitable working environ-
ment. Despite these challenges, the flexibility and potential cost savings con-
tinue to drive its popularity.
The recent (4) __________ in remote work has been enhanced by cloud
computing, collaboration software, and secure remote access solutions, making
it more feasible and efficient for a wide range of industries. These developments
have opened new possibilities for how businesses operate and how employees
balance their professional and personal lives.
Looking ahead, the future of remote work (5) __________, with compa-
nies and employees likely to embrace a hybrid model that combines the benefits
of both remote and in-office work. The ongoing evolution of remote work prac-
tices is key to fostering a more adaptable and resilient workforce.

1. A) grows
B) diminishes
C) holds constant
D) swings
2. A) gained momentum
B) finished
C) stopped
D) disappeared

3. A) advances
B) retreats
C) stays the same
D) declines

4. A) boost
B) setback
C) uniformity
D) gap

5. A) progresses
B) halts
C) balances
D) diversifies